20.2 Normal and Critical Slopes: Number Gy Gy y y .

Hydraulics
Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara Rao
20.2 Normal and Critical Slopes

When discharge and roughness are given, the Manning formula can be used for
determining the slope of the prismatic channel in which the flow is uniform at a given
depth yn. The slope thus determined is called Normal Slope Sn.
Now by changing this slope, the normal depth could be made equal to critical uniform
flow for a given Q and n. This slope is called Critical slope Sc.
The smallest critical slope that sustains a given normal depth is called limiting slope SL
for a given shape and roughness.
By adjusting the slope and discharge if critical uniform flow is obtained that it is called
Critical slope of normal depth Scn.
These definitions will be illustrated in the following examples.
1. Normal and Critical Slopes:
Example: Rectangular open channel has a bottom width of 6.0 m, n = 0.02.
a) For yn = 1.0 m, Q = 11 m3/s, find normal slope.
b) Find the limiting critical slope and normal depth of flow for Q = 11 m3/s.
c) Find the critical normal slope given yn = 1.0 m and determine the discharge for this
depth and slope.
Solution:
(a )
A = by = 6*1 = 6 m 2 ,
Sn =
( Qn )2
A 2R 4 / 3
P = b + 2y = 6 + 2*1 = 8m 2 ,
2
11*0.02
= 0.001972
=
6* ( 0.75 )2 / 3
Froude number =
V
Q
11
=
=
= 0.5853
gyn A gyn 6 9.81*1
subcritical ( yn > yc ) . Hence mild slope.
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
R =
A 6
= = 0.75m
P 8
Hydraulics
(b)
V
D
=
2g 2
For critical flow,
D=
A by
=
=y
T b
Q
by
n = yc
2*9.81 2
but yc = y n for the uniform critical flow.

1/ 3
11*11
yc =
6*6*9.81
yc = 0.70 m
A = 6*0.7 = 4.2 m 2
P = 6 + 1.4 = 7.4
4.2
= 0.57 m
7.4
Critical slope :
R=
2
0.02*11
nQ
= 0.0058
Sc =
=
AR 2 / 3
4.2* ( 0.57 )2 / 3
Sc > S0
(c)
If y n = 1.0 A = 6m 2 P = 8.0 m,
R = 0.75
F =1=
V
gy
V = 9.81*1 = 3.1 m / s
1
3.1 =
( 0.75)2 / 3 S1/cn2
0.02
2
Scn
3.1*0.02
= 0.00564
=
( 0.75 )2 / 3
Q = 3.1*6 = 18.6 m3 / s
Problem: A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m, side slopes of 2: 1 (H: V)

and n = 0.025.
(a) Determine the normal slope at a normal depth of 1.00 m and the discharge is 11
m3/s.
(b) Determine the normal slope and corresponding normal depth when the discharge is
11 m3/s.
(c) Determine the critical slope at the normal depth of 1.00 m and calculate the
corresponding Q.
Hydraulics
(a )
A =
( b + 2y ) y = ( 6 + 2 )1 = 8 m2
P =
b + 2y 1 + m 2 = 6 + 2 5 = 10.472 m
R =
1
2
AR 2 / 3 S1/
n
n
Sn = 0.001692
Q=
( b)
AR 2 / 3 = 6.685
0.7639 m
Sc = ?
F= 1 =
nQ
Sn =
= 1.692*103
2/3
AR
V
gD
V = gD = 9.81 D
D=
y ( 6 + 2y )
,
( 6 + 2my )
D=
y ( 6 + 2y )
( 6 + 4y )
V=
A =
( 6 + 2y ) y
y ( 6 + 2y )
Q
11
=
= 9.81*
A ( 6 + 2y ) y
( 6 + 4y )
11 6 + 4y = ( 6 + 2y ) y
Squaring
3/ 2
121 ( 6 + 4y ) = g ( 6 + 2y ) y3
3
121 ( 6 + 4y ) = 9.81( 6 + 2y ) y3
3
By trial and error
Say yc = 0.648 m
A =
( 6 + 2 ( 0.648) ) 0.648 = 4.7278 m2
P = b + 2y 5 = 8.8979 m
R = 5.313*10-1
AR 2 / 3 = 3.1016
nQ
Sc =
= 0.007861
AR 2 / 3
y = 0.65
y = 0.648
R.H.S
121 (6+2.6) = 1040.6
1039.63
L.H.S
1048.039
1036.689
Hydraulics
Say yc = 0.648 m
A =
( 6 + 2 ( 0.648) ) 0.648 = 4.7278 m2
P = b + 2y 5 = 8.8979 m
R = 5.313*10-1
AR 2 / 3 = 3.1016
nQ
Sc =
= 0.007861
AR 2 / 3
( c ) Given normal depth = 1 m
A =
( 6 + 2 )1 = 8m 2
P = 6 + 2 5 =10.472 m
R = 0.7639 m
T = b + 2my = 6 + 2* 2*1 = 10 m
A
D = = 0.8
T
Vc = gD = 9.81*0.8 = 2.801 m / s
1
2/3
2
* ( 0.7639 ) S1/
cn
0.025
2.801*0.025
= 8.3809*102
=
2/3
( 0.7639 )
2.801 =
2
S1/
cn
S1cn/ 2 = 0.007024
Q = 2.801*8 = 22.408 m3 / s
Example:
A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m, side slopes of 2:1 and, n = 0.025.
(a) Determine the normal slope at a normal depth of 1.2 m when the discharge is
10 m3/s.
(b) Determine the critical slope and the corresponding normal depth when the
Q = 10 m3/s.
(c) Determine the critical slope at yn = 1.2 m and compute the corresponding Q.
Hydraulics
Solution:
1
2
6
Trapezoidal
A = 10.08 m 2
P = 6 + 2 (1.2 ) 5 = 11.36 m
2
12
= 1.1905 m / s,
10.08
R = 0.8868
V=
1
V = R 3 Sn2
n
n2 V
Sn =
R4/3
2
2
0.025 ) (1.1905 )
(
=
( 0.8868)4 / 3
Sn = 1.039*103 = 0.00104
( b)
Critical depth yc = ?
Z=
Q
=A D
g
Vn =
Z=
Q
12
=
= 2.3565 m / s
A 5.0922
1
2
V c = R 2 / 3S1/
n
n
Sn = 0.014718
(c)
12
= 3.8313
g
y n = 1.2 m
Sn =
R = 0.8868
n 2 Vc2
R4/3
yc = 0.69
0.025* 2.3565
=
R2/3
A = 10.08 m 2
D=
A
= 0.9333 m
T
Vc = gD = 3.0259 m / s
Therefore the disch arg e = Area * Velocity = 10.08 * 3.0259 = 30.50 m3 / s
Solve by trial and error .
Hydraulics
Graphical approach
Limit slope is the smallest critical slope for a given shape and roughness
(a )
Determine Sc
Q = K Sc
1
AR 2 / 3 Sc
n
Q
Zc =
or
g
Q=
Q = Zc g = A D g
For rectangular channel : It can be written as

Q=
1 by
by
n b+y
2/3
Sc
also
by
g = by1.5 g
b
Rewriting the equation
Q = by
2/3
Q
y
or
y =
b g
Substituting the above value in Manning formula for discharge it may be written as
1.5
Q
=
b g
2/3

Q

b
b g
2/3
2/3
Q
1
b
Sc
Q =
b g
n
2 / 3 2 / 3

b + 2
b g
This is an Implicit function and solution is by trial and error approach .
Q
Sc
Alternatively
b
Q2 / 3
2
/
3
2/3
b g
b 1
2/3
Q=
Q
2/3
n b g
b b g
+ 2Q 2 / 3
( )
( )
2/3
Sc
Hydraulics
If b g
2/3
= C1
b 1 b
1
Q=

n C1 C1 bC1 + 2Q 2 / 3
nC1 b
=
b Sc C1
2/3
2/3
2/3
bC1 + 2Q
2
*3
Q3
Sc
2/3
An equation in terms of Sc is obtained. So choose Q and obtain Sc , plot Q Vs Sc .
Example 3: Determine the limit slope of rectangular channel of 3 m width and

roughness of 0.02. Consider the following cases
For depths (i) y = 0.5 m, (ii) y = 2 m.
Do we have limit slopes for these conditions?
Solution:
Section factor for critical flow
Zc =
Q
= A D = A3/ 2 T 1/ 2 = by3/ 2
g
for rectangular channel
Q = b y3/ 2 g = 3* 9.81* y3/ 2 =9.3962 y3/ 2

But Q =
1
2
AR 2 / 3S1/
c
n
2
Sc =
2 2
Q n
A 2R 4 / 3
n 2 by3/ 2 g
Sc =
4/3
2 by
( by )
b + 2y
Simplifying
2y
Sc = gn 2 y 1/ 3 1 +
b
Case ( i ) y n = 2m
4/3
Sc = 9.6399 * 10-3
Note: There could be a situation where limit slope is not possible in expected range of
flow depths.
Graphical approach:
Table: To plot Q Vs Sc
y (m)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Q (m3/s)
0
0.2971
0.8405
1.5440
2.3770
Sc
0
0.008807
0.007975
0.007475
0.007298
Hydraulics
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.0
3.0
4.0
3.3322
4.3670
5.5030
6.7234
8.0227
9.3963
13.1317
17.2621
21.7527
26.5767
48.8245
75.1702
0.007255
0.0072866
0.007364
0.007474
0.0076057
0.007754
0.008173
0.008638
0.009129
0.009639
0.011177
0.01397
y = 0.5 m, Sc
6.5741 * 10-4
2.6296 * 10-4
5.9166 * 10-3
0.0105185
0.01643
0.02367
0.04207
0.06574
0.147917
0.262963
0.59166
1.5018
2.3667
4.2074
6.5741
y = 2 m, Sc
1.3646 * 10-5
5.4585 * 10-5
1.22817 * 10-4
2.1834 * 10-4
3.4116 * 10-4
4.9124 * 10-4
6.6867 * 10-4
1.10535 * 10-3
3.0704 * 10--3
5.4585 * 10-3
0.0122817
0.2183
0.04913
0.08733
Limit slope computations:

Q (m3/s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
15
20
30
40
60
80
100
Hydraulics
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
Subcritical flow
Supercritical flow
10
5
0
critical slope
From analytical solutions:

y 0.5 1
=
= ,
b 3.0 6
SL = 26.16
n2
b1/ 3
26.16* ( 0.02 )
31/ 3
SL = 0.007255, Sc = 9.0694*103 y 3 ( 3 + 2y )
4/3
= 0.007255799
, Q = 3 gy3/ 2
Hydraulics
Analytical approach for obtaining limit slope:

Rectangular channel:
Consider a rectangular channel of width b and depth of flow y with Manning roughness
coefficient n.
Then
Vc = gyc
Sc =
Vc =
n 2 ( b + 2y )
( by )
Sc = n 2gyc
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
R Sc
n
4/3
Sc =
gyc
4/3
n 2 ( b + 2y )
( by )
4/3
4/3
gyc
( b + 2yc )4 / 3
byc
By definition of limit slope,
dSc d n 2 gyc
=
( b + 2yc )4 / 3
dy dy ( byc )4 / 3
d n 2g ( b + 2yc )
dy b 4 / 3
y1c/ 3
4/3
4
n 2g 8
b + 2yc ) 3
4/ 3 3 (
b
1
1 3
yc
1
4
2* ( b + 2yc ) 3 yc
3
1
3
( b + 2yc ) 3
( b + 2yc ) 3
1
4
3=0
( b + 2yc ) 3 y 34
=
3
yc 3
1
yc 3
2* 4
4
1
+ ( b + 2yc ) 3 yc
3
yc 3 3
1 + 2 b b
= yc1
2* 4
4 4
yc 3 3
1 + 2 b b
2* 4 1 + 2 c
b
4 1
+
3 3
= b yc1
y
b
2* 4 1 + 2 c =
b
yc
y
b
8=
1+ 2 c
yc
b
b
b
8=
6 =
+2
yc
yc
yc 1
=
b 6
Substituting into equation we can get the expression of limiting slope .
Sc is maximum, when
4/3
Sc =
n 2gyc
y
1+ 2 c
4/3
b
by
( c)
Sc =
n 2gyc
1
1 + 2*
6
b 4 / 3 yc4 / 3
SL =
n 2g
1/ 3
1
1/ 3
yc

b
b4 / 3
4/3
1
1 + 3
b4 / 3
4/3
n2
61/ 3 * 44 / 3
9.81*
1/ 3
b
34 / 3
SL = 26.157
n2
1/ 3
or 2.67
4/3
n 2g
b1/ 3
= 26.157
n2
b1/ 3
in which b is in meter .
Hydraulics
20.2.1 Froude Criteria for Sub Critical and Super Critical Flow
2
R 2 / 3S1/
V
0
=
gD
n gD
F=
S0
= 1 critical
S0 < SL sub critical, S0 > SL sup er critical,
SL
For rectangular channel.

A = by, R =
F=
n
by
, D=y
b + 2y
( by )2 / 3 S0
2/3
gy ( b + 2y )
If flow is critical uniform flow then

S0 =
n 2gy ( b + 2y )
4/3
( by )4 / 3
2
1/ 3
S0 n gy ( b + 2y ) b
=
4/3
SL
2.67n 2g ( by )
4/3
4/3
2y
4 / 3 1/ 3
g 1 +
b b
S0
b
=
4
SL
1
26.16 y 3 b 4 / 3
4/3
2y
1 + b1/ 3
S0
9.81
b
=
SL 26.16
y1/ 3
4/3
2y
1+
S0
b
2.667
=
1/ 3
SL
y

b
2y
1 +
4/3
1/ 3
y
=
b
2.667
S0
SL
4
S0
2y y
1
+
= 2.667
b b
SL
4
S0
2y y
1 +
2.667 = 0
b b
SL
4
b 2y
S0
+
1

2.667 = 0
b
SL
y
There are two solutions of
yc
S
for 0 > 1 and
b
SL
y 1
y 1
> . The other solution < .
b 6
b 6
y
y
The flow is super critical between these two values
and it is sub critical for all the other values of
b
b
S
y 1
y 1
If 0 = 1; = , Hence flow is critical and also the Froude number will be maximum at = .
SL
b 6
b 6
one solution has a
Hydraulics
Q
___
b g
4
3
10.0
5/2
2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
1 0.2
___
6
0.1
0.08
0.06
y
__
b
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
.01
.02 .03
.05 .07 .10
.20 .30
S0
__
SL
.50 .70 1.0
2.0 3.0
5.0 7.0 10.0
y
S
With variation of __ with __0 for uniform flow in rectangular channel
SL
For
S0
y
< 1.0 for all only sub critical exists.
SL
b
For
S0
y
> 2.0 the flow is sup er critical for most of the practical range of
SL
b
Maximum value of Froude number :

1 by
Froude number F =
n b + 2y
SL = 26.16
n2
b1/ 3
2/3
S0
gy
Hydraulics
F =
2
F2 =
b4 / 3 y2 / 3
y4 / 3
1
2
n 2y
1 +
4/3
n 2g 2y 4 / 3
1 +
F2 =
S0
( y2 / 3 )
26.16
S0
1/ 3
S0
SL
y1/ 3
S0
2
4/3
n 4 / 3 2y gy
b 1 +
SL g 2y 4 / 3
1 +
1/ 6
1/ 2
F=
26.16 S0

9.81 SL
y

b
2/3
2y
1 +
b
1/ 6
1/ 2
S
F = 1.632 0
SL
dF
=0
dy
Fmax =
y

b
2/3
2y
1 +
b
condition for maximum and occurs at
y 1
=
b 6
S0
SL
G iven n, S0 channel width could be estimated such that the Froude number will never exceed
a predetermined value irrespective of the value of discharge.
Pr oblem :
Given S0 = 0.0025, n = 0.25 estimate the width of the channel such that
max imum Froude number is 0.5 irrespective of the disch arg e.
Sridharan and Lakshmana Rao have presented the design chart for rectangular channel and the
details are as follows
SL = 26.16
n2
b1/ 3
Q=
1
2
AR 2 / 3 S1/
0
n
Q=
1/ 2
1 ( by ) S0
4
n ( b + 2y ) / 3
5/3
5/3
y

S0
Q
b
=
1.632
5/ 2
2/3
S
b
g
L 2y
1 +
b
S
y
A design chart is created
Vs 0 for different values of
b
SL
1/ 2
different constant values of Froude number .
Q
gb5 / 2
for
Hydraulics
Reference:
1. Jones L.E. and Tripathy B.N. "Critical slopes for Trapezoidal channels ", ASCE HY1,
4202, Vol. 91, pp 85 - 91.
2. Nagar S. Lakshmana Rao and Kalambar Sridharan, "Limit slope in uniform flow
computations", Proceedings ASCE Jl. Vol. 96, No. Hy1, Jan. 1970, p 7011, pp 95 to
102.
Problem:
1. Show that for Trapezoidal channel that there does not exist any limit slope for when
m 0.5
2. Show that the limit slope for trapezoidal channel is given by the following equation.
3
y
y
4m 2 m 2 + 1 + 10m 2 4m m 2 + 1
b
b
in which m is the side slope.
+ 10m 6 m 2 + 1
) by + 1 = 0
3. Show that for circular channel the limit slope is given by

SL = 33.06
n2
1
d 03
in which d 0 is the diameter of the c ircle in feet and the subtended angle by the free
surface at the centre corresponds to 132D06 '
4. Establish that for triangular channel the limit slope will be zero.
5. For trapezoidal channel, show that
4/3
y
1 + 2 m2 + 1
1/
3
S b
b
(i) S x = 02 2 =
1/ 3
1/ 3
F gn
1 + 2m y 1 + m y y

b
b b
y
S* = f ( m, ) in which = .
b
Hydraulics
(ii) S*3 =
(1 + 2 )
1 + m2
(1 + 2m )3 (1 + 2m )
a fifth deg ree equation in
[if
m = 0, then 4 th degree]
Five roots : atleast one + ve real root, two roots are imaginary.
SL =
dS*
= 0,
dy
)(
8 1 + m 2 (1 + m )(1 + 2m ) 1 + 2 1 + m 2 1 + 10m + 10m 2 2 = 0
Example:
A Trapezoidal channel with a bottom of 6.2 m and side slope of 0:5; 1, n = 0.02 develop
a graph Q Vs Sc and obtain the limiting critical slope.
Hint:
2
V
D
Critical flow
=
2g 2
A = ( 6.2 + 0.5y ) y
P = ( 6.2 + 2*0.5y ) y
R=
( 6.2 + 0.5y ) y
( 6.2 + 2*0.5y ) y
V=
Q
6.2
0.5y ) y
+
(
Q2
( 6.2 + 0.5y )
y2
1 ( 6.2 + 0.5y ) y
=
2g
2 ( 6.2 + y )
3
Q 2 ( 6.2 + 0.5y ) yc g
=
g
( 6.2 + yc )
3
SCn =
( 6.2 + 0.5y )3 y3c g

4/3
2 2 ( 6.2 + 0.5y c )
( 6.2 + yc ) [6.2 + 0.5yc ] yc
( 6.2 + 2*0.5yc )
Select different values of yc and calculate SCn and Q

20.2 Normal and Critical Slopes: Number Gy Gy y y .

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20.2 Normal and Critical Slopes: Number Gy Gy y y .

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Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara Rao