ME310

Manufacturing Processes
Rahul Panat

School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

Washington State University
1

RESEARCH TOPICS
Thank you for submitting the topics
Very interesting areas
Presentations will be done by the end of April and
May

Why do a project? - An industry perspective

EXAM ON FRIDAY
Same format as Exam #1
Topics covered until last week ; Emphasize will be on questions after the exam #1, but there
may be some questions from before the exam #1 as stated before in the class
Three sets of questions
Set-1: Multiple choice
Set-2: Short answers
Set-3: Numerical problems

Please study the text and class material (posted on Angel) with particular attention to
Review questions in the class
Problems discussed in the class
HWs

One A4 sheet (both sides) with your notes allowed for exam 2. You can bring the older
sheet from exam 1 as well

Exam date discussion!

JOINING PROCESSES- PART II

Week 9

OUTLINE
(Last Lecture)
Joining and assembly
Joining processes
Welding
Fusion

(This Lecture)
Solid state

Brazing and soldering

Adhesive bonding

Mechanical fastening

SOLID-STATE WELDING
Joining without fusion, ie., no liquid (molten)
phase in the joint
Coalescence results from application of pressure
alone or a combination of heat and pressure
If heat is used, temperature is below melting point of
metals being welded
No filler metal is added in solid state welding

SOLID-STATE WELDING PROCESSES

Cold welding

Ultrasonic welding
Friction welding
Resistance welding
Explosion welding
Diffusion bonding

COLD WELDING (CW)

Pressure is applied to the mating faces by

dies or rolls (roller bonding); Plastic
deformation of one or both parts leads to
welding
Interface can be precleaned using wire or
power brush
Best bond strength happens between similar
materials
Brittle intermetallic compounds may form
between dissimilar metals leading to weak
interface
Applied to small work pieces of soft, ductile
metals, such as electrical connections, wire
stock, sealing of heat sensitive containers

Adv Materials (2013) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/

doi/10.1002/adma.201303400/pdf

Schematic illustration of the

roll-bonding,
or
cladding,
process.

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) nano-layered composites

Adv Materials (2013) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1002/adma.201303400/pdf

Movie

ULTRASONIC WELDING
In USW, the faying faces are
subjected to a static normal
force + oscillating shear stress
The shear stress is applied by
the tip of a transducer, freq =
10-75 kHz

Temperatures well below

Tm
Extensively used in joining
plastics in automotive and
electronics industry

Shearing stress cause small

scale plastic deformation at the
interface, breaking up oxide film
and contaminants
Components of an ultrasonic welding machine for lap
welds.

Movie

THERMOSONIC WIRE BONDING

IN MICROELECTRONICS
5 die stacked memory package
(Molding compound removed
isometric view)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-iuT_o8f00
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fazeH4PHvpk

FRICTION WELDING (FRW)

SSW process in which coalescence is achieved by frictional

heat combined with pressure

When properly carried out, no melting occurs at faying

surfaces

Can be used to join dissimilar metals

Widely used commercial process, amenable to automation

and mass production

Movie

(1) Rotating part, no contact; (2) parts brought into contact to generate friction
heat; (3) rotation stopped and axial pressure applied; and (4) weld created

FRICTION WELDING EXAMPLE

Cross section of
butt joint of two
steel tubes joined
by friction welding
(courtesy George
E. Kane
Manufacturing
Technology
Laboratory, Lehigh
University)

APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

OF FRICTION WELDING

Applications:

Shafts and tubular parts

Industries: automotive, aircraft, farm equipment, petroleum
and natural gas

Limitations:

At least one of the parts must be rotational

Flash must usually be removed (extra operation)
Upsetting reduces the part lengths (which must be taken into
consideration in product design)

FRICTION STIR WELDING

Different from friction

welding
A third body (small rotating
pin) is rubbed against the
two surfaces to be joined
The pin is plunged into the
joint, causing frictional
heating, leading to heating,
mixing or stirring of the
material in the joint
Most commonly used for
butt joints of aluminum and
titanium alloys in aerospace
industry, now also in
polymers and composites

The principle of the friction stir welding process.

Aluminum-alloy plates up to 75 mm (3 in.) thick
have been welded by this process. Source: TWI,
Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Friction stir welding animation

Friction Stir Welding of Steel

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

FRICTION STIR WELDING

Advantages

Superior weld strength

Little distortion or shrinkage
Good weld appearance

Disadvantages

An exit hole is produce when tool is

withdrawn
Heavy duty clamping of parts is
required
Incomplete welding at the bottom of
the interface

Right Figure: 13 foot (4 meters) diameter Titanium nacelle lip skin

(Boeing Frontiers/July 2010)

RESISTANCE WELDING (RW)

A group of welding processes that use a combination of

heat and pressure to accomplish coalescence

Heat generated by electrical resistance to current flow at

junction to be welded
V = 0.5-10V, I < 100,000A
Principal RW process is resistance spot welding (RSW)

Five basic method of RW

Spot (primary)
Seam
Projection
Flash
Upset

RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING

Resistance welding process in which welding of faying surfaces of a lap joint is
achieved at one location by opposing electrodes
Used to join sheet metal parts
Widely used in mass production of automobiles, metal furniture, appliances, and
other products
Typical car body has ~ 10,000 spot welds

Annual production of automobiles in the world is measured in tens of millions of units

Animation

RESISTANCE SEAM WELDING (RSEW)

Uses rotating wheel electrodes to produce a series

of overlapping spot welds along lap joint

Can produce air-tight joints

Applications:

Gasoline tanks

Automobile mufflers

Various sheet metal containers

RESISTANCE PROJECTION WELDING

Resistance welding process in which coalescence occurs at

one or more small contact points on the parts

Contact points determined by design of parts to be joined

May consist of projections, embossments, or localized intersections

of parts

ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS

OF RESISTANCE WELDING

Advantages:

High production rates possible

Lends itself to mechanization and automation
Lower operator skill level than for arc welding
Good repeatability and reliability

Disadvantages:

High initial equipment cost

Limited to lap joints for most RW processes

EXPLOSION WELDING

Contact pressure is applied by detonating a layer of explosives place

over one of the mating members
Kinetic energy of the flyer plate striking the mating member produces
a turbulent, wavy interface, mechanically interlocking the two
surfaces

Titanium on low carbon steel

1
2
3
4
6

Flyer (cladding)
Welded interface
Target (substrate).
Explosion. 5 Explosive powder.
Plasma jet.

Movie

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Explosion welding can produce a bond between two metals

that cannot necessarily be welded by conventional means.
Large areas can be bonded extremely quickly
Weld is very clean, due to the fact that the surface material
of both metals is violently expelled during the reaction.
A major disadvantage of this method is that an expansive
knowledge of explosives is needed before the procedure
may be attempted.
Common applications:

Cladding plates and slabs with dissimilar metals in chemical

industry
Resulting materials can be further rolled into thin section
Eg. tube and pipe jointed to the holes in header plates of
boilers and tubular heat exchanges

DIFFUSION WELDING (DFW)

SSW process uses heat and pressure, usually in a controlled

atmosphere, with sufficient time for diffusion and coalescence to
occur

Temperatures 0.5 Tm

Plastic deformation at surfaces is minimal

Primary coalescence mechanism is solid state diffusion

Limitation: time required for diffusion can range from seconds

to hours
Applications:

Joining of high-strength and refractory metals in aerospace

and nuclear industries

Can be used to join either similar and dissimilar metals

For joining dissimilar metals, a filler layer of different metal is

often sandwiched between base metals to promote diffusion
Illustration

DIFFUSION BONDING EXAMPLE

Sequence of operations in diffusion bonding and

superplastic forming of a structure with three flat
sheets. See also Fig. 7.46. Source: After D. Stephen and
S.J. Swadling.

BRAZING AND SOLDERING

BRAZING

Brazing: a filler metal is placed at or between the faying

surfaces to be joined, and the temperature is raised to
melt the filler metal, but not the working pieces. The
molten metal fills the gap by capillary action. Upon cooling
and solidification of the filler metal, a strong joint is
formed.
Filler metal for brazing melt above 450 C, but below Tm of
the workpieces
Heat source: torch, furnace, induction, resistance, laser or
electron beam, etc
Optimal clearance in brazing is 0.025-0.2 mm
Good joint strength, principally used for maintenance and
repair

SOLDERING

Filler metal (solder) melts below 450 C

Heat source: soldering iron, torches, or ovens
Solder joints has limited use in elevated temperature
Usually low strength, not for load bearing

Types of solders and their applications.

SUMMARY

Welding

Fusion welding (last time)

Solid state welding

Oxyfuel gas, electric arc, high energy beam welding

Cold, ultrasonic, friction, resistance, explosion and diffusion

Brazing and soldering

Adhesive bonding
Mechanical fastening