Maleurogenitalsystem

AdelaidePaul
Tuesday,November10,2015
Hill131
Requiredreading:
Dyce,4thedition,
pp.169196
Theremaybequestionsonthewrittenexambasedonthereadingsection.
TESTES(singular,TESTIS)
Testescombineendocrineandexocrinecomponentswithinacommoncapsule.
Exocrineglandssecretetheirproductsviaaducttoeitheranotherlocationinsidethebodyor
ontotheskin(e.g.sweatglands)Theexocrinefunctionofthetestesistheproductionof
spermatozoa.

Endocrineglandssecretehormonesdirectlyintothebloodstreamsothattheycanbecarriedto
anothertargetorgan.
Majorendocrineglandsincludethepinealgland,pituitary,pancreas,ovaries,testes,thyroid
andparathyroid,andadrenals,amongothers.Theendocrinefunctionofthetestesistoexcrete
thefollowingtwohormones:

Testosterone:stimulatesdescentofthetestesbeforebirth,promotesspermproductionand
stimulatesthedevelopmentofsecondarysexcharacteristicsatpuberty.
Inhibin:inhibitsproductionofFSH(foliclestimulatinghormone)fromthepituitarygland.

Forsuccessfulspermproductioninmost(althoughnotall)mammals,thetestesneedtobea
fewdegreescoolerthanthecorebodytemperature.Althoughtheydevelopinitiallywithin
theabdomen,atorshortlyfollowingbirththeymigratethroughtheinguinalcanaltorest
externallytotheabdomen,withinapouchofskinandfascia,thescrotum.
Eachtestisisseparatelysuspendedinthescrotumviathespermaticcord.Thisstructure
consistsof:

Thedeferentduct,whichcarriesthespermfromthetestestotheurethra,andthedeferent
arteryandvein.Theportionofthevisceralvaginaltunicsurroundingtheseisthe
mesoductusdeferens.
Thetesticularartery,vein,lymphvesselsandthetesticularplexusofautonomic
nerves.Theportionofthevisceralvaginaltunicsurroundingtheseisthemesorchium.

Thecremastermuscle,whichactstoraiseandlowerthetestesforthepurposesof
thermoregulation.
Theseareallsurroundedbytheparietalvaginaltunic.
TESTES,developmentanddescent
Thedevelopingtestesstartoffinthedorsalabdomen.Theydevelopfromsomatic
mesenchymalcellsinthegenitalridgefoundcaudaltothedevelopingkidneys.
Thegubernaculumisaligamentousstructureextendingfromthegenitalswelling(future
homeofthescrotum,OUTSIDEtheabdomen)throughtheinguinalcanal(intothe
abdominalcavity)tothecaudalpartofthedevelopingtestis.Thetestesandgubernaculum
arebothretroperitoneal.
Thegubernaculumisinvestedwithaserousmembrane,thevaginaltunic.Thisvaginaltunic
isacontinuationoftheparietalperitoneum.Inotherwords,oncetheperitoneumentersthe
inguinalcanal,itsnamechangestovaginaltunic.Thevaginalringissimplytheringof
serousmembranethatmarkstheboundarybetweenparietalperitoneumandvaginaltunic.
Asthefetusincreasesinsize,thegubernaculumshortens,pullingthetestestowardsand(at
orshortlyafterbirth)throughtheinguinalcanalandintothedevelopingscrotum.

Asthetestesexittheabdominalcavityandasthegubernaculumregresses,thevaginaltunic
envelopsthetestesandthespermaticcord.Aswithotherserousmembraneswehavestudied,
thereisanouter(parietal)layerandaninner(visceral)layer.

Inthespermaticcord,theviscerallayerofthevaginaltunicwrapsaroundtheductus
deferensandassociatedvessels(formingthemesoductusdeferens)andthetesticularartery,
nerveandvein(formingthemesorchium).

Thecremastermuscleisformedbyaslipofmusclethatdetachesfromthecaudalborderof
theinternalabdominalobliqueandjoinsthespermaticcord.

Theepididymisisastructureformedbythecoiledinitialportionofthedeferentduct.
Spermatozoaarestoredherepriortoejaculation.
Viewofbodywall,showingtesticulardescent.Noticethatthegubernaculumandtestesare
retroperitoneal.Thedeferentductispulledwiththetestis;thepartadjacenttothetestisbecomes
coiled.Thisistheportionoftheductthatbecomestheepididymus.
Theproperligamentofthetestesattachestheepididymistothetestes.
TheLigamentofthetailoftheepididymisattachestheepididymistothespermaticfasciaand
theskinofthescrotum.
BOTHoftheseligamentsarearemnantofthegubernaculum.
TheVaginalringistheboundarywheretheparietalperitoneumbecomestheparietalvaginal
tunic.

Thevisceralvaginaltunicfurtherdifferentiateswithinthespermaticcordtoformthe
mesorchium(housingthetesticularartery,veinandnerves)andthemesoductusdeferens
(housingthedeferentduct,arteryandvein).
(Theouter,solidlineinthediagramrepresentsskin)

Cryptorchidism,orfailureoftestestodescend
Thiscanbeunilateralorbilateral
Cryptorchidanimalsshouldnotbebredasthisconditionisfrequentlyhereditary
Canbeasitefortumors.

Penis,oops,clitoris.
Theclitorisis(anatomically)averysmallhomologueofthepenis.Ithasthesameblood
supply(renamedinplacesasitisafemaleorgan,butthepatternofvesselsisthesame)it
receivessensoryinnervationfromthepudendalnerve,ithascruraoriginatingfromthe
ischium,ithascavernoustissueanderectilefunctions;itevencontainsanosclitoridisin
someanimals.
YouwillgetmoreontheclitorisinDr.Grandstaffsfemaleurogenitaltalk.
Cranial&caudalpreputialmuscles

1.(absentinhorses)
2.Ventralderivationofcutaneoustrunci:skeletalm.Inthedog,onlythecranialvariety
arepresent.Intheruminant,therearesometimescaudalonesaswell,butthisisvariable(Sisson
andGrossman)
3.Innervationisprovidedbythelateralthoracicnerve
4.Protract&(wherecaudalmusclesarepresent)retracttheprepuce,respectively.

Franky(prepucemodel)

Dog:Bulbusglandis
Funfact:Inhumans,theneuteredversioniscalledaeunuch.

Accessorysexglands