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Table of Contents
About This Manual ...................................................................................................................................... vii
Document Conventions ........................................................................................................................ vii
Technical Support ................................................................................................................................ viii
System Coupling Overview ........................................................................................................................ 1
Supported System Couplings .................................................................................................................. 3
Product Licensing Considerations when using System Coupling .............................................................. 4
System Coupling Workspace ...................................................................................................................... 7
Setting Up a Simulation that Uses System Coupling ................................................................................. 7
Components of the System Coupling Workspace ..................................................................................... 7
Outline View ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Properties View ................................................................................................................................ 8
System Coupling Chart View ............................................................................................................. 9
Solution Information View ................................................................................................................ 9
Settings for Completing a System Coupling Setup ................................................................................... 9
Analysis Settings .............................................................................................................................. 9
Analysis Type .............................................................................................................................. 9
Initialization Controls ................................................................................................................ 10
Coupling Initialization ......................................................................................................... 10
Duration Controls ..................................................................................................................... 10
Duration Defined By ........................................................................................................... 10
Step Controls ............................................................................................................................ 11
Analysis Settings Best Practices ................................................................................................. 12
General Analysis Type ......................................................................................................... 12
Transient Analysis Type ....................................................................................................... 13
Participants .................................................................................................................................... 13
Data Transfers ................................................................................................................................. 14
Working with Data Transfers ..................................................................................................... 16
Data Transfer Rules ......................................................................................................................... 18
Execution Control ........................................................................................................................... 19
Co-Simulation Participant Sequencing ...................................................................................... 20
Sequential Solutions ........................................................................................................... 20
Simultaneous Solutions ...................................................................................................... 20
Debug Output Control .............................................................................................................. 20
Intermediate Restart Data Output ............................................................................................. 22
Validation and State of the System Coupling Setup Cell ................................................................... 23
System Coupling Setup Cell Context Menus .................................................................................... 23
Expert Settings ............................................................................................................................... 24
Settings for Running a System Coupling Solution .................................................................................. 28
Solution Information ...................................................................................................................... 28
System Coupling Chart ................................................................................................................... 29
Chart Properties ....................................................................................................................... 29
Chart Variable ........................................................................................................................... 30
Chart Variable Properties .......................................................................................................... 30
Working with System Coupling Charts ...................................................................................... 30
Using the System Coupling Chart View ...................................................................................... 31
Validation and State of the System Coupling Solution Cell ............................................................... 32
System Coupling Solution Cell Context Menus ................................................................................ 32
Workflows for System Coupling ............................................................................................................... 33
Executing System Couplings Using the Command Line .......................................................................... 33
System Coupling Command Line Options ....................................................................................... 34
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Document Conventions
This section describes the conventions used in this document to distinguish between text, file names,
system messages, and input that you need to type.
File and Directory Names
File names and directory names appear in this font: /usr/lib.
User Input
Input you must type exactly is shown like this:
cd /usr
Input Substitution
Input that you must supply in a command is shown like this:
fluent 3d -schost="HostName"
That is, you should actually type fluent 3d -schost=" " and substitute a computer's name
for HostName.
Optional Arguments
Optional arguments are shown using square brackets:
export -cgns [-verbose] file
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One of the many useful features of the Customer Portal is the Knowledge Resources Search, which can
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2.
3.
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Set up each individual, participating system (generally from top-to-bottom, until you have completed all
the required steps for your analysis).
5.
Connect the systems together as shown in Figure 1: Example of Connecting a System Coupling Component
System with Various Types of Systems (p. 2). For co-simulation participants and the External Data static
data participant, connections are drawn from the participants Setup cells.
6.
Set up the System Coupling system (see System Coupling Workspace (p. 7)).
Figure 1: Example of Connecting a System Coupling Component System with Various Types of
Systems
It is important to note that updates of co-simulation participant (for example, a solver) Solution cells
are disabled for Workbench systems connected to the System Coupling system; these updates (and
execution of the respective solvers) are automatically initiated when the System Coupling Solution cell
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Important
Using System Coupling in conjunction with the Remote Solver Manager (RSM) is not supported.
In the isolated case of Mechanical, the use of RSM for runs on a single local host is, however,
permitted.
After you have updated the System Coupling Solution cell, you can:
Pause the analysis by interrupting its progress.
Restart the analysis as described in the Initialization Controls (p. 10).
Debug your system coupling simulation by using the system coupling command line arguments (see System
Coupling Command Line Options (p. 34)). You can also perform additional debugging of the connected
systems as described in Troubleshooting Two-Way Coupled Analyses Problems (p. 73).
Use CFD-Post to simultaneously analyze the results of the simulation by:
Connecting other participant systems Solution cells to the Results cell of the Fluid Flow system, or
Connecting all participant systems Solution cells to a Results component system that you introduce in
the schematic.
Note
Only two coupling participants can be connected to the System Coupling system at one
time. However, more than one System Coupling system may be introduced within the same
project schematic.
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Commercial License
Required
Fluent
ANSYS CFD,
ANSYS Fluent, or
Static
Structural or
Transient
Structural
ANSYS Structural,
ANSYS Mechanical,
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Commercial License
Required
ANSYS Multiphysics,
Steady-State
Thermal or
Transient
Thermal
ANSYS Mechanical,
ANSYS Multiphysics,
External
Data
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Outline View
The Outline view (in the upper left corner of Figure 2: The System Coupling Workspace (p. 8)) presents
various fields related to the coupling participants and to the setup and solution of the coupled systems.
The deepest fields can be edited in the Properties view. For additional information, see Settings for
Completing a System Coupling Setup (p. 9) and Settings for Running a System Coupling Solution (p. 28).
Properties View
The Properties view (in the lower left corner of Figure 2: The System Coupling Workspace (p. 8))
presents the properties of an editable item selected in the Outline view. For additional information,
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Analysis Settings
The Analysis Settings field has the following properties:
Analysis Type
Initialization Controls
Duration Controls
Step Controls
Suggested best practices for analysis settings are discussed in Analysis Settings Best Practices (p. 12).
Analysis Type
This option is used to define the overall coupling type for the analysis.
The available options are:
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Initialization Controls
This option is used to define the initialization controls available for all coupling types.
Coupling Initialization
The available options are:
Program Controlled
For initial runs (that is, not restart runs), the initial time and step are each set to 0.
For restart runs, the initial time and step are set to the values obtained from the latest valid restart point.
Restart Points (indicated by Step and Time)
The system coupling simulation can have multiple restart points when Intermediate Restart Data Output (p. 22) is selected for either all coupling steps or for a set of coupling step intervals. The next coupled
analysis will be started based on the restart point that you have selected.
For more information regarding restarts, see Restarting a System Coupling Analysis (p. 35).
Important
Program controlled or explicitly specified restart points only affect the coupling step
and/or time used to restart the coupling service. Appropriate restart points must also
be specified for the co-simulation participants that are part of the coupled analysis. For
more information about coupling participants, see Restarting a System Coupling Analysis.
Duration Controls
This option is used to define the duration for the analysis.
Duration Defined By
The options available to define the duration of a coupled analysis are:
End Time
Available only when the Analysis Type is Transient
When the End Time option is used, the coupling service will execute coupling steps until the specified
end time is reached. In a transient analysis, each coupling step is a time step (with the time interval specified
by the step size). Note that the final coupling step size is reduced automatically, if needed, so that the
specified end time is respected.
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Step Controls
The duration of the coupled analysis is broken into a sequence of coupling steps. Data transfers between
the coupled solvers occur at the beginning of each coupling iteration within a coupling step. Coupling
steps are always indexed. During the analysis, each new coupling step is started when:
The coupling analysis duration has not been reached, and
Either the maximum number of coupling iterations has been reached or the coupling step is converged.
The available options are:
Step Size
If the coupling is defined in terms of time (a transient analysis), then a coupling step is associated with a
time interval. The Step Size option specifies the time interval associated with each coupling step (in
seconds). The final coupling step size is reduced automatically, if needed, so that the specified end time
is respected. This reduction does not occur if the analysis duration is set by the Number of Steps.
The coupling step size is fixed for the duration of the System Coupling analysis, but it can be changed
when restarting the analysis.
Minimum Iterations
This option allows specification of the fewest number of coupling iterations (at least 1) that could be executed per coupling step.
The specified minimum number of coupling iterations will be executed even if all measures of convergence
are realized in fewer iterations.
Maximum Iterations
This option allows specification of the greatest number of coupling iterations that could possibly be executed per coupling step.
The specified maximum number of coupling iterations may not be executed if the analysis converges
prior to the maximum iteration step being reached.
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Participants
You can connect a participant system's Setup cell to the System Coupling Setup cell in the project
schematic. The system coupling workspace displays a read-only summary of the participant data after
a refresh of the System Coupling Setup cell. The participant summary includes:
System name
The name of the participant as presented in the schematic.
Regions
The collection of regions from and to which data can be transferred. A region is most often a point, line,
surface or volume that is part (or all) of the geometry or topology of a coupling participant. Note, however,
that equations or probe (monitored) values may also be considered as point regions.
Note
System Coupling requires participants to use 3D meshes, with data transfer regions
consisting of element faces from a 3D mesh. System Coupling data transfers cannot exist
in 2D meshes.
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Note
For structural applications, data transfers are limited to force and displacement; for
thermal heat transfer applications data transfers are limited to temperature, heat flow,
heat transfer coefficient (also known as convection coefficient), and near wall temperature (also know as bulk temperature or ambient temperature).
Data Transfers
A data transfer is defined by one source and one target region, and is able to transfer one variable type
in one direction between two participants.
Each data transfer is defined by a variety of properties such as Source, Target, and Data Transfer
Control. A one-way coupled analysis has data transfer(s) in only one direction between the coupled
participants. In this type of analysis, the source region(s) are defined on only the participant sending
data, and the target regions(s) are defined on only the participant whose solver is receiving the data.
A two-way coupled analysis has data transfers in both directions between the coupled participants. In
this type of analysis, source and target regions are defined on both participants. For example, consider
a coupled two-way fluid-structure interaction analysis where a Fluent system and a Static Structural
system are the two participants. The Fluent system would have a region which is the source region for
the transfer of force, and the target region for the transfer of incremental displacement. The Static
Structural system would have a region that is the source region for the transfer of incremental displacement, and the target region for the transfer of force.
Source/Target
Both Source and Target are each defined by a coupling participant along with a region and a variable
defined within the context of that participant. For a two-way data transfer on one region, you define two
individual data transfers. When you set up your data transfers, a top-down approach should be followed
when selecting Source and Target. Select in this order:
1. Source Participant
2. Source Region
3. Source Variable
4. Target Participant
5. Target Region
6. Target Variable
Data Transfer Control
Additional properties can be defined to control the way in which the specified data transfers are executed.
For each data transfer you can specify controls that determine:
When the transfer is to occur.
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Note
When under-relaxation is used, there is no guarantee that the full value from the
source side of the data transfer is applied to the target by the end of the coupling
step.
RMS Convergence Target
The target value used when evaluating convergence of the data transfer within a coupling iteration.
The default value is 1e-2. The convergence target is RMS-based. For information regarding how this
target is applied, see Evaluating Convergence of Data Transfers (p. 43).
Ramping
The available options for ramping controlled by System Coupling are as follows:
None
The full data transfer value is applied to the target side of the interface for all coupling iterations.
No ramping is the default option.
Linear to Minimum Iterations
Within each coupling step, the ramping factor is used to linearly increase the change in the data
transfer value applied to the target side of the interface. The data transfer value is increased during
each coupling iteration until the specified minimum number of coupling iterations,
, is reached.
The ramping factor is applied to the change in the data transfer value from the previous coupling
step. If there is no change in this value from the last coupling step, the full data transfer value is
applied to the target side of the interface for all coupling iterations of that coupling step.
During the
coupling iteration (for
), the ramping factor equals
. The full
data transfer value is applied for all coupling iterations that are equal to or greater than the
minimum number of coupling iterations. As
is always reached, the full data transfer
value is always applied by the end of each coupling step. This ramping behavior is demonstrated in Figure 3: Schematic of the Linear to Minimum Iterations Ramping Concept (p. 16)
for the case where the minimum number of iterations specified is 5.
When ramping using Linear to Minimum Iterations, if the minimum number of iterations is
the same as the maximum number of iterations, then it is unlikely that the data transfer will
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Ramping and under-relaxation are independent operations. Ramping is applied before under-relaxation.
Note
System Couplings ramping will interact with ramping behaviors within the participant systems.
To understand the full ramping behavior, verify ramping settings to see if your participant
system is ramping loads received from System Coupling. For ramping behavior in Mechanical,
see System Coupling Related Settings in Mechanical in the ANSYS Mechanical User's Guide.
See Working with Data Transfers (p. 16) for details about how to create, modify data transfers and do
other common operations.
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Note
If the data transfer definition is not valid or the data is invalidated for any reason, the state
of the node will show as a ? and the incorrect properties will need to be changed.
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Note
Participant data transfer regions must consist of triangular or quadrilateral faces. Polyhedral
faces as well as faces with hanging nodes (cut-cells) are not supported in System Coupling.
Currently, the following three types of transfers are supported. Details of these three types of transfers
are given in Table 2: Data Transfers available in System Coupling (p. 18).
Force transfers
Motion transfers
Thermal transfers
Force and motion transfers are typical for fluid-structure interaction problems, where a load to the
structure is transferred from a fluid solver, and the deformations to the fluid are transferred from the
structural solver. There can only be one force transfer and one motion transfer for each data transfer
region.
Thermal transfers can be transferred between ANSYS Fluent and ANSYS Mechanical directly through
System Coupling, or through the coupling of the External Data system. Three thermal transfers are
available, each transferring different thermal variables. The three thermal transfers are described in the
table below.
For one-way thermal transfers, only one of the three options below for thermal transfers can be defined
for a given pair of source and target regions.
For two-way thermal transfers, two data transfers are set up on the same data transfer region. In a twoway transfer:
the two variables, heat transfer coefficient and near wall temperature, cannot be transferred on the
same data transfer region as heat flow, and
a participants data transfer region cannot provide and receive the same thermal variable(s); for example,
Fluent cannot send and receive temperature data on the same data transfer region.
Table 2: Data Transfers available in System Coupling
Transfer Type
Variable(s) Transferred
Data Transfer
Direction
Force transfer
Force (VectorXYZ*)
Motion transfer**
Incremental displacement
(VectorXYZ*)
from a structural
solver to a fluid solver
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1.
Temperature
transfer
Variable(s) Transferred
Data Transfer
Direction
Temperature (Scalar)
from a structural
solver to a fluid
solver, or
from a fluid solver to
a structural solver
2. Heat flow
transfer
from a structural
solver to a fluid
solver, or
from a fluid solver to
a structural solver
3. A pair of
variables***
( ,
**In a general coupled analysis, when the solver receiving the motion (such as Fluent) solves before or
simultaneously to the solver sending the motion (such as Mechanical), then the incremental displacement
transferred during the first coupling iteration of each coupling step is identically zero. This behavior
can be changed by using GeneralAnalysis_IncrDisp_InitIterationValue_Zero in the
Expert Settings (p. 24).
***You must correctly define both variables in the data transfer in order for this thermal transfer to be
valid.
Note
For a given target region, there can only be one source region. However, a given source region
can send data to multiple target regions. In other words, 1-to-M data transfers are supported,
where M is an integer and is greater than or equal to 1. Note that M-to-1 data transfers are
not supported.
Execution Control
Execution Control has the following capabilities:
Co-Simulation Participant Sequencing
Debug Output Control
Intermediate Restart Data Output
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Note
To improve solution stability, sequential solutions are used by default. Note as well that,
to facilitate synchronization of interface geometry, participants that consume geometrical or mesh deformations (for example, the Fluids solver in a Fluid Structure Interaction
analysis) are automatically assigned larger sequence values by default.
Additional information can also be found in Best Practice Guidelines for Using System Coupling (p. 73).
Sequential Solutions
A sequential solution is done when all co-simulation participants are assigned different solution sequence
values. In particular, participants perform their solutions (that is, all required data transfers, followed by
obtaining the equation solution) in the order of the sequence values specified in the user interface.
Sequential solutions are optimal for analyses that involve strong physical couplings, because the most
recent information from one participant is always used by subsequent participants. This typically
translates into requiring the fewest coupling iteration per coupling step to reach a converged solution.
However, it may not yield the shortest (wall-clock) solution time if the participants are run on different
CPUs.
Simultaneous Solutions
A simultaneous solution is done when one or more co-simulation participants are assigned identical
solution sequence values. In particular, when the same sequence value is applied to multiple participants,
then all those participants perform their respective data transfers, after which those same participants
perform their equation solutions simultaneously.
Simultaneous solutions are optimal for analyses that involve weak physical couplings because the most
recent information from one co-simulation participant is not required by other simultaneously executed
participants in order to reach a converged solution. Additionally, the overall (wall-clock) solution time
may be reduced if the simultaneously executed participants are run on different CPUs. However, if used
with co-simulation participants that exhibit strong physical couplings, simultaneous solutions may adversely affect the rate of convergence, and possibly lead to divergence.
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Note
The debug level for all the properties, except Default, can be set at any level. For the Default
property, the available levels are from None to All Levels. Increasing levels always generate
more detailed output. Note, as well, that the output level settings for each of the mesh coordinates, topology, and transfer data, control the number of lines of output generated.
Specifically, 10L lines of data will be written for an output level setting of L (for example, 100
lines will be written for an output level of 2, or Level 2).
Important
During execution of the coupled analysis, co-simulation participants will automatically be
requested to generate intermediate restart data at the same frequency as the System
Coupling service. Note that this feature only affects the frequency at which data is generated;
the content of data is determined by the participant. To see if this feature is supported, see
Supported System Couplings (p. 3).
Choose one of the following options to control when restart data is produced.
None
No intermediate restart output files are generated using this option. This option is enabled by default.
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Note
If you specify a Step Interval that is above or below the allowed limit, an error is displayed; change the Step Interval as required.
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Expert Settings
This subsection is used to specify the expert settings that are available. Expert settings provide you
with additional advanced controls for many of the settings available in the Outline and Properties
views under the Setup branch.
General Expert Settings
DumpInterfaceMeshes (string)
The only valid value for this setting is CFDPost. When this expert setting is used, files named
<Name of Data Transfer>source.csv or <Name of Data Transfer>target.csv
are generated during the mapping process. These files report values of 0 and 1 for unmapped and
mapped nodes, respectively. These files are appropriate for import into CFD-Post as user defined
surfaces for the visualization of mapping data.
MeshSyncOption (integer)
Value is 0, 1, 2, or 3 (default: 0). This setting is only relevant for coupled analyses with a participant
that consumes geometric data (for example, the Fluids solver in a Fluid Structure Interaction analysis, which receives displacement data). This setting can be used when the solution of the participant
consuming geometrical data is either sequenced identically as, or sequenced before, the solution
of the participant that provides the geometric data. Available options are:
0 (default): If the maximum number of coupling iterations per coupling step is 1, then the solution
sequence is changed so that the participant that consumes geometrical data is solved last. If the
maximum number of coupling iterations per coupling step is greater than 1, then one additional
coupling iteration is performed at the end of the coupling step and only the participant that
consumes geometrical data is re-solved.
1: Regardless of the maximum number of coupling iterations per coupling step, the solution
sequence is changed so that within each coupling iteration, the participant that consumes geometrical data is solved last.
2: Regardless of the maximum number of coupling iterations per coupling step, one additional
coupling iteration is performed at the end of the coupling step and only the participant that
consumes geometrical data is re-solved.
3: No setup modifications are applied, and the solution proceeds with the specified participant
sequencing.
GeneralAnalysis_IncrDisp_InitIterationValue_Zero (integer)
Value is 0 or 1 (default: 1). This setting is only relevant in a general coupled analysis, when displacement is transferred, and when the solver receiving the displacement (such as Fluent) solves before
or simultaneously to the solver sending the displacement data (such as Mechanical).
1: During the first coupling iteration of each coupling step the displacement transferred to the target
is 0 [m] (irrespective of the value provided by the source). This override of the transfer value is to avoid
possible double displacement, which could create folding of the mesh.
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Solution Information
Solution information is automatically generated for output of the system coupling service and the
coupling participants. Figure 4: An Example of the Solution Information Branch (p. 29) displays an example
of the Solution Information branch from the Outline view. Select an entry from the listed solution
information sources to display its output in the Solution Information view.
Note
The default behavior of the Solution Information view is to always show the latest information in the log file. Each time new information is added, the file will automatically scroll to
the end. However, if you move the vertical scroll bar away from the bottom, the view will
not scroll to the end when new information is added until you move the scroll bar back to
the end.
There are also some keyboard short-cuts that are available when operating in this view:
Page Up scrolls up one page.
Page Down scrolls down one page.
Ctrl+Home jumps to the top of the log.
Ctrl+End jumps to the bottom of the log.
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For additional details about the solution information displayed for the coupling service, see System
Coupling Service Log File (scLog.scl_, scLog_##.scl) (p. 57). For additional details about
solution information displayed for coupling participants, see Supported System Couplings (p. 3).
Chart Properties
Axis X Property:
Quantity: The level at which the X data for the variables is plotted. This can be any level at which the
data is available. For example: For a variable "Data Transfer:Change:RMS", the available levels can be
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Chart Variable
The System Coupling Chart Monitor plots data produced during the coupled solution process. These
variables that you can plot are organized according to coupling participants and include:
measures of convergence obtained from co-simulation participants (for example, solver residuals from Fluent)
the change (RMS or maximum) in data transfer values
diagnostic values (for example, minimum, maximum, average, and sum) taken from the nodal data associated
with data transfers
The variables that are obtained from co-simulation participants are only plotted at the intervals that
they are available. Intermediate data points are not artificially created.
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Note
When the solution is started, a default chart is added if one is not already present. The default
variables added correspond to the RMS Change in data on the target side of all data transfers.
For example if "Data Transfer" and "Data Transfer 2" are defined with target participants
equal to "Transient Structural" and "Fluid Flow", respectively, then the chart variables "Transient Structural: Data Transfer: Change: RMS" and "Fluid Flow: Data Transfer 2: Change: RMS"
are added to the default chart. If you add/delete variables to the default chart, then new
variables are not added by default on consecutive runs.
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Note
If a coupled analysis is interrupted before reaching the specified coupling duration, then the
Solution cells will remain in an Update Required state once execution stops, because the
calculation needs to be continued to complete the analysis. Downstream Results cells may
be refreshed and/or updated to review the results generated up to the point at which the
analysis was interrupted.
See Understanding Cell States in the Workbench Users Guide for detailed information on typical cell
states.
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Tip
Search your installation to help resolve any missing dynamic libraries.
To run an analysis from the command line, execute the steps below. If you would like an example of
this process, the tutorial Oscillating Plate with Two-Way Fluid-Structure Interaction provides detailed
steps on how to use the Command Line in the section Executing the Coupled Analysis from the Command
Line.
1.
Generate the System Coupling Input file and place this file in the desired working directory for the
Coupling Service. To do this, enter (double click) the System Coupling Setup cell in the Workbench
schematic, and select the Export SCI File option from the File menu. Note that this option is only available
when the state of the Setup cell is up-to-date.
2.
Generate all input files required for the co-simulation participants (that is, input files required for the
solvers involved in the coupling) and place these files in the respective desired working directories.
3.
The command to start the Coupling Service differs between Linux and Windows:
Linux:
.workbench -cmd ansys.services.systemcoupling.exe -inputFile oscillating_plate.sci
Windows:
ansys.services.systemcoupling.exe -inputFile oscillating_plate.sci
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These commands launch the Coupling Service and create a System Coupling Server file (scServer.scs) in the working directory. As described in System Coupling Server File (scServer.scs) (p. 56), this file contains information needed to start each of the co-simulation participants,
specifically port and host information for the coupling service and identifiers for the participants.
Additional information needed to run from the command line is accessible below for each of the
co-simulation participants that support system couplings.
For more information about command line execution and options for supported co-simulation participants, see Supported System Couplings (p. 3). Co-simulation participants will tend to use a common
set of system coupling related command line options (such as -schost, -scport, and -scname).
You are strongly encouraged, however, to develop some expertise in running each of the participants
without system couplings before attempting to execute coupled analyses from the command line.
Additional system coupling command line information can also be found in the following section:
System Coupling Command Line Options
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Note
The System Coupling Results file generated by the coupling service contains all the information
and data that are required to restart the coupling service only. Information and data that are required to restart the coupling participants, as well as the act of restarting those participants, are
managed by the participants themselves.
The convergence history for a restarted run is generally not identical to that observed in a continuous run. There are two factors contributing to changes in convergence: interfaces are remapped upon restart, thereby changing the interpolation weights; and restart- and continuousrun convergence histories are not always identical (for example, the HHT transient discretization
used by ANSYS Mechanical will not yield identical convergence histories while the Newmark
discretization will).
Changes in convergence history across restarts will yield changes in solution values if solutions
are not fully converged within coupling steps.
Before starting the analysis initial run, ensure that all coupling participants are set up to save (or retain)
the corresponding restart points during the run. For information on how to do this, see Supported System
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Set up the System Coupling system to control the creation of restart points at certain intervals during the
coupled analysis run.
a.
From the Project Schematic, double-click System Coupling's Setup cell to open the System Coupling
tab.
b.
In System Coupling's Outline view on the left, select System Coupling > Setup > Execution Control
> Intermediate Restart Data Output.
c.
In the Properties view, under Output Frequency, select the appropriate setting. See Intermediate
Restart Data Output for more information.
Specify a restart point in each participant connected to System Coupling. Make sure that these restart
points correspond to the restart point you will choose in System Coupling.
For information on how to do this for participant systems in your coupled analysis, see Supported
System Couplings for a list of supported systems and references to their corresponding restart
documentation.
2.
If setup changes in the participant systems are needed before restarting, make these required changes.
For information on how to do this for participant systems in your coupled analysis, see Supported
System Couplings for a list of supported systems and references to their corresponding restart
documentation.
3.
In some cases, setup changes are desired or are required to avoid failure of the coupled analysis. To make
these changes:
a.
Double-click the System Coupling Setup cell or Solution cell to open the System Coupling tab.
b.
Modify the required settings in System Coupling. Setup changes commonly include changes to a
combination of the following:
Coupling analysis type
Coupling initialization and duration settings
Coupling step size
Minimum and maximum number of coupling iterations per coupling step
Data transfer convergence targets and under-relaxation factors
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5.
Select the restart point for the System Coupling system. To do this:
a.
If the System Coupling tab is not already open, double-click the System Coupling Setup cell or
Solution cell to open the System Coupling tab.
b.
In the System Coupling tab, select Analysis Settings, then in Properties of Analysis Settings >
Coupling Initialization, pick a restart point that corresponds to the restart point you selected in the
participant systems.
Start your restart run. To do this, in the System Coupling tab, right-click Solution and select Update. Your
restarted coupled analysis will now begin to solve.
Launch Workbench and open the project. Since the project was not closed down cleanly, a lock file will
exist. Select Unlock in the dialog box that appears.
2.
The next dialog box that appears asks if you want to recover the last saved state before opening. Select
No here despite the warnings.
Your Project Schematic now shows a state as if the solution had not started, but examination of
the project files shows that backup files are available. Your Workbench project will not know about
these files.
3.
Populate the restart data from the participant systems connected to System Coupling. Make sure that
these restart points correspond to the restart point chosen in System Coupling.
For information on how to do this for participant systems in your coupled analysis, see Supported
System Couplings for a list of supported systems and references to their corresponding restart
documentation.
4.
On the Project Schematic, right-click System Coupling's Setup cell, and select Update.
b.
Double-click the System Coupling Setup cell to open the System Coupling tab.
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Select Analysis Settings, then in Properties of Analysis Settings, right-click Coupling Initialization
and select Read Restart Points.
The restart points will now be available in System Coupling as usual.
d.
5.
In Properties of Analysis Settings > Coupling Initialization, pick a restart point that corresponds
to the restart point you selected in the participant systems.
You can now start your restart run. To do this, in the System Coupling tab, right-click Solution and select
Update. Your restarted coupled analysis will now begin to solve.
3. A popup window, shown in Figure 5: Interrupt Prompt from Workbench (p. 38), will appear asking how
the run should be stopped.
Figure 5: Interrupt Prompt from Workbench
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Coupling Management
The primary role of the System Coupling Service is to manage the coupled analysis. There are three
aspects to this:
Inter-Process Communication
Process Synchronization and Analysis Evolution
Convergence Management
For more information, see the following sections.
Inter-Process Communication
Process Synchronization and Analysis Evolution
Convergence Management
Evaluating Convergence of Data Transfers
Inter-Process Communication
The coupling service and participants, which are often highly optimized physics solvers, are executed
as independent computational processes, and this introduces the need for Inter-Process Communication
(IPC). This communication is realized using a proprietary, light-weight, TCP/IP based client-server infrastructure that does not interact with other communication mechanisms like the Message Passing Interface
(MPI).
All high level communication needed for process synchronization, brokering data transfers and managing
convergence between the coupling service and participants are defined in terms of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that use the low level IPC infrastructure.
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Details regarding processing between the Solution and Check Convergence synchronization points
are shown in Figure 7: Processing Details for the Coupling Service and Co-Simulation Participants (p. 43).
During this stage of the analysis, the coupling service controls the advancement of co-simulation participants, or solvers, through two secondary synchronization points: Data Transfer and Solve, both
shown in light gray. The sequencing of solvers is controlled by manipulating the relative order in which
the solvers advance beyond these secondary synchronization points. For example, solvers with
identical sequence indices all advance through the Data Transfer synchronization point together, and
then do the same for the Solve synchronization point.
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Coupling Management
Figure 7: Processing Details for the Coupling Service and Co-Simulation Participants
These figures highlight that all participants traverse the duration of the entire coupling step during
each coupling iteration. They have complete freedom, however, to traverse the coupling step duration
in one or more solver steps, each of which may include one or more solver iterations. If multiple
solver steps are used within one coupling step, then this is referred to as sub-stepping (or sub-cycling).
Review the participant systems documentation to see if sub-stepping occurs and is supported with
System Coupling.
Convergence Management
By default, the system coupling log file reports Root Mean Square (RMS) convergence for data transfers
for both the source and target side of the transfer. Convergence of the coupling step is evaluated at
the end of each coupling iteration. Coupling step convergence requires that:
the target side RMS values have reached the convergence criteria that you specified in the input to the
system coupling setup, and
that the minimum number of coupling iterations that you specified are met.
If the coupling step is not yet converged, then a new coupling iteration is started. If the coupling step
is converged, then a new coupling step is started if the coupling duration has not yet been reached.
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is the data transfer value, and l is the location of the data transfer on the coupling interface.
In Equation 2 (p. 44), the denominator, or normalization factor, is evaluated differently in the transient
and general coupling analyses. In the transient coupling case, the normalization factor equals the average
of the range and mean of the magnitude of data transfer values over all locations for the current iteration.
In the general coupling case, it equals the average of the range and mean of the magnitude of data
transfer values over all locations for all iterations in the entire analysis. This normalization factor is a
representative scale for the data transfer values and ensures that division by zero (due either to zero
range or zero mean) is avoided.
In Equation 2 (p. 44), the numerator,
and is expressed as:
where
and
is the
under-relaxation factor applied in forming the final value applied during the current iteration. In the
first coupling iteration of every coupling step, is assumed to be unity.
When there is no change in data transfer values, the default for RMS/MAX is 1.0e-014.
Note
The global data transfer convergence measures are set to unity in the first coupling iteration of the first coupling step during an initial run. After a restart, if a data transfer
involving a new variable is defined or if the region is remeshed, these measures are set
to unity in the first coupling iteration of the first coupling step.
Although monotonic convergence to the specified target values is ideal, oscillatory
convergence and/or divergence (that is, constant or increasing convergence measures)
may also occur.
Data Transfers
Data transfers in System Coupling use one of two data transfer algorithms:
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Data Transfers
Profile Preserving data transfer algorithm is used when transferring non-conserved quantities like displacements and temperatures.
Conservative Profile Preserving data transfer is used when transferring conserved quantities like mass,
momentum, and energy flows (for example, forces).
These two data transfer algorithms are discussed in the section Data Transfer Algorithms (p. 46). Both
data transfer algorithms incorporate the following components:
Data Pre-Processing: This is the first component used in the data transfer process and could involve
creation of supplemental data on mesh locations that are needed by the mapping and interpolation
algorithms.
Mapping: This is the second component used in the data transfer process and involves the matching/pairing of a source and a target location to generate weights. For example, in a fluid-solid interaction
problem, a fluid node must be mapped to a solid element to receive displacements. Similarly, either a
solid node or a Gauss point in a solid element must be mapped to a fluid element to receive stress.
Interpolation: This is the third component used in the data transfer process and involves the (re)use
of the generated weights to project source data onto target locations.
Interpolated Data Post-Processing: This is the final component of the data transfer process and could
involve explicit under-relaxation, ramping, and/or clipping of the target data, as well as the creation of
supplemental data on mesh locations needed by the consumers of interpolated, target data.
Note that participant data transfer regions must consist of triangular or quadrilateral faces. Polyhedral
faces as well as faces with hanging nodes (cut-cells) are not supported by System Coupling.
A variety of algorithms exist in the literature to address these components. In the discussions below,
only those that are used in System Coupling are presented.
Data Pre-Processing Algorithms (p. 45)
Mapping Algorithms (p. 46)
Interpolation Algorithms (p. 52)
Interpolated Data Post-Processing Algorithms (p. 53)
Important
Unit conversions are automatically applied for all data transfer algorithms during each of the
mapping and interpolation phases.
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Mapping Algorithms
Several mapping algorithms are used when executing data transfers during system couplings. To assist
in evaluating the quality of the mapping, a mapping summary is included in the System Coupling service
log file (see System Coupling Service Log File (scLog.scl_, scLog_##.scl) (p. 57)). Note that
summary data depends upon on the availability and relevance of specific information (for example, the
number of nodes or area on the surface and/or target meshes) for each mapping algorithm.
Mapping is performed only at the start of the System Coupling simulation. Because of this, the mesh
topology on the data transfer regions cannot change (that is, cannot be dynamically remeshed) during
the simulation.
The two mapping algorithms used in System Coupling (discussed below) are Bucket Surface and General Grid Interface (GGI).
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Data Transfers
transfer. Similarly, if the target side of the interface is significantly finer than the source side, then the
resulting target data will be a linearly interpolated representation of the data on the source side.
Note
A number of advanced controls for the data transfer algorithms are exposed via expert
settings. For more information, see Expert Settings Related to Mapping in Expert
Settings (p. 24).
Profile Preserving
The Profile Preserving data transfer algorithm is the default algorithm used by System Coupling when
transferring non-conserved quantities like displacements and temperatures. For this data transfer algorithm, the Bucket Surface mapping algorithm is used to generate mapping weights. In this algorithm,
the mesh nodes on the target side of the data transfer interface are mapped onto mesh elements on
the source side as illustrated in Figure 8: Mapping target node to source element for Profile Preserving
Data Transfer (p. 47). Standard, weight-based interpolation (resulting in the
values shown) and subsequent under-relaxation are used to evaluate the final data applied on the target side of the interface.
Figure 8: Mapping target node to source element for Profile Preserving Data Transfer
Profile Preserving data transfer algorithm is the default algorithm used when transferring non-conservative quantities because of the profile-preserving nature of the mapping weights generated by the
Bucket Surface algorithm.
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47
Bucket Surface
The underlying ideas for this algorithm are presented in the book Computational Nonlinear Mechanics
in Aerospace Engineering, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, edited by S. Atluri, ISBN
1563470446, Chapter 5, Fast Projection Algorithm for Unstructured Meshes by K. Jansen, F. Shakib, and T.
Hughes, 1992. Specifically, the implementation of the Smart Bucket Algorithm as described in the chapter
stated above is used in system coupling. This algorithm generates weights that are ideal for transferring
the profiles of non-conserved quantities like stresses, displacement, temperature, and heat transfer
coefficient from a source mesh to a target mesh. Since a complete description of the algorithm is
available in the reference quoted above, only a brief overview of it is presented below.
The first step in the process of computing the mapping weights using the Smart Bucket Algorithm is
to divide the mapping source mesh into an imaginary structured grid, with each grid section called a
bucket. A 2D bucket is used to demonstrate this concept in Figure 9: Example of a Bucket Grid on a
2D Source Mesh (p. 48). Similarly, a 3D bucket grid is generated for a 3D mesh, and this is what is used
in System Coupling.
Next, each node on the data transfer regions of the target mesh is initially associated with a bucket. In
System Coupling, data transfer regions consist of element faces from the 3D mesh. Two cases arise:
buckets associated with the target node are either empty (without even one source element in it) or
non-empty. For example, bucket A shown in Figure 9: Example of a Bucket Grid on a 2D Source
Mesh (p. 48) is empty. Each case (empty and non-empty buckets) is discussed separately in the sections
below.
Figure 9: Example of a Bucket Grid on a 2D Source Mesh
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Data Transfers
First, each target node is checked to see if it is in the domain of any of the source elements. This is
done by looping through all the source elements in that bucket and checking to see if the target node
is within their domain. For each source element in the bucket, the vector elementlocal (or natural)
coordinates (corresponding to the vector of global coordinates of the target node,
) is found by
solving the set of nonlinear equations given by the isoparametric mapping below:
(4)
where
is the matrix of linear shape functions associated with the source element and
is
the vector of global coordinates of elementlocal node . It is then checked to see if lies within the
domain of the source element based on certain criteria discussed next.
For a four-noded quadrilateral source element, if the natural coordinates corresponding to a target
node satisfy the conditions in Equation 5 (p. 49) below, the target node is said to be exactly within the
domain of the element.
(5)
where
and
are the components of the vector of natural coordinates . However, if the natural
coordinates do not satisfy the conditions in Equation 5 (p. 49) but do satisfy the ones in Equation 6 (p. 49)
below, then the target node is in the domain of the source element but only within the specified tolerance
(also known as element edge tolerance). The value of tolerance is exposed in the System
Coupling UI as one of the expert settings. See the description of ProfMapEdgeTol in the section
Expert Settings Related to Mapping in Expert Settings (p. 24).
(6)
This concept is explained with the help of Figure 10: A Quadrilateral Source Element in the Natural Coordinate Space (p. 50) wherein a quadrilateral source element is shown along with two different target
nodes, one of which satisfies Equation 5 (p. 49), and other that satisfies Equation 6 (p. 49).
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49
Similarly, for a three-noded triangle element, the conditions listed in Equation 7 (p. 50) below, are used
to check if a target node is exactly within the domain of the element:
(7)
And the conditions in Equation 8 (p. 50) below will determine if the target node is within the domain
but up to a tolerance
.
(8)
Now that target nodes are determined to be in the domain of specific source elements, each node must
be paired with only one source element. In both of the cases above (four-noded quadrilateral and threenoded triangle), it is possible that a target node occurs (either exactly or within a tolerance) in more
than one source elements domain. The finite element interpolation of the nodal solution requires each
target node to be paired with only one source element.
To satisfy this requirement, the target node is consequently paired with that source element for which
the gap is minimized. The gap is defined as the Euclidean distance between the target node and its
projection onto/into a source element. In some cases, such as when candidate source elements are coplanar, the gap values may be identical and an alternate approach is required to pair the target node
with one source element. Under these conditions, only the source elements with identical (and minimized)
gaps are considered. The target node may be exactly in the domain of any of these source element, or
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Data Transfers
it will be in their domain within a tolerance. Preference is given to the last source element for which
the target node is exactly in its domain. If the target node is only in the different domains within a
tolerance, then the last candidate source element is used.
Once the target node is paired with a source element, mapping weights are computed by evaluating
the finite element shape functions associated with the paired source element at the target node.
If no target node-to-source element match is found in a non-empty bucket, then the target node is reported as being unmapped. It is important to note, however, that mapping weights are still evaluated
for such nodes using the Bucket Surface Algorithm. Specifically, all unmapped target nodes are simply
mapped to the nearest source node in the bucket and the target node is assigned the solution value
corresponding to that source node.
Note
Significant gap distances between successfully-mapped target nodes and source elements
may occur. For information about how to have mapped nodes with gap distances larger
than a specified tolerance be reported as unmapped, see Expert Settings Related to Mapping
in Expert Settings (p. 24).
Case 2: The bucket associated with a target node is empty
If the bucket initially found for the target node is empty, then the closest non-empty bucket is found
and the same procedure as highlighted in Case 1 is followed so that each target node is mapped to
one source element and mapping weights are calculated.
Unmapped Nodes
With the Bucket Surface algorithm, there are two types of target nodes that can be reported as unmapped: nodes that do not fall within a bucket (these are unmatched nodes), and nodes that do fall
within a bucket, but that do not meet the gap tolerance (these are "gap nodes). Unmatched nodes
are mapped to the nearest source node in the bucket and the target node is simply assigned the solution
value corresponding to that source node. Unmatched nodes are always reported as unmapped in the
SCL file. Gap nodes are within a bucket, and so are mapped to the source nodes like all of the other
mapped nodes and given a value accordingly. Gap nodes are reported as mapped in the SCI file. The
gap tolerance and the reporting of gap nodes in the SCI file can be modified using Expert Settings (p. 24).
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Interpolation Algorithms
The interpolation algorithm is responsible for providing target node values using the source data and
mapping weights that were generated by the mapping algorithm(s) (see Mapping Algorithms (p. 46)).
The mapping weights are applied in Equation 11 (p. 53) to evaluate , which is the target node, or iteration point (IP) face value.
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Data Transfers
(11)
where
is the value at the
source node, and
is the associated weight. For weights obtained
with the bucket surface mapping algorithm, is the number of nodes in the source element. For weights
obtained via the GGI mapping algorithm, is the number of areas (associated with a target IP face)
obtained due to the intersection of the sender and receiver faces on the control surface.
Ramping Algorithm
The ramping controlled by the System Coupling service works by slowing the application of the sourceside value on the target-side of the data transfer. For each data transfer location (node) where
is true, the following formula is applied:
(12)
where
is the ramped, target-side value.
is the reference target-side value, which for the first coupling step is the initial
value for the data transfer variable (see Table 3: Initial Values used for the Reference
Target-Side Value (p. 54)). Thereafter, the reference target-side value is the final value
from the previous coupling step. The one exception is displacement, where for every
coupling step,
is always 0.0 [m].
is the raw, target-side value obtained from interpolation.
is the current coupling iteration number within the coupling step.
is the minimum number of coupling iterations per coupling step.
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Under-Relaxation Algorithm
Under-relaxation works by limiting a potentially large variation of the target-side data between two
successive coupling iterations. For each data transfer location (node), the following formula is applied:
(13)
where
is the relaxed, target-side value.
is the reference target-side value. For coupling iterations within a coupling
step, the reference target-side value is the final value from the last coupling iteration.
For the first coupling iteration of the first coupling step, the reference target-side value
is the initial value for the data transfer variable (see Table 3: Initial Values used for the
Reference Target-Side Value (p. 54)). For the first coupling iteration of all subsequent
steps, the reference target-side value is the final value from the last coupling step.
is the raw, target-side value obtained from interpolation or from ramping (if applied).
Note that if you have applied both ramping and under-relaxation, the data is first ramped
and then under-relaxed. In this case,
for the under-relaxations raw
target-side value.
is the under-relaxation factor (URF). In a transient analysis, in the first coupling iteration
of every coupling step, the URF is overridden and set to 1, and so data transferred at
this coupling iteration is not under-relaxed.
and Equation 13 (p. 54) is based on the physical type of the variable. The default values are listed in
Table 3: Initial Values used for the Reference Target-Side Value (p. 54).
Table 3: Initial Values used for the Reference Target-Side Value
Variable
Type
Notes
Incremental
displacement
0.0 [m]
Force
0.0 [N]
Temperature
295.15 [K]
Heat Rate
0.0 [W]
Heat Transfer
Coefficient
0.0 [Wm-2K-1]
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Clipping Algorithm
Although uncommon, it is possible that unphysical values, such as negative heat transfer coefficients,
are provided by the data transfer source or are generated during mapping. To ensure unphysical values
are not applied to the data transfer target, these unphysical values are clipped to be within a valid
range. For example, any negative heat transfer coefficient values are changed to 0 [Wm-2K-1] before
being transferred to the target participant.
The variable(s) that are clipped and their valid range are listed in the table below. Note that at the end
of any coupling step where clipping is used, the System Coupling Log file will have a message about
the clipping.
Variable
Type
Minimum Value
Maximum Value
Heat Transfer
Coefficient
0 [Wm-2K-1]
unlimited
The first line contains an integer flag that indicates whether or not the termination should be interpreted
as an interrupt or as a stop.
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Note
When the participants are started and instructed to connect to the running SC Service, they
must connect to the service using the unique names (for example Solution 1 and
Solution 2 in the example above).
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Important
All data stored in the System Coupling Result file(s) are written in the SI unit system.
58
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Ramping (integer)
This setting defines if and how ramping is used when applying data from the source-side to the targetside of the data transfer. Valid options are: 0 none (that is, stepped), and 1 linearly ramped up to
the minimum number of coupling iterations. The default is none, which implies the target side of
the data transfer experiences the full value from the source side during the first coupling iteration.
The execution control section contains details used to define the solution sequence between the
coupling participants, the system coupling debug output, intermediate result files output, and expert
settings. For each participant, you can set the following:
CoSimulationSequence
This subsection is used to specify the sequencing of co-simulation coupling participants (most often
solvers) during a coupling iteration. In the CoSimulationSequence subsection, the 'Count' attribute
specifies the number of participants for which sequencing information will be provided.
Participant
A Participant subsection is required for each co-simulation participant.
Name (string)
The name of the participant.
SolutionSequence (integer)
The sequence number of the participant in the coupled solution. Within a coupling iteration, a
participant with a larger sequence number will solve later than another with a lower sequence
number.
DebugOutput
This subsection is used to specify the section(s) of debug output to write to the system coupling log
(SCL) file. As presented below, the level of detail is specified for each section or all sections (the default).
DefaultOutputLevel (integer)
This setting provides the default level for the different sections of debug output. If this entry is set
and another specific entry (for example, Startup) also exists, then the output level for the specific
entry will override the level set here.
Startup (integer)
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The command used to start the System Coupling service is given next as shown below:
Command line used to start this service:
C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc
(Dev)\v160\aisol\bin\winx64\Ansys.Services.SystemCoupling.exe
An echo of the SC service input file is provided next in the log file below the following header:
======================================================================
======================================================================
|
|
|
Summary of System Coupling Setup
|
|
|
======================================================================
======================================================================
The information generally found in this section includes unit system data (for example, MKS, and so
on), as well as information relating to coupling (time versus coupling step), initialization (options such
as time value or initial coupling step), duration (for example, end time), and step size and the maximum/minimum number of iterations.
Note
When the coupling is defined by coupling step (and not by time), then time-related information (initial time, end time, or step size) is not displayed in this section of the log file, and
only step-related information is available (for example, initial step, number of steps, maximum
and minimum iterations).
Summary of System Coupling Setup
Under this section of the log file, there are sub-blocks (for example, Analysis Information, Coupling
Participant Information, Data Transfer Information, Execution Control Information, Setup Validation
and System Coupling Co-Simulation Summary). A brief description of these sub-blocks is provided
below.
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= Transient
= MKS
Initialization :
Option
= Automatic
Step :
Option
Size
Minimum Iterations
Minimum Iterations
=
=
=
=
Duration :
Option
Time
= End Time
= 0.05
Step Size
0.05
5
5
The Coupling Participant Information section includes information about each of the solvers connected
to the system coupling simulations (for example, internal name, type (either Co-Simulation or Static
Data), units, and so on). Additional information for coupled regions and variables that appear in data
transfers is also displayed in this section of the log file. This additional information includes: the coupled
name and type (for regions); and the variable name and physical type (for variables). This information
is not displayed for regions and/or variables that do not participate in data transfers. If such regions or
variables exist, a message is written to indicate that the related information has been omitted from this
section of the log file.
======================================================================
|
Coupling Participant Information (2)
|
======================================================================
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Participant: Fluent
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
General :
Unit System
Type
Name
= MKS_STANDARD
= CoSimulation
= Fluent
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=
=
=
=
SI
Static Data
Setup 2
external_load_data.xml
Target : Fluent
Region
Variable
= plate
= Displacement Display Name
General Information :
Name
Execute Transfer At
Convergence Option
Target Value
Under Relax. Factor
Ramping
=
=
=
=
=
=
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Data Transfer: Fluent Force to Mechanical
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
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67
Source : Fluent
Region
Variable
= plate
= Force Display Name
Target : Mechanical
Region
Variable
General Information :
Name
Execute Transfer At
Convergence Option
Target Value
Under Relax. Factor
Ramping
=
=
=
=
=
=
The Execution Control Information section includes a summary of the sequencing of co-simulation
participants, and requests for debug and intermediate result file output. Note that the debug and intermediate result output summaries are generated only if such output is requested. For example:
======================================================================
|
Execution Control Information
|
======================================================================
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Co-Simulation Sequence
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
Sequence Index :
Fluent Solver
Sequence Index : 2
Mechanical Solver
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Debug Output
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
General Output :
Default
Startup
Participant Conn.
Analysis Init.
Solution Init.
Convergence Checks
Shutdown
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Level 1
None
None
None
None
None
None
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Level 1
None
None
None
None
None
None
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Intermediate Restart Data Output
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
Output Frequency :
Option
Interval
= Step Interval
= 3
The Setup Validation section includes any warning or error messages that may have been generated.
For example:
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+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Errors
( 1)
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 ) The solution sequence specified for the participant named 'Fluent'
is not greater than zero. Adjust this (and other) sequence
values appropriately.
The System Coupling CoSimulation Summary section includes a brief summary of the participants in
the co-simulation.
======================================================================
|
System Coupling CoSimulation Summary
|
======================================================================
Participant : Mechanical APDL
Version/Build Info
= Mechanical APDL Release 16.0 UP20130905
DISTRIBUTED WINDOWS x64 Version
Participant : Fluent
Version/Build Info
= ANSYS Fluent 16.0.0
Solution
Next is the Solution block. Under it, the following information is provided.
======================================================================
======================================================================
|
|
|
Solution
|
|
|
======================================================================
======================================================================
The current coupling step number and the current simulation time are reported as shown below. This
information will be a part of a box that is repeated in the log file at the beginning of every coupling
step. It looks similar to the following:
+====================================================================+
| COUPLING STEP = 1
SIMULATION TIME = 0.001
|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Solver
|
Solution Status
|
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69
Note that if the simulation is defined only by steps (and not by time), then the log file output will only
present step-related information.
Next is another box that repeats every coupling iteration of every coupling step. It looks like:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
COUPLING ITERATION = 1
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Fluent
|
Not yet converged...
|
|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Mechanical Displacement to Fluent|
Not yet converged...
|
|
Change:RMS
|
1.00000e+000 1.00000e+000
|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Mechanical
|
Not yet converged...
|
|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
|
Fluent Force to Mechanical
|
Not yet converged...
|
|
Change:RMS
|
1.00000e+000 1.00000e+000
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
COUPLING ITERATION = 2
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Fluent
|
Converged
|
|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Mechanical Displacement to Fluent|
Converged
|
|
Change:RMS
|
2.82982e-005 1.42982e-004
|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Mechanical
|
Converged
|
|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
|
Fluent Force to Mechanical
|
Converged
|
|
Change:RMS
|
1.30000e-004 2.08200e-000
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
As indicated above, after every coupling iteration, the convergence status is given for each participant.
Common participant status values are Converged and Not yet converged..., however, Divergence detected... and Status Unavailable could also be reported. Below the solver status
is a list of the data transfers for which the participant is the target, plus diagnostics used to evaluate
convergence of the data transfer. Any supplemental diagnostics (as described in the SC Log Output
Control Settings section in Understanding the System Coupling Input File (p. 58)) that have been requested are also included here.
Notes specific to the execution of a given coupling step will be reported under the final coupling iteration
of the step. For example:
+====================================================================+
| NOTES
|
| * During this coupling step, the target variable, Convection
|
| Coefficient, was clipped for the data transfer: Upper HTC.
|
| * Intermediate result file written: scResult_01_000475.scr
|
+====================================================================+
Shutdown
Next is the Shut Down block under which the following information is included:
======================================================================
======================================================================
|
|
|
Shut Down
|
|
|
======================================================================
======================================================================
System Coupling Service shut down...
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The preceding output is generated under normal shutdown conditions. If a co-simulation participant
(or the coupling service itself ) fails during the analysis, the normal shutdown output will be replaced
by messages similar to the following:
+====================================================================+
|
NOTICE
|
| An exception has occurred and has been transmitted to the coupling |
| participants. These participants have been disconnected from the |
| coupling service.
|
+====================================================================+
+====================================================================+
|
System Coupling Exception
|
+====================================================================+
| Origin
: Fluids Problem (Solution 1)
|
| Error Code
: 2
|
| Error Description :
|
|
Fluent encountered fatal error after sync point Solve
|
+====================================================================+
The first block indicates that all co-simulation participants have been notified of the problem. The
second block indicates the origin (that is, the coupling participant) of the failure, and an error code and
description. For additional information, see Troubleshooting Two-Way Coupled Analyses Problems (p. 73).
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Note
To improve solution stability, sequential solutions are used by default. To facilitate synchronization of interface geometry, participants that consume geometrical or mesh deformations (e.g., the Fluids solver in a Fluid Structure Interaction analysis) are executed
last.
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Feature
Details
ANSYS Workbench
Analysis Systems
Transient Structural
Fluid Flow (Fluent)
Component Systems
Engineering Data
DesignModeler
Geometry
Mechanical
Meshing
System Coupling
Import
Meshing
ANSYS Fluent
System Coupling
CFD-Post
Plots
Vector
Animation
This tutorial includes:
Overview of the Problem to Solve
Creating the Project
Optional: Preparing for a Command-line Run
Adding Analysis Systems to the Project
Adding a New Material for the Project
Adding Geometry to the Project
Defining the Physics in the Mechanical Application
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79
Note
In the main flow of the tutorial, you use the user interface to completely solve the simulation.
However, at a series of points during the tutorial you have optional instructions that produce
files that will enable you to solve the simulation from the command line. The steps related
to this are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
If you do not want to solve the simulation from the command line, you may ignore those
steps.
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2.
Create a directory where you will store your project (this is your working directory). For example, under
My Documents, create a directory named SystemCouplingOscillatingPlate.
3.
4.
Select the path to your working directory to store files created during this tutorial.
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6.
This tutorial uses the geometry file, oscillating_plate.agdb, for setting up the project. To access
tutorials and their input files on the ANSYS Customer Portal, go to http://support.ansys.com/training.
Copy the supplied geometry file, oscillating_plate.agdb, to the user_files directory
that is in the SystemCouplingOscillatingPlate_files directory.
By working with a copy of the geometry file in your working directory, you prevent accidental
changes to the original geometry file.
2.
From the Analysis Systems toolbox located on the left side of the ANSYS Workbench window, select the
Transient Structural template. Double-click the template, or drag it onto the Project Schematic to create
a standalone system.
A Transient Structural system is added to the Project Schematic, with its name selected and ready
for renaming.
2.
Type in the new name, Structural, to replace the selected text. In this tutorial,Structural system will
be used to refer to the Transient Structural system.
If you missed seeing the selected text, right-click the first cell in the system and select Rename
from the context menu. You will then be able to edit the name.
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Drag a Fluid Flow (Fluent) analysis system on top of the Structural systems Geometry cell (A3) and drop
it there.
A Fluid Flow (Fluent) system, coupled to the Structural system, is added to the Project Schematic.
This Fluid Flow (Fluent) system is connected to the Structural system through the Geometry cell
(A3 to B2), and so both of these systems will share the same geometry.
4.
Change the name of this system to Fluid. In this tutorial,Fluid system will be used to refer to the
Fluid Flow (Fluent) system.
5.
Expand the Component Systems toolbox, drag a System Coupling system and drop it to the right of
the Fluid Flow (Fluent) system.
6.
Drag the Structural system's Setup cell (A5) and drop it on the System Coupling systems Setup cell (C2).
7.
Drag the Fluid system's Setup cell (B4) and drop it on System Coupling systems Setup cell (C2). Now
all three systems are connected for a two-way FSI analysis.
8.
The Project Schematic should appear as shown in Figure 13: System Coupling of Transient Structural
and Fluid Flow (Fluent) Systems (p. 83).
Figure 13: System Coupling of Transient Structural and Fluid Flow (Fluent) Systems
The Structural and Fluid systems have various cells. The icons on the right side of each cell provides
visual indications of a cell's state at any given time. In your current Project Schematic in Workbench
(shown in Figure 13: System Coupling of Transient Structural and Fluid Flow (Fluent) Systems (p. 83)),
most cells appear with a blue question mark ( ), indicating that cells need to be set up before continuing
the analysis. As these cells are set up, the data transfer occurs from top to bottom. See Understanding
Cell States for a description of various cell states.
Now that your project systems are in place, you can start working through your analysis. Your current
project systems enables you to perform your analysis by:
adding a new material,
sharing the geometry,
setting up the physics in the Structural system,
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On the Project Schematic, double-click the Engineering Data cell (A2) in the Structural system.
Engineering Data opens in a new tab in Workbench. The Outline and Properties views are among
the views that appear.
2.
In the Outline of Schematic A2: Engineering Data view, click the empty row at the bottom of the table
to add a new material for the project. Type in the name Plate.
When you click away from that cell, Plate is created and appears with a blue question mark, indicating that its properties need to be defined.
3.
From the Toolbox on the left, expand Physical Properties. Select Density and drag it onto the cell containing Plate (A4) in the Outline of Schematic A2: Engineering Data view. If the toolbox is not visible
by default, select View > Toolbox to make it visible.
Density is added as a plate property in the Properties of Outline Row 4: Plate view, as shown in
the following figure.
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4.
In the Properties of Outline Row 4: Plate view, set the Value of Density (B2) to 2550 kg m^-3. Do not
type in units.
5.
In the toolbox under Linear Elastic, drag Isotropic Elasticity onto Plate (A4) in the Outline of Schematic
A2: Engineering Data view.
Isotropic Elasticity is added as the plate property in the Properties of Outline Row 4: Plate view.
6.
In the Properties of Outline Row 4: Plate view, expand Isotropic Elasticity by clicking the plus sign.
Now set Youngs Modulus to 2.5e06 [Pa] and Poissons Ratio to 0.35. Do not type in units.
The desired plate data is created and is available to the remaining cells in the Structural system.
The next step is to set Plate as the default material for the analysis as outlined below:
1.
In the Outline of Schematic A2: Engineering Data view, under Material, right-click Plate (A4) and select
Default Solid Material For Model.
2.
From the main menu, select File > Save to save material settings to the project.
3.
On the Project Schematic, right-click the Structural systems Geometry cell (A3) and select Import
Geometry > Browse.
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In the Open dialog box, browse to your working directory, select SystemCouplingOscillatingPlate_files > user_files > oscillating_plate.agdb from your working directory, and click
Open.
3.
In the Structural system, double-click the Geometry cell (A3) to edit the geometry using DesignModeler.
The DesignModeler application opens in a separate window.
4.
In DesignModelers Tree Outline on the left, expand the branch 2 Parts, 6 Bodies to see all of the bodies
that compose the geometry. The one solid body is listed, and under Part are the five fluid bodies. Ensure
that all of these bodies are already unsuppressed (they should all have small green check marks).
5.
The geometry is set up for the project. Save any changes by selecting File > Save Project from the main
menu in DesignModeler, and then select File > Close DesignModeler to return to the Project Schematic.
The updated geometry is now available for both the Structural and Fluid systems.
Later in the tutorial, when you generate the structural mesh, the fluid bodies will first be suppressed.
Similarly, when you generate the fluid mesh, the solid body will be suppressed. You will suppress these
bodies from within the Mechanical and Meshing applications, so no further changes are needed in
DesignModeler.
Note
Because the Structural systems Geometry cell (A3) shares its content directly with the Fluid
systems Geometry cell (B2), you can edit the geometry only through the Structural systems
Geometry cell (A3).
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On the Project Schematic, double-click the Structural systems Model cell (A4) to open the Mechanical
application.
The Mechanical application opens in a separate window.
2.
In Mechanicals Outline on the left, expand Geometry to see the two geometries, solid and Part.
3.
For the structural analysis, you need to generate the mesh for only the solid body. To do this, you need
to first suppress the Fluid bodies.
Right-click the Part geometry (which contains all of the fluid bodies), and select Suppress Body.
The fluid bodies are now suppressed and their status changes to an x mark. You now will see only
the solid body in the Graphics view. Click Zoom to Fit
view.
4.
5.
6.
You will define the mesh by marking divisions on the edges of the solid. These divisions will be used as
guides for the mesh creation:
a.
Click Edge
b.
c.
d.
e.
Repeat steps a to d to create 10 divisions on an edge that is parallel to the Y axis and 4 divisions on an
edge that is parallel to the Z axis. To summarize:
Edge Direction
Number of Divisions
X axis
Y axis
10
Z axis
In the Outline, right-click Mesh and select Generate Mesh from the shortcut menu.
A hex mesh is generated on your solid body.
In the Mechanicals Outline on the left, select Project > Model > Geometry > solid.
2.
In the Details of solid, ensure that Material > Assignment is set to Plate. Otherwise, click the material
name and use the arrow that appears to make the appropriate change.
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In the Mechanical applications Outline view, select Project > Model > Transient > Analysis Settings.
The details of Analysis Settings appear in the Details of Analysis Settings below the Outline
view.
2.
In the Details of Analysis Settings, specify the following settings under Step Controls (do not type
units next to the time values):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Inserting Loads
The loads applied for the structural analysis are equivalent to the boundary conditions in a fluid analysis.
In this section, you will set the following loads and interface:
a fixed support on the bottom of the plate
a fluid-solid interface where the plate interacts with the fluid
a pressure load on one side of the plate, to start the oscillation
On the surfaces of the plate that lie coincident with the symmetry planes, you will not set a load. With
no load set, the default of an unconstrained condition will be applied on these two surfaces. For this
particular case, this unconstrained condition is a reasonable approximation of the frictionless support
that would otherwise be applied.
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Right-click Transient in the Outline view, and select Insert > Fixed Support from the shortcut menu.
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2.
In the Details of Fixed Support view, click Apply beside Geometry to set the fixed support.
If the Apply button is not visible, select Fixed Support in the Outline view and, in the Details
view, click the text next to the Geometry setting to make the Apply button reappear.
The text next to the Geometry setting changes to 1 Face.
In the Outline view, right-click Transient and select Insert > Fluid Solid Interface from the shortcut
menu.
2.
Using the same face-selection procedure described earlier in Defining the Fixed Support (p. 88), select
the three faces of the geometry that form the interface between the structural model and the fluid
model (low-x, high-y and high-x faces). Hold down Ctrl to be able to select multiple faces.
3.
In the Outline view, right-click Transient in the tree view and select Insert > Pressure from the shortcut
menu.
2.
In the Viewer, select the low-x face. In the Details of Pressure view beside Geometry, click Apply.
The text next to the Geometry setting changes to 1 Face.
3.
In the Details of Pressure view, click the cell next to Magnitude, and using the arrow that appears,
select Tabular.
The Tabular Data view appears on the bottom right of the Mechanical application window. The
times of 0 s and 10 s are the beginning and end of your analysis, based on the time duration (10
s) that you specified earlier.
4.
In Tabular Data, set a pressure of 100 Pa in the table row corresponding to a time of 0. Do not type in
units.
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You now need to add two new rows to the table. Do this by typing the new time and pressure data into
the empty row at the bottom of the table. Notice that the rows are automatically re-ordered based on
the time value. Add the data from Table 4: Tabular Data for Step Pressure Load (p. 90).
Table 4: Tabular Data for Step Pressure Load
Time (s)
Pressure (Pa)
100
0.5
100
0.51
10
You now have tabular data similar to a step function for your pressure, with 100 Pa applied for 0.5
s. The step function is displayed in the graph to the left of the table.
6.
The settings for the structural physics are now complete. Save these settings by selecting File > Save
Project from Mechanicals main menu.
7.
If you do not intend to execute a command line run using the set up from the Mechanical system, proceed
to Completing the Setup for the Structural System (p. 91). If you do intend to execute a command line
run, continue with the next section.
From the Mechanical application, select Tools > Write Input File.
2.
Specify the path and APDL Input File (SystemCouplingOscillatingPlate_CmdLine\structural.dat) that you will use later.
Tip
The Write Input File option is available only if you have Transient (A5) selected in the
Outline tree.
Note
Though out of the scope of this tutorial, below is information about augmenting your
structural setup, and transferring the structural setup from the Mechanical application to the
Mechanical APDL application.
In some cases, you may need to augment your structural setup in the Mechanical APDL application.
If this is the case, then open that application and select File > Read Input From to choose the
.dat file created by Mechanical. Once the .dat file has been read, make your setup modifications
and write a Mechanical APDL Database file using File>Save As Jobname.db or File >Save As.
Starting the Mechanical APDL solver from the created database file is explained later in the tutorial.
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In the Structural system, right-click the Setup cell (A5) and select Update from the shortcut menu.
The status of the Setup cell changes to up-to-date. All cells in the Structural system down to the
Setup cell should now appear in an up-to-date state.
2.
From the main menu, select File > Save to save the project.
The set up for the Structural system is complete. Remember that you will not solve the structural analysis from the Mechanical application because you are using the System Coupling system to solve both
Structural and Fluid systems at the same time. In the next section, you will set up the Fluid system.
In the Project Schematic, double-click the Fluid systems Mesh cell (B3) to open the Meshing application.
The Meshing application appears in a separate window.
2.
In the Meshing applications Outline view on the left, expand Geometry to see the two geometries, solid
and Part.
3.
For the fluid analysis, you need to generate the mesh for only the fluid bodies. To do this, you need to
first suppress the structural body.
Right-click solid and select Suppress Body
The solid body is now suppressed and its status changes to an x mark. You now will only see the
fluid bodies in the Graphics view.
4.
In the Outline on the left, click Mesh. In the Details of Mesh below, under Defaults, notice that the
Physics Preference is set to CFD and Solver Preference is set to Fluent.
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Now you need to define sweep as the meshing method, and set up all of the information that the sweep
method needs:
a.
b.
Click Body
, and then select all five fluid bodies in the Graphics view. Use the Ctrl key to select
multiple bodies. Note that the fifth fluid body is very thin, and is above the plate.
c.
With all five bodies selected, in the Details of Automatic Method Method, beside Geometry
click No Selection. Click the Apply button that appears.
The text next to Geometry changes to 5 Bodies.
d.
e.
In the Details of Sweep Method Method, next to Src/Trg Selection, click Automatic. Using the
arrow that appears, select Manual Source.
Manual Source enables you to dictate which surfaces are used as the source for the sweep
meshing. Source is highlighted, indicating that information about which surfaces to use is
needed.
f.
Select Face
, then Ctrl-select all five fluid faces on one of the walls in the x-y-plane (either side of
the wall will work).
g.
In the Details view, beside Source, click No Selection. Click the Apply button that appears.
The text next to Source changes to 5 Faces.
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6.
h.
Set Free Face Mesh Type to All Quad so that all of the mesh elements are quadrilateral.
i.
j.
In the Outline above, click Mesh. In the Details of Mesh, expand Sizing and set Min Size to 0.06
and Max Face Size to 0.2. These settings control the size of the mesh elements that will be generated.
Now that all of the settings for your swept mesh are complete, you need to generate the mesh. In the
Outline, right-click Mesh and select Update.
The swept mesh that you have defined is now generated for your fluid bodies.
7.
Select File > Save Project, and then File > Close Meshing to close the Meshing application.
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In the Project Schematic, double-click the Fluid systems Setup cell (B4) to open the Fluent application.
2.
The Fluent Launcher opens in a new window. Under Options, select Double Precision.
3.
Use the remaining default options (3D and serial), and click OK to close the Fluent Launcher.
The Fluent application opens in a new window, and the mesh file is automatically loaded.
4.
On the left, select Setup > General. Under Time, click the Transient option.
5.
On the left, select Setup > Materials > Air to assign material to your geometry. Click the Create/Edit
button, and in the dialog box that appears, for Density (kg/m3) type 1 and Viscosity (kg/m-s) type 0.2.
Do not type units.
Click Change/Create to save these changes, and then click Close.
6.
Under Setup > Models, note that by default, the viscous model is laminar and the energy model is turned
off. No changes are needed to these settings.
2.
Check the Dynamic Mesh option in the panel. The settings for Dynamic Mesh are now available.
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Under Mesh Methods, Smoothing is checked by default. Click the Settings button to specify the settings
for the smoothing used.
The Mesh Method Settings dialog box appears.
4.
a.
b.
For the Diffusion Parameter, type 2. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Under Dynamic Mesh Zones, click Create/Edit to specify which zones in your geometry will have dynamic
meshing.
The Dynamic Mesh Zones dialog box appears.
5.
Define the dynamic mesh settings needed for the surface symmetry1, which is the wall in the x-y plane
that goes through the origin. This surface will be affected by the solid bodys displacement, and its mesh
needs to be able to deform.
a.
In the Dynamic Mesh Zones dialog box, under the Zone Names drop down list, select the zone
symmetry1.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Click Create at bottom of dialog box to create this dynamic mesh zone.
The list of Dynamic Mesh Zones on the right side of the dialog box now includes the symmetry1.
6.
Define the dynamic mesh settings needed for the surface symmetry2, which is the second wall in the
x-y plane. This surface will be affected by the solid bodys displacement, and its mesh needs to be able
to deform.
a.
Under the Zone Names drop down list, select the zone symmetry2.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Click Create at bottom of dialog box to create this dynamic mesh zone.
The list of Dynamic Mesh Zones now includes the symmetry2.
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Define the dynamic mesh settings needed for the surface wall_bottom, which is the two surfaces on
the bottom of the fluid zones (the two surfaces are interrupted by the solid body in the middle of the
geometry). This surface is not affected by the solid bodys displacement, and so its mesh should remain
stationary.
a.
Under the Zone Names drop down list, select the zone wall_bottom.
b.
Set its Type as Stationary, then click Create at bottom of dialog box to create this dynamic mesh
zone.
The list of Dynamic Mesh Zones now includes the wall_bottom.
8.
Repeat the previous step's instructions to create stationary dynamic mesh zones for the three surfaces
below. These three surface complete the enclosed cavity, and they are not affected by the solid bodys
displacement. Their mesh should remain stationary.
wall_top
wall_side1
wall_side2
9.
Define the dynamic mesh settings needed for the surfaces in the zone wall_deforming, which are the
surfaces surrounding the solid body. These surface will deform throughout the simulation.
a.
Under the Zone Names drop down list, select the zone wall_deforming.
b.
Set its Type as System Coupling, then click Create at bottom of dialog box to create this dynamic
mesh zone.
The list of Dynamic Mesh Zones now includes the wall_deforming.
10. You now have seven dynamic mesh zones defined and listed on the right of the dialog box. Click Close.
On the left side of the Fluent application, select Solution > Solution Methods.
a.
b.
Under Spatial Discretization > Momentum, ensure Second Order Upwind is selected.
2.
On the left side of the Fluent application, select Solution > Calculation Activities, then specify Autosave
Every (Time Steps) to be 2.
3.
On the left side of the Fluent application, select Solution > Run Calculation, then:
a.
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Specify Number of Time Steps to be 10. Note that the system couplings number of time steps will
override this value.
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Specify the Max Iterations/Time Step to be 5. This value is the maximum amount of times that
Fluent can iterate within a coupling iteration.
c.
Leave the default Time Step Size (s) as 1, but note that the system couplings time step size will
override this value.
4.
On the left side of the Fluent application, select Solution > Solution Initialization. Under Initialization
Methods, ensure the Standard Initialization option is selected.
5.
6.
7.
If you intend to execute a command line run using the setup from the Fluent system, go to Preparing for
a Command-Line Run of the Fluent System (p. 97).
8.
If you do not intend to execute a command line run using the setup from the Fluent system, Select File
> Close Fluent to close Fluent and to return to the Project Schematic.
The setup for the Fluid system is complete. Remember that you will not solve the fluid analysis
from the Fluent application because you are using the System Coupling system to solve both
structural and fluid systems at the same time. In the next section, you will set up the System
Coupling system.
Proceed to the section Defining and Running the Coupling in the System Coupling Application (p. 97).
Important
You should perform this step before updating the coupled solution within the Workbench
environment for the following reasons:
Editing the Fluent systems Setup cell after a solution is executed will clear all existing solution
files.
Editing the Fluent systems Solution cell after a solution is executed will load the most recent
(rather than the original) case and data files.
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In the Project Schematic, double-click the System Coupling systems Setup cell (C2).
In the dialog box, click Yes to allow upstream data to be read. The System Coupling system is obtaining data from the Structural and Fluid systems Setup cells (A5 and B4).
The System Coupling application opens in a new tab in your Workbench project.
2.
In Outline of Schematic C1: System Coupling, select System Coupling > Setup > Analysis Settings.
3.
b.
c.
In Outline of Schematic C1: System Coupling, expand System Coupling > Setup > Participants until
all region components are visible.
2.
Ctrl-select the "wall_deforming" (from the Fluid system) and "Fluid Solid Interface" regions (from the
Structural system). With both selected, right-click on one of those regions and select Create Data
Transfer.
Under System Coupling > Setup > Data Transfers, Data Transfer and Data Transfer 2 are created:
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a.
Data Transfer:here, the surface of the Structural system around the plate transfers displacement to
the surface of the Fluid system around the plate.
b.
Data Transfer 2: here, the surface of the Fluid system around the plate transfers force to the surface
of the Structural system around the plate.
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Under System Coupling > Setup > Execution Control, select Intermediate Restart Data Output. The
restart output frequency for the system coupling analysis is defined and controlled by these settings.
2.
3.
Note
Recall that earlier, the Fluent auto-save frequency was set to 2 so that Fluent will output
result files (case and data files) every two time steps (that is, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc.). Fluent
will also output additional result files at 5, 10, 15, 20 etc. based on the Step Interval
frequency specified for the Intermediate Restart Data Output. In CFD-Post, both sets
of files will be available for post-processing.
To start solving the coupled analysis, in Outline of Schematic C1: System Coupling, right-click Solution
and select Update.
The solution progress begins, and progress is summarized in the System Coupling Chart and
Solution Information views, as well as the Workbench schematic progress view. This solution will
run for 100 coupling steps because you specified an end time of 10 s in System Coupling (time
duration in Mechanical), and each coupling step represents 0.1 s (step size in System Coupling,
and time step in Mechanical).
Note that you can alternatively start solving the coupled analysis from Workbenchs Project
Schematic:
a.
To return to the Project Schematic, click on the Project tab in Workbench. To start the solution
process from the Project Schematic view, right-click the System Coupling systems Solution cell
(C3) and choose Update.
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99
Click on the System Coupling tab to return to the System Coupling system and observe the coupled
solution progress.
If you closed the System Coupling application and so there is no System Coupling tab, you
can re-open the System Coupling user interface by double-clicking on its Solution cell (C3).
2.
On the bottom right of the screen, click on Show Progress to see the progress of your solution.
3.
As your analysis is solved, in the Solution Information view, information from the System Coupling Log
file is displayed. Useful information includes:
a.
Each coupling step and coupling iteration is recorded with information about convergence of the
data transfer.
b.
At the beginning of the file (scroll up in your Solution Information view), there is an overview of
the participants (the Fluid and Structural system), the data transfers, the System Coupling settings,
and a mapping summary.
c.
The Mapping Summary has information about the percentage of nodes on your fluid-structure interface that are mapped. This information is used to determine the quality of the mapping in your system.
4.
Restart data will be output during the solution process. An additional note will be seen in the System
Coupling log output under Solution Information indicating the name and frequency of the system
coupling result file. For example, the intermediate result file is written: scResult_01_000005.scr. The restart
data for Fluent will also be output at the same frequency during the coupled solution. When the coupled
solution completes, Mechanical restart files (that is, file.r001, file.r002 etc.) will be visible in the Workbench
project files (that is, they are automatically transferred from the solver temporary/scratch folder). The file
naming convention is such that file.r001 refers to a Mechanical restart file at step 5, file.r002 refers to a
Mechanical restart file at step 10, and so on.
5.
The System Coupling solution is complete when the System Information view reads System coupling
run completed successfully.
6.
Select File > Save to save the project, and then click on the Project tab to return to the Project Schematic.
In your Project Schematic, make sure that the System Coupling Setup cell (C2) is in an up-to-date state.
2.
If your System Coupling tab is not open, double-click System Couplings Setup cell (C2).
3.
From the System Coupling tab, in the main menu, select File > Export SCI File.
4.
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Select File > Save to save the project, and then click on the Project tab to return to the Project Schematic.
In the Project Schematic, drag the Structural Solution cell (A6) to the Fluid Results cell (B6).
2.
Double-click the Fluent Results cell (B6) in the Fluid system to launch CFD-Post.
CFD-Post opens in a new window. Both sets of results are loaded into the CFD-Post session, and
are ready for you to view.
Creating an Animation
An animation is a good way to view results in a transient analysis. In this animation, you will show:
The pressure and velocity of the fluid on the symmetry plane
The deformation of the plate geometry, with stress visible
Set up your animation:
1.
From the task bar at the top of the CFD-Post application, select Tools > Timestep Selector to open the
Timestep Selector dialog box.
The Timestep Selector dialog box shows the results time history for both Fluent and MAPDL system
coupling.
2.
In the Timestep Selector dialog box, on the Fluid tab, select a Time of 0.2 s for the Fluid case, then click
Apply.
Close the Timestep Selector dialog box.
3.
Under Cases > Fluid at 0.2s > Part Fluid, check the symmetry1 zone under the Fluid case to display
that zone, then double-click to edit it.
a.
In Details of symmetry1, on the Color tab set the Mode to Variable and set Variable to Pressure.
b.
On the Render tab, clear the Lighting check box and check Show Mesh Lines.
c.
Click Apply to save your changes. The pressure at 0.2 s is now visible on the one side of the fluid
geometry.
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101
5.
Under Cases > Structural at 0.2s > Default Domain, check the Default Boundary zone, then doubleclick to edit it.
a.
In the Details of Default Boundary, on the Color tab, set the Mode to Variable and set Variable
to Von Mises Stress.
b.
c.
From the task bar at the top of the CFD-Post application, select Insert > Vector to create a vector plot.
Accept the default name and click OK.
a.
In the Details view on the Geometry tab, set the Locations to symmetry1, set Sampling to Face
Center, and ensure that Variable is set to Velocity.
b.
c.
Click Apply. A vector plot of the velocity is now visible on the one side of the fluid geometry.
6.
In the Outline under User Locations and Plots, clear the Default Legend View 1 check box.
7.
From the task bar at the top of the CFD-Post application, select Insert > Text and click OK to accept the
default name.
a.
In the Details of Text 1 view, for Text String, type Time = . Check the Embed Auto Annotation,
and from the Expression drop-down list select Time.
b.
On the Location tab, set X Justification and Y Justification to None, and set the Position text as
0.1 in the first field, and 0.2 in the second field.
c.
Click Apply.
The corresponding transient results are loaded into the Animation in CFD-Post, and when you run the
animation, you can see the mesh move in both the Fluent and Mechanical regions.
1.
2.
4.
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a.
Click New
to create KeyframeNo1.
b.
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d.
to create KeyframeNo2.
The # of Frames parameter has no effect for the last keyframe, so leave it at the default value.
e.
f.
Click Browse
next to Save Movie to set a path and file name for the movie file.
If the file path is not given, the file will be saved in the directory from which CFD-Post was
launched.
g.
Click Save.
The movie file name (including path) will be set, but the movie will not be created yet.
h.
If frame 1 is not loaded (shown in the F: text box in the middle of the Animation dialog box), click
To Beginning
to load it.
Wait for CFD-Post to finish loading the objects for this frame before proceeding.
i.
The movie will be created as the animation proceeds. This process will be slow, since a timestep
must be loaded and objects must be created for each frame.
j.
Save the results by selecting File > Save Project from the main menu.
k.
Close the animation dialog box. Your animation is now saved in the file path you specified. You can
play the video in any media player.
Create a point in the solid domain by using node number 77. This point is at the top corner of the solid
body, and will be used to track the deformation of the plate.
a.
From the task bar at the top of the CFD-Post application, select Insert > Location > Point. Click OK
to accept the default name.
b.
In the Details view, on the Geometry tab, set Domains to Default Domain, set Method to Node
Number, and set Node Number to 77.
c.
Click Apply. On your model, cross hairs appear on node number 77, so you can see where this point
is on your solid body.
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103
3.
To view the deformation using the point you just created, insert an XY Transient Chart for the data at this
node (Point 1). In the chart you create, the x-axis is time, and the y-axis is the total mesh displacement.
a.
From the task bar at the top of the CFD-Post application, select Insert > Chart; click OK to accept
the default name.
b.
In the Details view, on the General tab, set Type to XY - Transient or Sequence
c.
On the Data Series tab, for Name type System Coupling, and set Location to Point 1.
d.
e.
4.
Save the project and then select File > Close CFD-Post.
Post-Processing in Mechanical
You can also see the structural results of your FSI analysis in the Mechanical application. Note that the
Mechanical system does not have any information about results on the fluid bodies.
1.
From the Project Schematic, double-click the Results cell (A7) to relaunch ANSYS Mechanical.
The Mechanical application opens in a new window.
2.
In the Outline view, right-click Solution A6 and select Insert > Stress > Equivalent (von Mises) results.
3.
Right-click Solution A6 again and select Insert > Deformation > Directional results.
4.
5.
Under Solution A6 click Equivalent Stress to view the stress on the structural body.
6.
Under Solution A6 click Directional Deformation to view the deformation of the structural body.
7.
All systems are now complete and the Project Schematic is up-to-date.
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Note
In order to be able to execute runs from the command line, all executables and dynamic
library dependencies must be properly resolved. For more information, see Executing System
Couplings Using the Command Line.
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105
If you have not been creating the input files for the command-line analysis as you worked through the
tutorial, then follow the instructions in Optional: Preparing for a Command-line Run (p. 82) to create the
file structure for the command-line run.
2.
If you have not been creating the input files for the command-line analysis as you worked through the
tutorial, then follow directions in the sections referenced below and create the listed input files in the
SystemCouplingOscillatingPlate_CmdLine directory:
3.
a.
Create the file structural.dat according to Preparing for a Command-Line Run of the Structural
System (p. 90).
b.
Create the file fluidFlow.cas according to Preparing for a Command-Line Run of the Fluent
System (p. 97).
c.
Create the file coupling.sci according to Preparing for a Command-Line Run of the System
Coupling System (p. 100).
An additional input file is required to execute the Fluent solver in batch mode. In the SystemCouplingOscillatingPlate_CmdLine directory, create a journal file named fluidFlow.jou that contains
the following:
file/start-transcript "Solution 1.trn"
file set-batch-options , yes ,
file/read-case/fluidFlow.cas
s i i
(sc-solve)
wcd FLUENTRestart.cas.gz
exit
ok
Open a command window, and from the SystemCouplingOscillatingPlate_CmdLine\Coupling_CmdLine subdirectory, run System Coupling service using the following command:
"C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc\v160\aisol\bin\winx64\Ansys.Services.SystemCoupling.exe"
inputFile ..\coupling.sci
Tip
You may prefer to add the previous command to a batch file.
Now when you run the System Coupling service command, the coupling service starts and creates
the System Coupling Server File (SystemCouplingOscillatingPlate_CmdLine\Coupling_CmdLine\scServer.scs). For details, see Files Generated by Coupling Service (p. 56).
2.
106
Open scServer.scs and review its contents, which will be similar to the following:
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where:
12345 is the server port
yourmachine is the host's name
2 indicates that two participant connections are expected
The unique names to be used when starting the structural and fluid flow solvers are, respectively:
"Solution" and "Solution 1". The unique names from the solver(s) are encoded in the coupling service
input file and are reported here along with the names of the systems in the Workbench schematic.
Note this correlation, since the unique names are needed when starting the respective solvers. Note,
as well, that the unique names are determined by Workbench and can vary depending upon the order
in which systems were introduced into the schematic.
3.
4.
From a new command window, change to the FluidFlow_CmdLine subdirectory, then run the Fluent
solver by entering the following command:
"C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc\v160\fluent\ntbin\win64\fluent.exe" 3ddp -hidden
-driver null -scport=12345 -schost=yourmachine -scname="Solution 1"
-i ..\fluidFlow.jou>FLUENT.out
5.
From a new command window, change to the Structural_CmdLine subdirectory, then run the
Mechanical APDL solver by entering the following command:
"C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc\v160\ansys\bin\winx64\ANSYS160.exe" -b -scport 12345
-schost yourmachine -scname "Solution" -i ..\structural.dat -o ANSYS.out
Note
In steps 4 and 5 above, you may need to adjust the coupling service port and host (12345
and yourmachine, respectively) and solvers' unique names ("Solution" and "Solution 1"
for the Mechanical APDL and Fluent solvers, respectively) based upon information extracted
from the system coupling server file.
The input file name, structural.dat, will need to be replaced with the name of the
manually-created input file (e.g. mapdl.dat) if such a file was created to enable a resume
from a Mechanical APDL database file.
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107
Create a restart journal file for the Fluent solver. Name this file fluidFlowRestart.jou, and have it
contain the following:
file/start-transcript "Solution 2.trn"
file set-batch-options , yes ,
rcd/fluidFlow-1-00050.cas
(sc-solve)
exit
ok
Note
The "-1-" in the file name fluidFlow-1-00050.cas represents the run number and
may be different in your system, depending upon how many runs were completed before
writing the .cas file.
2.
Create a restart input file for the Mechanical APDL solver. Name this file structuralRestart.dat,
and have it contain the following:
/batch
/solu
/gst,on,on
antype,4,rest,50,1,continue
solve
save
finish
/exit
Open a command window, change to the Coupling_CmdLine subdirectory, and run the System
Coupling service using the following command:
"C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc\v160\aisol\bin\winx64\Ansys.Services.SystemCoupling.exe"
inputFile ..\coupling.sci resultFile scResult_01_000050.scr
2.
Open the system coupling server file (scServer.scs) and note the coupling servers port and host.
Note that the solvers unique names have not changed because they are encoded in the coupling services
input file.
3.
Change to the FluidFlow_CmdLine subdirectory, and run the Fluent solver by entering the following
command:
"C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc\v160\fluent\ntbin\win64\fluent.exe" 3ddp
-hidden -driver null -scport=12345 -schost=yourmachine -scname="Solution 1"
-i ..\fluidFlowRestart.jou>FLUENTRestart.out
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Change to the Structural_CmdLine subdirectory, and run the Mechanical APDL solver by entering
the following command:
"C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc\v160\ansys\bin\winx64\ANSYS160.exe" -b
-scport 12345 -schost yourmachine -scname "Solution"
-i ..\structuralRestart.dat -o ANSYSRestart.out
Note
In steps 3 and 4 listed above, you may need to adjust the coupling service port and
host (12345 and yourmachine, respectively) and solvers' unique names ("Solution"
and "Solution 1" for the Mechanical APDL and Fluent solvers, respectively) based upon
information extracted from the system coupling server file.
To start CFD-Post, from the Start menu, go to Start > All Programs > ANSYS 16.0 > Fluid Dynamics >
CFD-Post 16.0.
2.
3.
Open the final CAS file, which will have a name similar to FluidFlow_CmdLine\fluidFlow-100100.cas.
4.
5.
In the dialog box that appears, select Keep current cases loaded, and clear Open in new view.
6.
Open the file Structural_CmdLine\file.rst. When post-processing results, your structural results
are named after the name of the file they are loaded from. From this command line run, your structural
results will appear under the name file (because of file.rst).
7.
Proceed to Viewing Results in CFD-Post (p. 101) for instructions on how to post-process the results. When
following these instructions, remember that your command line structural results will appear under the
name file, and not Structural.
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110
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Feature
Analysis Systems
Details
Steady State Thermal
Fluid Flow (Fluent)
Component Systems
System Coupling
External Data
DesignModeler
ANSYS Fluent
System Coupling
CFD-Post
Case Comparison
Import
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The tutorial is divided into two parts. In the first part, the convective heat transfer experienced by the
heating coil is estimated and the steady-state thermal analysis is executed for the solid model. The
resulting temperature from the coil surface is then used to execute the fluid analysis. In the second part
of the tutorial, the thermal analysis for the solid model is also executed, however the convective heat
transfer obtained from the fluid analysis is used instead of the original estimate.
In a case such as the one described here, there are advantages to using one-way data transfer instead
of conjugate heat transfer or two-way analysis. One-way data transfer works well when separate groups
are performing the computational fluid dynamics analysis and the thermal finite element analysis. The
individual solutions are simpler with a one-way analysis than they would be with a two-way coupled
analysis. Another advantage of one-way data transfer is that it provides a more flexible workflow; any
thermal variable of interest can be transferred. Coordinate transformations can also be applied when
using one-way data transfer.
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Part 1: Transferring Data from the Steady-State Thermal Analysis to the Fluid Flow
Analysis
To launch ANSYS Workbench on Linux, open a command line interface and enter the path to runwb2.
For example:
~/ansys_inc/v160/Framework/bin/Linux64/runwb2
The Project Schematic appears with an Unsaved Project. By default, ANSYS Workbench is configured
to show the Getting Started dialog box that describes basic operations in ANSYS Workbench. To
control the display of this dialog box, select Tools>Options from the main menu and go to Project
Management>Startup and select or clear the Show Getting Started Dialog check box.
2.
Create a directory where you will store your project (this is your working directory). For example, under
My Documents, create a directory named SystemCouplingHeatingCoilTutorial.
3.
Select File>Save.
A Save As dialog box appears.
4.
Select the path to your working directory to store files created during this tutorial.
5.
6.
This tutorial uses the geometry file, HeatingCoil.agdb, and a Fluent mesh file, HeatingCoilFLUENTMesh.msh, for setting up the project. To access tutorials and their input files on the ANSYS Customer
Portal, go to http://support.ansys.com/training.
Copy the supplied geometry file, HeatingCoil.agdb, and the mesh file, HeatingCoilFLUENTMesh.msh, to the user_files directory that is in the SystemCouplingHeatingCoil_files directory.
By working with copies of the geometry and mesh files in your working directory, you prevent
accidental changes to the original files.
Drag a Steady-State Thermal system from the Analysis Systems toolbox and drop it onto the Project
Schematic.
2.
From the Analysis Systems toolbox, drag a Fluid Flow (Fluent) system onto the Project Schematic and
drop it to the right of the Steady-State Thermal system.
3.
You will use the System Coupling infrastructure to obtain data from the Steady-State Thermal system
for use in the Fluid Flow (Fluent) system. From the Component Systems toolbox, drag a System
Coupling system and drop it to the right of the Fluid Flow (Fluent) system.
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113
Drag the Setup cell from the Fluid Flow (Fluent) system (B4) and drop it onto the Setup cell in the System
Coupling system (C2). That establishes the relationship between the fluid flow and the external data that
is coming in through system coupling.
5.
From the Component Systems toolbox, drag an External Data system onto the Project Schematic and
drop it between the Steady-State Thermal system and the Fluid Flow (Fluent) system.
Note that this changes the lettering of the Fluid Flow (Fluent) system from (B) to (C) and the
System Coupling system from (C) to (D).
6.
Drag the Setup cell from the External Data system (B2) and drop it onto the Setup cell in the System
Coupling system (D2).
7.
The Project Schematic should appear as shown in Figure 14: Project Schematic of a Fluid Solid Interface,
System Coupling Problem (p. 114).
Figure 14: Project Schematic of a Fluid Solid Interface, System Coupling Problem
The Structural and Fluid systems contain various cells. ANSYS Workbench provides visual indications of
the state of a cell at any given time via icons on the right side of each cell. In Figure 14: Project
Schematic of a Fluid Solid Interface, System Coupling Problem (p. 114), most cells appear with a blue
question mark , indicating that cells need to be set up before continuing the analysis. As these cells
are set up, the data transfer occurs from top to bottom. See Understanding Cell States for a description
of various cell states.
Now the project is ready for further processing. A project schematic such as this with interconnected
systems enables you to perform a multiphysics analysis by adding a new geometry, setting up the
physics of the individual systems (Steady-State Thermal, and Fluid Flow systems in this example), and
also viewing the results.
On the Project Schematic, double-click the Engineering Data cell in the Steady-State Thermal system
(A2).
In the tab that appears, you will set the Material Properties for the coil.
2.
114
In the Outline of Schematic A2: Engineering Data window, note that Structural Steel is the first entry
in the Material section. Right-click the empty row at the bottom of the Material section, just below the
Structural Steel entry to add a new material for the project.
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3.
Part 1: Transferring Data from the Steady-State Thermal Analysis to the Fluid Flow
Analysis
Select Engineering Data Sources.
4.
In the Data Source column of the Engineering Data Sources tab, select General Materials.
5.
In the Outline of General Materials section, click the plus sign beside the Copper Alloy option to add
copper alloy material to the project.
6.
You now have all the material properties that you need for the project. At the top of your Workbench
window, close the Engineering Data tab to return to the Project Schematic.
7.
From the main menu, select File>Save to save material settings to the project.
On the Project Schematic, right-click the Geometry cell in the Steady-State Thermal system (A3) and
select Import Geometry>Browse.
2.
In the Open dialog box, browse to your working directory, select SystemCouplingHeatingCoil_files>user_files>HeatingCoil.agdb, and click Open.
On the Project Schematic, double-click the Model cell in the Steady-State Thermal system (A4). This will
open the Mechanical application.
2.
3.
4.
In the Details of Coil view, use the Material>Assignment drop-down box to select Copper Alloy.
In the Mechanical application Outline view, right-click Project>Model (A4)>Mesh and select Insert>Method.
2.
In the viewer window, select the whole coil geometry in the viewer window by clicking on it.
3.
4.
5.
Click the box to the right of Definition>Free Face Mesh Type. Select All Tri.
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115
7.
In the Details of Mesh view, select Sizing>Element Size and enter 0.05.
8.
2.
2.
2.
3.
4.
3.
Define the convection boundary condition to allow the heat to escape from the area around the coil:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Part 1: Transferring Data from the Steady-State Thermal Analysis to the Fluid Flow
Analysis
The heat transfer (film) coefficient value should be approximately 1000 W/m2C. This will be
the estimate that you use for this part of the tutorial. In a later part of this tutorial, you will
run the CFD analysis and compare the estimated number to the calculated number for the
heat transfer coefficient value. At that time, you will replace the estimated heat transfer coefficient value with the full set of heat transfer coefficient values that are calculated from the
fluid dynamics side.
4.
2.
In the Details of Fluid Solid Interface view, change Scope>Scoping Method to Named Selection.
3.
4.
In the Export Results drop-down box, select Yes. This setting will make Mechanical export the static
results to an ANSYS External Data file (the .axdt file).
The .axdt files are generated from the results on defined fluid solid interfaces. These files
will be used to transfer thermal data from ANSYS Mechanical to ANSYS Fluent when you are
using External Data and System Coupling (this is the method used in this tutorial).
5.
6.
2.
from the
To look at the temperature distribution, in the Mechanical application Outline view, click Project>Model
(A4)>Steady-State Thermal (A5)>Solution (A6)>Temperature.
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117
2.
118
To look at the total heat flux distribution, in the Mechanical application Outline view, click Project>Model
(A4)>Steady-State Thermal (A5)>Solution (A6)>Total Heat Flux.
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Part 1: Transferring Data from the Steady-State Thermal Analysis to the Fluid Flow
Analysis
Figure 16: Total Heat Flux Distribution on the Coil
In the Messages view, just under the viewer window, there will be an Info message that states,
"The thermal results at the Fluid Solid Interface(s) have been written to the solver files directory."
This tells you that the .axdt file has been created. You now have an ANSYS External Data file
(.axdt file) that can be brought into External Data. This file contains the Temperature and Heat
Flow values exported from the Fluid Solid Interface region that you defined. You will import this
file into External Data to provide thermal boundary conditions for Fluent via the System Coupling
component.
3.
In the Files window, scroll down to find the .axdt file, and note that its named fsin_1.axdt.
2.
On the Project Schematic, double-click the Setup cell in the External Data system (B2).
3.
4.
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119
6.
On the Project Schematic, right-click the Setup cell in the External Data system (B2) and select Update.
In the ANSYS Workbench Project Schematic, right-click the Mesh cell in the Fluid Flow (Fluent) system
(C3) and click Import Mesh File>Browse.
2.
In the Fluid Flow (Fluent) system (C3), double-click the Setup cell to start Fluent.
2.
3.
Right-click Setup>Models>Energy (Off) and select Edit. Check the Energy Equation check box and click
OK.
4.
Right-click Setup>Models>Viscous (Laminar) and select Edit. For the Model, select k-epsilon (2 eqn).
For the Near-Wall Treatment, select Scalable Wall Functions. Click OK.
5.
120
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click the Copy button to add water as the material and click Close.
5.
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6.
6.
Part 1: Transferring Data from the Steady-State Thermal Analysis to the Fluid Flow
Analysis
Select Setup>Cell Zone Conditions, then select Edit.
7.
In the Fluid dialog box, change Material Name to water-liquid. Click OK.
Set the boundary conditions, starting with the fluid-solid interface on the coils surface:
1.
2.
Before you select a zone, select the Highlight Zone check box in order to display only the selected
zone in the viewer.
3.
Under Zone, select coilsurface, and then select the Edit button.
4.
In the Wall dialog box, one the Thermal tab, set the Thermal Conditions to via System Coupling.
Click OK.
This boundary is now marked as one that will participate in couplings. It will be able to accept
either temperature or heat flow data.
7.
8.
9.
2.
Change the Type to velocity-inlet and click Yes to accept this change.
3.
In the Velocity Inlet dialog box, set the Velocity Magnitude to 0.4 and click OK.
2.
Change the Type to pressure-outlet and click Yes to accept this change.
3.
In the Pressure Outlet panel, verify that the Gauge Pressure is 0. Click OK.
2.
3.
In the Residuals Monitors panel, under Equations, change Absolute Criteria for energy residual
from 1e-06 to 1e-05.
4.
Click OK.
In this problem, energy residuals level off around 8e-06. This step ensures that Fluent terminates
once this level of convergence is reached during the coupled analysis.
5.
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In the ANSYS Workbench Project Schematic, double-click the Setup cell in the System Coupling
system (D2).
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
In Properties of Data Transfer : Data Transfer section, in Target>Participant, select Fluid Flow
(Fluent).
7.
8.
9.
Select File>Save.
Note
For one-way steady thermal coupled analyses, it is good practice to use one coupling
iteration per run. This can be done by selecting Analysis Settings in the tree view
and changing Maximum Iterations to 1 in the details view. However, in this tutorial,
default settings will be used.
2.
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Click on the Project tab in Workbench to return to the Project Schematic, keeping the System
Coupling tab open.
2.
From the Project Schematic, right-click the Fluid Flow (Fluent) systems Solution cell (C4) and select
Properties. In the Properties view that appears in Workbench, ensure that Solution Monitoring is
checked. This setting will allow you to monitor Fluents solution from Workbench.
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3.
3.
Part 1: Transferring Data from the Steady-State Thermal Analysis to the Fluid Flow
Analysis
Right-click the Fluid Flow (Fluent) systems Solution cell (C4) and select Show Solution Monitoring.
A new tab opens with the solution monitor. When you solve your analysis using System Coupling,
use this tab to watch Fluent solve the fluid part of this analysis.
Solve the coupled analysis and add a new chart to monitor the solution:
1.
Click on the System Coupling tab in Workbench to return to the system coupling interface.
2.
In Outline of Schematic D1: System Coupling, right-click System Coupling>Solution and select
Update.
This starts the coupled analysis. Fluent connects up to the coupling service and will run endto-end. Fluent will accept external data and will run through its full convergence. A summary
of the solution progress is in the System Coupling Chart and Solution Information views.
3.
4.
Right-click the new Chart 2 that appears and select Add Variable>External Data>Data Transfer>Value>Average.
5.
Right-click the Chart 2 again and select Add Variable>Fluid Flow (Fluent)>Data Transfer>Value>Average.
This new chart shows the difference between the average nodal temperature values in Kelvin,
transferred from the source region to the target region. Notice that the source and target
values differ by approximately 11 degrees. This difference is due to mismatching of the nodes
on the source and target sides.
4.
In the ANSYS Workbench Project Schematic, double-click the Results cell in the Fluid Flow (Fluent) system
(C5) to start CFD-Post.
2.
2.
3.
In the Details of Plane 1 section, in the Geometry tab, set the Method to ZX Plane.
4.
In the Color tab, set the Mode to Variable and the Variable to Temperature.
5.
Set the Range to User Specified, the Min to 300 K, and the Max to 305 K.
The full temperature range is much larger due to temperature extremes on a small fraction
of the surface. By neglecting those extreme temperatures, more colors are used over the range
of interest.
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123
Click Apply.
7.
3.
Disable the plane view by deselecting the Outline>User Locations and Plots>Plane1 check box.
2.
3.
Right-click the coil surface in the Viewer and select Color>Wall Heat Transfer Coefficient.
Earlier in the tutorial, the heat transfer (film) coefficient value was estimated at approximately
1000 W/m2C. This estimate is slightly lower than with the average calculated value on the
coil surface in Figure 18: Wall Heat Transfer Coefficient on the Coil Surface (p. 125).
Note that there is variability in the distribution of the heat transfer coefficient on the coil surface.
In the second part of this tutorial where you will replace the estimated heat transfer coefficient
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Part 1: Transferring Data from the Steady-State Thermal Analysis to the Fluid Flow
Analysis
value with the full set of heat transfer coefficient values that are calculated from the fluid dynamics side. The data calculated here will be exported from CFD-Post and brought into a
system coupling analysis of a steady state thermal system.
Figure 18: Wall Heat Transfer Coefficient on the Coil Surface
4.
Right-click the coil surface in the Viewer and select Color>Wall Adjacent Temperature.
In the Defining the Steady-State Thermal Analysis (p. 116) section, we estimated that the ambient
temperature of the coil surface would be approximately 30C. Figure 19: Wall Adjacent Temperature on the Coil Surface (p. 126) shows that the calculated wall adjacent temperature is
close to this value with some variation. In the second part of this tutorial, you will replace the
estimated ambient temperature with the full set of adjacent temperature values that are calculated from the fluid dynamics side. The data calculated here will be exported from CFD-Post
and brought into a system coupling analysis of a steady state thermal system.
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125
Part 2:Transferring Data from the Fluid Flow Analysis to the Steady-State
Thermal Analysis
This part of the analysis has the following steps:
Exporting the Data
Adding Additional Analysis and Component Systems
Using External Data to Access the Fluid Flow Source Data
Preparing the Steady-State Thermal Analysis
Preparing and Executing the Coupled Thermal Analysis
Reviewing Results in the Mechanical Application
If you are not already in CFD-Post, in the ANSYS Workbench Project Schematic, double-click the Results
cell in the Fluid Flow (Fluent) system (C5) to start CFD-Post.
2.
3.
In the Export External Data File panel, confirm that the File path is pointing to user_files/ex
port.axdt.
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4.
Part 2: Transferring Data from the Fluid Flow Analysis to the Steady-State Thermal
Analysis
For the Location, select coilsurface.
5.
In the Select Recommended Variables box, select HTC and Wall Adjacent Temperature.
6.
In order to create a copy of the first system, right-click the Setup cell (A5) in the Steady-State Thermal
system and select Duplicate. The setup for this duplicate system (E) is identical to the setup of the A
Steady-State Thermal system. Duplicating from the Setup cell in this way produces a new system with
shared Engineering Data, Geometry and Model. The existing Setup cell state is copied to the new system.
2.
From the Component Systems toolbox, drag a System Coupling system and drop it to the right of the
Copy of Steady-State Thermal system.
3.
Drag the Setup cell from the Copy of Steady-State Thermal system (E5) and drop it onto the Setup cell
in the System Coupling system (F2).
4.
From the Component Systems toolbox, drag an External Data system onto the Project Schematic and
drop it to the left of the Copy of Steady-State Thermal system. This External Data system will provide
data to the Steady-State Thermal system through the System Coupling system.
Note that adding this system changes the lettering of the Copy of Steady-State Thermal system
from (E) to (F) and the System Coupling system from (F) to (G).
5.
Drag the Setup cell from the External Data system (E2) and drop it onto the Setup cell in the System
Coupling system (G2).
Figure 20: Project Schematic of a Fluid Solid Interface, System Coupling Problem Part 2
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127
In the Project Schematic, double-click the Setup cell in the second External Data system (E2).
2.
In the Outline of Schematic section, under the Location column, click the ellipsis button and select
Browse. Browse to the file named export.axdt that was exported from CFD-Post. Click Open.
3.
4.
In the Project Schematic, right-click the Setup cell in the External Data system (E2) and select Update.
Double-click the Setup cell in the Copy of Steady-State Thermal system (F5).
2.
In the Outline view of the Mechanical application, under Project>Model (A4, F4)>Steady-State Thermal
2 (F5), the estimate for the Convection condition is present. Remove this estimate by right-clicking
Convection and selecting Delete.
3.
4.
5.
Right-click the Setup cell in the Copy of Steady-State Thermal system (F5) and select Update.
Double-click the Setup cell in the System Coupling system (G2). Click Yes to read the upstream data.
2.
In the Outline of Schematic G1: System Coupling window, Ctrl-select Fluid Solid Interface and File 1.
Right-click File 1 and select Create Data Transfer to automatically create a pair of data transfers.
Data Transfer created transfers the heat transfer coefficient, and Data Transfer 2 created transfers
the reference temperature.
3.
4.
Right-click the Solution section and select Update. As the system solves, system coupling draws the data
from the external data system and provides it to the Mechanical application.
5.
After the solution has finished, close the System Coupling tab to return to the Project Schematic.
6.
Right-click the Results cell in the Copy of Steady-State Thermal system (F7) and select Update.
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Part 2: Transferring Data from the Fluid Flow Analysis to the Steady-State Thermal
Analysis
Double-click the Results cell in the Copy of Steady-State Thermal system (F7) to open the Mechanical
application.
2.
To compare the results from the first part of the tutorial with those from the second part, split the viewer
window into two parts. Click the Viewport icon in the top menu bar and select Vertical Viewports.
3.
Click in the left viewport and then in the Outline view, click Steady-State Thermal (A5)>Solution
(A6)>Temperature.
4.
Click in the right viewport and then in the Outline view, click Steady-State Thermal 2 (F5)>Solution
(F6)>Temperature.
The left view now shows the original, uncoupled case and the right view is the coupled result.
5.
To synchronize the two views, click the Manage Views icon in the top menu bar.
6.
The Manage Views window appears in the lower left part of the Mechanical application window. Click
in the left viewport and click the Create a View icon,
7.
Click in the right viewport, select View 1 and click the Apply a View icon,
8.
To allow a better comparison of the two sets of results, both the scales should be changed to the same
values. Double-click the second-lowest value in the colored legend and change it to 200 and change the
second-highest value in the colored legend to 1600. Do this in both the left and right viewports.
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129
As noted at the end of the first part of the tutorial, the constant heat transfer coefficient value applied
in the thermal analysis of the coil under-predicts the spatially-varying values generated by the fluid
analysis. Qualitative and quantitative differences are consequently observed between thermal analyses
of the coil in the first and second parts of the tutorial. When the larger, spatially-varying heat transfer
coefficient values are applied, the resulting temperature values decrease appropriately and temperature
variations occur over the coil surface. For example, the lowest temperatures are observed on the lower,
side portions of the coil cross-section due to increased convective cooling in those regions. Convective
cooling decreases on the lower and upper portions due to flow stagnation and recirculation, respectively.
The effect of the larger, spatially-varying heat transfer coefficient values on the heat flux solution values
from the thermal analyses corroborate these observations.
1.
To compare the total heat flux, select the left viewport and click Steady-State Thermal (A5)>Solution
(A6)>Total Heat Flux.
2.
Select the right viewport and select Steady-State Thermal 2 (F5)>Solution (F6)>Total Heat Flux.
130
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Part 2: Transferring Data from the Fluid Flow Analysis to the Steady-State Thermal
Analysis
Figure 22: Comparison of Coil Total Heat Flux Contours from the First and Second Parts of
the Tutorial
3.
When you are finished viewing your results, select File>Save Project from the main menu, and then
File>Close Mechanical. Select File>Exit to close your Workbench project.
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Index
A
analysis settings, 9
best practices, 12
Analysis Settings field, 9
Analysis Type property, 9
B
best practices, 73
C
chart monitors, 29
CHT (Conjugate Heat Transfer) example, 111
co-simulation participant
controlled by the system coupling service, 1
co-simulation participant sequencing, 76
co-simulation participant stability, 76
ramping, 76
solution stabilization, 76
command line options, 34
command line usage, 33
conjugate heat transfer
example, 111
coupled analyses
debugging using graphical monitor output, 75
debugging using text based monitor output, 74
restarting, 35
coupled solution execution time
using sequencing to reduce, 77
coupling initialization, 10
coupling service
files used by, 55
D
Data Transfers
creating, 14
data transfers, 16, 44
algorithms, 46
profile preserving, 47
conservative profile preserving, 47
interpolation algorithms, 52
mapping algorithms, 46
bucket surface, 48
General Grid Interface (GGI), 51
postprocessing interpolated data, 53
ramping, 53
under-relaxation, 54
pre-processing algorithms, 45
Debug Output control, 20
debugging two-way coupled analyses, 73
E
End Time, 10
examples
CHT, 111
conjugate heat transfer, 111
heat exchanger, 111
solid region, 111
steady state simulation, 111
transient mechanical analysis, 88
F
fluid-solid interactions, 79
G
general analysis type, 12
H
heat exchanger example, 111
I
initialization controls, 10
input file, 58
L
log file, 20
scLog.scl, 64
M
maximum iteration, 11
minimum iteration, 11
O
Outline view, 8
output
intermediate, 22
output frequency
all steps, 23
at step interval, 23
none, 22
P
participant
exchanges data in a coupled analysis, 1
summary, 13
performance
improving in system coupling, 77
Release 16.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
133
Index
Properties view, 8
R
ramping, 53
region
part of the topology of a coupling participant, 13
restart data
intermediate, 22
restart points, 10
results file
scResults_##_######.scr, 57
T
transient analysis type, 13
transient mechanical analysis
example, 88
U
under-relaxation, 54
Scene view, 9
sequencing of solution steps, 20
sequential solutions, 20
server file
scServer.scs, 56
service input file
scInput.sci, 55
service log file
scLog.scl_, 57
service overview, 41
service shutdown file
scStop.stop, 55
simulation example
steady state, 111
simultaneous solutions, 20
solid
region example, 111
Solution Information view, 9
solvers
coupling two-model interactions, 80
steady state simulation example, 111
Step Controls property, 11
step size, 11
structural deformations
modeling, 79
structural properties
assigning the material to geometry, 87
system coupling
analyze decoupled systems first, 73
context menus
Setup cell, 23
Solution cell, 32
overview, 1
workspace, 7
system coupling management, 41
convergence management, 43
evaluating convergence, 43
inter-process communication, 41
process synchronization, 41
view
convergence plots, 9
outline, 8
properties, 8
scene, 9
solution information, 9
134
Release 16.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.