Development of A Water Provisioning and Management Plan in The North West Province 2008 - 2030

Office of the Premier
Department:
Office of the Premier
North West Provincial Government
Republic of South Africa
DEVELOPMENT OF A WATER PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT

PLAN IN THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE: 2008 2030
WATER PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE NORTH WEST

PROVINCE
FINAL DRAFT
MARCH 2011
Prepared by
Prepared for:
Water for Africa (Pty) Ltd in association

with Water Geosciences and Pegasys
Management Consultants
Office of the Premier: North West

Province & Department: Water Affairs
PO Box 1309
PRETORIA, 0001
Borekelong House
Mmabatho, 2745
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS/OFFICE OF THE PREMIER NORTH WEST PROVINCE
REPORT NO. { }
Contract Title:
Development of a Water Provisioning and Management Plan in the North West

Province: 2008 2030
Report Title
Water Provisioning and Management Plan for the North West Province
Authors
Toriso Tlou, Pr. Eng.

Peter Wade, PhD
Adhishri Singh
Charles Sellick, Pr. Eng
Revision
Date
Report Status
Draft 1
10/06/10
First draft for comments
Final draft
15/11/10
Final for distribution
Final draft ver 2
4/04/11
Final for workshop
Consultants: Water for Africa (Pty) Ltd in association with Water Geosciences and Pegasys Management
Consultants
Prepared for the Consultants by:
Checked for the Consultants by:
..
..
T Tlou , Pr. Eng.
C Sellick, Pr. Eng.
Study Leader
Client: Office of the Premier, North West Province
Approved for the Office of the Premier
Approved for the Office of the Premier:
..
..
Ludi Schulze
D.W Schoeman
Project Manager
DDG: Policy & Governance
Client: Department of Water Affairs

Approved for DWA North West Regional
Approved for DWA National Water Resource
Office
Planning
..
..
C Lobakeng
D Ristic
Director: NW Regional Office
Deputy Chief Engineer: NWRP
NORTH WEST WATER PROVISIONING & MANAGEMENT PLAN
Page i
REPORT NO. { }
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was prepared by Toriso Tlou with the valuable assistance, guidance and inputs
from the following project members.
Project Team members:

Dr Paul Roberts
Guidance and technical review
Water Resources Consultant
Mr Charles Sellick
Guidance and technical review
Charles Sellick & Associates cc
Ms Adhishri Singh
Project Co-ordinator, water Water for Africa (Pty) Ltd

quality, reviewing and editing
Dr Peter Wade
Water Quality
Envirodyn Strategies cc
Mr Rian Titus
Geohydrology
Water Geoscience Consulting
DWA officials and members of the Project Management Team

Chadwick Lobakeng
Technical input & review
DWA: North West Regional

Office
Dragana Ristic
DWA: NWRP
Rens Botha
Technical input and review
DWA: North West Regional

Office
Office of the Premier: North West Province and members of the Project Management
team
D Schoeman
Office of the Premier: North

West Province
Ludi Schulze
Project Manager
Office of the Premier: North

West Province
Page ii
REPORT NO. { }
ABBREVIATIONS
BMP
Best Management Practice
CMA
Catchment Management Agency
DBT
Declining Block Tariff
DM
District Municipality
DWA
Department of Water Affairs
GWS
Government Water Scheme
HFY
Historical Firm Yield
IB
Irrigation Boards
IBT
Increasing Block Tariff
IRS
Impala Refining Services
ISP
Internal Strategic Perspective
KKDM
Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality
LM
Local Municipality
LoS
Level of Service
BPDM
Bojanala Platinum District Municipality
NMMDM
Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality
NRW
Non Revenue Water
NW
North West
NWPG
North West Provincial Government
PGDS
Provincial Growth and Development Strategy
PPP
Public Private Partnership
SDF
Spatial Development Framework
Page iii
WB
Water Board
WC/WDM
Water Conservation and Water Demand Management
WMA
Water Management Area
WPMP
Water Provisioning and Management Plan
WSA
Water Services Authority
WSP
Water Services Provider
WUA
Water User Association
REPORT NO. { }
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Assessment
(water
resources)
An examination of the aspects of the supply and demand for water and of
the factors affecting the management of water resources.
Allocation:
A water allocation is an authority to take water in areas covered by a

resource operations plan
Benchmarking
A systematic process for securing continual improvement through

comparison with relevant and achievable internal and external norms and
standards
Capacity
building
The process of building organizations, human resources and the legal and
regulatory framework needed for effective and efficient water resources
management.
Catchment
area
The area from which rainfall flows into a river, reservoir, etc.
Catchment
The land area drained by a river and its tributaries
Comprehensive Water resources planning, development and control that incorporate

water
physical, social, economic and environmental inter- dependencies.
resources
management
Compulsory
Licensing
Compulsory licensing is a process where all water users are required to reapply for their water use entitlements. This is done in order to review and
adjust the entitlements in order to achieve reconciliation and equity
Conjunctive
use
The coordinated use of surface water and groundwater resources
Conservation
Increasing the efficiency of water use production and distribution of the

resource
Conveyance
loss
Loss of water from a channel or pipe during conveyance, including losses

due to seepage, leakage, evaporation and transpiration by plants growing
in or near the channel
Crop
water Crop consumptive use plus the water required to provide the leaching
requirements
requirements
Demand/
requirement
A measure of the need for a portion of the supply of water
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REPORT NO. { }
Demand
reduction
Measures available to a Water Service Provider to reduce water demand

and improve water use efficiency: for example, water restrictions
Demand
management
The use of price, quantitative restrictions and other devices to limit the
demand for water.
Ecosystem
A complex system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms

with its environment.
Entitlement
A water entitlement is the general term used to describe a water use

authorisation granted under the National Water Act, 1998. This can be
either a water allocation, interim water allocation or a water licence
Institutions
Organizational arrangements and the legal and regulatory framework - the

'enabling environment' - in which organizations operate. More broadly,
institutions include entities, processes and linkages between individual
entities.
Policy
A declared intention and course of action adopted by government, party,

etc., for the achievement of a goal.
Programme
A definite plan of intended procedure.
Project
A scheme or undertaking.
Non Revenue This is the difference between the volume of water supplied into a system
Water
and the billed authorised consumption for the area being supplied by the
system
Rainwater
harvesting
This is the immediate collection of rainwater running off surfaces upon

which it has fallen directly. This definition excludes run-off from land
watersheds into streams, rivers, lakes, etc
Reliable yield
The quantity of water that can be collected for a given use from a supply
source or supply option with a specified degree of certainty and
predictability, which is determined through analysis.
Reliability
supply
of The probability of providing a specified water entitlement under given

operating conditions for a specified period of time
River basin
A geographical area (catchment area) determined by the watershed limits

of a water system, including surface and underground water, flowing into a
common terminus.
Stakeholder
An organization or individual that is concerned with or has an interest in

water resources and that would be affected by decisions about water
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REPORT NO. { }
resources management.
Strategy
A set of chosen short-, medium- and long-term actions to support the

achievement of development goals and to implement water-related
policies.
Supply
The quantity of water available to provide a requirement
Supply option
A potential future water resource, defined as any location-specific change

to water availability, infrastructure or reliable off-take that will result in the
total available supply being increased.
Watercourse
A system of surface and underground waters that constitute, by virtue of

their physical relationship, a unitary whole and that flow into a common
terminus
Water holding Amount of soil water available to plants

capacity
Water balance
The differential of demand and supply baseline.
Yield
The average annual volume that can be drawn from a supply source or
supply option to meet a specified demand at a specified service level. Yield
is always associated with some measure of probability of occurrence,
whether that is reliability (see reliable yield and historic no failure yield) or
probability of achieving a level of service. That is, yield is the volume of
water drawn to meet demands in a sustainable sense.
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REPORT NO. { }
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
1.1
Background ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Study Objectives .............................................................................................. 2
1.3
Purpose of the report ....................................................................................... 2
1.4
Guiding principles ............................................................................................ 3
1.5
Structure of the WPMP..................................................................................... 3
WATER RECONCILIATION OPTIONS FOR BOJANALA PLATINUM

DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY........................................................................... 5
2.1
Overview of the management plan.................................................................. 5
2.2
Water Conservation and Water Demand Management options .................... 7
2.2.1
Overview ........................................................................................................... 7
2.2.2
Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives ........................ 7
2.2.3
Develop and Implement WDM programmes in municipal scheme areas ..... 8
2.2.3.1
Develop and Implement Water Loss Control Programmes ................................. 8
2.2.3.2
Determine and implement Consumer use reduction interventions ...................... 9
2.2.4
Develop and implement rainwater harvesting programmes ....................... 10
2.2.5
Develop and implement water management plans in the agriculture sector

......................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.5.1
Overview .......................................................................................................... 11
2.2.5.2
Water losses in the main irrigation schemes ..................................................... 11
2.2.5.3
Identified water management intervention measures in agriculture................... 13
2.2.5.4
Implementation planning in the agriculture ....................................................... 15
2.3
Non traditional water reconciliation options for Bojanala District

Municipality .................................................................................................... 16
2.3.1
Overview ......................................................................................................... 16
2.3.2
Water use recycling by industry and the mining sector .............................. 17
2.3.3
Reuse of treated wastewater effluent by industries and mining sector ..... 17
2.3.3.1
Identified effluent reuse options ........................................................................ 18
2.3.3.2
Implementation plan for effluent reuse option ................................................... 19
2.4
Implement water trading between lawful water users ................................. 20
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REPORT NO. { }
2.4.1.1
Overview .......................................................................................................... 20
2.4.1.2
Opportunities for water trading ......................................................................... 20
2.4.1.3
Implementation of water trading ....................................................................... 20
2.5
Capital investment requirements for demand side management options.. 22
2.5.1
Capital requirements for WC/WDM - domestic sector ................................. 22
2.5.2
Capital requirements for WC/WDM - agricultural sector.............................. 23
2.5.3
Capital investment requirements for effluent reuse options ....................... 24
2.6
Supply Side Management Options for Bojanala District Municipality ........ 24
2.6.1
Overview ......................................................................................................... 24
2.6.2
Development of industrial grade water supply from Hartbeespoort Dam .. 25
2.6.2.1
Potential for development of industrial grade scheme....................................... 25
2.6.2.2
Implementation of industrial grade water supply scheme.................................. 26
2.6.3
Increasing water transfers from Rand Water pipeline ................................. 26
2.6.4
Increasing water supply capacity from Vaalkop Dam for mining

development around Pilanesberg ................................................................. 26
2.6.5
Implementation plan and time frame ............................................................ 27
2.7
Capital investment requirements for supply side management options .... 27
2.8
Implementation plan for Bojanala Platinum District Municipality ............... 28
2.8.1
Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for BPDM ....... 28
2.8.2
Prioritisation of the water reconciliation options ......................................... 30
DR KENNETH KAUNDA DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WATER

PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................... 36
3.1
Overview of the management plan................................................................ 36
3.2
Water Conservation and Demand Side Management Plan .......................... 38
3.2.1
Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives in the domestic

sector .............................................................................................................. 38
3.2.2
Develop and Implement Water Demand Management Intervention

Measures......................................................................................................... 39
3.2.2.1
Water Loss Control Programmes ..................................................................... 39
3.2.2.2
Consumer use reduction option ........................................................................ 40
3.2.3
Develop and implement rainwater harvesting programmes ....................... 40
3.2.4
Improve water management measure in irrigation agriculture ................... 41
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REPORT NO. { }
3.2.4.1
Overview .......................................................................................................... 41
3.2.4.2
Water losses in the main irrigation schemes..................................................... 41
3.2.4.3
3.2.4.4
3.3

Municipality .................................................................................................... 45
3.3.1
Overview ......................................................................................................... 45
3.3.2
Water use recycling by industry and the mining sector .............................. 46
3.3.3
Reuse of treated wastewater effluent for landscape irrigation and process

water in industries .......................................................................................... 46
3.3.3.1
3.3.3.2
3.4
Capital Investment requirements to implement WC/WDM measures ......... 48
3.4.1
Capital investment requirement to implement water losses in domestic

sector .............................................................................................................. 48
3.4.2
Capital investment requirements to implement water management

measures in agriculture ................................................................................. 49
3.5
Implementation plan for demand side management measures .................. 50
3.5.1
Implementation programme for the domestic sector .................................. 50
3.5.2
Implementation programme for the agricultural sector ............................... 51
3.6
Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management ............... 55
3.7
Supply Side Management Options for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District

Municipality .................................................................................................... 56
3.7.1
Development bulk water supply scheme from the groundwater pumped

into Koekemoer River .................................................................................... 56
3.8
Capital Investment requirements to implement supply side management 56
3.9
Implementation plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality............. 56
3.10
Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for Dr Kenneth

Kaunda District Municipality ......................................................................... 57
3.10.1
Prioritisation of the water management options .......................................... 57
NGAKA MODIRI MOLEMA DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WATER

MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................... 59
4.1
Overview ......................................................................................................... 59
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4.2
Water Conservation and Demand Side Management Options .................... 60
4.2.1
Overview ......................................................................................................... 60
4.2.2
Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives ...................... 61
4.2.3
Develop and Implement WDM in the municipal scheme areas ................... 62
4.2.3.1
Water Loss Control Management Measures ..................................................... 62
4.2.3.2
Implement Consumer Demand Management ................................................... 62
4.2.4
Rainwater harvesting ..................................................................................... 63
4.2.5
Development and implementation of water management plans in the

agricultural sector .......................................................................................... 64
4.2.5.1
Overview .......................................................................................................... 64
4.2.5.2
Water losses in the main irrigation schemes..................................................... 66
4.2.5.3
4.2.5.4
4.3
Non traditional water reconciliation options for Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality ....................................................................................... 70
4.3.1
Overview ......................................................................................................... 70
4.3.2

water in industries .......................................................................................... 70
4.3.2.1
4.3.2.2
4.4
Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management in NMMDM

......................................................................................................................... 72
4.5
Implement water trading in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality .... 73
4.5.1
Overview ......................................................................................................... 73
4.6
Curtailment of unlawful Water use ................................................................ 73
4.7
Compulsory Licensing ................................................................................... 74
4.8
Groundwater development for rural water supplies .................................... 75
4.9
Bulk water supply to Mafikeng ...................................................................... 77
4.10
Water supply to Ratlou Local Municipality ................................................... 78
4.11
Water transfers from Midvaal Water Company ............................................ 78
4.12
Capital Investment requirements to implement the plan ............................. 78
4.12.1
Capital expenditure for WC/WDM measures ................................................ 78
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REPORT NO. { }
4.12.2
Capital Expenditure to implement water management measures in

agriculture....................................................................................................... 79
4.13
Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for NMMDM ... 80
4.13.1
Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Measures ............... 80
4.13.1.1
Water Conservation and Demand Management in the domestic sector .......... 80
4.13.1.2
Water Management Measures in agriculture................................................... 82
4.13.2
Water supply management and augmentation options ............................... 82
4.13.3
Bulk water infrastructure plan ....................................................................... 83
4.13.4
Prioritisation of the water reconciliation options ......................................... 83
DR RUTH SEGOMOTSI MOMPATI DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WATER

MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................... 89
5.1
Overview ......................................................................................................... 89
5.2
Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Options for Dr Ruth

Segomotsi District Municipality .................................................................... 91
5.2.1
Overview ......................................................................................................... 91
5.2.2
Develop and Implement WDM programmes in the municipal scheme areas

......................................................................................................................... 91
5.2.2.1
Implement Water Loss Control Programme ...................................................... 91
5.2.2.2
Implement Consumer use reduction option ...................................................... 92
5.2.3
Implement Rainwater harvesting................................................................... 93
5.2.4
Implement water management measures to improve water use efficiency in

irrigation agriculture ...................................................................................... 94
5.2.4.1
Overview .......................................................................................................... 94
5.2.4.2
5.2.4.3
5.3
Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management in Dr Ruth

Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality ..................................................... 98
5.4
Groundwater development for rural water supplies .................................... 99
5.5
Upgrading of bulk water supplies from Taung Dam to Vryburg & Stella . 101
5.6
Bulk water supply to Schweizer Reneke..................................................... 101
5.7
Capital Investment requirements to implement the plan ........................... 102
5.7.1
Capital expenditure for WC/WDM measures .............................................. 102
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REPORT NO. { }
5.7.2
Capital Expenditure to implement water management measures in

agriculture..................................................................................................... 103
5.8
Summary of the water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati

District Municipality ..................................................................................... 104
5.8.1
Water Conservation and Demand Management ......................................... 104
5.8.2
Water Savings in agriculture ....................................................................... 106
5.8.3
Bulk water supply infrastructure ................................................................. 106
5.8.4
Prioritisation of the water management options ........................................ 106
WATER (MACRO PROVINCIAL) MANAGEMENT PLAN TO ADDRESS

GENERIC WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES .......................................... 112
6.1
Overview ....................................................................................................... 112
6.2
Climate Change ............................................................................................ 112
6.3
Coping with water scarcity .......................................................................... 113
6.4
Water quality ................................................................................................. 114
6.4.1
Salt loading ................................................................................................... 114
6.4.2
Nitrate loading .............................................................................................. 117
6.4.3
Flouride loading ........................................................................................... 118
6.5
Water Pricing ................................................................................................ 120
MANAGING THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPLEMENTING THE

WATER PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................... 123
REVIEW AND UPDATING OF THE WATER PROVISIONING AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................. 132
8.1
Water Provisioning and Management Plan Framework ............................. 132
8.2
Monitoring of the WPMP .............................................................................. 132
REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 134
Page xiii
REPORT NO. { }
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1:
Future water requirements of the main sector in Bojanala District

Municipality (million m3/a) ................................................................. 6
Table 2.2:
Water savings target through Water Conservation and Demand

Management Measures .................................................................... 22
Table 2.3:
Capital Investment requirements to improve irrigation

conveyance efficiency ..................................................................... 24
Table 2.4:

Table 2.5:
Demand side management interventions and implementation

plan for Bojanala District Municipality ........................................... 31
Table 2.6:
Supply side management interventions and implementation plan

for Bojanala District Municipality ................................................... 34
Table 3.1:
Future water requirements of the main sector in Dr Kenneth

Kaunda District Municipality (million m3/a).................................... 37
Table 3.2:

Table 3.3:
Capital Investment Requirements for the different intervention

measures .......................................................................................... 50
Table 3.4:
Demand side management interventions and implementation

plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality......................... 52
Table 4.1:
Future water requirements of the main sector in Ngaka Modiri

Molema District Municipality (million m3/a) ................................... 60
Table 4.2:
The 'integrated approach" to community groundwater supply

planning ............................................................................................ 76
Table 4.3:
Capital Investment & water savings through Water Conservation

and Demand Management Measures for NMMDM ........................ 79
Table 4.4:
Capital Investment Requirements for the different intervention

measures .......................................................................................... 80
Table 4.5:
Prioritisation of water management plan for Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality ......................................................................... 84
Table 5.1:
Future water requirements of the main sector in Dr Ruth

Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality (million m3/a) ............... 90
Page xiv
REPORT NO. { }
Table 5.2:
The 'integrated approach" to community groundwater supply

planning .......................................................................................... 100
Table 5.3:
Capital Investment & water savings through Water Conservation

and Demand Management Measures for Dr Ruth Segomotsi
Mompati DM .................................................................................... 103
Table 5.4:
Capital Investment requirements to improve conveyance

efficiency - Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality .. 104
Table 5.5:
Prioritisation of water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi

Mompati District Municipality ....................................................... 108
Table 6.1:
Implications of pricing on water efficiency .................................. 120
Table 7.1:
Climate change and climate variability ........................................ 124
Table 7.2:
Risk assessment of changes to the water requirements ........... 125
Table 7.3:
Risk assessment on availability of water supplies ..................... 126
Page xv
REPORT NO. { }
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1:
Locality Map of the irrigation schemes in the Crocodile (West)

Marico WMA...................................................................................... 12
Figure 2-2:
Existing and Proposed Bulk water supply infrastructure in BPDM

........................................................................................................... 29
Figure 3-1:
Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in Dr Kenneth Kaunda

DM ..................................................................................................... 55
Figure 3-2:
Existing and proposed Bulk water supply infrastructure in Dr

Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality ............................................ 58
Figure 4-1:
Irrigation schemes in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality

........................................................................................................... 65
Figure 4-2:
Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in NMMDM .................... 72
Figure 4-3:
Existing and proposed bulk water infrastructure in NMMDM ...... 81
Figure 5-1:
Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in NMMDM .................... 99
Figure 5-2:
Existing and future bulk water supply schemes in Dr Ruth

Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality .................................... 105
Figure 6-1.
Salt loading in each of the District Municipalities in the North

West Province ................................................................................ 115
Figure 6-2.
TDS/EC concentrations compared to DWA guideline levels ...... 115
Figure 6-4
Nitrate loading in each of the District Municipalities in the NW

Province .......................................................................................... 117
Figure 6-5
Nitrate concentrations compared with DWA guidelines ............. 117
Figure 6-6
Fluoride loading in each of the District Municipalities in the NW

Province .......................................................................................... 119
Figure 6-7
Fluoride concentrations compared with DWA guidelines .......... 119
Page xvi
REPORT NO. { }
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
To be completed after comments are received
Page xvii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
REPORT NO. { }
The North West Provincial Government (NWPG) adopted a ten-year growth and
development strategy for the Province known as North West 2014. The strategy was founded
on two key policy objectives which were to ensure:
Halve unemployment by promoting economic growth at an average rate of 6.6% per

annum; and
Halve poverty in the province by developing the agricultural and rural areas and
removing basic service delivery backlogs to all people in the province.
The universal objectives to be promoted at all levels of interaction in the Province to support
the two macro goals were:
Implementing a Public Sector Employment Programme (EPWP)

Ensuring cooperative governance and the formation of Public-Private-Partnerships
(PPPs);
Promoting equal and fair access to opportunities and assets;
Enhancing competitiveness, profitability and SMME development; and
Ensuring sustainable development through resource and environmental management
The key pillars for sustainable growth and economic development in the North West Province
are:
Agriculture and rural development

Mining and energy
Manufacturing and Trade
Tourism
Construction and infrastructure
Small Medium and Micro Enterprise
Training and Skills Development.
The above pillars of growth and development in the province are dependent on the
availability of a number of resources such as water supplies which is an important factor of
production. Secure, sustainable water supplies are integral to continued growth and
prosperity and poverty eradication in the North West Province. For the NW province,
particularly in times of drought, this presents a special challenge, and as the economy grows
in the province, the need for careful forward planning and management of our water
resources is becoming paramount.
In order to ensure that the strategy developed by the province is sustainable, the Office of
the Premier together with the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) North West Regional Office
identified the need to undertake an assessment of the water supplies to meet the current and
the future water requirements in order to ensure that strategies are in place to make sure that
where water is required as a factor of production, there was sufficient water to meet the
requirements for beneficial purpose taking into account the scarcity value of water.
Page 1
1.2
REPORT NO. { }
Study Objectives
The primary objective of the North West Water Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP)
is to set out the management plan that will sustainably achieve a balance between water
requirements and the supplies over the long term. The objectives of the WPMP are to:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
1.3
Provide a long term (22 year outlook) water requirement forecasts;

Provide a plan for reducing demand to achieve, at minimum, the targets needed to be
set to improve water use efficiency in the sectors using water in the North West
Province;
Integrate alternate water supply options such as rainwater harvesting, recycled water
with water conservation and demand management measures and supply
augmentation schemes into the water supply planning for the province;
Provide a sound basis for water supply planning to be aligned with the National Water
Resources Strategy and the Internal Strategic Perspectives (ISPs) of the water
management areas covering the province;
Identify a preferred infrastructure program, pending the outcomes of detailed
feasibility study investigations of the potential water supply and demand management
options;
Prepare an implementation plan which includes the timelines together with an order
of magnitude capital investment requirement to implement the WPMP.
Purpose of the report
The North West Province is large and diverse and is home to approximately 3 354 825
people (as at mid-year 2010). The province has very limited water resources in the west
where there are ephemeral rivers and dependence is largely on groundwater. In its PGDS,
the North West Province intends to grow the economy by 6.6% per annum. In order to
achieve this primary objective, it has to resolve numerous challenges which include
sustainable water supply management to ensure the scarce water resource is available for
sustaining and growing the economy.
The purpose of this report is to provide a water provisioning and management plan for
implementation in the North West Province. This Water Provisioning and Management Plan
(WPMP):
identifies the augmentation options based on previous work undertaken in the

province;
identifies the opportunities for implementing WC/WDM measures to improve on the
current water use efficiency levels;
identifies the bulk water supply infrastructure required to ensure the priority
investment areas in the province have sufficient water supplies to maintain the
economic growth of the areas;
provides a water management plan which needs to be implemented to ensure
sustainable growth and development
Page 2
1.4
REPORT NO. { }
Guiding principles
The principles underpinning development of the Water Provisioning and Management Plan
for the North West Province are derived from National Water Act, 1998 (Act No 36 of 1998)
and the Water Services Act, 1997 (Act No 101 of 1997) with a view to achieving the
objectives of the NW Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS) and the
Provincial Spatial Development Framework (SDF). These principles articulate the North West
Provincial Government's expectations of the plan, and how it will fulfil its functions.
Consequently, investigation of future options within these parameters has guided the
recommendations provided in this document, with the sustainable water resource
development and management as the strategic vision.
These guiding principles include the following:
1.5
Water is a scarce and precious resource that is to be shared across the province.
Water quality should be managed from its source to its end-users in a way that:
ensures the health of catchments, aquifers and their ecosystems; and
delivers water of a quality desired by the end-users at the lowest overall cost.
Water supply arrangements should maximise efficient and cost-effective service
delivery and the efficient use of water, such as appropriate Level of Service
objectives.
Regional water planning should consider environmental, social and economic factors,
and include least cost planning to ensure proper economic comparison of all supply
and demand options.
Water restrictions should be used to help achieve the provinces objectives for longterm management of its current and future water requirements and in managing any
significant threat to the sustainability and security of the provinces water supply
Structure of the WPMP
This water provisioning and water management plan is divided into four sections according to
the district municipalities making up the North West Province. Three further sections deal
with the generic management issues in the Province, managing risks and recommendations
in updating the WPMP.
Chapter 2 documents the water provisioning and management plan for Bojanala Platinum
District Municipality (BPDM). It provides a description of the options identified to implement
WC/WDM particularly in the domestic and irrigation agriculture sectors. It identifies the
options available to improve the bulk water supply infrastructure capacity to meet the growing
water requirements for the mining sector and the related growth in the domestic sector. The
focus has been on securing water supplies to the Rustenburg - Madibeng priority investment
corridor.
The chapter ends in providing a summary and priority list of the water management plan for
Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. This is presented in the form of a table highlighting
the plan and the actions required to achieve the objectives of the management plan.
Page 3
REPORT NO. { }
Chapter 3 documents the water provisioning and management plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda
District Municipality. It provides a description of the options identified to implement WC/WDM
particularly in the domestic and irrigation agriculture sectors. It identifies the options available
to improve the bulk water supply infrastructure capacity to meet the growing water
requirements for the mining sector and the related growth in the domestic sector.
A summary and priority list of the water management plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District
Municipality is then presented. This is presented in the form of a table highlighting the plan
and the actions required to achieve the objectives of the management plan.
Chapter 4 documents the water provisioning and management plan for Ngaka Modiri
Molema District Municipality. It provides a description of the options identified to implement
water requirements in the District.
A summary and priority list of the water management plan for Ngaka Modiri Molema District
Municipality is then presented at the end of the chapter. This is presented in the form of a
table highlighting the plan and the actions required to achieve the objectives of the
management plan.
Chapter 5 documents the water provisioning and management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi
Mompati District Municipality. It provides a description of the options identified to implement
water requirements for the mining sector and the related growth in the domestic sector.
A summary and priority list of the water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati
District Municipality is provided at the end of the chapter. This is presented in the form of a
table highlighting the plan and the actions required to achieve the objectives of the
management plan.
Chapter 6 discusses the approaches that can be taken at a macro level to manage the effect
of generic issues such as climate change, drought and water pricing.
Chapter 7 deals with managing the risks associated with implementing the Water
Provisioning and Management Plan. Six categories of risks were identified, ranked and
appropriate actions to mitigate them recommended.
Chapter 8 concludes the report by recommending a program for review and updating of the
WPMP.
Page 4
REPORT NO. { }
WATER RECONCILIATION OPTIONS FOR BOJANALA PLATINUM

DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY
2.1
Overview of the management plan
The water requirements for Bojanala District Municipality are likely to increase by
approximately 30% over a 22 year period from 343.05 million m3/a to 445.36 million m3/a at
the current level of water use efficiency and operating rules. This has also assumed that the
current irrigation water requirements will remain the same for the planning period. However
there are downstream water requirements in the Thabazimbi area which are not included in
the North West Province but are currently dependent on the water resources in Bojanala
District Municipality. (see Table 2.1 below). When compared with the available supplies it
would appear that there are no water supply problems on a district municipality level until
2018. The additional water supplies that will be required in 2030 to meet the median growth
rate in Bojanala District Municipality is 45 million m3/a.
However a review that was conducted in the situation assessment indicated that there will be
local water supply deficits much earlier due to a number of issues such as insufficient bulk
water supply infrastructure in the district. For example in the area between Rustenburg and
Madibeng Local Municipalities, there has been significant development in the Mooinooi area
where additional bulk water supply is required to meet the development needs of the area.
This is driven by the mining developments taking place in the area, some which are new
concessions while other mines have been expanding their operations.
In order to ensure secure water supplies for the district, there are four broad water
reconciliation options available to meeting the current and future demands particularly in the
non-agricultural sector and these can be summarised as follows:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Augmentation of existing water supplies at a local level through traditional methods;

Augmentation of existing water supplies by undertaking alternative methods such as
treated effluent reuse options and water recycling as well as rainwater harvesting;
Reallocation of water between users and across sectors to where the value of water
is high (i.e. water trading);
Implementing Water Conservation and Water Demand Management (WC/WDM) in
order to provide the savings to the growing demands
Traditionally water supplies have been met through the development of new supply sources,
however there are limitations on the water resource availability in Bojanala District
Municipality and more efficient use of the available resource and management is needed. It
is important to note however that the yield of Hartbeespoort Dam has been increasing due to
the treated effluent from the Northern Works in the City of Johannesburg (CoJ). However due
to the development of the Eskom power station and potentially the second SASOL coal to
liquid plant in the Lephalale area, these developments can only be sustained by the
availability of secure water in the Lephalale area.
Because of the strategic nature and the importance of power generation and oil in the
economic growth and development of the country, the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) as
the custodian of the water resources of the country, has made the available water from
Page 5
REPORT NO. { }
Hartbeespoort as the key source of supply for Eskom's power generation and SASOL's plant
for oil generation from coal. Therefore in the development of the water reconciliation strategy
fro Bojanala District Municipality (BDM), although Hartbeespoort Dam has been looked at as
a source of supply, this has been undertaken within the context of developments in Lephalale
area. Therefore the supply side management options have been limited with focus on
improving efficient and effect utilisation of the available water in BDM.
Consequently, water efficiency improvements, water trading, treated effluent reuse options
including water recycling and consumer demand management have a higher profile in this
water provisioning and management plan than was indicated in the past. Best management
practices across all water user sectors, along with existing water use efficiency programs,
are a key component of the strategy response to sustainable water provision in the BDM.
The adoption of practices such as water re-use and recycling will be one of the ways that
BDM will be able to ensure a cost effective water savings program.
Diversification of water supply sources, including potential for interaction between two or
more supply sources to provide flexibility in water provisioning, is also considered. This
approach could offer considerable benefits for the district, improving the overall performance
of linked supply schemes.
Table 2.1:
Future water requirements of the main sector in Bojanala District

Municipality (million m3/a)
2008
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
329.50
329.50
329.50
329.50
329.50
329.50
Return Flow
55.11
56.57
62.19
67.56
76.41
81.01
Transfers
54.75
54.75
54.75
54.75
54.75
54.75
Total available water
439.36
440.82
446.44
451.81
460.66
465.26
Domestic water requirements
74.82
78.06
84.88
92.23
99.94
108.31
Mining and industrial
53.79
58.74
73.20
89.06
105.78
122.62
Irrigation Agriculture
214.43
214.43
214.43
214.43
214.43
214.43
Total Water requirements for

343.05
Bojanala DM
351.24
372.51
395.72
420.15
445.36
Water Supply
Surface water supply
Groundwater
Water Requirements
Page 6
Downstream
requirements (1)
Total water
including
requirements
water
2008
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
64.89
64.89
64.89
64.89
64.89
64.89
416.13
437.40
460.61
485.04
510.25
24.70
9.03
-8.80
-24.38
-44.99
-24.70
-9.03
8.80
24.38
44.99
requirement
downstream 407.94
Supply demand balance
REPORT NO. { }
31.43
Additional water required

-31.43
(Median growth scenario)
(1) This excludes the planned transfer volume from Crocodile (West) to Lephalale by 2030. The
3
planned transfer for 2030 is estimated to be 157.8 million m /a
Greater flexibility in water allocation should allow users to develop more appropriate mixes of
water products for their needs. For example, a town water supply scheme could hold a
combination of medium and high priority water allocations, which may enable an appropriate
water supply for most years while ensuring essential requirements are met during extreme
dry periods. This will require appropriate a comprehensive framework for managing water
restrictions when required in BDM.
While the WPMP offers the options available to access water supply in most situations, in
some parts of the region options will be limited, particularly in the rural areas of the district.
2.2
Water Conservation and Water Demand Management options
2.2.1
Overview
As illustrated in Table 2.1 above, Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM), the overall
water balance indicates that the BPDM will require additional water supplies between 2015
and 2020, based on the current water use and operating practices. However during
In order to address the envisaged water shortages and intermittent water supplies within the
next 6 years in the DM, a number of water reconciliation options have been identified and
evaluated as discussed below.
2.2.2
Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives
Currently, consumers in Bojanala District Municipality are using between 108 to 647 litres per
person per day for residential, industrial and commercial use in the urban areas in the major
urban areas of Rustenburg, Brits and Madikwe. The total water requirements is envisaged to
increase from 320.7 million m3/a to 439.56 million m3/a in 2030 as population grows driven by
the economic recovery in the mining sector. The average system water losses in the district
is 31% of the raw water supplies.
The starting point for the WPMP of the North West Province is to maintain the water savings
realised through existing WC/WDM initiatives. These savings are a consequence of
refurbishment of the old water infrastructure in towns such as Rustenburg and Brits and
Page 7
REPORT NO. { }
existing passive water conservation programmes including consumer metering programmes

in some of the rural towns such as Mogwase.
A review of the current water conservation saving initiatives indicates that it is difficult to
determine what savings have been made due to lack of formal reporting and setting of water
saving targets. Most of the current initiatives are not driven primarily by the need to
implement WC/WDM measures but by the need to operate and maintain the existing water
supply infrastructure. However in the non-urban industrial sectors including the major mines
in the Rustenburg to Brits complex, there is increasing use of wastewater return flows from
the municipality sewage works.
To maintain existing water use efficiency levels, the Water Services Authorities, Water User
Associations and Industries must undertake the following aspects:
Over the next five years, prepare business cases and plans for implementing
WC/WDM and identify innovative ways of investing in water conservation
programmes which have been already identified. This should include implementing
public private partnerships (PPP) in reducing water losses, investing in water loss
control measures in other sectors while realising the benefits from the water savings
by the sector that invests in implementing water loss control measures;
Set water saving targets and consumer demand for the towns in BPDM. The
Municipalities should use the DWA water use efficiency reporting system to monitor
and report on their water savings, and review the effectiveness of conservation
programs on an annual basis;
Invest over the next five years to extend existing water use studies to improve the
knowledge of how and where water is used in the urban areas of Bojanala Platinum
District Municipality. This will ensure that an updated water use study is ready for
inclusion in the next WPMP which is recommended to be reviewed every 5 years.
Although there may be savings from current initiatives, there is no evidence to indicate the
amount of water savings taking place in Bojanala District Municipality. There has been a lack
of comprehensive WC/WDM strategy and business plans which provide the water saving
targets for the various intervention measures. However, the recently completed Crocodile
(West) Marico WC/WDM strategy and business plan indicates there are a number of
initiatives that can be implemented to achieve significant water savings in the district
particularly in the urban area. These initiatives should be registered and properly managed.
2.2.3
Develop and Implement WDM programmes in municipal scheme areas
2.2.3.1 Develop and Implement Water Loss Control Programmes

The average system losses in the main local municipalities of Rustenburg and Madibeng
were estimated to range from 31% to 41% of the total input volume, although this figure
varies with each scheme. The high system losses are attributed to the age and condition of
the water supply infrastructure. The condition and performance of most of the water
infrastructure is very poor due to lack of maintenance and lack of appropriate skills to
manage these assets.
The estimated total Non Revenue Water (NRW) for the whole of BPDM was estimated to be
20.28 million m3/a (55.56 Ml/d). The problem with NRW is that they:
Page 8
REPORT NO. { }
divert precious water from reaching customers;

increase the operating costs and therefore the cost of supplying consumers. This
results in high water tariffs which can be unsustainable because of low cost recovery;
make investments in the augmentation of additional water supplies larger than is
necessary.
There have been initiatives in some of the municipalities to reduce the current high physical
water losses by implementing various water loss control programmes. In areas of
Rustenburg refurbishment and renewal of the water supply pipelines is planned. However it
is difficult to determine the extent of refurbishment and renewal of the existing water
infrastructure because the municipality does not have a comprehensive asset register and an
asset management plan. Furthermore, the water supply systems are not sectorised and
zoned to enable the municipalities to implement water loss control programmes.
There are however few water loss control programmes being implemented in the district.
This is because of a lack of comprehensive WC/WDM strategy and business plan which
provides the water saving targets for the various intervention measures. The recently
complemented Crocodile (West) Marico: Development of WC/WDM strategy and business
plan for sectors in the WMA set up the goals and objectives of ensuring compliance with the
Presidential Directive of halving the water losses by 2014. The BPDM can potentially save a
minimum of 10.14 million m3/a by 2014. In order to achieve this objective, the study identified
the following tasks that need to be implemented in BPDM:
Establishment of discrete supply zones and District Metered Areas (DMAs) within the
water supply systems with a view to undertaking comprehensive water audits and
prioritising supply zones to implement water loss control programmes;
Implementation of pressure and leakage management (PLM) programme which
include establishment of dedicated Active Leakage Control (ALC) units in the
municipalities;
Undertaking refurbishment of the old pipework contributing to the high water losses is
required as a matter of urgency.
Development of effective revenue management systems and procedures.
2.2.3.2 Determine and implement Consumer use reduction interventions

The average per capita consumption in Bojanala District Municipality ranges from 30 l/c/d in
the rural villages to 348 l/c/d (includes residential consumption and water losses only) in the
more urbanised areas of Rustenburg, Madikwe and Brits. If the industrial and commercial
use is included, the average per capita consumption for the district will range from 30 l/c/d to
647 l/c/d including system losses. As the economy of the district grows there will be a
subsequent rise in income which will result in the increase in the level of service provision.
The stated average per capita consumption figures are envisaged to be high for residential
consumption when benchmarked against the Best Management Practices (BMP) having
taken into account the condition of the existing water infrastructure. Besides implementing
water loss control programmes in BPDM, there are opportunities to implement demand side
management measures which influence the consumer use practices.
In order to influence consumer use and ensure consumer use reduction measures, the
BPDM must undertake a review of the existing water use charges and policies pertaining to
Page 9
REPORT NO. { }
water pricing and tariff setting. In most municipalities the water tariff structure for domestic
water supplies is based on the Increasing Block Tariff (IBT) also known as the Rising Block
Tariff (RBT) system while that of the industries and commercial sectors is a mixture of IBT as
well as Declining Block Tariff (DBT) which does not encourage water use efficiency. However
the size of the tariff block and the use of marginal cost of supply should be considered in
reviewing the existing tariffs. The BPDM should review these tariffs and compare with the
marginal cost of water from augmentation options. Using the least cost planning (LCP), the
BPDM can review and implement tariffs that reward efficient consumers and penalise
inefficient consumption.
Other measures to maintain or reduce the average per capita consumption is to ensure that
the existing Water Services Bylaws take into account use of efficient water savings devices,
including those aimed at improving efficiency of sanitation systems.
In addition, more sophisticated and targeted behaviour change and communications
programs will be required to motivate the communities of the North West Province to save
water.
No data is currently available to undertake a benchmarking of BMP in domestic water use
patterns in the district municipality. The first task should therefore be to determine the Best
Management Practice (BMP) for residential consumption and benchmark the current average
per capita consumption taking into account:
2.2.4
Household size;
Climatic conditions;
Household income levels, etc.
Develop and implement rainwater harvesting programmes
Rainwater harvesting is an option that can be used to reconcile the water requirements with
the current water supply. Collecting rainwater is not only water conserving, it is also energy
conserving since the energy input required to operate a centralized water system designed to
treat and pump water over a vast service area is bypassed.
Rainwater harvesting is practical only when the volume and frequency of rainfall and the size
of the catchment surface and the texture of the surface area can generate sufficient water for
the intended purpose. The variables of rainfall and water demand determine the relationship
between required catchment area and storage capacity. With a mean annual precipitation
(MAP) of 610 mm in the Crocodile (West) River catchment, there is potential for rainwater
harvesting that can be used conjunctively with other water resources.
The option of rainwater harvesting in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM) needs
to be considered for conjunctive use at a domestic unit scale. However it is important to note
that no national standards exist for a rainwater harvesting system, including rainwater
harvesting Best Management Practices. These need to be considered when assessing the
potential for rainwater harvesting.
BPDM is outside the malaria risk areas of South Africa and therefore rainwater harvesting
will not pose an additional health hazard.
Page 10
2.2.5
REPORT NO. { }
Develop and implement water management plans in the agriculture sector
2.2.5.1 Overview
Irrigation agriculture is by far the largest water user in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality.
It currently utilises between 55% and 66% of the total water requirements of the district. The
major irrigation schemes in BPDM include the following:
(i)
(ii)
Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme - the scheme has a scheduled qouta of 14 975

hectares with a total allocation of 86.27 million m3/a. The scheme has approximately
532 km of canal which is in fair to poor condition. The source of irrigation water
supply is Hartbeespoort Dam
Crocodile (West) Irrigation Scheme - the scheme has a scheduled qouat of 14 795
hectares with a total allocation of 118.4 million m3/a. The scheme relies of run-of-river
abstraction and does not have canal systems for conveyance to the irrigators.
There are other smaller irrigation schemes which include mainly Koster River, Magalies,
Buffelspoort, Buffelshoek and Lindleyspoort irrigation schemes. The total schedule area for
these schemes is 6 158 hectares.
A review of the current water use and delivery practices in the Hartbeespoort and Crocodile
(West) irrigation schemes highlighted that there was significant potential to reduce water
losses and improve operational efficiencies within the agricultural sector.
2.2.5.2 Water losses in the main irrigation schemes
A study recently completed by the DWA on the potential for implementing water loss control
programmes in the agricultural sector for the Crocodile (West) Marico WMA indicated that
there were significant water losses in the two main irrigation schemes of Hartbeespoort and
Crocodile (West) (Schoeman en Vennotte, 2009).
Preliminary assessment of avoidable water losses in Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme
indicated that approximately 39.22 million m3/a is being lost. In the Crocodile (West) Irrigation
Scheme, it was determined that approximately 35% of the irrigation water delivered to the
scheme was water losses comprising of leakage, spills due to operational issues, and
evaporation losses. The estimated water losses was 41.44 million m3/a including both
avoidable and unavoidable water losses. It was estimated that approximately 12.4 million
m3/a could be considered avoidable losses which can be saved. The total water that can be
potentially saved in the two irrigation schemes alone is approximately 51.65 million m3/a.
This amount can be saved if a number of intervention measures were implemented in the
agricultural sector. Assessment of the on-farm irrigation efficiency indicated a weighted
average of 81% efficiency which supports the notion that water losses are mainly occurring in
conveyance and distribution infrastructure.
Page 11
CROCODILE WEST MARICO

WC/WDM
ROOIBOK-
# K RAAL
Y
30
30
60 Kilometers
T OW NS /P LA CE S
RT
#
Y
LIMPOPO
O
O
200 4 IR RIG A T IO N
A
RI
CO
MA J OR DA M S
IRRI G AT I O N B O AR DS
MAKOPPA
DE
RD
STR EA MS
R
IV
IE
R
GO V E RNM E NT
W A T ER S CHE ME S
W A TER MA NA G E ME NT
ARE A S
EP
#
Y
RIVER
REPORT NO. { }
LIMPOP O
THABAZIMBI
#
Y
#
Y
DERDEPOORT
O
KR
I
MA R
DWAALBOOM
IVIE
R
RAMATSWA
MOLATEDI
#
Y
#
Y
#
Y
KOEDOESKOP
WARMBAD
WA RM BA D Y
#
#
Y
NONCEBA
BOTSWANA
ROOIBERG
I ER
IV
LR
COR
DI
KO
#
Y
MOLATEDIDAM
WITKL EIGAT
NORTHAM
#
Y
#
Y
#
Y
ASSEN
MABESKRAAL
LOBATSE
ATL ANT A
#
Y
#
Y
KLIPVOORDAM
#
Y
PIENAARSRIVIER
#
Y
#
Y
MOGWASE
#
Y
KROMELLENBOEGDAM
SUN CITY
VAALKOPDAM
#
Y
#
Y
BEEST EKRAAL
#
Y
ROODEKOPJESDAM
PELLA
K L EIN MA RI COP OORT

ZEERUST
#
Y
MADIKWE
#
Y
P IEN AA R S R IVER
#
Y
#
Y
MABAALST AD
MA RI COBOS VEL D
LEHUR UTSHE
TSHWEE
LET LHABILE
#
Y
LIN D L EYSPO ORT

LINDLEYS POORT DAM
#
Y
HA R TB EES POOR T
BOSPOORTDAM
GROOT-MARICO
BON A CC OR D
#
Y
#
Y
SLURR Y
#
Y
KROON DAL
#
Y
OLI FA N TS NE K
#
Y
#
Y
#
Y
PRETORIA
#
Y
MOD D ER- GLY BU F FE LS FON T EIN KL IP STE RK - HOE K

WA TE R
KOSTER
MAFIKENG
RIE TV AL L EI/
WEL T EVR ED EN
CULLINAN
BU F FE LS POOR T
MOOINOOI
DERBY
HARTB EESPOORTDAM
#
Y
SKE ER P OORT
CENTURION
#
Y
#
Y
RIETVLEIDAM
#
Y
#
Y
KOSTERD AM
#
Y
LI
ES
MMABATHO
BRITS
RUSTENBURG
IE R
R IV
DS
OTTOSHOOP
KOS TE R R IVE R
#
Y
VE
MARICO BOSVELDDAM
SWARTRUGGENS
N
EL A
#
Y
RON D AV EL SKR A AL
RI
VER GEN OEGD
GA
MIGA
OLIFANTS
KR OK ODI LR IVI ER WES- T VL
CROCODILE(W EST) AND MARICO
MAGALIESBURG
#
Y
HAL FWAYHOUSE
KR OM DR A AI
#
Y
RANDBURG
MIDDLE VAAL
IT SOSENG
#
Y
LOWER V AAL
LICHTENBURG
#
Y
KRUGERSDORP
#
Y
UPPER V AAL
#
Y
KEMTONPARK
#
Y
JOHANNESBURG
#
Y
BEDFORDVIEW
#
Y
Figure 2-1:
Locality Map of the irrigation schemes in the Crocodile (West) Marico WMA
Page 12
REPORT NO. { }
2.2.5.3 Identified water management intervention measures in agriculture

Improve Water Measurement and Accounting Systems in agriculture
In determining the water management intervention measures that can be implemented in the
agricultural sector, the issue of measurement of water in the agricultural sector was identified
as one of the major challenges to determine the extent of water losses in agriculture and to
establish water saving targets to reduce water losses in the sector. There is a need to esnure
sufficient measurements are in place at scheme and sub-scheme levels which will help with
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
assembling information needd for a detailed water budget to be done at scheme and
sub-scheme level
identifying areas where additional efficiency can be achieved
implementing a billing system based on deliveries
Irrigation schemes should improve on measurement by installing adequate flow

measurements including on return flow canals in order to accurately account for water use in
each irrigation scheme area. This will require significant investment requirements in the
irrigation agriculture sector which may have a negative impact on the viability of irrigation
schemes particularly those with small farms. The funding mechanisms and the extent of flow
measurements should be considered at a national level.
The above initiatives of improving irrigation conveyance efficiency should be maintained in
the schemes where these have been initiated. These initiatives should be extended to
include all irrigation schemes in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality.
Water pricing structure
The current pricing structure for irrigation agriculture is an area-based pricing where irrigators
are charged on the scheduled qouta regardless of how much actual water they use. Although
there are other factors that encourage efficient utilisation of irrigation water such as the cost
of fertiliser the existing pricing structure does not rewards efficient use of water in agriculture.
The use of a fixed charge per hectare of irrigated land provides disincentives to efficient
water use in the sector. For example, it has been identified in some irrigation schemes
where irrigators will order up to their full scheduled qouta particularly towards the end of the
irrigation water year, when they do not use the water. This is because they have paid for the
water.
Therefore a review of the pricing strategy which is currently being conducted by the DWA
should take into account other pricing structures which provide incentive pricing. One of the
approaches to be considered involves increasing the unit price of water as deliveries
increase. With the incentive pricing, a base price per unit of water is charged for all water
deliveries up to a certain amount , or block. Water use in excess of this amount or block is
then charged at a higher unit price. The establishment of the incentive pricing will need to
take into account; the crops values, crop tolerance to water shortages, ability to change
crops, etc.
Water allocation mechanisms with respect to water losses
One of the disincentives in improving water use efficiency in the agricultural sector is the fact
that, for a number of irrigation schemes, the water allocation to irrigators does not include the
water losses which are current by the bulk water provider. The alloaction is at the farm
Page 13
REPORT NO. { }
turnouts. In a number of the cases it is the DWA which is currently carrying the losses. For
example approximately 120 million m3/a on average for the period 2006 - 2009 was diverted
to the primary canal systems of the Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme to meet the actual water
use for the period of approximately 67 million m3/a.
If the water allocation to the users is based on the actual water requirements and a set
percentage of allowable water losses, this will provide incentives to the irrigation scheme to
improve their efficiency in irrigation water use. As an exmaple if the allowable water losses
for Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme was 15% of the canal diversion, then approximately 97
million m3/a would be released instead of the current 120 million m3/a saving 23 million m3/a
for other water uses.
Institutional water management measures
By changing the rules and policies in irrigation water management, there may increase water
use efficiency in the sector. These include temporary water transfers between irrigators. This
would ensure that those irrigators who will not be utilising their full scheduled qouta can
benefit from temporarily transfering a portion of their entitlement to irrigators who identify that
they may exceed their scheduled qouta in any irrigation year. There are a number of
schemes such as Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme that have the systems in place for
temporary water transfers. This policy provides the basis of addressing water shortage plan
for each irrigation scheme.
The implementation of water transfers needs to be guided by scheme rules such as no
transfers can take place between users in different sub-schemes to the extent that it may
impact on the hydraulic capacity of the conveyance to deliver the additional water.
Facility related water management measures
It is unlikely that significant savings can be made in on-farm irrigation efficiency levels
particularly on the major irrigation schemes of Crocodile (West) and Hartbeespoort Irrigation
Schemes, where on-farm irrigation efficiency levels are as high as 81% and 72%
respectively.
A significant portion of the estimated water losses in irrigation agriculture from the
Hartbeespoort and Crocodie (West) Irrigation Scheme of 51.65 million m 3/a can potentially
be saved by refurbishing the canal conveyance infrastructure.
There have already been initiatives in some of the irrigation schemes (e.g. Hartbeespoort
Irrigation Scheme) where refurbishment of the old canal and poorly maintained canal
infrastructure is currently on-going. No water saving targets were established to determine
how much water can be saved by refurbishment of the infrastructure.
Conveyance losses in irrigation agriculture in Bojanala District Municipality take the following
forms:
Leakage. Leakage through canal banks and structures is counted as a conveyance

loss. A proportion of leakage is a real loss of water to the catchment. However,
some leakage flows into drainage schemes to be re-used downstream, or into onfarm delivery systems where it is used for irrigation;
Seepage. Seepage is the movement of water through the wetted area of irrigation
canals. This occurs due to a combined effect of gravitational foces and water tension
Page 14
REPORT NO. { }
gradients. Seepage losses are real losses when seepage flows to saline
groundwater and becomes unusable. However, in some situations, such as in areas
with low groundwater salinity, seepage may:
o
beneficially recharge rivers, or
o
form a lens of fresher groundwater near the surface that is either pumped from
the ground for crop irrigation or intercepted by the roots of crops;
Evaporation. Evaporation losses occur in canals and storages. Evaporation losses
are a real loss of water resource, in the sense that there is no economic value in
water vapour. However, in situations where water ponded in storages provides
recreational opportunities or amenity values, the loss of water through evaporation
could be considered to be a cost associated with a beneficial use of the resource;
Changes in the operating precedures and delivery of irrigation water

Using the Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme as a case study, it was identified that currently
the canal/lateral operating procedures are based on supplying irrigators with water from
Monday to Friday. The canals are not continuously operated. The system is closed on
Fridays and opened on Monday.
There are losses that irrigation schemes are experiencing due to the current canal operating
procedures. These operating procedues result in losses due to the following issues:
Outfalls or water flowing out of the downstream end of delivery systems. In some
areas, outfalls flow back into rivers and are available to downstream users and/or for
environmental flows. This means that there are good return flows on the other side
of the coin to bad losses. The benefits and costs of reducing these losses are more
complex than they appear at first sight;
System Filling: Water used in the filling and draining of canals, pipes etc. This has
been an operational challenge in most of the irrigation scheme in the country where
there is weekly delivery of water, but the canals are shut down during weekends.
Therefore for the next ordering cycle, there may be higher gravitational forces
resulting in high initial losses, which soon decreases as the canal is filled. The
maginitude of the initial loss rate is governed by the percolation of water through the
voids in the soil forming the canal bed and banks.
A review and updating of the current water ordering methods, canal operating procedures
and distribution control in the irrigation schemes can result in water savings particularly from
spills and system filling.
2.2.5.4 Implementation planning in the agriculture
In order to achieve the potential water savings in irrigation agriculture, it is imperative that
each irrigation scheme in the Bojanala District Municipality develops and implement a Water
Management Plan (WMP) which should provide the water use baseline for each irrigation
scheme by undertaking the ;
Ensure adequate flow measurement is available to conduct irrigation water budgets

to determine the the magnitude of the water losses and where the losses are taking
place at scheme and sub-scheme level.
Identify and evaluate the candidate measures to improve water use efficiency in
agriculture. The evaluation should take into account the following considerations:
Page 15
REPORT NO. { }
o
o
o
capital and operational costs of each identified intervention measure

the impact of changes in water diversion and operating procedures
impact on the environment such as water quality, downstream ecosystems
dependent on the return flows.
o
legal and insitutional arrangements, such as water allocation methods which
includes the water losses in the allocations.
Determine annual water saving targets to be achieved over a 5 year period;
Develop a business case for implementing water loss reduction measures in irrigation
agriculture based on the least cost planning (LCP) and benefit-cost analysis of the
intervention measures
Develop financing options for implementing the recommended intervention measures.
This financing should take into account the financial benefits accrued in implementing
the water management measures. Various funding mechanims should include the
following:
o
internal financing by the irrigation board or water user association where the
agency has the balance sheet to undertake the measures. The benefits
accrued will then be realised by the IB or WUA;
o
external funding where the WUA develops a business plan and source
funding from external markets based on the revenue or benefits from
implementing the measures.
o
entering into partnerships with other water users such as the mines, or the
WSAs. This will allow for the pooling of capital which reduces each providers
distress cost due to the relatively smaller size of the investment and therefore
the overall distress costs are reduced. The financing structure will need to
take into account the structure of the risks taken by the different parties in
terms of who bears the risks and return
Invest in re-lining and /or refurbishment of the irrigation conveyance canals and
distribution canals in the schemes in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. This will
include the following
o
installing geo-membrane or concrete lining, or pipelining, sections of channel
in canal sections of high seepage or unlined canal sections
o
removal of vegetation in and alongside irrigation canals;
Implement the identified water management intervention measures in agriculture to
reduce water losses
Prepare annual reporting on their water savings against their KPIs and water saving
targets as part of monitoring of the performance of the water use efficiency levels in
the sector.
2.3

Municipality
2.3.1
Overview
Besides implementing the traditional demand side management options, the increasing
competition for the limited freshwater supplies has resulted in the development of innovative
options to address water supply shortages and intermittent water supplies. These non
traditional reconciliation options are discussed in the following sections.
Page 16
2.3.2
REPORT NO. { }
Water use recycling by industry and the mining sector
A review of the current water use practices in the mines and indutries within Bojanala
Platinum District Municipality (BPDM) indicated that their level of water use efficiency was
generally high. In a number of the mines, there is already a high level of recycling of water in
the BPDM. However there is still scope for recycling by some of the industries and mines in
the district.
It is estimated that 33.5% of the water currently used in some of the platinum mining
companies is recycled internally including mine water use. Although it is difficult to quantify,
it is clear that not all the mines and associated industries have achieved the level of internal
recycling of water to suggest that there is no scope for improving water use recycling.
In order to reduce the fresh water requirements for the production processes it is
recommended that mines and industries improve their water use recycling to 50% of their
water use for production purposes. In order to ensure compliance with the Presidential
Directive to halve water losses by 2014, it is enviaged that mines can improve their water use
recycling to 50% by 2014. This will reduce the freshwater requirements by 16.5% of the
current water requirements in the mines and industries in BPDM. This is equivalent to 6.57
million m3/a as at 2008 water requirements increasing to 14.98 million m3/a of water that will
be recycled by the mines and industries. This can be used as the target for the industries and
mines in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality.
Although significant water use recycling is already taking place, the target water recycling
should be as high as 50% of the current water requirements for production processes. In
order to achieve increased water use recycling the following actions need to be undertaken:
2.3.3
The Directorate: Water Use Efficiency should be consulted to establish the water use
performance benchmarking for the different type of industries and to determine
process benchmarks for the industries and mines in Bojanala DM
The use of mine water decanted from the existing mines should be utilised where this
is not already taking place.
Reuse of treated wastewater effluent by industries and mining sector
As the demand for freshwater supplies has continuied to increase in the BPDM, the volume
of treated wastewater has been continually increasing particularly in the urban centres of
Rustenburg, Brits, Koster and Mogwase with the consequent need to upgrade the
wastewater treatment works to meet the increasing volumes to be treated and the required
effluent discharge standards. As the Crocodile (West) catchment is likely to be under water
stress by 2020, more direct reuse of the treated effluent can be considered as a means of
improving the efficient utilisation of existing water supplies in BPDM.
The source of treated effluent for non-potable purposes offers the potential for exploiting a
"new" resource that can be substituted for existing potable sources. This idea, known as
"source substitution" is not new. The United Nations Economic and Social Council developed
a policy that, "No higher quality water, unless there is a surplus of it, should be used for a
purpose that can tolerate a lower grade" (United Nations, 2003). The situation in the BPDM is
such that there will be no surplus water available after 2020 and the need for source
substitution is becoming more and more imperative, particularly when the environmental
water requirements (EWR) of the Crocodile (West) River System is taken into account.
Page 17
REPORT NO. { }
Four broad customer types were identified for the potential reuse of treated effluent from the
BPDM. The potential effluent reuse were classified into the following groups of users:
Type I Public Access Systems

o
Irrigation of public parks and recreation centres, athletic fields, stadiums, and
landscaped areas surrounding public buildings and facilities
Irrigation of landscaped areas surrounding commercial, office and industrial

developments
Irrigation of golf courses which are currently utilising the cities potable water
supplies
Commercial uses such as vehicle washing facilities, Commercial uses such as

vehicle washing, window washing, etc.
Fire protection
Dust control and concrete production
Type II Irrigation of non food crops
Type III Irrigation of edible food crops
Type IV Industrial Reuse
Cooling water
Boiler make-up water
Industrial process water
Environmental and recreational

o
To create, restore, and/or enhance wetlands
Recreational and aesthetic impoundments
2.3.3.1 Identified effluent reuse options

The focus has been to identify potential reuse options for type IV industrial users because of
the potential health risks particularly for irrigation of food crops. In Rustenburg, some of the
mines and associated industries entered into an agreement with Rustenburg Local
Municipality to utilise treated wastewater effluent from Rustenburg. It is estimated that the
current treated wastewater effluent is approximately 25 Ml/d (9.125 million m 3/a) which is
used in the mining and industrial production processes. There is potential to increase the use
of treated effluent for industrial purposes such as cooling and dust suppression as the water
requirements for Rustenburg increases.
With the growth in the future water requirements expected to increase in the domestic sector,
it is estimated that the treated effluent will also increase at the same rate of growth. Based on
the fact that an estimated 41% of the potable water supplies will end up in the wastewater
treatment works (Rustenburg Consulting Consortium, 2008), it was estimated that the treated
effluent will increase from the current 21.13 million m3/a (57.89 Ml/d) to 30.59 million m3/a
Page 18
REPORT NO. { }
(83.80 Ml/d) by 2030 in the Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. Most of the treated
effluent is generated in Rustenburg and Brits areas. This water can be available for direct
reuse by the mines and industries.
The potential major benefit of the direct effluent reuse option by mines and industries is that it
would replace the potable water currently being used for industrial processes mainly from
Rand Water. The potable water can then be made available to the growing domestic water
requirements in Rustenburg and Madibeng Local Municipality areas particularly the Mooinooi
area.
2.3.3.2 Implementation plan for effluent reuse option
In order to achieve the objectives of maximising the use of the available treated effluent in
Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM) the following actions are required to be
undertaken:
A comprehensive feasibility assessment to determine the potential for effluent reuse

options in the BPDM should be undertaken. Currently Rand Water is investigating
effluent reuse options in its area of service which includes supply areas in BPDM.
The study can provide more detailed information of the effluent schemes that can be
viably implemented in the supply area.
An assessment of the cost and benefits of utilising the return flows from the
Rustenburg sewage works compared to letting the return flows be utilised by
downstream users and contributing to the system yield should be conducted
The financing of the schemes and the legal and institutional arrangement for effluent
reuse options should be investigated to establish the technical feasibility and financial
viability of developing effluent reuse systems in the BPDM.
Given the fact the the mines are already utilising treated effluent from Rustenburg
Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW), the mines and associated industries must
engage with the Local Municipality to determine the extent of utilising the treated
effluent. The outcome of the discussion will determine how the effluent reuse
scshemes will be structured taking into account, the funding requirements, and the
beneficiaries of the effluent reuse scheme(s).
The local municipalities must ensure the quality of wastewater treated effluent meets
the water quality standards for reuse by the mines. Where this is not the case, the
treatment processes should be improved to ensure the effluent quality standards for
reuse in the mining and industrial production process are met. This may require
capital investment in upgrading the wastewater treatment works. The development of
effluent reuse options will required sufficient lead time to construct the infrastructure
required to supply the identified users of treated effluent.
The reuse of treated wastewater effluent would reduce the volume of wastewater and
pollutants discharged into Crocodile (West) River system and potentially improve the quality
of the downstream water where there are nature reserves which are important for tourism.
Because most of the outfall systems are upstream of the abstraction works of the MCWAP to
Lephalale, the treated effluent is available for Lephalale reducing the demand from
Hartbeespoort Dam for the Lephalale project. With Lephalale requiring 157.8 million m3/a this
represents a minimum of 20% of the water required for transfer to Lephalale by 2030 and
53% of the future mining and industrial water requirements in Bojanala District Municipality.
Page 19
REPORT NO. { }
With Rand Water undertaking the feasibility study for effluent reuse, it is recommended that
they be appraoched to ensure that their study incorparates a comparative cost analysis
should be undertaken to determine the most viable option between discharging the treated
effluent for downstream transfer to Lephalale, and utilising Hartbeespoort Dam water as the
industrial grade water for the mining and industrial activities in Bojanala Platinum District
Municipality. This work can be undertaken by the end of 2011.
2.4
Implement water trading between lawful water users
2.4.1.1 Overview
One of the options available to address the future water supply deficits in the BPDM is to
implement water markets and trading where this is practical. This represents a fundamental
shift away from the historic administered allocation arrangements which is the responsibility
of the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) to allow users to trade amongst themselves. The
National Water Act (No 36 of 1998) provides for trading of water use entitlements between
users.
Trading may involve a reallocation of water within a sector, between sectors, or between
communities. A review of the water allocation status in Buffelshoek Irrigation Scheme
indicated that a number of the irrigators had already traded their water use entitlements to
some of the mining houses in the Mooinooi area. The traded water allowed the mines to
undertake the housing developments in the area. This process can be extent to trading for
use in the economic development in the mines and industries.
2.4.1.2 Opportunities for water trading
In the event that the additional water requirements cannot be met fully at a local level in the
Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, there are opportunities for water trading between
some of the irrigation water use entitlements with the other sectors. The irrigation sector
currently utilises nearly 214.43 million m3/a in the District. The sectors where water supply
shortages are envisaged are the mining and industries, and the domestic sectors.
There are opportunities for the mines, industries and domestic sectors to negotiate with the
irrigators to trade a portion of their water use entitlements to enable these sector to continue
to develop and grow. However, there may be significant socio-economic implications of such
water trades to the district as a whole and consequently to the province if this is not
undertaken in a structured manner.
2.4.1.3 Implementation of water trading
In order to ensure that water trading does not result in taking out significant food production it
is imperative that the implementation of water trading is conducted in a structured manner.
Tthe following issues will need to be considered at a local and provincial level without
necessarily putting constraints on individuals right to trade their water use entitlements:
whether the current structural mechanisms for water trading are sufficient to support
sustainable social and economic grwoth and development of the BPDM and the
province in general;
the rules which govern water trading transactions and whether restrictions on trade
ought to be allowed and, if so, in what form?
Page 20
REPORT NO. { }
arrangements for regulation of market conduct, both of direct market participants

(buyers and sellers) and of market intermediaries (brokers, exchange operators); and
other ways in which the effectiveness of the market for water trading as a
coordinating mechanism might be enhanced, such as through the provision of reliable
market data to participants and the community.
The sale of water use entitlements can provide an incentive and some of the finance required
to improve the efficiency of irrigation water use and therefore offset or at least reduce the
potential loss of production from trading irrigation water use entitlements. Entitlements to
water within irrigation schemes desirably should have common statutory basis and be issued
at the irrigator or user level.
Regardless, there should be a clear path for trade out of and into irrigation schemes, which
requires that:
the entitlement, in whatever form, is clearly specified;

it can be traded out of and into the scheme at low cost, and with no difference in fees
and other processes than would apply to intra-scheme trades;
the process for trade must be administratively simple, and be able to be processed in
a timeframe consistent with those in the external market;
the trading process should be known in advance and predictable in its outcomes
buyers as well as sellers need certainty that the transaction is feasible;
there must be some mechanism for the external review of these processes
periodically to ensure their continued appropriateness; and
any restrictions on trade into and out of irrigation districts should be removed where
they are not consistent with the principles of sustainable socio-economic growth and
development in the district.
Page 21
REPORT NO. { }
2.5
Capital investment requirements for demand side management options
2.5.1
Capital requirements for WC/WDM - domestic sector
Table 2.3 below illustrates the potential savings that can be achieved from implementing
WC/WDM interventions in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. As illustrated in the table
significant water savings can be made through implementing various measures such as
pressure and leakage management as well as consumer use reduction programmes such as
restructuring of the water tariffs to reflect the scarcity value of water and the marginal cost of
an additional unit of water.
Based on the current water consumption in the district of 105.27 million m3/a (292 Ml/d) for
both domestic and industrial, the physical water losses were estimated at 16.6 million m3/a
(45.5 Ml/d) or 15.5% of the current water use. In accordance with the Presidential Directive of
halving the real losses by 50%, the municipalities responsible for water service provision
should establish water saving targets to reduce water losses of 8.3 million m3/a (22.7 Ml/d)
for the entire BPDM by 2014 in order to comply with the Presidential Directive.
Table 2.2:

Management Measures
Water saved
(million m3/a)
CAPEX
(R*1000)
4.48
14 100.00
3.15
Residential end use (Retrofitting,

replace washers, etc)
1.56
6 150.00
3.94
Pressure
and
Leakage
Management
(PLM)-Discrete
zones & DMAs
16.60
79 092.50
3.57
Rehabilitation of infrastructure (10

km per year over 1.5 years)
10.00
304 971.27
21.34
Total
(with
programme)
Rehabilitation
32.65
404 313.77
Total
(without
programme)
Rehabilitation
22.64
99 342.50
WC/WDM Option
Consumer use
management
awareness)
reduction (tariff
and
public
OPEX
(R*1000/a)
Unit Cost
(R/kl)
In order to achieve the water savings indicated in Table 2.3 below, the following actions are
required to be implemented:
Page 22
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
REPORT NO. { }
Review the existing WC/WDM strategy and business plan for Bojanala District
Municipality and update the strategy for each municipality with special focus on the
areas where significant savings can be achieved quickly and refining the activities to
be implemented
Determine the water use baseline and establish annual water saving targets for each
identified measure to achieve the savings
Determine the business case for implementing WC/WDM and prepare a WC/WDM
business plan which can be used to source funding
Invest approximately R100 million over a period of 5 years to implement WC/WDM
programmes focusing on consumer use reduction and water loss control programmes
Review of the existing water services bylaws and the water tariffs in the context of
improving water use efficiencies in all the consumer categories in municipalities ;
Implement a system metering and district metering area programme to ensure
complete water balances can be undertaken in the water supply scheme areas
Implement programmes such as active leakage control and pressure reduction to
reduce water losses;
Establish key performance indicators (KPI) for reporting on water savings by scheme
and by municipal area. Implement a monitoring programme based on KPIs and
prepare annual reports on the water savings made as part of the municipal annual
reports;
Provisioning of operational and maintenance costs to ensure the measures
implemented to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency are sustained.
This should be undertaken as part of the water infrastructure asset management
planning to ensure GRAP 17 compliance.
These water savings can be achieved over a period of 3 to 5 years. A conservative estimate
of 50% success rate in implementing the above WC/WDM options can potentially save 11.32
million m3/a (62.04 Ml/d) which is 22% of the additional water required to address the deficit
in 2030. Therefore implementation of WC/WDM can potentially delay the overall
augmentation of water supplies in Bojanala DM by 3 years. This will however vary from
scheme to scheme.
2.5.2
Capital requirements for WC/WDM - agricultural sector
water management intervention meausures in the agricultural sector in Bojanala Platinum
District Municipality.
As illustrated in the table significant water savings can be made through implementing
various water management measures such as installing flow measurements, improving water
ordering and delivery procedures, refurbishment and relining the canal conveyance
infrastructure, reviewing the water pricing structure, and management of water allocation
mechanisms regarding who carries the water losses.
As illustrated in Table 2.4 below, the capital investment requirements to implement water
management measures is significant. It is unlikely that the irrigation boards or WUAs have
the balance sheets to finance these projects on-budget. There should be incentives to
improve irrigation agriculture by encouraging irrigation water management institutions (WMIs)
to invest the capital required to implement the above options. The savings can be traded with
other sectors requiring additional water. However in some cases the capital investment
Page 23
REPORT NO. { }
required may be very high where government will need to implement the measures with the
savings reallocated to other water users. The legal implications of these financing options
should be evaluated.
Table 2.3:
Capital Investment requirements to improve irrigation conveyance

efficiency
Irrigation conveyance water

loss reduction
Water saved
(m3/a)
CAPEX
(R*1000)
Development of Irrigation Water

Management Plans
N/A
8 000.00
Irrigation metering programme
N/A
72 000.00
Update operating procedures and

systems
N/A
50 000.00
51.65
150 625.00
Canal re-lining & refurbishment
OPEX
(R*1000/a)
Unit
Cost(R/kl)
3.72
Monitoring & reporting
2.5.3
Capital investment requirements for effluent reuse options
No data was available to determine the capital investment requirements for implementing
effluent reuse systems in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality.
2.6
Supply Side Management Options for Bojanala District Municipality
2.6.1
Overview
The implementation of the proposed demand side management options will not address all
the future water requirements of Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM). It is likely
that the above measures will delay the need for capital investment in the supply side
management options at a district level.
However, because of reliability concerns experienced during peak summer demand periods
in particular in BPDM, augmentation of the additional water supplies in a number of cases is
required within four years as the growth in water requirements increases particularly if the
global economy begins to grow and the demand for commodities increases. A number of
supply side management options have been identified for Bojanala Platinum District
Municipality and a discussed in the following sections.
Page 24
2.6.2
REPORT NO. { }
Development of industrial grade water supply from Hartbeespoort Dam
2.6.2.1 Potential for development of industrial grade scheme

As a sizeable additional supply is required for mining and urban needs in the area between
Madibeng and Rustenburg, it is not expected that WC/WDM savings alone will be sufficient.
Additional bulk water supply infrastructure is required to meet the growing needs of the
mining sector in the Madibeng - Rustenburg development corridor. The resource is available
from Hartbeespoort Dam.
The DWA are undertaking the Mokolo Crocodile Water Augmentation Project (MCWAP)
Feasibility Study with water being transferred from the Crocodile (West) River system to the
Lephalale area for power generation as well as mining and Sasol. It is estimated that the
future water requirements needed to be transferred from the Crocodile (West) River for the
Lephalale area will increase from 3.0 million m3/a in 2012 to 157.8 million m3/a by 2030 to
meet the needs of the area. The main source of supply will be Hartbeespoort Dam whose
yield has been increasing with the increasing return flows from the Northern Works from the
City of Johannesburg. The wastewater treatment process is the Biological Nutrient Removal
(BNR) process which provides good quality effluent for potential reuse. The Northern Works
is general more than 98% compliant in terms of the quality standards it is supposed to meet
for dischrage back into the rivers.
Currently the average treated effluent discharged into the Jukskei River, a tributary of the
Crocodile (West) River which flows into the Hartbeespoort Dam is 142.219 million m 3/a. The
return flow is envisaged to increase at 5% per annum with an estimated discharge into the
Hartbeespoort Dam of 415 million m3/a by 2030 unless direct effluent reuse options are
undertaken in the CoJ.
Based on the yield of Hartbeespoort Dam estimated to increase significantly from the current
231 million m3/a, there will be sufficient water available to meet the demands of the MCWAP
as well as the demands in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality Therefore, there will be
scope to develop an industrial grade water supply scheme to supply water requirements for
the mines and associated industries between the Brits and Rustenburg corridor (Mooinooi
area). It is important to note that although the priority from a strategic water use perspective
is to supply water to Lephalale for power station generation, the importance of the MadibengRustenburg development corridor in terms of its contribution to the North West Provincial
Gross Geographic Product (GGP) as well as the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
due to mining activities means that the water requirements of the area need to be prioritised
as much as the strategic water users.
The supply of industrial grade water to the mines and associated industries in the Madibeng
Rustenburg complex from the Hartbeespoort Dam will reduce the current demand for potable
bulk water supplies from the Rand Water supply scheme. This industrial grade water can
substitute the potable water from Rand Water, while the Rand Water bulk supplies can be
dedicated to meet the growing water requirements of Rustenburg and its surrounds including
the Bafokeng area.
The current water supply to the industry and mines in the Rustenburg - Madibeng complex is
potable water supplied from the Rand Water from the Vaal River Supply area. The mines
have been expanding and opening new mining operations in this area. It is estimated that the
current water requirements for the mines and related industries in this area is likely to
Page 25
REPORT NO. { }
increase to 87 million m3/a by 2030 excluding the mines outside of the North West Province.
There is scope in developing an industrial grade water supply system from Hartbeespoort
Dam to supply the mines between Madibeng and Rustenburg along the N4 road. This option
is illustrated in Figure 2.1 below.
2.6.2.2 Implementation of industrial grade water supply scheme
In order to implement the industrial grade water supply scheme to meet the water
requirements for production processes in the mining and related industries in the MadibengRustenburg corridor the following actions are required:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Prepare a detailed feasibility study addressing the various options, waterworks sites
and pipeline routes;
Prepare institutional and financial arrangements for the project;
Apply for a water use licence for the taking of water from Hartbeespoort Dam;
Construction of the industrial grade water supply scheme for Madibeng-Rustenburg
complex.
It is estimated that the capacity of the pipeline will be 100 Ml/d (36.5 million m3/a) which will
meet the mining water requirements until at least 2030. The capital investment requirements
on the pipeline alone is likely to be R1.5 billion (at 2008 prices). The time frame for
implementation of the industrial grade water supply scheme will require sufficient lead time,
estimated to be between 2-3 years to enable the above actions to be undertaken:
2.6.3
Increasing water transfers from Rand Water pipeline
The main source of supply for Bojanala District Municipality is Rand Water (RW) supplies
which is imported into the area through the Barnardsvlei Reservoir from the Vaal River
Supply Area (BPDM). The capacity of Rand Water bulk infrastructure is currently delivering
on average 100 Ml/d. There is potential to increase the water supply from Rand Water supply
pipeline by improving the hydraulic profile of the system (Bigen (Africa) Pty Ltd, 2009).
The additional bulk water supply that can be provided from improving the hydraulic system of
the Rand Water pipeline is estimated to be 30 Ml/d (10.95 million m3/a).
2.6.4
Increasing water supply capacity from Vaalkop Dam for mining development
around Pilanesberg
As is the case with the growth in mining and related social and economic developments
taking place in the Rustenburg - Madibeng development corridor, there is significant
expansion of mining activities in the Pilanesberg area with new mines envisaged to start
operations by 2014.
Currently Magalies Water (MW) supplies approximately 13.5 million m3/a (Magalies Water,
2007) to the industries around Pilanesberg including the mines in the Waterberg District
Municipality up to Thabazimbi. This is envisaged to increase as new mines are opened in the
area, to approximately 20 million m3/a by 2030.
In order to meet the growing water requirements, not only for mining activities but also for the
associated growth in the domestic water requirements, Magalies Water is currently
increasing the capacity of the bulk water supply infrastructure from Vaalkop Water Treatment
Page 26
REPORT NO. { }
Works (WTW) to the area north of Pilanesberg. This will ensure that the future water
requirements for mines north of Pilanesberg will be met.
2.6.5
Implementation plan and time frame
Figure 12.2 below provides a summary of the implementation plan of the above supply side
management options for the BPDM. The table illustrates the time frames to implement these
management plans as well an the responsible authority to initiate and take a lead role in
implementing the management plan.
2.7
Capital investment requirements for supply side management options
In order to realise the above proposed water reconciliation supply side management options
are implemented significant financial resources will be required to implement the planned
projects. Table 2.5 below illustrates the potential additional water that can be supplied into
the Bojanala Platinum District Municipality to meet the growing water requirements of the
district.
As illustrated in the table significant capital investment is required to potentially add an
additional 62.85 million m3/a to the BPDM supply area. This will be sufficient to meet the
expected demands in the supply area until after 2030. The capital investment required is
nearly R3 billion. Furthermore in order to ensure the bulk water infrastructure assets is
maintained, additional operation expenditure will be required.
Magalies Water and Rand Water are likely to have the funding requirements to implement
the projects under their jurisidiction, as they have the balance sheet to support such
financing requirements either on-budget or off-budget. However in the case of the industrial
grade water supply scheme, financing could be provided by the mines and industries who will
benefit from the scheme.
There will however be a need to review and design an institutional arrangement to enable
long term sustainable management of the different schemes in the area, given the fact that
there are a number of bulk water providers in the Bojanala Platinum District Municipality
(BPDM).
Page 27
Table 2.4:
REPORT NO. { }

Management Measures
Supply side Option
Additional
water
CAPEX
(million m3/a)
R*million)
OPEX
Unit Cost
(R/kl)
R* 1000/a
R/kl
Development of industrial grade

water supply scheme
30.00
1 500.00
4.15
Upgrading
infrastructure
10.95
250.00
3.94
10.95
860.00
3.57
Pilanesburg (South) Bulk Scheme
10.95
350.00
Total
62.85
2 960.00
Pilanesburg
infrastructure
of
RW
(North)
bulk
Bulk
2.8
Implementation plan for Bojanala Platinum District Municipality
2.8.1
Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for BPDM
Figure 2.1 below illustrates the existing and proposed water supply bulk infrastructure plan
to address the future water supply deficit in 2030 in the Bojanala District Municipality. As
illustrated in the figure the focus of the water provisioning and management plan for Bojanala
Platinum District Municipality (BPDM) is on improving the water use efficiency of the three
main sectors in the district; domestic, irrigation agriculture and mines and related industries.
It is imperative for the successful management of the water resources in the BPDM that a
WC/WDM programme is implemented.
There are very high water losses in the major urban areas of BPDM area. There is potential
to reduce the water losses and improve water use efficiency and the implementation of
WC/WDM programmes in the district municipality should be considered a very high priority.
There is also significant potential to improve irrigation conveyance efficiency and reduce
operational spills in irrigation agriculture.
However, because of the importance of the BPDM to the economic growth of the North West
Province, the security of water supplies to the area is of paramount importance. The existing
bulk water supply infrastructure is not sufficient to meet the immediate future water
requirements of the DM, particularly for the mines.
Page 28
Figure 2-2:
REPORT NO. { }
Existing and Proposed Bulk water supply infrastructure in BPDM
Page 29
REPORT NO. { }
Magalies Water recently secured an additional water allocation of 20 million m 3/a from
Vaalkop, Roodekopjes and Hartbeespoort Dam to supply the mines in Pilanesberg north and
south and the increasing domestic water requirements in its supply area. Magalies Water is
currently upgrading the bulk water supply infrastructure to meet the water requirements of
the mines, Moses Kotane Local Municipality as well as Thabazimbi Local Municipality in the
Limpopo Province. Phase 1 of the project is envisaged to be completed by the end of 2010 at
a cost of R860 million while phase 2 of the project is envisaged to be completed by 2012 at a
total cost of R350 billion.
The water requirement for mining activities in the Madibeng-Rustenburg corridor is
envisaged to be supplied from Hartbeespoort Dam. An industrial grade water supply scheme
is envisaged with a capacity of 100 Ml/d (36.5 million m3/a). It is estimated to cost
approximately R1.5 billion. By implementing the industrial grade scheme, this will reduce the
need to supply the mines from the potable water supplies. It is envisaged that the scheme
can be operational by 2014.
The hydraulic capacity of the Rand Water pipeline can be improved which will increase the
transfer capacity to BPDM area by Rand Water. It is envisaged that an additional 10.95
million m3/a can be made available through the existing Rand Water infrastructure from the
Vaal River Supply Area. This water can supply the increasing water requirements of urban
centres such as Rustenburg.
2.8.2
Prioritisation of the water reconciliation options
The implementation of the water management plan for Bojanala Platinum District Municipality
needs to be undertaken based on which management actions will achieve the best result in
addressing current and future water management issues in the district. Table 2.5 and Table
2.6 below provided a priority list of the water management action plans in terms of the time
frames that have been identified to address and ensure that water does not constrain social
and economic growth of Bojanala District Municipality.
The priority list of the water management action plans for Bojanala Platinum District
Municipality are based on ensuring the effective and efficient use of the available water
supply based on the financial benefits of utilising the existing water supply bulk infrastructure
and providing a water product mix that ensures flexibility in bulk water supply to the district.
Page 30
Table 2.5:
REPORT NO. { }
Demand side management interventions and implementation plan for Bojanala District Municipality
Objective
Strategy
Action Plan
Time frame*
To improve water To reduce water losses (i) Determine comprehensive water audits on the extent of
use
efficiency in the existing municipal
NRW in each water supply system in BPDM
practices in BPDM
water supply systems
(ii) Establish the baseline on the extent water losses
2011
Responsible
Authority
WSAs
BPDM
in
2011 onwards
(iii) Set annual water saving targets to reduce water losses 2011 onwards
by 50% in 2014
(iv) Develop KPIs to monitor water losses reduction per 2012
scheme
(v) Implement water loss control programmes
2012 - 2014
(vi) Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on 2014 onwards

KPIs
To reduce water losses (i)
in the agricultural sector
Ensure adequate floe measurements are available to 2012- 2013

conduct irrigation water budgets
(ii) Prepare irrigation water budgets for the schemes in 2012 -2013
BPDM
Irrigation
Boards and
/or
Water
User
Associations
(iii) Identify and evaluate candidate water management 2012 - 2013

measures to improve water use efficiency in agriculture
(iv) Develop a water management plan (WMP)
implementation of the identified measures
for 2013
Page 31
Objective
Strategy
Action Plan
REPORT NO. { }
Time frame*
Responsible
Authority
(v) Set annual water saving targets to reduce water losses 2013
by 50% in 2015
(vi) Source financing and/or funding partners to implement 2013
water management measures
(vii) Develop KPIs to monitor water loss reduction per 201
scheme
(viii) Implement water loss control programmes
2013 - 2014
(ix) Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on

KPIs
To optimise use of local (i)
resources by developing
direct
effluent
reuse
systems.
(ii)
Identify the wastewater characteristics for direct effluent 2011

reuse
Identify potential market for direct effluent reuse and
the quality requirements
Rand Water /
WSAs
2011- 2012
(iii) Identify and evaluate effluent reuse infrastructure 2011 - 2012

requirements
(iv) Prepare detailed feasibility study for implementing 2012
effluent reuse systems in BPDM
(v)
Determine financing and institutional requirements to 2012

implement effluent reuse systems
Page 32
Objective
Strategy
REPORT NO. { }
Action Plan
Time frame*
(vi) Implement viable effluent reuse schemes
2012 - 2013
To improve efficiency To
implement
water (i) Review the institutional arrangements for water trading 2012
of water use
trading to improve the
within the context of socio-economic growth in BPDM
beneficial
use
of
available water supplies (ii) Establish guiding principles for water trading in upper 2011 - 2012
Crocodile (West) River catchment
Responsible
Authority
DWA
BPDM
(iii) Prepare a water trading database for irrigators in the 2012

upper Buffalo
(iv) Perform a socio-economic study to establish the effects 2013
of water trading, particularly on employment
opportunities, relocation of workers and the local
economy.
WSA
Mines/
Industries
(v) Water trading
DWA
2013- onwards
* Based on the high growth scenario.
Page 33
Table 2.6:
REPORT NO. { }
Supply side management interventions and implementation plan for Bojanala District Municipality
Objective
Strategy
Action Plan
To
improve
the Develop industrial grade (i)
security of supply in water supply scheme for
BPDM
mines and industries
(ii)
Time frame*
Prepare a feasibility study for utilisation of industrial 2011

grade water supply from Hartbeespoort Dam;
DWA
Prepare institutional and financial arrangements to 2011 - 2012

implement the project;
Mines
Industries
(iii) Apply for a water use licence in terms of section 21(a)

for the taking of water from Hartbeespoort Dam;
2011 onwards
(iv) Consider water use licence application;
2012
(v)
2012 - 2012
Enter into off take agreements with the mines;
(vi) Construction of the industrial grade scheme

Upgrade the Rand Water (i)
bulk scheme
(ii)
Responsible
Authority
2012 - 2014
Undertake hydraulic analysis of capacity of existing

bulk infrastructure
2011- 2011
Prepare feasibility study to upgrade the bulk pipelines
2012 -2012
(iii) Review and renegotiate SLA with the WSAs in

Bojanala DM
Rand Water
Rand Water
2012 - 2012
(iv) Upgrade the bulk water supply infrastructure to deliver 2013

additional water
Page 34
Objective
Strategy
Action Plan
To
implement (i)
Pilanesburg North Bulk
Water Supply
(ii)
To improve
supply
REPORT NO. { }
Time frame*
Upgrade of the raw water abstraction works

Upgrade the
requirements
Vaalkop
WTW
to
meet
2009 -2010
Upgrade the service storage reservoirs and treated 2009 - 2010

bulk pipelines
(iv)
Commissioning of Pilanesburg North Scheme
2010
(v)
Upgrade of the raw water abstraction works
2009 -2010
Appointment of SP to implement bulk water supply 2011

scheme
Upgrade the
requirements
Vaalkop
WTW
to
meet
Magalies
Water
future 2009 - 2010
(iii)
water To
implement (i)
Pilanesburg South Bulk
Water Supply
(ii)
Responsible
Authority
Magalies
Water
future 2011 - 2012
(iii)
Upgrade the service storage reservoirs and treated 2011 -2012

bulk pipelines
(iv)
Commissioning of Pilanesburg South Scheme
2012

Page 35
DR
KENNETH
KAUNDA
DISTRICT
PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN
3.1
Overview of the management plan
REPORT NO. { }
MUNICIPALITY
WATER
The water requirements for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality are likely to increase by
approximately 29% over a 22 year period from 196.67 million m3/a to 253.56 million m3/a at
the current level of water use efficiency and operating rules. This is because of the
assumption that the current irrigation water requirements which is the largest water user will
remain the same for the planning period. When compared with the available supplies it would
appear that there are no water supply problems on a district municipality level until 2026. The
additional water supplies that will be required in 2030 to meet the median growth rate in Dr
Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality is 9.06 million m3/a.
However a review that was conducted in the situation assessment indicated that there will be
local water supply deficits due to water services backlogs in the domestic sector particularly
in the rural areas of the district. Furthermore the growth in some areas such as
Potchefstroom may result in the area exceeding the existing local water supplies. The growth
in such areas as Potchefstroom and Klerksdorp will likely be driven by global economic
outlook on gold mining which may take options on new concessions while other mines will
expand their existing operations.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Traditionally water supplies have been met through the development of new supply sources.
However, although there are surplus water supplies in some areas of the district improving
the level of water use efficiency in a number of local municipalities in Dr Kenneth Kaunda
DM, there is an area that was identified to have significant scope in reducing the consumer
use and therefore delay any need for augmentation over the next 22 years.
Consequently, water efficiency improvements, water trading and consumer demand
management have a higher profile in this water provisioning and management plan for Dr
Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. Best management practices across all water user
sectors, along with existing water use efficiency programs, are a key component of the
strategy response. The adoption of practices such as water re-use and recycling will be one
of the ways that Dr Kenneth Kaunda will be able to ensure a cost effective water services
provision in the district.
Page 36
REPORT NO. { }
more supply sources, is also considered. This approach could offer considerable benefits for
the district, improving the overall performance of linked supply schemes.
Table 3.1:
Future water requirements of the main sector in Dr Kenneth Kaunda

District Municipality (million m3/a)
2008
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
99.50
99.50
99.50
99.50
99.50
99.50
Groundwater
145.00
145.00
145.00 145.00
145.00 145.00
Return Flow
244.50
244.50
244.50 244.50
244.50 244.50
58.99
61.89
70.36
79.31
87.82
97.24
17.26
18.67
22.71
27.37
31.73
35.90
120.43
120.43
120.43 120.43
120.43 120.43
Total Water requirements
196.67
200.98
213.50 227.11
239.97 253.56
47.83
43.52
31.00
17.39
4.53
-9.06
-43.52
-31.00
-17.39
-4.53
9.06
Water Supply
Transfers
Water Requirements
Additional water required (Median

-47.83
growth scenario)
Page 37
REPORT NO. { }
3.2
Water Conservation and Demand Side Management Plan
3.2.1
Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives in the domestic

sector
Currently, consumers in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality are using on average

261.37 litres per person per day for residential, industrial and commercial use in the urban
areas. The total domestic water requirements is envisaged to increase from 58.99 million
m3/a to 97.24 million m3/a in 2030 as population grows driven by the economic recovery in
the manufacturing and the mining sector. The average system water losses in the district
was estimated to be 31% of the raw water supplies.
In the 2004 WSDP, the City of Matlosana determine water savings targets that could be
achieved over a 5 year period until 2008. The aim was to reduce water losses by
implementing water loss control programme by 14% to 15% of the total bulk purchase from
Midvaal Water Company. The starting point for the WPMP of the North West Province is to
maintain any water savings measures currently being implemented. The main water savings
initiatives identified include the implementation of a rising block tariff (RBT) system for urban
areas in the district; implementing a refurbishment of the old water infrastructure and leakage
control through a passive water conservation programme. Consumer metering programme is
also widely utilised in the towns mainly to manage consumer use.
A review of the current water conservation saving initiatives indicate that it is difficult to
supply infrastructure. There was no data available that could confirm whether such measures
as pressure and leakage management programmes were implemented, although these were
identified in the WSDP.
Associations and Industries must:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Over the next five years, prepare business plans for implementing WC/WDM and
identify innovative ways of investing in water conservation programmes which have
been already identified. This should include implementing public private partnerships
(PPP) in reducing water losses;
Identify priority areas or water supply zones where significant water losses are
occurring by conducting water balance assessments;
Set water saving targets and use the DWA water use efficiency reporting system to
monitor and report on their water savings, and review the effectiveness of
conservation programs on an annual basis;
knowledge of how and where water is used in the urban areas of Dr Kenneth Kaunda
District Municipality. This will ensure that an updated water use study is ready for
inclusion in the next WPMP which is recommended to be reviewed every 5 years.
amount of water savings taking place in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. There has
been a lack of comprehensive WC/WDM strategy and business plans which provide the
water saving targets for the various intervention measures. Furthermore there should be
Page 38
REPORT NO. { }
annual reporting on progress being implemented in WC/WDM to establish the annual

savings being made. This will provide valuable information in updating the North West
WPMP.
3.2.2
Develop and Implement Water Demand Management Intervention Measures
3.2.2.1 Water Loss Control Programmes

The average system losses in the main local municipalities of Matlosana (Klerksdorp) and
Potchefstroom were estimated to range from 30% to 36% of the total input volume, although
this figure varies for each water supply scheme. The high system losses are attributed to the
age and condition of the water supply infrastructure. The estimated total Non Revenue Water
(NRW) for the whole of Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality was estimated to be 18.29
million m3/a (50.10 Ml/d). In order to achieve a target of 15% NRW on the bulk purchased or
treated production, a number of WC/WDM intervention measures were identified.
There have been initiatives in some of the municipality to reduce the current physical water
losses by implementing various water loss control programmes. However, without a more
detailed baseline, the potential savings from implementing such a measure could not be
quantified.
There is a lack of a comprehensive WC/WDM strategy and business plan in Dr Kenneth
Kaunda DM which can be used to established realistic water saving targets for the various
intervention measures. It is important to note that because Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM is the
responsible Water Service Authority (WSA) in the area, the DM is responsible for developing
and implementing WC/WDM strategies and business plans for its area of jurisdiction.
There has been a Presidential Directive requiring that water losses are halved by 2014.
Therefore the timeframe for the development and implementation of WC/WDM intervention
measures is by 2014 in order to ensure compliance with the presidential directive.
Based on the current water conservation initiatives, the following tasks were identified for
implementation in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Establishment of discrete supply zones and District Management Areas (DMAs)

within water supply scheme areas with a view to undertaking comprehensive water
audits and prioritising supply zones for a water loss control management programme;
Implementation of an Active Leakage Control (ALC) management programme which
includes establishment of dedicated ALC units in the municipalities to proactively
identify and repair water leaks;
The implementation of pressure management in some areas of the DM needs to be
evaluated although the areas are generally flat and are supplied from elevated tanks
and reservoirs;
Undertaking refurbishment of the old pipework which is currently contributing to the
high water losses is required as a matter of urgency;
Implementing consumer end use management programme including residential
retrofitting to reduce indoor water consumption;
Implementing a consumer metering and renewal programme in order to reduce the
current commercial losses.
Page 39
REPORT NO. { }
3.2.2.2 Consumer use reduction option

The average per capita consumption in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality ranges from
30 l/c/d to 261.37 l/c/d in the more urbanised area such as Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom
towns to name a few. This includes residential but excludes industrial and commercial use,
as well as non revenue water. If the industrial and commercial use is included, the average
per capita consumption for the district will range from 30 l/c/d to 447 l/c/d excluding system
losses. This will increase as the economy grows with the subsequent rise in income.
The first option is to maintain the current average per capita consumption with a long term
view of reducing the average per capita consumption. This can be done by reviewing the
existing water pricing strategies which reward efficient consumers and penalise inefficient
consumption. In most municipalities the water tariff structure for domestic water supplies is
based on the Increasing Block Tariff (IBT) also known as the Rising Block Tariff (RBT)
system while that of the industries and commercial sectors is a mixture of IBT as well as
Declining Block Tariff (DBT) which does not encourage water use efficiency. However the
size of the tariff block and the use of marginal cost of supply should be considered in
reviewing the existing tariffs.
Other measures to maintain or reduce the average per capita consumption is to ensure that
the existing Water Services Bylaws take into account use of efficient water savings devices.
In addition, more sophisticated and targeted behaviour change and communications
programs will be required to motivate the communities of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM to save
water.
patterns in the district municipality. The first task should therefore be determine the Best
3.2.3
Household size;
Develop and implement rainwater harvesting programmes
the current water supply. Collecting rainwater is not only water conserving, it is also energy
conserving since the energy input required to operate a centralized water system designed to
treat and pump water over a vast service area is bypassed.
the intended purpose. The variables of rainfall and water demand determine the relationship
between required catchment area and storage capacity. With a mean annual precipitation
(MAP) of 610 mm in the Vaal River catchment, there is potential for rainwater harvesting that
can be used conjunctively with other water resources.
The option of rainwater harvesting in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality needs to be
considered for conjunctive use at a domestic unit scale. However it is important to note that
no national standards exist for a rainwater harvesting system, including rainwater harvesting
Page 40
REPORT NO. { }
Best Management Practices. These need to be considered when assessing the potential for
rainwater harvesting.
Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality is outside the malaria risk areas of South Africa and
therefore rainwater harvesting will not pose an additional health hazard.
3.2.4
Improve water management measure in irrigation agriculture
3.2.4.1 Overview
Irrigation agriculture is the largest water user in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. It
currently utilises 61.2% of the total water requirements for the district. This mainly occurs in
dolomitic areas of Ventersdorp and Schoonspruit as well as the Mooi River systems. The
main irrigation schemes are Schoonspruit and Mooi River Irrigation Scheme. Both are
Government Water Schemes. The characteristics of the two main schemes are as follows:
Schoonspruit GWS: - The Schoonspruit Irrigation Scheme has an allocation of 18.73

million m3/a for irrigation water, excluding the allocation for Ventersdorp of 1.182
million m3/a. Over the past two years approximately 14.79 million m3/a has been
measured at the Schoonspruit weir. The rest of the water has been from tributary
inflows and the storage in the dams located within the scheme particularly Rietspruit
Dam.
Mooi River GWS - The scheme has a scheduled area of 4 578.1 ha and a full water
allocation of 35.25 million m3/a at a scheduled quota of 7 700 m3/ha/a. There are two
main irrigation canals, one on each bank of the Mooi River.

Preliminary assessment of potential improvement in irrigation water use efficiency indicates
that approximately 18.06 million m3/a (49.5 Ml/d) can potentially be saved in the district. Most
of this water can be saved by improving the irrigation management practices and improving
the irrigation conveyance efficiency. The on-farm irrigation efficiency levels were found to be
generally high with very little scope for improvement.
One of the major problems with irrigation agriculture is a lack of flow measurement to
determine actual water used and the amount returned to the system. There is a need to
consider a programme for flow measurement to determine the actual water use in irrigation
agriculture and return flow measurement at the drainage conveyance infrastructure.
There were no initiatives for improving irrigation conveyance efficiency that could be
identified. Therefore the focus of this plan is to improve the irrigation conveyance efficiency.
These initiatives should be extended to include all irrigation schemes in Dr Kenneth Kaunda
District Municipality. This amount can be saved if a number of intervention measures were
implemented in the agricultural sector. Assessment of the on-farm irrigation efficiency
indicated a weighted average of 81% efficiency which supports the notion that water losses
are mainly occurring in conveyance and distribution infrastructure.
There are approximately 250 km of the main irrigation canals in the Mooi River and
Schoonspruit irrigation schemes.
Page 41
REPORT NO. { }
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
sub-scheme level

include all irrigation schemes in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality.
water.
crops, etc.
turnouts. In a number of the cases it is the DWA which is currently carrying the losses. For
example approximately 25.23 million m3/a on average for the period 2006 - 2009 was
Page 42
REPORT NO. { }
diverted to the primary canal systems of the Schoonspruit Irrigation Scheme to meet the
actual water use for the period of approximately 18.73 million m3/a.
If the water allocation to the users is based on the actual water requirements and a set
percentage of allowable water losses, this will provide incentives to the irrigation scheme to
improve their efficiency in irrigation water use. As an exmaple if the allowable water losses
for Schoonspruit River Irrigation Scheme was 15% of the canal diversion, then approximately
22.04 million m3/a would be released instead of the current 25 million m3/a saving 3 million
m3/a for other water uses.
schemes such as Schoonspruit Irrigation Scheme that have the systems in place for
particularly on the major irrigation schemes of Mooi River and Schoonspruit Irrigation
Schemes, where on-farm irrigation efficiency levels are as high as 81% and 80%
respectively.
A significant portion of the estimated water losses in irrigation agriculture from the
Schoonspruit and Mooi River Irrigation Scheme of 18.06 million m3/a can potentially be
saved by refurbishing the canal conveyance infrastructure.
There have already been initiatives in some of the irrigation schemes (e.g. Schoonspruit
Conveyance losses in irrigation agriculture in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality take
the following forms:

Page 43
REPORT NO. { }

o
o

Using the Schoonspruit Irrigation Scheme as a case study, it was identified that currently the
canal/lateral operating procedures are based on supplying irrigators with water from Monday
to Friday. The canals are not continuously operated. The system is closed on Fridays and
opened on Monday.
In order to achieve the potential water savings of 18.06 million m3/a (49.5 Ml/d) in irrigation
agriculture, it is imperative that each irrigation scheme in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District
Municipality develops and implement a Water Management Plan (WMP) which should
provide the water use baseline for each irrigation scheme by undertaking the ;

o
Page 44
REPORT NO. { }
o
o

o
following:
o
o
o
distribution canals in the schemes in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. This will
o
o
reduce water losses
the sector.
3.3

Municipality
3.3.1
Overview
Besides implementing the traditional demand side management options, there is increasing
competition for the limited freshwater supplies upstream of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District
Municipality in the VRSA. This may result in reduced available water in Dr Kenneth Kaunda
DM. Therefore the development of innovative options to address future water supply
shortages has been recommended for the area. These non traditional reconciliation options
are discussed in the following sections.
Page 45
REPORT NO. { }
Water use recycling by industry and the mining sector
3.3.2
A review of the current water use practices in the mines and industries within Dr Kenneth
Kaunda District Municipality indicated that their level of water use efficiency was generally
high. In a number of the mines, there is already a high level of recycling of water in the DM.
However there is still scope for recycling by some of the industries and mines in the district.
From an efficiency point of view, consumption per ounce of production remained virtually
unchanged with the average water use efficiency at 13.69 m3/oz of gold production. There
was very little scope identified for improving water use efficiency in the mining sector.
It is estimated that 43% of the water currently used in some of the gold mining companies is
recycled internally including mine water use. Although it is difficult to quantify, it is clear that
not all the mines and associated industries have achieved the level of internal recycling of
water to suggest that there is no scope for improving water use recycling.
In order to reduce the fresh water requirements for the production processes it is
recommended that mines and industries improve their water use recycling to 50% of their
water use for production purposes. In order to ensure compliance with the Presidential
Directive to halve water losses by 2014, it is enviaged that mines can improve their water use
recycling to 50% by 2014. This can be used as the target for the industries and mines in Dr
Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality.
Although significant water use recycling is already taking place, the target water recycling
should be as high as 50% of the current water requirements for production processes. In
order to achieve increased water use recycling the following actions need to be undertaken:
The Directorate: Water Use Efficiency should be consulted to establish the water use
performance benchmarking for the different type of industries and to determine
process benchmarks for the industries and mines in Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM
The use of mine water decanted from the existing mines should be utilised where this
is not already taking place.
water in industries
3.3.3
The growth in the gold mining sector has been very limited that the demand for water has not
been increasing. However there are some industries and consumers in the urban areas of
Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom where effluent reuse options can be investigated .
"new" resource that can be substituted for existing potable sources. Two broad customer
types were identified for the potential reuse of treated effluent in Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM.
The potential effluent reuse were classified into the following groups of users:

o

developments
Page 46
REPORT NO. { }
supplies

Fire protection

o
Cooling water

The focus has been to identify potential reuse options for type I, public access systems. With
the growth in the future water requirements expected to increase in the domestic sector, it is
estimated that the treated effluent will also increase at the same rate of growth. Based on the
fact that an estimated 41% of the potable water supplies will end up in the wastewater
treatment works, it was estimated that the treated effluent will increase from the current 24.2
million m3/a (66.30 Ml/d) to 38.7 million m3/a (106.07 Ml/d) by 2030 in Dr Kenneth Kaunda
District Municipality. Most of the treated effluent is generated in Klerksdorp and
Potchefstroom areas. This water can be available for direct reuse by the mines and
industries.
The potential major benefit of the direct effluent reuse option by mines and industries is that it
would replace the potable water currently being used for industrial processes mainly from
Midvaal Water Company. The potable water can then be made available to the growing
domestic water requirements in outside of Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM in Ngaka Modiri Molema
and Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM, where it is identified to be financially and economically
viable.
In order to achieve the objectives of maximising the use of the available treated effluent in Dr
Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality the following actions are required to be undertaken:

options in the KKDM should be undertaken.
An assessment of the cost and benefits of utilising the return flows from the
Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom WwTW compared to letting the return flows be utilised
by downstream users and contributing to the Vaal River system yield should be
conducted
viability of developing effluent reuse systems in the KKDM.
Page 47
REPORT NO. { }
Implement technically feasible and financial viable effluent reuse systems in KKDM
pollutants discharged into Vaal River system and potentially improve the quality of the
downstream water where there are water quality problems.
There may be a business case for Midvaal Water Company to undertake a feasibility study
for effluent reuse in its area of service. It is recommended that they be approached to
undertake a feasibility study and ensure that their study incorporates a comparative cost
analysis is undertaken to determine the most viable option between discharging the treated
effluent for downstream use taking into account water quality issues in the Vaal River
System, and utilising the effluent directly for the mining and industrial activities in Dr Kenneth
Kaunda District Municipality. This work can be undertaken by the end of 2011.
3.4
Capital Investment requirements to implement WC/WDM measures
3.4.1
Capital investment requirement to implement water losses in domestic sector
WC/WDM in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. As illustrated in the table
significant water savings will be made through implementing Pressure and Leakage Control
Management as well as consumer use reduction programme.
Based on the current water consumption in the district of 58.99 million m3/a (161.6 Ml/d) for
both domestic and urban industrial users, the physical water losses at 7.6 million m3/a (20.80
Ml/d) is 13% of the current water use. This figure is considered to be conservative. Therefore
the water saving target for the district municipality should be to reduce water losses by a
minimum of 13% over a 5 year period. The capital expenditure requirements to save the
above estimated amounts is envisaged to R53.8 million over a 4 year period. This does not
include the refurbishment of the old water infrastructure in the urban areas of Potchefstroom
and Klerksdorp.
These water savings can be achieved over a period of 3 to 5 years. Implementing the above
WC/WDM options can potentially save 12.44 million m3/a (34.08 Ml/d) which is more than the
additional water required to address the deficit of 9.06 million m3/a (24.83 Ml/d) in 2030.
Therefore implementation of WC/WDM can potentially delay the overall augmentation of
water supplies in Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM until after the planning period for the NW Water
Provisioning and Management Plan. The actual savings will however vary from scheme to
scheme.
Page 48
Table 3.2:
REPORT NO. { }

Management Measures
Water saved CAPEX
Unit Cost
(million m3/a) (R*million) (R/kl)
WC/WDM Option
Consumer use reduction (tariff management

2.53
and public awareness)
8.85
3.50
Residential end use (Retrofitting, replace

1.56
washers, etc)
6.15
3.94
Leakage Management
DMAs
7.6
35.95
4.73
Consumer Metering
0.75
2.85
3.8
Total (without Rehabilitation programme)
12.44
53.8
3.4.2
-Discrete zones &
Capital investment requirements to implement water management measures

in agriculture
Table 3.3 below provides a cost estimate of the intervention measures required to improve
water use efficiency in irrigation agriculture. It is unlikely that irrigators will have the
necessary capital required to implement the WC/WDM measures to improve irrigation
conveyance efficiency.
It is therefore imperative that innovative methods are designed to finance the irrigation water
use efficiency improvements. These approaches could include the following:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
There should be incentives to improve irrigation agriculture by encouraging irrigation

Water User Associations (WUAs) to invest the capital required to implement the
above options. The savings can either be traded with other sectors requiring
additional water;
The water users requiring the additional water from the savings by irrigation
agriculture such as Water Services Authorities, mining houses could provide the
capital investment required to improve the irrigation water use efficiency;
However in some cases the capital investment required may be very high where
government will need to implement the measures with the savings reallocated to
other water users. The implications of these financing options should be evaluated.
Page 49
Table 3.3:
REPORT NO. { }
Capital Investment Requirements for the different intervention measures
Irrigation conveyance water Water saved CAPEX

loss reduction
(million m3/a) (R*million)
OPEX
Unit
(R*million/a) Cost(R/kl)
Development
of
Irrigation
N/A
Water Management Plans
2.50
N/A
20.00
0.30
Water pricing
Unknown
18.06
75.00
1.13
4.15
18.06
97.50
1.43
4.15
Canal line or
refurbishment
re-lining
&

Total
3.5
Implementation plan for demand side management measures
3.5.1
Implementation programme for the domestic sector
In order to achieve the water savings by implementing the demand management measures
in the domestic and irrigation agriculture, Table 3.4 below provides the action plans, the time
frame and the responsible authority for initiatiing the identified action plan. The following
actions are required to be implemented in the domestic sector:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
Review the existing WC/WDM strategy and business plan for the municipalities in Dr
Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality and update the strategy for each municipality
with special focus on the areas where significant savings can be achieved quickly and
refining the activities to be implemented;
identified measure to achieve the savings;
business plan which can be used to source funding;
programmes focusing on consumer use reduction and leakage control measures;
Review of the existing water services bylaws and the water tariffs in the context of
improving water use efficiencies in all the sectors;
Implement a system metering and district metering area programme to ensure
complete water balances can be undertaken in the water supply scheme areas;
Implement programmes such as active leakage control programme and pressure
reduction programme to reduce water losses;
Page 50
(ix)
3.5.2
REPORT NO. { }
reports;
Implementation programme for the agricultural sector
In order to achieve the water savings of 18.06 million m3/a (49.5 Ml/d) in irrigation agriculture
the following actions are envisaged to be undertaken:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Each irrigation scheme in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality develops a

Irrigation Water Management Plan (IWMP) which should provide the water use
baseline for each irrigation scheme;
measurements including on return flow channels or canals in order to accurately
account for water use in each irrigation scheme area. This will require significant
investment requirements in the irrigation agriculture sector;
Source funding for implementing the measures identified to improve conveyance
irrigation efficiency levels in the district;
Invest R97 million in re-lining of approximately 250 km irrigation canals. This will
o
removal of aquatic weeds and vegetation in irrigation canals to reduce spills and
improve hydraulic performance of the canal infrastructure
Irrigation scheme should prepare annual reporting on their water savings against their
KPIs and water saving targets as part of monitoring of the performance of the water
use efficiency levels in the sector.
Page 51
Table 3.4:
REPORT NO. { }
Demand side management interventions and implementation plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality
Objective
Strategy
Action Plan
To improve water To reduce water losses (i)

use
efficiency in the existing municipal
practices in KKDM
water supply systems
(ii)
Time frame*
Determine comprehensive water audits on the extent of

NRW in each water supply system in KKDM
2011
Establish the baseline on the extent water losses
2011 onwards
(iii)
Set annual water saving targets to reduce water losses 2011 onwards
by 50% in 2014
(iv)
Develop KPIs to monitor water losses reduction per

scheme
2012
(v)
Implement water loss control programmes
2012 - 2014
(vi)
Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on 2014 onwards

KPIs
To reduce water losses (i)

in the agricultural sector
Ensure adequate floe measurements are available 2012- 2013

to conduct irrigation water budgets
(ii)
Prepare irrigation water budgets for the schemes in 2012 -2013

KKDM
(iii)
Identify and evaluate candidate water management 2012 - 2013

measures to improve water use efficiency in
agriculture
(iv)
Develop a water management plan (WMP) for 2013
Responsible
Authority
WSAs
KKDM
in
DWA
/
Irrigation
Boards and
/or
Water
User
Associations
Page 52
Objective
Strategy
Action Plan
REPORT NO. { }
Responsible
Authority
Time frame*
implementation of the identified measures

(v)
Set annual water saving targets to reduce water 2013

losses by 50% in 2015
(vi)
Source financing and/or funding partners

implement water management measures
(vii)
Develop KPIs to monitor water loss reduction per 201

scheme
(viii)
Implement water loss control programmes
(ix)
Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on 2013

KPIs
onwards
To optimise use of local (i)

resources by developing
direct
effluent
reuse
systems.
(ii)
to 2013
2013 - 2014
Identify the wastewater characteristics for direct 2011

effluent reuse
Midvaal
Water
WSAs
Identify potential market for direct effluent reuse and 2011- 2012
the quality requirements
(iii)
Identify and evaluate effluent reuse infrastructure 2011 - 2012

requirements
(iv)
Prepare detailed feasibility study for implementing 2012

effluent reuse systems in BPDM
Page 53
Objective
Strategy
Action Plan
REPORT NO. { }
Time frame*
(v)
Determine financing and institutional requirements to 2012

implement effluent reuse systems
(vi)
Implement viable effluent reuse schemes
Responsible
Authority
2012 - 2013
Page 54
3.6
REPORT NO. { }
Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management
The impact of improving water use efficiency is illustrated in Figure 3.1 below. As illustrated
in the figure, the implementation of water conservation and water demand management
(WC/WDM) will ensure that the water requirements for 2030 will be met without the need for
augmenting additional water supplies.
Implementation of WC/WDM programme will also help address any water supply deficit
problems that may be encountered at local levels, particularly in the domestic sector where
significant growth in water requirements is envisaged in the short to medium term as
municipalities remove the water services backlogs in their areas.
Water available/requirements (million m3/a)
300
250
200
150
100
50
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
Year
Water Supply
Total water requirements (High Growth)
Total water requirements with WC/WDM (High Growth)
Figure 3-1:
Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM
Page 55
REPORT NO. { }
3.7
Supply Side Management Options for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District

Municipality
3.7.1
Development bulk water supply scheme from the groundwater pumped into
Koekemoer River
The mines in the KOSH area established a company to pump the underground water from
Margaret Shaft from Stilfontein Gold in order to prevent flooding of the mines downstream
and to stem an environmental damage. Currently approximately 18.25 million m 3/a (50 Ml/d)
is being pumped from the groundwater upstream of the mine workings and discharged into
the Koekemor River, a tributary of the Vaal River System.
Midvaal Water Company has been evaluating the potential for developing this local water
resource for treatment and distribution into its supply area. It is important to note that this
groundwater was included in the water supply/requirement balance for Dr Kenneth Kaunda
District Municipality and therefore does not represent an additional source of supply.
Currently the groundwater that is pumped from the underground in the KOSH area is
contributing to the system yield of the Vaal River Catchment. However because of the
current excess capacity in the Midvaal Water Company waterworks which can treat up to 230
Ml/d and is currently only utilising 50% of its treated production, the development of this local
resource will need to be considered in meeting the water requirements outside of the district
municipality area.
There is a memorandum of understanding between Midvaal Water Company and Botshelo
Water to extend the supply area of Midvaal Water Company through establishing Service
level Agreements (SLA) with other Water Boards where there are water supply deficits. This
is mainly in Ngaka Modiri Molema where Botshelo Water is the bulk WSP and in Dr Ruth
Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality where Sedibeng Water is the bulk WSP.
The option of developing this water into a potable supply to supply other parts of the North
West Province requires a very detailed investigation to determine the technical feasibility and
financial viability of expanding the supply area of Midvaal Water Company. An initial
assessment indicates that this is a technical feasibility. However the financial and economic
viability of the project needs to be investigated.
3.8
Capital Investment requirements to implement supply side management
There has been no studies conducted on the development of bulk water supply scheme from
the groundwater currently pumped from the mines into the Koekoemoer River. Furthermore
because there is no urgent requirements to implement augmentation schemes in Dr Kenneth
Kaunda District Municipality the capital investment in supply side management is only
required in long term.
3.9
Implementation plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality
The supply area of Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality, has surplus water available to
the extent that there is no requirement to develop additional water supplies. The global
economic crisis has had a major impact on the gold mining sector which has not been
growing as a result. Therefore the economic significance of water supplies in the District
Page 56
REPORT NO. { }
Municipality has reduced somewhat resulting in excess capacity in the water produced at
Midvaal Water Company.
The focus of implementing water management plans in Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM should
therefore be on improving the efficiency of utilising the available water in order to reduce the
cost of supply. It is not envisaged that there would be a need to implement supply side
management in the short to medium term in the District. Instead the focus should be to
provide the surplus water available to the areas in the North West Province which are
experiencing water supply shortages. These are Ngaka Modiri Molema and Dr Ruth
Segomotsi Mompati District Municipalities. The water reconciliation options to supply some of
the areas in the two DMs are discussed in the following chapters.
3.10
Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for Dr

Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality
Figure 3.2 below illustrates the existing bulk water supply infrastructure to address the
current and future water requirements in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality.
As illustrated the existing bulk water infrastructure can meet the future water requirements of
the district without development of additional bulk water infrastructure assets. However at a
local level additional water infrastructure will be required as local requirements increases.
The Midvaal Water Company has sufficient capacity to meet the future water requirements of
the supply area while additional water resources can be developed from the groundwater
currently being pumped into Koekemoer River in the long term.
There are high water losses in the major urban areas of Dr Kenneth Kaunda area. There is
potential to reduce the water losses and improve water use efficiency that the
implementation of WC/WDM programme in the district municipality should be considered a
very high priority. There is also significant potential to improve conveyance irrigation
efficiency and reduce operational spills in irrigation agriculture.
3.10.1
Prioritisation of the water management options
The implementation of the water management plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District
Municipality needs to be undertaken based on which management actions will achieve the
best result in addressing current and future water management issues in the district. Table
3.4 below provides a priority list of the water management action plans that have been
identified to address and ensure that water does not constrain social and economic growth of
Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality
The priority list of the water management action plans for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District
and providing a water product mix that ensures flexibility in bulk water supply to the district
Page 57
Figure 3-2:
REPORT NO. { }
Existing and proposed Bulk water supply infrastructure in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality
Page 58
NGAKA MODIRI MOLEMA

MANAGEMENT PLAN
4.1
Overview
DISTRICT
REPORT NO. { }
MUNICIPALITY
WATER
This chapter outlines the water management plan to ensure Ngaka Modiri Molema District
Municipality (NMMDM) will improve on its current security of supply. It describes the water
supply and demand management activities required to meet the social and economic
development needs of the district.
Critical to achieving this outcome is by ensuring first and foremost that the available water is
used in an efficient and effective manner. It is important to note that in developing the Water
Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) for NMMDM, the plan is flexible enough to
respond to the uncertainties associated with the future water requirement projections for
population, economic conditions, estimates of the available water particularly from the
dolomites and climate change impacts.
The water requirements for NMMDM are likely to increase by approximately 11% over a 22
year period from 186.48 million m3/a to 206.68 million m3/a at the current level of water use
efficiency and operating rules. This is based on the assumption that the current irrigation
water requirement, which is the largest water user, will remain the same for the planning
period. As illustrated in Table 4.1 below, the current water requirements for the district
exceeds the available water supplies at the required assurance level of supply for the
different sectors by approximately 34.58 million m3/a. The current deficit is expected to
increase to 48.85 million m3/a if the situation is not addressed as a matter of urgency.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

In NMMDM, there is very limited scope for development of new water sources in the area.
The focus of the water management plan has been to improve the level of water use
efficiency in a number of local municipalities in the area that was identified to have scope in
reducing the Non Revenue Water (NRW) which is considered to be high.
Consequently, water efficiency improvements, treated effluent reuse options, water trading
and consumer demand management reconciliation options have recieved a higher profile in
this water provisioning and management plan for NMMDM. Best management practices
(BMP) across all water user sectors, along with existing water use efficiency programs, are a
key component of the planned response to addressing water supply shortages in the DM.
Page 59
REPORT NO. { }
In order to ensure flexibility in water provisioning in NMMDM, a diversification of water supply

sources, including potential for conjunctive use between two or more supply sources, is also
considered. This approach could offer considerable benefits for the district, improving the
overall performance of linked supply schemes, if managed correctly.
Table 4.1:
Future water requirements of the main sector in Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality (million m3/a)
2008
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
43.5
43.5
43.5
43.5
43.5
43.5
Groundwater
104.07
104.07
104.07
104.07
104.07
104.07
Return Flow
13.53
14.09
15.33
16.67
18.01
19.47
Transfers
-7.3
-7.3
-7.3
-7.3
-7.3
-7.3
153.8
154.36
155.6
156.94
158.28
159.74
38.65
40.25
43.8
47.63
51.46
55.62
12
12.3
13.12
13.79
14.5
15.23
135.83
135.83
135.83
135.83
135.83
135.83
186.48
188.38
192.75
197.25
201.79
206.68
-32.68
-34.02
-37.15
-40.31
-43.51
-46.94
Water Supply
Water Requirements
4.2
Water Conservation and Demand Side Management Options
4.2.1
Overview
As illustrated in Table 4.1 above, there are significant water shortages and reliability os
supply issues at present. The situation is likely to continue to get worse as the demand ofr
water particularly in the domestic sector increases as the municipalities address water
services backlogs in their areas of jurisdiction.
In order to address the current water shortages and reliability problems, a number of short to
medium term water management options have been evaluated. A major focus of the plan is
Page 60
REPORT NO. { }
on ensuring the existing water supplies are utilised efficiently and effectively. These
measures are discussed below.
4.2.2
Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives
Currently, consumers in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) are using less
than 25 l/c/d in some rural areas to 161.10 litres per person per day for residential, industrial
and commercial use in the urban areas such as Mafikeng, Lichtenburg and Zeerust The total
domestic water requirements is envisaged to increase from 38.65 million m3/a to 55.62
million m3/a in 2030 as population grows driven by the economic growth in the area. The
average system water losses in the district are 37% of the treated bulk purchase or treated
production.
The starting point for the WPMP of the North West Province is to improve on the water
services backlog to ensure the improvement of water supply in the rural areas while the per
capita consumption in the towns is maintained and not increased as the water requirements
increase. There are existing water savings initiatives being undertaken in some of the areas
in NMMDM. However these are minimal. Any savings are a consequence of refurbishment of
the old water infrastructure in the urban areas of Mafikeng, Zeerust and Lichtenburg and
existing passive water conservation programmes including consumer metering programmes
in the towns in the district.
A review of the current water conservation saving initiatives indicates that it is difficult to
supply infrastructure.
Associations and Industries must:
Over the next five years, prepare business plans for implementing WC/WDM and
identify innovative ways of investing in water conservation programmes which have
been already identified. This should include implementing public private partnerships
(PPP) in reducing water losses;
Set water saving targets and use the DWA water use efficiency reporting system to
monitor and report on their water savings, and review the effectiveness of
conservation programs on an annual basis;
knowledge of how and where water is used in the urban areas of NMMDM. This will
ensure that an updated water use study is ready for inclusion in the next WPMP
which is recommended to be reviewed every 5 years.
water savings taking place in NMMDM. There has been a lack of a comprehensive WC/WDM
strategy and business plans which provide the water saving targets for the various
intervention measures. However the recently completed Crocodile (West) Marico WC/WDM
strategy and business plan indicates that there are a number of initiatives that can be
implement to achieve significant water savings in the NMMDM particularly in the urban
areas.
Page 61
4.2.3
REPORT NO. { }
Develop and Implement WDM in the municipal scheme areas
4.2.3.1 Water Loss Control Management Measures

The average system losses in the main local municipalities of Mafikeng, Ditsobotla, and
Ramoshere Moiloa were estimated to range from 28% to 41% of the total input volume,
although this figure varies with each scheme. The high system losses are attributed to the
age and condition of the water supply infrastructure as well as the pressures in some of the
water supply systems.
The estimated total Non Revenue Water (NRW) for the whole of Ngaka Modiri Molema
District Municipality was estimated to be 11.3 million m3/a (30.98 Ml/d). The problem with the
high NRW in an already water stressed district is that they:

Increase operating costs;
make investments in capacity augmentation larger particularly where local resources
are not sufficient.
The recently completed Crocodile (West) Marico: Development of WC/WDM strategy and
business plan for sectors in the WMA identified the following tasks that need to be
implemented in NMMDM:

within water supply scheme with a view to undertaking comprehensive water audits
and prioritising supply zones for water loss control management programme;
Installation of system and bulk water metering to enable water balance assessment to
be undertaken;
Establishment of water saving targets with the target to reduce water losses from the
current 37% of treated production to 15% of the treated production over a 3-5 year
period. The annual water savings targets should be determined for each water supply
scheme in NMMDM;
municipalities; This measure will potentially save approximately 11.96 million m3/a
(32.76 Ml/d);
Undertaking refurbishment of the old pipework which is contributing to the high water
losses is required as a matter of urgency.
Development of effective revenue management systems and procedures
4.2.3.2 Implement Consumer Demand Management

The average per capita consumption in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM)
ranges from 25 l/c/d to 161.1 l/c/d in the more urbanised areas of Mafikeng and Lichtenburg
towns. This includes residential but excludes industrial and commercial use, as well as non
revenue water. The high end current average per capita consumption can be reduced if the
consumption patterns can be influenced.
In order to maintain the current average per capita consumption with a long term view of
reducing the average per capita consumption, the following actions are required:
Page 62
REPORT NO. { }
Review the existing water tariff structures and ensure that the tariffs are structured
based on rewarding efficient water use and penalising inefficient consumption. In
most municipalities the water tariff structure for domestic water supplies is based on
the Increasing Block Tariff (IBT) also known as the Rising Block Tariff (RBT) system
while that of the industries and commercial sectors is a mixture of IBT as well as
Declining Block Tariff (DBT) which does not encourage water use efficiency.
Design the water tariffs based on the cost of supply should be considered in
reviewing the existing tariffs.
Development of a programme by each municipality to install water efficient fittings
and fixtures on new dwellings as well as retrofitting on existing buildings. This will
require reviewing of the existing Water Services Bylaws.
In addition to the above actions, more sophisticated and targeted behaviour change and
communications programs will be required to motivate the communities of the NMMDM to
save water.
4.2.4
Household size;
Rainwater harvesting
The depletion of groundwater sources, the poor quality of some groundwater, the cost of
supplying isolated rural community properties, the flexibility of rainwater harvesting systems,
and modern methods of treatment provide excellent reasons for Ngaka Modiri Molema
District Municipality (NMMDM) to implement rainwater harvesting for domestic use.
the water supply to the communities in the rural areas. Rainwater harvesting can be used
conjunctively with groundwater development in the rural areas. It is driven by the following
aspects:
catchment area and rainfall determine supply, and
water requirement for each household in the community dictates the required storage
capacity.
Rainwater harvesting can be used during the rainfall season, thereby ensuring that the
groundwater recharge is improved and the groundwater can be used for the period when it is
not raining.
Given the low average per capita consumption for water requirement in rural communities in
NMMDM with mean annual precipitation (MAP) of ranging from 443.5mm in the west to
602mm in the eastern parts of the district, there is potential for rainwater harvesting that can
be used conjunctively with the groundwater resources during the dry periods. The option of
rainwater harvesting in the NMMDM needs to be considered as a conjunctive use.
Page 63
REPORT NO. { }
the intended purpose. The annual quantity and variability of rainfall and the water
requirements will determine the relationship between required catchment area and storage
capacity. It is also appropriate in areas such as NMMDM where there is a wet season every
year. The yield generated is likely to be medium because of the low frequency of rainfall.
This is the reason why it is practical to use rainwater harvesting as a conjunctive use with
groundwater for rural water supply systems.
However it is important to note that no national standards exist for rainwater harvesting
systems, including Rainwater Harvesting Best Management Practices. These need to be
considered when assessing the potential for rainwater harvesting.
The implementation of the rainwater harvesting programme should not only be confined to
rural communities but should also be considered to be used in the urban centres of
Mafikeng. Stormwater management in Mafikeng is one of the major problems which
rainwater harvesting can alleviate. This is because rainwater harvesting can:
reduce the volume of storm water, thereby lessening the impact on erosion and
decreasing the load on storm sewers.
Decreasing storm water volume which helps keep potential storm water pollutants,
such as pesticides, fertilizers, and petroleum products, out of rivers and groundwater.
However, most stormwater infrastructure is designed for probable peak events, and the size
of the infrastructure may have to be maintained if peak events occur when rainwater tanks
are already full.
In order to undertake this management plan, the following actions are required:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
4.2.5
The DWA together with Water Services Authorities (WSAs) should promote and
facilitate rainwater harvesting in the water scarce regions such as NMMDM;
The DWA should develop national standards for rainwater harvesting systems for
both domestic and commercial and industrial consumers;
Pilot programmes for designing conjunctive use of rainwater harvesting systems with
groundwater development in rural areas of NMMDM should be implemented which
can then be rolled out to the rest of the district municipality.
Development and implementation of water management plans in the
agricultural sector
4.2.5.1 Overview
Irrigation agriculture is by far the largest water user in Ngaka Modiri Molema District
Municipality (NMMDM). It currently utilises approximately 72.8% of the total water
requirements in the district with most of the irrigation agriculture from the dolomitic aquifers of
the district as well as from the Marico River system (see Figure 4.1 below). The major
irrigation schemes in NMMDM include the following:
Page 64
Figure 4-1:
REPORT NO. { }
Irrigation schemes in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality
Page 65
REPORT NO. { }
(i) Marico Bosveld Irrigation Scheme - The scheme has a total scheduled area of 2 444
hectares, at a scheduled quota of 5 300 m3/ha/a. The total allocation for the scheme
is 13.37 million m3/a for delivery to some 300 abstraction points. The scheme has
approximately 162 km of canal which is in fair to poor condition. The source of
irrigation water supply is Hartbeespoort Dam
(ii) Klein Maricopoort Irrigation Scheme.
Preliminary assessments of the potential to improve irrigation water use efficiency indicates
that approximately 9.06 million m3/a (24.82 Ml/d) is avoidable water losses in agriculture due
to conveyance losses and operational spills. This quantity can potentially be saved by
improving the irrigation conveyance efficiency and the operating rules of providing irrigators.
Assessment of the on-farm irrigation efficiency indicated a very high weighted average of
84% efficiency which supports the notion that water losses are mainly occurring in
conveyance and distribution infrastructure.
A review of the current water use and delivery practices in the Marico Bosveld and Klein
Maricopoort irrigation schemes highlighted that there was potential to reduce water losses
and improve operational efficiencies within the agricultural sector. An audit of the
conveyance infrastructure has been undertaken in some irrigation schemes. The audit
indicated that the condition of the conveyance infrastructure particularly canal system was
very poor and there is an urgent need to improve the conveyance efficiency by refurbishing
the old canals, unlined canals and poorly maintained canal infrastructure. No data is currently
available to determine how much water has been saved by the current initiatives.
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
sub-scheme level

include all irrigation schemes in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality.
Page 66
REPORT NO. { }

water.
crops, etc.
turnouts. In a number of the cases it is the DWA which is currently carrying the losses. If the
water allocation to the users is based on the actual water requirements and a set percentage
of allowable water losses, this will provide incentives to the irrigation scheme to improve their
efficiency in irrigation water use.
schemes such as Marico Bosveld Irrigation Scheme that have the systems in place for
particularly on the major irrigation schemes of Molopo Government Water Scheme and
Marico Bosveld Irrigation Schemes, where on-farm irrigation efficiency levels are as high as
81% and 84% respectively.
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REPORT NO. { }
A significant portion of the estimated water losses in irrigation agriculture from the Marico
Bosveld and Klein Maricopoort Irrigation Scheme of 9.06 million m3/a can potentially be
saved by refurbishing the canal conveyance infrastructure.
There have already been initiatives in some of the irrigation schemes (e.g. Marico Bosveld
Conveyance losses in irrigation agriculture in NMMDM take the following forms:

o
o

Using the Marico Bosveld Irrigation Scheme as a case study, it was identified that currently
the canal/lateral operating procedures are based on supplying irrigators with water from
Monday to Friday. The canals are not continuously operated. The system is closed on
Fridays and opened on Monday.
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REPORT NO. { }
each irrigation scheme in the Ngaka Modiri District Municipality develops and implement a
Water Management Plan (WMP) which should provide the water use baseline for each
irrigation scheme by undertaking the ;

o
o
o
o
following:
o
o
o
distribution canals in the schemes in Ngaka Modiri Molema Platinum District
Municipality. This will include the following
o
o
Page 69
REPORT NO. { }

reduce water losses
the sector.
4.3
Non traditional water reconciliation options for Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality
4.3.1
Overview
Besides implementing the traditional demand side management options, there is increasing
competition for the limited freshwater supplies in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality.
Therefore the development of innovative options to address future water supply shortages
has been recommended for the area. There are already indirect effluent reuse options taking
place in areas such as Mafikeng town. These non traditional reconciliation options are
discussed in the following sections.
water in industries
4.3.2
The growth in the gold mining sector has been very limited that the demand for water has not
been increasing. However there are some industries and consumers in the urban areas of
Mafikeng, Zeerust and Lichtenburg where effluent reuse options can be investigated .
"new" resource that can be substituted for existing potable sources. Two broad customer
types were identified for the potential reuse of treated effluent NMMDM. The potential
effluent reuse were classified into the following groups of users:

o

developments
supplies

Fire protection

o
Cooling water
Page 70
REPORT NO. { }

The focus has been to identify potential reuse options for type I, public access systems. With
the growth in the future water requirements expected to increase in the domestic sector, it is
estimated that the treated effluent will also increase at the same rate of growth. Based on the
fact that an estimated 41% of the potable water supplies will end up in the wastewater
treatment works, it was estimated that the treated effluent will increase from the current
15.76 million m3/a (43.18 Ml/d) to 22.6 million m3/a (61.78 Ml/d) by 2030 in Ngaka Modiri
Molema District Municipality. Most of the treated effluent is generated in Mafikeng where it is
indirectly already being utilised and Lichtenburg and Zeerust areas. This water can be
available for direct reuse by the golf courses and landscape irrigation in the towns.
The potential major benefit of the direct effluent reuse option by golf course industries is that
it would replace the potable water currently being used for industrial processes. The potable
water can then be made available to the growing domestic water requirements in the major
urban areas of Ngaka Modiri Molema DM where it is identified to be financially and
economically viable.
In order to achieve the objectives of maximising the use of the available treated effluent in
NMMDM the following actions are required to be undertaken:

options in the NMMDM should be undertaken.
An assessment of the cost and benefits of utilising the return flows from the Mafikeng,
Zeerust and Lichtenburg WwTW compared to letting the return flows be utilised by
downstream users and contributing to the Molopo and Marico River system yield
should be conducted
viability of developing effluent reuse systems in the NMMDM.
Implement technically feasible and financial viable effluent reuse systems in NMMDM
pollutants discharged into Molopo and Marico River system and potentially improve the
quality of the downstream water where there are water quality problems.
There may be a business case for Ngaka Modiri Molema DM as the WSA, to undertake a
feasibility study for effluent reuse in its area of service. It is recommended that they be the
responsible authority to undertake a feasibility study and ensure that their study incorporates
a comparative cost analysis is undertaken to determine the most viable option between
Page 71
REPORT NO. { }
discharging the treated effluent for downstream use taking into account water quality issues
in the Molopo and Marico River System, and utilising the effluent directly for the landscape
irrigation and industrial activities in the District. This work can be undertaken by the end of
2011.
Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management in

NMMDM
4.4
(WC/WDM) alone will address the current and future water supply deficits. The impact that a
WC/WDM programme for the NMMDM is that it will not delay the need for augmentation of
additional water supplies but will reduce the total volume of water required to meet the water
requirements for 2030.
The reduction in the water supply water requirements gap is estimated to move from 58.8
million m3/a to 26.6 million m3/a if WC/WDM is successfully implemented in the domestic and
irrigation agriculture. This represents a 55% reduction in additional water required in 2030.
250
200
150
100
50
Year
Water Supply
Figure 4-2:
Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in NMMDM
Page 72
REPORT NO. { }
4.5
Implement water trading in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality
4.5.1
Overview
As indicated in the previous chapter, WC/WDM alone will not address the current and future
water supply deficits without other water management action plans. There is evidence to
suggest that water in Ngaka Modiri Molema is not currently used in a way that is either
technically or allocatively efficient and that the current allocation of water resources in
NMMDM poses both economic and environmental threats in the medium to long term.
Markets can provide incentives that address these inefficiencies and a mechanism which
enables both sustained economic growth and improved environmental outcomes.
Many water users have historically held authorisations providing for higher water extraction
quantities than they have actually used. For as long as the actual quantity extracted was
below the sustainable level of abstraction, this has not been a problem in NMMDM. However,
as water requirements have increased particularly in the domestic and urban industrial
sectors in the district, this has led to the overuse and over-abstraction of the groundwater, in
that the total volume of water physically abstracted from the dolomitic aquifers have begun to
exceed the sustainable level of groundwater abstraction.
By making the value of water explicit, water markets provide an incentive to increase the
technical efficiency with which water is used, even if very little water ends up being traded.
On the other hand the water users who have not been utilising their entitlements can benefit
from trading the unused allocation which will improve the allocation efficiency in NMMDM.
This is because water users gain the opportunity to sell any water that they do not use, either
by selling a share of their entitlement permanently or by leasing out their unused annual
allocations.
With the increasing water scarcity in NMMDM, water trading is seen as critical to ensuring
the scarce water resources are utilised efficiently by trading water from low value uses to
high value water uses. Section 25 of the National Water Act (No 38 of 1998) provides for
transfer of a water use authorisation from one person to another for a different purpose.
The DWA needs to encourage and facilitate the use of water trading mechanisms contained
in the Act as a management tool under the Water Provisioning and Management Plan for the
North West Province. Deficits are mainly in the domestic sector. To assist in the promotion
of the water trading guiding principles for water trading which the DWA has developed must
be made public to encourage existing lawful water user to consider water trading.
It is envisaged that the sale of some of the water use entitlements can provide an incentive
and some of the finance required to improve the efficiency of irrigation water use and
therefore offset or at least reduce the potential loss of production from trading irrigation water
use entitlements. In this regard the use of the water trading instrument can assist in bringing
the water supply and water requirements into balance which is a priority for this district.
4.6
Curtailment of unlawful Water use
Actual irrigation water use in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) may
well exceed the lawful use. As in many other catchments, there may be users who have not
Page 73
REPORT NO. { }
registered their use or who may be exceeding their lawful or registered use. This may be
contributing to the increasing water scarcity1 in the NMMDM.
The Department of Water Affairs (DWA) has been involved in conducting the Validation and
Verification of Water Use in the Crocodile (West) Marico Catchment with a view to curtail
unlawful water use. In order to curtail any unlawful water use the following actions are
envisaged:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
The current validation and verification exercise should be completed as a matter of

priority by DWA particularly in quaternary catchments D41A in order to identify and
quantify the volume of water used unlawfully;
Identify any water users who are legally allocated with water which they are not fully
utilising;
Implement the section 33 and section 35 for declaration and verification of the water
use that is existing lawful water use;
Implement the curtailment of all unlawful water use in NMMDM;
Review the water resources in the context of the curtailment of the unlawful water use
to determine the water supply/water requirements balance assessments.
Based on the review after curtailment of all unlawful water use in the NMMDM, the DWA
should consider whether compulsory licensing needs to be implemented to achieve the
equity needs of the district.
4.7
Compulsory Licensing
Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) is dependent largely on the

groundwater resources from the dolomitic aquifers in the district. The water from these
dolomites was allocated based on the estimated volume of water that can be abstracted on a
sustainable basis. As the water requirements increased, the studies conducted to determine
the sustainable volume of water may have overestimated the total volume for abstraction.
Historically the water allocation has been undertaken on an ad hoc basis with little regard to
its scarcity. As a result, the water systems in Ngaka Modiri Molema dependent on the
groundwater from the dolomites of the Grootfontein, Molopo and Malmani dolomitic
compartments are either over-allocated because the quantity of groundwater that can be
sustainably abstracted at the required level of assurance of supply was overestimated or the
recharge potential of these compartments has changed over time.
Therefore the total volume of water that can be abstracted from the dolomites by lawful water
users exceeds the sustainable level of extraction for that system or there is a lot of unlawful
water use in the district. This may be resulting in the water table going down; increasing the
Water scarcity this is an imbalance of supply and requirement under prevailing institutional
arrangements indicating an excess of water requirements over available water at the required
assurance of supply, especially if the remaining supply options are difficult or costly to tap. The current
utilisation as a percentage of total available resources at the required assurance of supply can
illustrate the scale of the problem and the latitude for policymakers.
Page 74
REPORT NO. { }
cost of supply and increasing the competition for water between the irrigation and the
domestic sectors while the security of supply declined.
The result of the above is that NMMDM is already in a deficit at the required level of
assurance of supply (see Table 4.1 above) creating inequities in the current water allocation.
Furthermore the need to ensure there is water for the aquatic ecological system functioning
of the district means that any further development of the water resources of the district will
incur significant environmental and social costs. The implementation of water conservation
and water demand management (WC/WDM) programme as recommended will not address
the water supply deficit as illustrated by the potential water savings compared with current
water supply deficits.
In order to address the already existing water supply deficits which are going to increase
over time, as well as to ensure that water use in NMMDM is within the sustainable limits of
the catchments, it is recommended that compulsory licensing be implemented. In order to
undertake a compulsory licensing programme by the DWA in the catchments situated in
NMMDM the following actions are required:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
4.8
The Validation and Verification exercise as discussed in the previous section must be
undertaken and completed as a matter of priority;
A framework for water allocation to guide compulsory licensing in the catchments
situated in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) should be
undertaken by DWA once the validation and verification process is completed. These
guiding principles must take into account the social and economic development
objectives contained in the provinces PDGS;
Water use efficiency benchmarks must be developed and agreed with stakeholders
before these can be finalised and used to determine the water allocation;
A water resources model which takes into account the groundwater and surface
water resources for the catchments in NMMDM should be installed. This should
determine the total volume of water available to allocate;
A stakeholder participation programme to inform all stakeholders about the
Compulsory Licensing (CL) process and the need for CL in the area must be
undertaken. This should include a stakeholder empowerment programme;
Based on the water allocation framework, undertake a call for licensing in terms of
section 43 of the Act;
Develop a water allocation schedule based on the response for the call for licensing
and allocate the available water based on the water resource model volumes and the
framework for water allocation.
Groundwater development for rural water supplies
Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) is deeply rural with more than 75% of
the district population located in rural areas. The main source of supply in the rural areas is
groundwater. As discussed in the situation assessment, the groundwater development
potential in the NMMDM is assessed as reasonable to good. The utilization of groundwater
resources has facilitated the low-cost provision of more reliable, good quality, water supplies
for the rural population in NMMDM.
Due to the low income levels of rural communities in the district, the development of new
surface water supplies or transfers from other catchments to supply rural communities is
Page 75
REPORT NO. { }
likely to be very expensive such that the current subsidy mechanisms will not meet the
capital and operational expenditure needed. It is therefore recommended that groundwater
development for rural water supplies be extended to the rural areas where there is a water
services backlog.
Critical to the groundwater development for rural water supplies are the following aspects
which need to be addressed:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
It is important to understand the groundwater recharge potential in the various

catchments taking into account not only the direct recharge but also the indirect
recharge which is likely to be more significant in the arid region of the district.
A groundwater management plan needs to be developed to enable the management
of groundwater at both local and aquifer scale. Groundwater aquifer zones should be
established in the district to enable management to be done at a broader scale than
is currently the case.
An integrated approach to the development of groundwater supplies for rural
communities based on the aspects illustrated in Table 4.2 below to ensure
sustainability should be undertaken.
Table 4.2:
The 'integrated approach" to community groundwater supply planning
Process
Condition or component
In design,
financing
implementation,
maintenance,
Effective Community Involvement

Communities wishes reconciled with capacity
and willingness to pay
Appropriate Technological Level
Compatible with human and financial resources

available
Provision for Full Recurrent and Capital Support of capital costs for poorer communities
Cost Recovery
only
Institutional and Manpower Development
Closely mapped to needs of planned water

supply system
Parallel health/sanitation education
Page 76
4.9
REPORT NO. { }
Bulk water supply to Mafikeng
Although there is limited scope for augmentation of the existing water supplies in NMMDM
through development of surface water supplies, the following options have been considered
and included in the Water Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) for the district.
The town of Mafikeng receives its bulk water from two sources namely the groundwater from
Grootfontein dolomitic compartment and Molopo Eye as well as surface water supply from
Setumo Dam which is treated at a 20 Ml/d water treatment works. The average flow rate of
the WTW is 13.3 Ml/d while the current treaed production is estimated at 14 Ml/d. The dam
has a yield of 3.2 million m3/a (8.8 Ml/d). However because the dam is downstream of the
Mafikeng Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) the return flow increases the yield of the
Setumo Dam. It is estimated that 63% of the water consumed in Mafikeng ends as return
flow into the dam (Nako Projects (Pty) Ltd, 2002).
There are indications that there is over-abstraction of the groundwater resources of
Grootfontein and Molopo Eye. Therefore the total volume of water for the town should be
limited to the current registered water use of 11.242 million m 3/a (30.8 Ml/d) according to the
WARMS database. Because of operational problems at Mmabatho WTW, there have been
periods when Botshelo Water have over-abstracted more than its current entitlement.
As the future water requirements of Mafikeng increase the return flows will increase with a
net increase in yield of Setumo Dam as additional water is supplied from groundwater.
Future water requirements of Mafikeng are envisaged to increase from 13.14 million m 3/a (36
Ml/d) in 2008 to 27.38 million m3/a (75 Ml/d) in 2030. Pegging the abstraction from the
dolomitic aquifers at the current registered water use of 11.24 million m3/a, would mean
16.14 million m3/a will have to be supplied from Setumo Dam or an additional source. The
required net additional water supplying Mafikeng from groundwater is estimated to be
7.08 million m3/a at the 2008 water consumption.
In order to meet the future water requirements of Mafikeng the following actions are
proposed:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
The current registered water use from Grootfontein compartment and Molopo Eye of
11.24 million m3/a, is not exceeded to avoid over-abstraction of the compartments to
ensure sustainable groundwater supplies to both agriculture and the town.
The additional water required to meet the growing needs of Mafikeng are sourced
from Setumo Dam's increasing yield from the treated wastewater return flows from
Mafikeng.
The effluent discharge quality standards must be improved to ensure that the quality
of the return flow does not increase the treatment cost from Setumo Dam. This will
mean the municipality must invest in upgrading the wastewater treatment and
improve on operation and maintenance to enable efficient and cost effective tertiary
level treatment.
The Mmabatho WTW should be upgraded from 20 Ml/d to 40 Ml/d to meet the
growing water requirements of Mafikeng until 2030. This will provide 70 Ml/d of
treated water which is the total water requirements in 2030 for the high growth
scenario.
Depending on the outcome of the validation and verification process, make use of the
unlawful water determined to increase the water allocation for the municipality from
Page 77
(vi)
4.10
REPORT NO. { }
the Grootfontein dolomites. This can be undertaken only if current unauthorised water
use is within the sustainable yield of the resource
Buy out additional water from the irrigators in the Grootfontein Compartment to meet
the deficit after fully developing the Setumo Dam water supply scheme. This will be
done through the water trading mechanisms discussed previously.
Water supply to Ratlou Local Municipality
The groundwater potential in Ratlou Local Municipality is particularly in the southern parts of
the municipality. The water requirements for the municipality is expected to increase from
2.27 million m3/a to 3.9 million m3/a by 2030 for the high growth scenario.
In order to meet the future water requirements in southern portions of Ratlou Local
Municipality, additional water be sourced from Disaneng Dam which is downstream of
Setumo Dam. This will mean buying out of 200 ha of irrigation water from the Disaneng Dam
to supply the domestic sector.
The second option is the development of a dam on the Setlagole River. This will require a
very large capital investment to the extent that the cost of water will be too high for the
communities in Ratlou LM to afford even with the subsidies. Therefore the trigger for the
development of a dam on the Setlagole River will be the expansion of the mining activities by
Harmony Gold Mine.
4.11
Water transfers from Midvaal Water Company
One of the options available to address the water shortages experienced in Ngaka Modiri
Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) is water use transfers from other catchments where
there is surplus bulk water supply. In Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality, the Midvaal
Water Company currently has surplus water estimated to be approximately 36.5 million m 3/a.
Furthermore, there is also potential to develop the current water pumped into the Koekoemor
stream to stop the groundwater flows into the mine working which is currently estimated to be
18.3 million m3/a.
Because the supply demand balance for Dr KKDM exhibits a surplus over the 20 year
planning horizon, there is scope to utilise the surplus water to meet the future water
requirements in the southern areas of NMMDM for the medium to long term without affecting
developments in the Dr KKDM.
4.12
Capital Investment requirements to implement the plan
4.12.1
Capital expenditure for WC/WDM measures
Table 4.3 below illustrates the capital expenditure required to implement the identified
WC/WDM measures. As illustrated in the table significant capital investment will be required
to reduce the water losses and improve water use efficiency levels in Ngaka Modiri Molema
District Municipality.
As indicated in Table 4.3 the capital investment requirement to save approximately
11.19 million m3/a through consumer use reduction and PLM programmes is estimated to be
R51.16 million which is required over a 5 year period. This does not include the
refurbishment of the old water infrastructure which is urgently required in the main urban
areas of district.
Page 78
Table 4.3:
REPORT NO. { }
Capital Investment & water savings through Water Conservation and

Demand Management Measures for NMMDM
Water saved CAPEX
(million m3/a) (R*million)
WC/WDM Option
OPEX
Unit Cost
(R*million/a) (R/kl)
Consumer use reduction (tariff

management
and
public 3.86
awareness)
7.13
1.09
3.15
Residential
end
use
(Retrofitting, replace washers, 0.44
etc)
2.75
0.69
3.94
Pressure
and
Leakage
Management
(PLM)-Discrete 6.31
zones & DMAs
41.28
0.57
4.10
Rehabilitation of infrastructure
2.16
(10 km per year over 1.5 years)
67.47
0.25
Consumer Metering
0.57
Total (without
programme)
Rehabilitation
11.19
51.16
2.35
Total
(with
programme)
Rehabilitation
13.35
118.63
2.60
4.12.2
Capital Expenditure to implement water management measures in agriculture
irrigation conveyance efficiencies.
There should be incentives to improve irrigation agriculture by encouraging the water
management institutions (WMIs) to invest the capital required to implement the above
options. The savings can either be used to trade with other sectors requiring additional water
or expanding irrigated areas.
However in some case sthe capital investment required may be very high where government
will need to implement the measures with the savings reallocated to other water users. The
legal implications of these financing options should be evaluated.
Page 79
Table 4.4:
REPORT NO. { }
Capital Investment Requirements for the different intervention measures

Water saved CAPEX
(m3/a)
(R*1000)
Action
Development of Irrigation Water Management

N/A
Plans
4 000.00
N/A
15 000.00
Canal re-lining & refurbishment (facilities

9.06
related management)
58 625.00
Unit
Cost(R/kl)
Water use baseline & target setting
4.13
Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for NMMDM
Figure 4.3 below illustrates the existing and proposed water supply infrastructure required to
address the water requirements in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM).
4.13.1
Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Measures
Because of the water scarcity situation of NMMDM, there is a major imperative to ensure that
the existing water supplies are efficiently utilised. The plan highlights the areas where
WC/WDM can successfully be implemented.
4.13.1.1 Water Conservation and Demand Management in the domestic sector
Based on the current water consumption in the district of 38.65 million m 3/a (105.89 Ml/d) for
both domestic and industrial, the physical water losses at 11.19 million m3/a (30.65 Ml/d) is
29% of the current water use. Assuming a 50% success rate the water saving target for the
district municipality should be to reduce water losses by 14.5% of the current consumption
over a 5 year period, allowing for growth in water consumption during the same period.
In order to achieve the water savings, the following actions by the WSA are required to be
implemented:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Review the existing WC/WDM strategy and business plan for Ngaka Modiri Molema
District Municipality and update the strategy for each municipality with special focus
on the areas where significant savings can be achieved quickly and refining the
activities to be implemented;
programmes focusing on consumer use reduction and PLM measures;
Page 80
Figure 4-3:
REPORT NO. { }
Existing and proposed bulk water infrastructure in NMMDM
Page 81
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
REPORT NO. { }
Review the existing water services bylaws and the water tariffs in the context of
Implement a system, bulk and district metering programme to ensure complete water
balances can be undertaken in the water supply scheme areas;
reports;
These water savings can be achieved over a period of 3 to 5 years.

4.13.1.2 Water Management Measures in agriculture
The water use efficiency of the irrigation agricultural sector particularly in the eastern parts of
NMMDM was found to be low mainly due to the conveyance water losses in the irrigation
canals. There is potential to save 9.06 million m3/a from improving irrigation conveyance
efficiency.
The focus of the WPMP is to improve the conveyance efficiency by refurbishing of the old
canals and re-lining of unlined canal systems. The irrigation boards identified include Klein
Maricopoort and Marico-Bosveld irrigation schemes.
4.13.2
Water supply management and augmentation options
The western areas of NMMDM is arid with very limited surface water resources. It is
dependent on groundwater from the dolomitic aquifers in the district for its water supply with
surface water effectively supplementing groundwater supplies. Therefore in developing the
water provisioning and management plan for NMMDM, the focus has been on maximising
the sustainable use of the dolomites given the fact that there is evidence which seem to
suggest over-abstraction of groundwater from the dolomites. The plan has focused on water
trading to ensure the use of the scarce water supplies is for the high value uses which will
sustain economic development.
The other option is compulsory licensing in order to bring the system into balance while
ensuring that the existing groundwater is not over-exploited. The compulsory licensing will
also provide the opportunity to ensure that any allocated water currently not being utilised
can be reallocated to users requiring water for production purposed.
In the rural areas it is recommended that groundwater development and management be
implemented. It is important to understand the groundwater recharge potential in the various
catchments taking into account not only the direct recharge but also the indirect recharge
which is likely to be more significant in the arid region of the district. Rain water harvesting
has also been identified as an option that should be implemented particularly in the rural
communities where it can be use conjunctively with groundwater to meet the growing water
Page 82
REPORT NO. { }
requirements of rural communities as well as removing the existing water services backlogs
in NMMDM.
4.13.3
Bulk water infrastructure plan
It was identified that there would be a need for development of bulk water infrastructure to
meet growing water requirements in Mafikeng. The use of return flows and upgrading of the
Mmabatho WTW will assist in maximising the use of both the surface water resources from
the increasing yield of Setumo Dam and the groundwater from the dolomites which needs to
be carefully managed to avoid over-abstraction.
The other programme is the development of bulk water infrastructure from Disaneng Dam to
meet the water requirements of Setlagole. This option should be considered after comparing
with the potential for building a dam on the Setlagole River to meet the water requirements of
the area as well as the mining activities in the area.
The areas of Delareyville and Sannieshof are supplied from groundwater. Before
consideration is made to supply the areas from external water supplies, the maximisation of
the use of the local groundwater resources as well as rainwater harvesting should be
undertaken first. In the event that the local supplies cannot meet the future water
requirements, consideration should then be given to supply these areas from Midvaal Water
Company's WTW. Because of the high capital cost required for such a scheme to an area
where the affordability levels are low, a regional water supply scheme should be considered
to supply the bigger areas where affordability levels are high. These include Lichtenburg as
well as major industries and mines.
4.13.4
Prioritisation of the water reconciliation options
The implementation of the water management plan for Ngaka Modiri Molema District
Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality.
The priority list of the water management action plans for Ngaka Modiri Molema District
and providing a water product mix that ensures flexibility in bulk water supply to the district.
Page 83
Table 4.5:
Prioritisation of water management plan for Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality
Priority
Strategy
Water Conservation & Water Demand Management (WC/WDM) Plan
Very
High
Implement
WC/WDM (i) Prepare WC/WDM business plans
measures in municipalities
(ii) Establish water use efficiency baseline & BMP
High
REPORT NO. { }
Implement
measures
agriculture
Action Plans
in
Time line
Responsible
Authority
WUA & WSAs
Immediate
Water Services
2011 onwards
Authorities /DWA
(iii) Set annual water saving targets
2011 onwards
Water Boards
(iv) Implement water loss control programme
2012 - 2015
(v) Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on KPIs
Ongoing
WC/WDM (i) Prepare Irrigation Water Management Plans

irrigation
(ii) Institute a programme for flow measurement in agriculture
Immediate
2011 onwards
(iii) Set annual water saving targets for each irrigation scheme
2011 onwards
(iv) Prepare a funding mechanism for each irrigation scheme
2011 -2012
Irrigation
Boards
(IB) Water User
Associations
(WUAs)
(v) Implement measures to reduce irrigation conveyance & 2012 - 2014

distribution water losses
High
Compulsory licensing in the (i) Finalise the Validation & Verification Process
2010 -2011
Grootfontein - Lichtenburg
dolomitic compartments
(ii) Stakeholder participation and empowerment programme on 2011 -2012
CL
DWA
Page 84
Priority
Strategy
REPORT NO. { }
Action Plans
(iii) Installation of an integrated
(groundwater & surface water)
Time line
Water
Resource
Responsible
Authority
Model 2012 -2013
(iv) Establish the maximum level of water abstraction from the 2012 -2013
dolomitic aquifers of Grootfontein - Lichtenburg
Medium
Water trading
(v) Development & gazetting of the water allocation schedule
2013
(vi) Issue water use licence with conditions attached
2013 -2014
(vii) Update the WARMS database
2012 onwards
(i)
Prepare a database of water users wanting to trade their After validation DWA
water
& verification
process
(ii) Prepare guiding principles for trading water in NMMDM
Immediate
(iii) Facilitate water trades between sellers and buyers by As required

providing information on water allocations in each scheme in
the district
Individual
users
water
(iv) Encourage the development of water markets by As required

establishment of water brokers either through the Water User
Associations (WUAs) or irrigation boards
Page 85
Priority
Strategy
Action Plans
REPORT NO. { }
Time line
Responsible
Authority
(v) DWA should consider the option of introducing mechanisms As required

for entitlement holders to sell back their unused water
entitlements (i.e. buyback of water allocations)
2
High
Water Supply Side Management Plan

Groundwater
development (i) Delineation of groundwater zones
Immediate
for rural supplies
(ii) WSA prepare a groundwater management plan identifying
areas where groundwater can be supplied in a sustainable
manner
DWA
WSAs
(iii) Implement groundwater development projects based on

water requirements
As required
Medium
(i)
Promote rainwater harvesting as another source of supply Immediate

particularly in the rural areas where it can be used
conjunctively with groundwater
DWA,
Water
Services
Authorities,
(ii) Implement pilot projects in NMMDM to demonstrate the 2011- onwards

benefits of conjunctive use of rainwater harvesting and
groundwater development on cost of supply to low income
households
(iii) Develop national standards for rainwater harvesting systems 2011
for both domestic and commercial and industrial consumers
High
Mafikeng Bulk water supply (i)

infrastructure upgrade
Undertake a yield analysis of Setumo Dam taking into Immediate

account the wastewater return flows
Water
Services
Authority
Page 86
Priority
Strategy
REPORT NO. { }
Action Plans
Time line
(ii) Evaluate the quality of the treated wastewater from Mafikeng Immediate
and determine the process required to improve the quality of
the return flow for treatment
Responsible
Authority
(NMMDM)
(iii) Upgrade the wastewater treatment plants upstream of 2011 - 2012

Setumo Dam for advanced wastewater treatment to ensure
reuse
(iv) Process design the Mmabatho WTW for upgrade which takes 2012 -2013
into account the quality of return flow
(v) Prepare a master plan for supplying water to Mafikeng in 2011 -2012
order to optimise at the water mix of groundwater and
surface water supply
Low
Setlagole Dam
(vi) Prepare a detailed feasibility study for the upgrading of

Mafikeng Bulk water supply infrastructure
2012 -2013
(vii) Implement the bulk supply upgrade of Mafikeng
2014-onwards
(i)
Investigate the feasibility of building a dam on the Setlagole 2011 -2012

River
(ii) Investigate funding and

financing the options
institutional
arrangements for
(iii) Implementation of dam (design & construction)
DWA
2012 - 2013
2013 - 2016
Page 87
Priority
Strategy
Low
Bulk
infrastructure
Disaneng Dam
REPORT NO. { }
Action Plans
from (i)
Time line
Investigate the feasibility of developing the bulk water 2011 - 2012

infrastructure to meet water requirements of Setlagole
(ii) Engage with the irrigators for the trading of water

(iii) Investigate funding arrangement
infrastructure development
(iv) Implement infrastructure
construction)
for
development
Responsible
Authority
DWA
2011 -2012
financing
the 2012 -2013
(design
and 2013 - 2014
Page 88
REPORT NO. { }
DR RUTH SEGOMOTSI MOMPATI DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WATER

MANAGEMENT PLAN
5.1
Overview
This chapter outlines the water management plan to ensure Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati
District Municipality will improve on its current security of supply in order to meet the socioeconomic development objectives of the North West Provincial Growth and Development
Strategy (PGDS). It describes the water supply and demand management actions required to
meet the social and economic development needs of the district.
Critical to achieving this outcome is by ensuring first and foremost that the available water is
used in an efficient and effective manner. It is important to note that in developing the Water
Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati, the plan is
flexible enough to respond to the uncertainties associated with the future water requirement
projections for population, economic conditions, estimates of the available water particularly
from the dolomites and climate change impacts.
The water requirements for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality are likely to
increase by approximately 15% over a 22 year period from 79.89 million m3/a to 91.82 million
m3/a at the current level of water use efficiency and operating rules. This is based on the
assumption that the current irrigation water requirements which is the largest water user will
remain the same for the planning period.
As illustrated in Table 5.1 below, the current water requirements for the district exceed the
available water supplies at the required assurance level of supply for the different sectors by
approximately 7.08 million m3/a. The current deficit is expected to increase to 19.01 million
m3/a if the situation is not addressed as a matter of urgency.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

order to provide the savings to the growing demands.
In Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM, there is limited scope for development of new water
sources near the areas requiring additional water supplies.
The focus of the water management plan has been to improve the level of water use
efficiency in a number of local municipalities in the area that was identified to have scope in
reducing the Non Revenue Water (NRW) which is considered to be high.
Page 89
REPORT NO. { }
Consequently, water loss control management, consumer demand management, water

trading and treated effluent reuse systems have a higher profile in this water provisioning and
management plan for Dr Ruthi Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality. The need to ensure
that the use of Best Management Practices (BMP) across all water user sectors, along with
existing water use efficiency programs, are a key component of the response plan to the
water management issues of the district municipality.
more supply sources, is also considered. This approach could offer considerable benefits for
the district, improving the overall performance of linked supply schemes, if managed
correctly.
Table 5.1:
Future water requirements of the main sector in Dr Ruth Segomotsi

Mompati District Municipality (million m3/a)
2008
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
38.05
38.05
38.05
38.05
38.05
38.05
Groundwater
34.76
34.76
34.76
34.76
34.76
34.76
72.81
72.81
72.81
72.81
72.81
72.81
21.91
23.38
25.52
27.78
29.94
32.27
9.00
9.14
9.48
9.97
10.32
10.58
48.97
48.97
48.97
48.97
48.97
48.97
79.89
81.49
83.98
86.72
89.23
91.82
-7.08
-8.68
-11.17
-13.91
-16.42
-19.01
Water Supply
Transfers
Water Requirements
Domestic
requirements
water
Page 90
REPORT NO. { }
5.2
Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Options for Dr

Ruth Segomotsi District Municipality
5.2.1
Overview
As illustrated in Table 5.1 above, Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality (RSMDM)
does already experience water supply shortages and reliability of water supply issues at a
district level based on the current water use and operating practices.
In order to address the current water supply shortages an assessment of the current water
losses and water use efficiency levels was undertaken. This indicated that there is a real
need to implement water loss control measures and manage consumer demand in the
district.
5.2.2
Develop and Implement WDM programmes in the municipal scheme areas
5.2.2.1 Implement Water Loss Control Programme

The average system losses in the main local municipalities of Naledi, Mamusa, Lekwa
Taemane and Greater Taung were estimated to range from 33% to 42% of the total input
volume, although this figure varies with each scheme. The high system losses are attributed
to the age and condition of the water supply infrastructure as well as the lack of maintenance
of the existing infrastructure.
The estimated total Non Revenue Water (NRW) for the whole of Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati
District Municipality was estimated to be 7.00 million m3/a (19.18 Ml/d). The problem with the
high NRW in an already water stressed district is that they:

Increase operating costs;
make investments in capacity augmentation larger particularly where local resources
are not sufficient.
The preliminary assessment of the measures that can be implemented to reduce the NRW in
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality identified the following tasks that need to be
implemented:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

within water supply scheme with a view to undertaking comprehensive water audits
and prioritising supply zones for water loss control management programmes;
Installation of system and bulk water metering to enable water balance assessments
to be undertaken;
Establishment of water saving targets with the target to reduce water losses from the
current 34% of treated production to 15% of the treated production over a 3-5 year
period. The annual water savings targets should be determined for each water supply
scheme in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality;
municipalities;
Undertaking refurbishment of the old pipework contributing to the high water losses is
required as a matter of urgency.
Page 91
REPORT NO. { }
5.2.2.2 Implement Consumer use reduction option

The average per capita consumption in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality
ranges from 30 l/c/d to 132.00 l/c/d in the more urbanised areas of Vryburg, Christiana,
Schweizer Reneke and Bloemhof towns. This includes residential areas as well as the non
revenue water (NRW) but excludes industrial and commercial use. The high end current
average per capita consumption can be reduced if the consumption patterns can be
influenced. It is estimated that approximately 3.84 million m3/a (10.5 Ml/d) can be saved by
implementing consumer use reduction measures.
In order to maintain the current average per capita consumption with a long term view of
reducing the average per capita consumption, the following actions are required:
(i)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Consumer metering: A consumer metering and meter renewal programme for the
Newcastle Water Supply Scheme area to ensure all water supplies and uses and
measured in order to undertake comprehensive water balance assessment;
Domestic rebate programme where rebates are offered for rainwater tanks,
washing machines, dual flush toilets, efficient showerheads, greywater systems and
swimming pool covers.
Domestic retrofit programme which aims to refit residential houses with water
efficient appliances. The retrofit program must be administered by the local
municipality. Houses will be audited by a qualified plumber and where potential for
water savings are identified, water saving devices such as showerheads and toilet
displacement devices installed.
New sustainable building regulations requiring that all new houses are fitted with
efficient toilets and showers. This bylaw also applies to existing houses where
bathrooms are renovated. Under the building regulations and water service bylaws
new houses are also subject to water pressure limitations.
A sustainable education and awareness campaign, promoting the benefits of
improving water use efficiency to reduce consumer use. This should be undertaken
based on a comprehensive Knowledge Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey so that
the campaign is focused on the stakeholders attitude towards water use;
Reviewing the existing tariffs - This must ensure that water pricing structures
reward efficient water use and penalise inefficient consumption. In most municipalities
the water tariff structure for domestic water supplies is based on the Increasing Block
Tariff (IBT) also known as the Rising Block Tariff (RBT) system while that of the
industries and commercial sectors is a mixture of IBT as well as Declining Block Tariff
(DBT) which does not encourage water use efficiency.
Development of a programme by each municipality to install water efficient fittings
and fixtures on new dwellings as well as retrofitting on existing buildings. This will
require reviewing of the existing Water Services Bylaws
In addition to the above actions, more sophisticated and targeted behaviour change and
communications programs will be required to motivate the communities of Dr Ruth
Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality to save water.
Page 92
5.2.3
REPORT NO. { }
Household size;
Implement Rainwater harvesting
The depletion of groundwater sources, the poor quality of some groundwater, the cost of
supplying isolated rural community properties, the flexibility of rainwater harvesting systems,
and modern methods of treatment provide excellent reasons for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati
District Municipality to implement rainwater harvesting for domestic use.
the water supply to the communities in the rural areas. Rainwater harvesting can be used
conjunctively with groundwater development in the rural. It is driven by the following aspects:
catchment area and rainfall determine supply, and

water requirement for each household in the community dictates the required storage
capacity.
Rainwater harvesting can be used during the rainfall season, thereby ensuring that the
groundwater recharge is improved and the groundwater can be used for the period when it is
not raining.
Given the low average per capita consumption for water requirement in rural communities in
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM with mean annual precipitation (MAP) of ranging from
323.88 mm in the north west to 530 mm in the eastern parts of the district, there is potential
for rainwater harvesting that can be conjunctively used with the groundwater resources
during the dry periods. The option of rainwater harvesting in the Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati
DM needs to be considered as a conjunctive use.
the intended purpose. The annual quantity and variability of rainfall and the water
requirements will determine the relationship between required catchment area and storage
capacity.
It is also appropriate in areas such as Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM where there is a wet
season every year. The yield generated is likely to be medium because of the low frequency
of rainfall. This is the reason why it is practical to use rainwater harvesting as a conjunctive
use with groundwater for rural water supply systems.
However it is important to note that no national standards exist for rainwater harvesting
systems, including Rainwater Harvesting Best Management Practices. These need to be
considered when assessing the potential for rainwater harvesting.
In order to undertake this management plan, the following actions are required:
The DWA together with Water Services Authorities (WSAs) should promote and
facilitate rainwater harvesting in the water scarce regions such as Dr Ruth Segomotsi
Mompati DM;
The DWA should develop national standards for rainwater harvesting systems for
both domestic and commercial and industrial consumers;
Page 93
5.2.4
REPORT NO. { }
Pilot programmes for designing conjunctive use of rainwater harvesting systems with
groundwater development in rural areas of Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM should
be implemented which can then be roled out to the rest of the district municipality.
Implement water management measures to improve water use efficiency in
irrigation agriculture
5.2.4.1 Overview
Irrigation agriculture is the largest water user in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District
Municipality. It currently utilises approximately 61.3% of the total water requirements in the
district with most of the irrigation agriculture taking place along the Harts River as well as
from groundwater.
Irrigation agriculture in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati is linked to the Vaal Harts Irrigation
scheme. The current initiatives to improve irrigation conveyance efficiency have indicated
that there will be savings which can be used to provide water to areas currently not being
irrigated.
Preliminary assessments of the potential to improve irrigation water use efficiency in the
district indicates that approximately 9.18 million m3/a is due to conveyance losses and
operational spills. This amount can potentially be saved by improving the irrigation
conveyance efficiency and the operating rules of providing irrigators.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
sub-scheme level

include all irrigation schemes in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality.
Page 94
REPORT NO. { }

water.
crops, etc.
turnouts. In a number of the cases it is the DWA which is currently carrying the losses. If the
water allocation to the users is based on the actual water requirements and a set percentage
of allowable water losses, this will provide incentives to the irrigation scheme to improve their
efficiency in irrigation water use.
schemes such as Taung Irrigation Scheme that have the systems in place for temporary
water transfers. This policy provides the basis of addressing water shortage plan for each
irrigation scheme.
particularly on the major irrigation schemes of Taung Irrigation Scheme, where on-farm
irrigation efficiency levels are as high as 81%.
Page 95
REPORT NO. { }
A significant portion of the estimated water losses in irrigation agriculture from the Taung
Irrigation Scheme of 9.18 million m3/a can potentially be saved by refurbishing the canal
conveyance infrastructure.
There have already been initiatives in some of the irrigation schemes (e.g. Taung Irrigation
Scheme) where refurbishment of the old canal and poorly maintained canal infrastructure is
currently on-going. No water saving targets were established to determine how much water
can be saved by refurbishment of the infrastructure.
Conveyance losses in irrigation agriculture in Dr RSMDM take the following forms:

o
o

It was identified that currently the canal/lateral operating procedures are based on supplying
irrigators with water from Monday to Friday. The canals are not continuously operated. The
system is closed on Fridays and opened on Monday.
Page 96
REPORT NO. { }
each irrigation schemes in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality develops and
implement a Water Management Plan (WMP) which should provide the water use baseline
for each irrigation scheme by undertaking the ;

o
o
o
o
following:
o
o
o
distribution canals in the schemes in Ngaka Modiri Molema Platinum District
Municipality. This will include the following
o
o
Page 97
5.3
REPORT NO. { }

reduce water losses
the sector.
Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management in Dr

Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality
(WC/WDM) alone will not address the current and future water supply deficits. The impact
that a WC/WDM programme for the Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality is that it
will not delay the need for augmentation of additional water supplies but will reduce the total
volume of water required to meet the water requirements for 2030.
The reduction in the water supply water requirements gap is estimated to move from 19.01
million m3/a to 5.83 million m3/a if WC/WDM is successfully implemented in the domestic and
irrigation agriculture. This represents a 76% reduction in additional water required in 2030.
As indicated in the previous sections additional bulk water supply infrastructure is however
needed for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality mainly from the local water
resources which are currently not being fully utilised. However the additional water required
in 2030 can be supplied either from Midvaal Water Company, by reducing its allocation
upstream and upgrading Bloemhof WTW to supply Schweizer Reneke from the allocation of
Midvaal's current allocation further downstream.
Page 98
REPORT NO. { }
120
100
80
60
40
20
Year
Water Supply
Figure 5-1:
5.4
Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in NMMDM
Groundwater development for rural water supplies
As illustrated in Figure 5.1 above, implementation of WC/WDM interventions will not solve
the water supply shortages and reliability issues in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District
Municipality without augmentation of the available water supplies
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality is deeply rural with more than 80% of the
district population residing in rural areas. The main source of supply in the rural areas is
groundwater. As discussed in the situation assessment, the groundwater development
potential in the Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality was found to reasonable to
good. The utilization of groundwater resources has facilitated the low-cost provision of more
reliable, good quality, water supplies for the rural population in district municipality.
Due to the low income levels of rural communities in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District
Municipality, the development of new surface water supplies or transfers from other
catchments to supply rural communities is very limited because of the very high capital
investment required and the low rainfall-runoff. The very high capital and environmental costs
are such that the current subsidy mechanisms will not meet the capital and operational
expenditure needed for sustainable water service provision from surface water supplies.
It is therefore recommended that groundwater development for rural water supplies be
extended to the rural areas where there is a water services backlog. Furthermore
groundwater supplies can also be developed to provide water for livestock farming which is
envisaged in the district.
Page 99
REPORT NO. { }
It is recommended that groundwater development and management be undertaken in

Kagisano and Molopo Local Municipalities by utilising the local dolomitic aquifers to meet the
future water requirements of the rural towns of Ganyesa, Tosca and Moswana. In order to
achieve this the following should be undertaken:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Identify and map the groundwater dolomitic aquifers in the two local municipalities;
Develop exploratory and observation boreholes in each aquifer to monitor the
recharge and water tables of the aquifers;
Determine the groundwater available for abstraction on a long term sustainable basis
It is important to understand the groundwater recharge potential in the various
catchments taking into account not only the direct recharge but also the indirect
recharge which is likely to be more significant in the arid region of the district. This
should be done by
delineating the groundwater aquifers of the district municipality
developing exploratory and production boreholes
establishing a groundwater recharge model for the district municipality;
A groundwater management plan needs to be developed to enable the management
of groundwater at both local and aquifer scale;
Groundwater aquifer zones should be established in the district to enable the
management to be done at a broader scale than is currently the case.
An integrated approach to the development of groundwater supplies for rural communities

based on the aspects illustrated in Table 5.4 below to ensure sustainability should be
undertaken.
Table 5.2:
The 'integrated approach" to community groundwater supply planning
Process
Condition or component
In
design,
implementation,
maintenance, financing
Effective Community Involvement

Communities wishes reconciled with
capacity and willingness to pay
Appropriate Technological Level
Compatible with human and financial

resources available
Provision for Full Recurrent and Capital

Cost Recovery
Support of capital costs for poorer

communities only
Institutional and Manpower Development
Closely mapped to needs of planned

water supply system
Parallel health/sanitation education
Page 100
5.5
REPORT NO. { }
Upgrading of bulk water supplies from Taung Dam to Vryburg & Stella
Although there is limited scope for augmentation of the existing water supplies in Dr Ruth
Segomotsi Mompati DM through development of surface water supplies, the following
options have been considered and included in the Water Provisioning and Management Plan
(WPMP) for the district. These are considered as measures to address the medium to long
term needs of the district.
The significant growth in water requirements is taking place in Vryburg and Taung which are
the main urban centres in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality. The current bulk
water supply infrastructure is not sufficient to meet the future water requirements of Vryburg
by 2015.
In order to meet the future water requirements, it is recommended that the following be
undertaken:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
5.6
The additional water be supplied from the currently unutilised Taung Dam which has
a yield of 5.90 million m3/a if the EWR releases are imposed on the dam;
A raw water supply pumping main should be constructed from Taung Dam to
discharge into the canal currently supplying Pudimoe WTW from the Vaal River;
A feasibility study to upgrade Pudimoe WTW including the bulk water supply pipeline
to Vryburg should be undertaken to determine the capacity and detailed costs of the
project;
The timing of the design and construction of the Pudimoe WTW and the bulk water
supply pipeline should be based on how successfully WC/WDM is implemented in
Vryburg;
Provision to supply Taung from Pudimoe WTW should also be considered in the
planning for upgrading of the bulk water supply system.
Bulk water supply to Schweizer Reneke
The town of Schweizer Reneke receives its bulk water from Wentzel Dam which is
supplemented by boreholes which originally supplied the town. The yield of Wentzel Dam is
estimated to be 0.94 million m3/a excluding the Ecological Water Requirements (EWR) and
0.35 million m3/a including the EWR (Kwezi V3 Engineers, 2008). This is far less than the
current water requirements of Schweizer Reneke of 1.7 million m3/a.
Although the current water requirements are met from the conjunctive use of surface water
and groundwater, the future water requirements in 2030 of 2.8 million m3/a (7.67 Ml/d) cannot
be met from conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water supplies.
In order to meet the future water requirements for Schweizer Reneke, there are two options
that have been identified;
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
supplying the town from Pudimoe WTW by a constructing 68 km bulk supply rising
main at a static head of 220 m;
supply from the Midvaal Water Company which has excess capacity by constructing
a 130 km rising and gravity pipeline;
supplying from Bloemhof by upgrading the WTW and constructing a 56 km rising bulk
main at a static head of 140m.
raw water supply from the Vaal River system for treatment at Schweizer Reneke.
Page 101
REPORT NO. { }
Because of the need to have flexibility in Pudimoe WTW to supplying the growing needs of
Taung and Vryburg, the most feasible options (subject to detailed investigation) is to supply
from either Midvaal Water Company or upgrading the Bloemhof WTW to meet the future
water requirements of Schweizer Reneke.
In order to meet the future water requirements of Schweizer Reneke the following actions are
proposed:
(i)
That WC/WDM measures be implemented as a priority to determine the timing of the

additional water requirements for the town;
(ii) Prepare a detailed feasibility study to determine the most technically feasibility and
economically viable option between the identified options;
(iii) Prepare the financing model required to meet the capital investment requirements to
supply water to Scweizer Reneke;
(iv) Implement the upgrading of the bulk water supply to Schweize Reneke based to meet
the future water requirements in 2012 2013.
5.7
Capital Investment requirements to implement the plan
5.7.1
Capital expenditure for WC/WDM measures
Table 5.3 below illustrates the capital investment requirements to implement water losses
and managed consumer demand that can be achieved from implementing WC/WDM
measures in the towns of Vryburg, Schweizer Reneke, Bloemhof, Taung and Christiana. As
illustrated in the table significant water savings will be made through implementing consumer
use reduction programme for the capital invested in such a measure.
As indicated in Table 5.3 the capital investment requirement to save approximately 7.00
million m3/a through consumer use reduction and PLM programmes is estimated to be
R33.43 million which is required over a 5 year period. This does not include the
refurbishment of the old water infrastructure which is urgently required in the main urban
areas of district.
Page 102
Table 5.3:
REPORT NO. { }
Capital Investment & water savings through Water Conservation and

Demand Management Measures for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM
Water saved CAPEX
OPEX
(million m3/a) (R*million) (R*million/a)
WC/WDM Option
Unit Cost
(R/kl)
Consumer use reduction (tariff

management
and
public 3.84
awareness)
5.13
0.88
1.33
Residential
end
use
(Retrofitting, replace washers, 0.25
etc)
1.05
0.69
4.20
Pressure
and
Leakage
Management
(PLM)-Discrete 7.00
zones & DMAs
27.25
0.57
3.89
Rehabilitation of infrastructure
N/A
(10 km per year over 1.5 years)
N/A
N/A
Total
(with
programme)
Rehabilitation
33.43
2.14
Total (without
programme)
Rehabilitation
5.7.2
11.09
Capital Expenditure to implement water management measures in agriculture
irrigation conveyance efficiencies.
There should be incentives to improve irrigation agriculture by encouraging the water
management institutions (WMIs) to invest the capital required to implement the above
options. The savings can either be used to trade with other sectors requiring additional water
or expanding irrigated areas.
However in some case sthe capital investment required may be very high where government
will need to implement the measures with the savings reallocated to other water users. The
legal implications of these financing options should be evaluated.
Page 103
Table 5.4:
REPORT NO. { }
Capital Investment requirements to improve conveyance efficiency - Dr

Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality
Irrigation conveyance
loss reduction
water Water saved CAPEX

(m3/a)
(R*1000)
Development of Irrigation Water

N/A
Management Plans
2 000.00
N/A
5 000.00
9.18
35 625.00
OPEX
(R*1000/a)
Unit
Cost(R/kl)
Water use baseline & target

setting
Canal re-lining & refurbishment
5.8
Summary of the water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi

Mompati District Municipality
5.8.1
Water Conservation and Demand Management
Figure 5.2 below illustrates the water supply augmentation options to address the future
water supply deficit in 2030 in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality. The focus of
the Water Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) for the district municipality has been
to ensure that the existing available water supplies are utilised efficiently before
consideration is made in developing additional bulk water supply infrastructure to add to the
existing district municipality's asset and balance sheet.
However the WPMP illustrates that implementing WC/WDM alone in Dr Ruth Segomotsi
Mompati DM will not address the envisaged in the priority investment in the areas of Vryburg,
Taung and Schweizer Reneke and Christiana. The town of Christiana has sufficient water
which it sources from an irrigation canal from the Vaal River.
Vryburg is the capital of Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality. Besides the need
to implement WC/WDM in the town, additional water will be required by 2015 depending on
how successful the measures to reduce water losses are implemented. The plan to meet the
future water requirements of Vryburg and Taung is to utilise Taung Dam which has a yield of
5.9 million m3/a (16.6 Ml/d) to upgrade the Pudimoe WTW to supply the two towns. These
areas are priority investment areas for the district.
Page 104
Figure 5-2:
REPORT NO. { }
Existing and future bulk water supply schemes in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality
Page 105
REPORT NO. { }
In order to achieve the water savings indicated in Table 5.2 below, the following actions are
required to be implemented:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Prepare a WC/WDM strategy and business plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati
District Municipality with special focus on the areas and local municipalities where
significant savings can be achieved quickly and refining the activities to be
implemented;
programmes focusing on consumer use reduction and PLM measures.
Review the existing water services bylaws and the water tariffs in the context of
Implement a system, bulk and district metering programme to ensure complete water
balances can be undertaken in the water supply scheme areas;
reports;
These water savings can be achieved over a period of 3 to 5 years.

5.8.2
Water Savings in agriculture
The water resources of Taung Dam were earmarked for development of an irrigation scheme
downstream of the dam but have been unutilised since it was commissioned. The Taung
irrigation scheme can be developed utilising water savings that are made from the
refurbishment of the irrigation canals of the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme.
5.8.3
Bulk water supply infrastructure
Schweizer Reneke is one of the towns on the Wolmaranstad to Taung development corridor.
Its water resources are limited by the low yield of Wentzel Dam. The plan is to meet the
future water requirements from either Bloemhof WTW, providing a water allocation from Vaal
River to transfer raw water to Schweizer Reneke for treatment or extending Midvaal Water
Company supply area up to Schweizer Reneke. A more detailed study is required to optimise
the options for the town.
5.8.4
Prioritisation of the water management options
The implementation of the water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District
Page 106
REPORT NO. { }
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality
The priority list of the water management action plans for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati
District Municipality are based on ensuring the effective and efficient use of the available
water supply based on the financial benefits of utilising the existing water supply bulk
infrastructure and providing a water product mix that ensures flexibility in bulk water supply to
the district.
Page 107
Table 5.5:
Prioritisation of water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality
Priority
Strategy
Water Conservation & Water Demand Management (WC/WDM) Plan
Very
High
Implement
WC/WDM (i) Prepare WC/WDM business plans
measures in municipalities
(ii) Establish water use efficiency baseline & BMP
High
REPORT NO. { }
Implement
measures
agriculture
Plan of action
in
Time frame
WUA & WSAs

Immediate
2011 onwards
(iii) Set annual water saving targets
2011 onwards
(iv) Implement water loss control programme
2012 - 2015
(v) Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on KPIs
Ongoing
WC/WDM (i) Prepare Irrigation Water Management Plans

irrigation
(ii) Institute a programme for flow measurement in agriculture
Responsible
Authority
Immediate
2011 onwards
(iii) Set annual water saving targets for each irrigation scheme
2011 onwards
(iv) Prepare a funding mechanism for each irrigation scheme
2011 - 2012
Water
Services
Authorities /DWA
Water Boards
Irrigation
Boards
(IB) Water User
Associations
(WUAs)
(v) Implement measures to reduce irrigation conveyance & 2012 - 2015

distribution water losses
High
Taung Irrigation Scheme
(i) Determine the water savings available for Taung Irrigation Immediate
Scheme
Department
Agriculture
of
Page 108
Priority
Strategy
Plan of action
REPORT NO. { }
Time frame
Responsible
Authority
(ii) Identify the small scale irrigation holders through a Immediate

stakeholder participation programme
(iii) Identify type of crops to be irrigated
(iv) Determine the irrigation water requirements based on
SAPWAT
DWA
(v) Design the irrigation conveyance system for the scheme

(vi) Establish the organisational arrangement for operation &
maintenance of the scheme
(vii) Provide subsidies for Resource Poor Farmers (RPF) to
implement the irrigation scheme from savings of the
Vaalharts scheme
2
Water Supply Side Management Plan
High
Groundwater development (i) Delineation of groundwater zones

Immediate
for rural supplies & livestock
farming
(ii) WSA prepare a groundwater management plan identifying Immediate
areas where groundwater can be supplied in a sustainable
manner
Department
Agriculture
Communities
of
/
DWA
DWA
WSAs
(iii) Implement groundwater development projects based on As required

water requirements
Medium
(i) Promote rainwater harvesting as another source of supply Immediate
DWA,
Water
Page 109
Priority
Strategy
Plan of action
REPORT NO. { }
Time frame
particularly in the rural areas where it can be used

conjunctively with groundwater
Responsible
Authority
Services
Authorities,
(ii) Implement pilot projects in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM

to demonstrate the benefits of conjunctive use of rainwater
harvesting and groundwater development on cost of supply 2011- onwards
to low income households
(iii) Develop national standards for rainwater harvesting systems 2011
for both domestic and commercial and industrial consumers
High
Vryburg Taung Bulk water (i) Apply for water use licence from Taung Dam for Vryburg & Immediate
supply
infrastructure
Taung area
upgrade
(ii) Prepare a detailed feasibility study for upgrading Pudimoe
Immediate
WTW to be supplied from Taung Dam
Water
Services
Authority
(NMMDM)
(iii) Preparing a financing structure and source funding for

implementing the upgrading of the bulk water supply scheme 2011 - 2012
(iv) Design and construct the Pudimoe bulk water supply scheme 2012 -2015
upgrade
Medium
Schweizer Reneke bulk

water supply infrastructure
upgrade
Prepare a feasibility study to determine the optimal options to 2011 -2012

supply Schweizer Reneke
Dr Ruth Segomotsi
Mompati DM
Determine the cost of supply and prepare an affordability for 2012

the scheme
Prepare a financing and funding model to meet the capital 2012
investment requirements
Page 110
Priority
Strategy
Plan of action
REPORT NO. { }
Responsible
Authority
Time frame
Implement the upgrading of the bulk water supply to 2013

onwards
Schweizer Reneke
Page 111
REPORT NO. { }
WATER (MACRO PROVINCIAL) MANAGEMENT PLAN TO ADDRESS

GENERIC WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES
6.1
Overview
There are number of water management issues which are generic to the whole of the North
West Province. The generic issues impacting on or are likely to affect the water provisioning
and management of the water supplies of the North West Province include the following:
Climate change
Drought and the management of droughts
Water quality
Water pricing
The Water Provisioning and Management Plan should include the general approaches that
can be taken to manage the effect of these issues. These are discussed in the following
sections.
6.2
Climate Change
Climate change has been defined as any persistent change in the statistical distribution of
climate variables (Cromwell, Smith, & Raucher, 2007). The fundamental climate change
process is global warming. Increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) other Green House Gases
(GHGs) resulting from human activities have caused a radiative heating effect that traps
solar energy in the atmosphere that would otherwise be dissipated back into space. This has
contributed to an increase of about 0.74C in global average temperature since 1900. There
is a consensus that GHGs produced by human activities have already caused an increase in
global mean temperature.
It is very difficult to assess the impact of climate change on the water resources of the North
West Province because of lack of specific data and information on how climate change could
be impacting on the specific area.
One of the simplest ways to envision the effect of global warming on water resources is to
follow the logic of what happens when water is heated; global warming will basically
accelerate the pace of the hydrologic cycle. Warmer temperatures will cause water to
evaporate more readily and cause the total amount of precipitation to increase at a global
level. This accelerated hydrologic cycle is logically projected to result in an overall increased
intensity of rainfall events. Consistent with the fact that global warming has already been
occurring during the last century, stream-flow records already document this increase in
storm intensity. Therefore the current hydrology has to some extent factored in the impact of
climate and is taken into account.
The impact of climate change on water supplies is difficult to predict for the North West
Province as there is no data available. However the following scenarios are provided as to
the impact of climate change on water supplies.
For arid and semi-arid regions such as the North West Province, warmer and potentially drier
summer seasons may occur which will result in the following likely to occur:
Page 112
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
(xvi)
(xvii)
REPORT NO. { }
Changes in vegetation of watershed and aquifer recharge areas

Altered recharge of groundwater aquifers
Changes in quantity and quality (e.g., TOC, alkalinity) of runoff into surface waters
Increased water temperature
Increased evaporation and eutrophication in surface sources
Water treatment and distribution challenges (disinfection, by-products, re-growth)
Increased water demand
Increased irrigation demand in longer growing season
Increased urban demand with more heat waves and dry spells
Increased drawdown of local groundwater resources to meet the above
More frequent and intense rainfall events
Increased turbidity and sedimentation
Loss of reservoir storage
Shallower, warmer water; increased evaporation and eutrophication
Potential conflicts with flood control objectives
Water filtration or filtration/avoidance treatment challenges
Increased risk of direct flood damage to water utility facilities
It is difficult to quantify the above impacts. The approach to address this has been covered in
a risk assessment that is provided for climate change in the following chapter.
6.3
Coping with water scarcity
Droughts in South Africa are becoming more frequent events with adverse impacts on the
economy, social life and on the environment. Although the North West Province is relatively
well regulated in terms of the storage capacity, the high variability in rainfall to the extent that
there are periods of drought (the extent and impact of which differs) and periods of below
normal rainfall, the existing dams which were constructed to mitigate during these periods
cannot provide the water requirements without some level of water restrictions. This is to
allow the available storage capacity to supply the requirements over the period of below
normal rainfall.
Drought results from a deficiency of precipitation from statistically normal (long-term average)
amounts that, when extended over a season or especially over a longer period of time, is
insufficient to meet the demands of human activities. All types of drought originate from a
deficiency of precipitation which results in water shortages for some activity (such as crop
production) or for some group (such as farmers). Droughts differ from one another in three
essential characteristics: intensity, duration, and spatial coverage.
Besides increasing water scarcity due to droughts, there is increasing water scarcity as a
result of water quality problems. The expansion of the mining activities in the North West
Province is likely to further exacerbate the water quality and subsequently water scarcity
issues. The harsh evaporative environment in North West Province where there are low
rainfall adds to the amount of salts present in surface waters. The high temperature and the
addition of salts and nutrients to surface water bodies easily create conditions of
eutrophication, which largely affect water quality and the riparian ecosystems. With the
increasing return flows into the main surface water storages of the province such as
Page 113
REPORT NO. { }
Hartbeespoort and Setumo Dams, water quality issues are increasing. If not managed, they
will exacerbate the water scarcity problems of the province
In order to manage droughts and mitigate on water quality issues there is a need to ensure
that the North West Province develops a drought and water quality management plan to
mitigate any major droughts that occurs. The implementation of water restrictions is to
address the shortages of the water available for use to consumers due to below normal
rainfall conditions.
The following issues need to be addressed to ensure the province can cope with water
scarcity and manage droughts:
(i)
The institutional arrangements for coping with water scarcity problems, water quality
issues need to be functional. The provincial Disaster Management should review the
organisational arrangements and administration systems to ensure a comprehensive
drought management plan is in place in the context of a disaster management
framework for the province.
The water operating rules should not only be confined to the surface water storages
in the province but must include operating rules for the dolomitic aquifers in the
province.
The management of water restrictions should take into account not only the priority of
water use as is the case currently. There is a need to ensure the socio-economic
impacts of water restrictions are taken into account when developing and
implementing water restrictions. A guideline document of incorporating socioeconomic impact of water restrictions for the North West Province to manage water
restrictions should be considered.
The design of conjunctive water supply systems to provide flexibility in supply and to
maximise on the yield of the available water supply sources such as surface water,
groundwater and rainwater harvesting should be considered during the planning
stages. This will ensure sustainable use of the scarce water resources of the
province.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Water quality
6.4
Water resource quality in the North West Province is impacted upon by mining, agriculture,
and industrial activities in the Province.
The main water quality problems identified (NW Outlook, 2008) are
Salt loading
Nitrate concentration
Fluoride concentration
Sulphate concentrations
The high fluoride concentrations in groundwater are limited to small areas underlain by
fluoride-rich rocks and are associated with the Bushveld Complex.
6.4.1
Salt loading
The extent of salt loading in the water available for use in each District Municipality is shown
in the Figure 6-1 below.
Page 114
REPORT NO. { }
Figure 6-1. Salt loading in each of the District Municipalities in the North West Province
R=Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM; N=Ngaka Modiri Molema DM; K=Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM; B=Bojanala DM
The salt loading, represented by Total Dissolved Solids or TDS ranges from less than
0.43 g/L up to 1.36 g/L. The maximum concentrations of TDS dominate the Eastern sections
of the Province. The TDS levels are very high by comparison to the DWA Guideline values
as shown in Figure 6-2.
Figure 6-2. TDS/EC concentrations compared to DWA guideline levels
Page 115
REPORT NO. { }
Likely origins of salt loadings in the water resources of the NW Province are mining activities.
In the case of the platinum and chrome mines this is as a result of the concentration of mine
water and leakage into the environment. In the gold mining activities, the source of sulphates
is usually acid mine drainage. Sulphates present in the dolomite springs are associated with
the gold mines from the far West Rand. According to DEAT (2007), the salt loading or TDS
problems are getting progressively worse through the Province.
Bojanala has high salts concentrations in its available waters. The towns of Themba,
Hartebeespoort, Swartruggens and Groot Marico encounter the highest levels of TDS. The
problems are probably due to mining activity.
High water salinity is evident in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM in the North East and South
West, probably due to gold-mining activities. The towns affected include Potchefstroom,
Stilfontein, Fochville (on the border), Klerksdorp, Orkney and possibly Leeudoringstad and
Makwassie.
The Ngaka Modiri Molema has high salts concentrations in its available waters in a band in
the North East of the DM. The towns of Lehurutshe and Zeerust encounter the highest levels
of TDS in this DM. It is not immediately clear what the sources of the TDS problems are.
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM has high salts concentrations in its available waters in a
band in the North West of the DM. No towns are affected. Due to the fact that there is no
obvious human activity in South Africa in this region, the TDS problems may arise from
across the border in Botswana.
Effects of high TDS concentrations in the water resources are:
Scale build up in pipes, valves and filters reducing performance and adding to system
maintenance costs;
Deteriorate of aquatic ecosystem health, with death of sensitive species;
Interference with plant growth by limiting the uptake of water, therefore impacting on
irrigation agriculture;
Human and animal health impacts as a result of dehydration and diarrhoea.
There are a number of technologies available for remediating salts-contaminated water. They
are all heavily industrial-chemical and are very expensive.
Methods include:
Electro-dialysis
Electro-dialysis Reversal
Electro-deionization
Reverse Osmosis
Nano-Filtration
Lime Treatment
Acidification
Oxidation
Coagulation & Flocculation
Page 116
6.4.2
REPORT NO. { }
Nitrate loading
Nitrate concentrations in the water resources in each District Municipality in the NW Province
are shown in Figure 6-3.
Figure 6-3
Nitrate loading in each of the District Municipalities in the NW Province
R=Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM; N=Ngaka Modiri Molema DM; K=Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM; B=Bojanala DM
Nitrate concentrations in available water in the four secondary drainage regions in the North
West Province are presented in Figure 6-6 (NW Outlook, 2008).
Figure 6-4
Nitrate concentrations compared with DWA guidelines
Page 117
REPORT NO. { }
The information presented in Figure 6-4 indicates that water quality as a function of nitrate
concentration is above water quality guidelines in secondary drainage region A3 and C3 and
is close to the maximum guideline limit in secondary region A2 and C2. Assuming that the
four-year data at the beginning of year 2000 are applicable to present day, it is reasonable to
assume that there is no diacernible trend in nitrate concentrations over time.
The Bojanala and Dr Kenneth Kaunda DMs have little problem with high nitrate
concentrations.
The towns of Mafikeng, Makgobastad, Atamelang, Delareyville and Sannieshof in Ngaka
Modiri Molema DM and the Tocsa and Morokweng in the Dr Ruth S Mompati DM, encounter
high levels of nitrate in their groundwaters. This is probably caused by farming activities.
Nitrates, with phosphates, are referred to as nutrients. The effects of high nitrates and
nutrients are:
Accelerated growth of algae which results in reduced oxygen or anoxic conditions
resulting in death of aquatic animals;
Nitrate/nitrite poisoning resulting in deaths of infants.
Depending on the scale of the problem a number of technologies exist for remediation of
nitrate-contaminated water. At a very large scale constructed wetlands may be used to
remove nutrients from water. On a smaller, but still large scale permeable reactive barriers
(PRBs) are installed in groundwater flow zones. On smaller household and light industrial
scales biofilters consisting of porous minerals and bacterial inoculations may be used.
Reverse osmosis is another, more expensive remedy.
6.4.3
Flouride loading
Fluoride concentrations in water resources in the NW Province are provided in Figure 6-5.
Fluoride concentrations in available water in the four secondary drainage regions in the North
West Province are presented in Figure 6-6 (NW Outlook, 2008).
The information presented in Figure 6-6 indicates that fluoride concentrations in available
water are well above water quality guidelines in secondary drainage region A2.
Page 118
REPORT NO. { }
Figure 6-5
Fluoride loading in each of the District Municipalities in the NW Province
Figure 6-6
Fluoride concentrations compared with DWA guidelines
The towns of Rustenberg, Mabopane, and Mogwase in the Bojanala DM encounter high
fluoride in their groundwaters. Fluoride has its origins in natural rock formations. It leaches
from the mineral in the aquifers and is brought to the surface by pumping via boreholes.
Page 119
REPORT NO. { }
The available water in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality has little problem with high
fluoride concentrations. A small region exists on the Western border of this DM that exhibits
high fluoride concentrations. Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality has problems
with high fluoride concentrations in waters in the North West and in the South East of the
DM.
High concentrations of fluoride result in fluorosis and damage to teeth and bone.
Fluoride-contaminated waters may be remediated on a light industrial scale by reverse
osmosis.
Rural applications (mostly devised in Bangladesh) include clay filters. Rainwater harvesting
has also been proposed as an effective source of clean water to dilute fluoride-containing
waters to below toxic levels.
6.5
Water Pricing
The charges for raw water in both the domestic, industrial and irrigation agriculture are set
based on the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) Water Pricing Strategy. It is important that
water pricing which reflects not only the cost of providing a service but also the economic
value of water be considered in the management of water resources in the province. For
example the pricing of water for agriculture does not necessarily reflect the cost of supply nor
the value of water. However realistic pricing mechanisms require measurement of water
consumption which is not the case in most if not all the agricultural schemes in the province.
These are aspects that need to be debated at a national level when the Water Pricing
Strategy is revised.
Sustainable pricing is a key factor in maintaining the operational capacity of the water
supplies in the country in general and especially in areas where the water requirements
exceed the available water supplies as is the case in the North West Province. The water
pricing strategy should take into account sustainable pricing.
A sustainable water price is a price that will (1) reflect true costs and thereby induce efficient
water production and consumption, (2) promote optimization or the achievement of least-cost
solutions to providing water service, (3) achieve equity in terms of incorporating cost-sharing
practices as needed to enhance affordability, and (4) enhance the long-term viability of the
water utility.
Table 6.1:
Implications of pricing on water efficiency
Pricing
Implications for Water Systems
Under-pricing
Jeopardizes financial
reducing revenues.
capacity
Implications
Customers
for
Water
by More affordable water bills.
Induces inefficient levels of

Can lead to postponement of necessary consumption.
expenditures.
Inflates need for supply.
Can be politically motivated and difficult
Page 120
Pricing
Implications for Water Systems
Implications
Customers
REPORT NO. { }
for
Water
to overcome.
Overpricing
Allows subsidies to other functions or Less affordable water bills.

services, or excess profits.
Impairs the quality of life by
Enhances financial capacity in the short unnecessarily constraining
term.
usage.
Harmful to financial capacity in the
long-term by dampening demand and
inducing bypass.
Sustainable
pricing
Ensures financial capacity.
May or may not

considered affordable.
be
Encourages maintenance of the system

over time.
Sends an appropriate price
signal,
inducing
usage
Facilitates sound decisions about future
based on prices that reflect
capacity needs.
the cost of service.
Reduces the need for outside
subsidies.
Source: Tate (2002)

For implementation of the plan to ensure sustainability pricing the following actions are
required:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Establish a long-term plan. Pricing and financial planning should go hand-in-hand

with coordinated long-term planning to guide system management, investment,
maintenance, improvement, and pricing decisions.
Seek optimal solutions. It is important that water institutions achieving least-cost
operations as it provides the basis for long-term efficiency. Least-cost solutions can
be found in alternative technologies, alternative institutions, or a combination of the
two.
Know the systems true costs. Knowing the true cost of water service is at the heart of
sustainable water pricing. Many water systems, perhaps especially smaller system,
may not fully appreciate the marginal cost of water service.
Understand the cost-price-demand linkage. Pricing obviously will determine whether
revenues will cover costs. But pricing also will influence demand patterns over the
long term.
Practice goal-oriented pricing. Making sustainability an explicit ratemaking goal will
facilitate the development of effective rate structures.
Send accurate price signals. Prices that reflect true or marginal costs induce
sustainable levels of supply and demand.
Page 121
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
REPORT NO. { }
Communicate with customers. Water supply systems rely on well-informed

customers; customer support for the utilitys pricing choices is essential.
Address equity concerns. Policy choices have distributional consequences that
should be understood and addressed. Equity and affordability are valid
considerations in utility management and ratemaking.
Work with oversight bodies. Many systems are accountable to local or state
governmental authorities, which may place particular requirements on the rate design
process.
Monitor costs and revenues. Some rate design alternatives introduce more
uncertainty into the systems revenue profile. Monitoring can help identify issues that
require attention. Long-term sustainability requires continuous monitoring.
Make needed adjustments. No rate structure will produce theoretical results.
Adjustments will move systems closer to sustainability and related goals over time.
Explore new approaches. Modern water systems can explore an expanding range of
rate design options, many of which are very consistent with sustainability goals.
Page 122
REPORT NO. { }
MANAGING THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPLEMENTING THE

WATER PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN
As part of the study, a risk management approach was utilised to identify any longer term
implications for the responses to implementing the Water Provisioning and Management
Plan for the North West Province and to determine appropriate actions or treatments to
mitigate them.
Three levels of risk were established, low, medium and high. The level of risk was
determined based on the perceived likelihood of the risk event occurring, and the
consequence of the risk event occurring.
The following categories of risk were identified:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Climate change risks

Water requirements risks
Availability of supply risks
Water Quality risks
Economic and financial risks
Stakeholder risks.
Generally, the means of mitigating or treating the risks requires processes for monitoring and
reviewing the WPMP input data and processes, and provision for consultation with affected
stakeholders.
The most significant risks were identified as climate variability and climate change, which
may have already had an impact on rainfall and therefore stream flows. Consideration was
also given to the possible implications for the WPMP that might arise from issues under
consideration outside the strategy area, for example, in adjacent catchments.
The outcomes of the risk assessment and the management of the risks are provided in Table
7.1 to Table 7.5 below.
Page 123
Table 7.1:
REPORT NO. { }
Climate change and climate variability
Identified risks
Risk consequences
Risk
likelihood
Temperatures
rise Reliability of supplies from Likely
Rainfall/runoff events become existing sources reduced
less frequent
Quality of supplies from existing
Likely
sources reduced
Rainfall/runoff events become
Water requirements for supply, Likely
more intense
particularly from rural users
increases
Rainfall/runoff events become
Water supply available from new Likely
more scattered
source options less than currently
estimated
Risk
evaluation
High
High
High
High
Severe drought occurs

Stress on some environmental Likely
systems increased
High
Supply failure
High
Possible
Risk management
Continue collection and analysis of
meteorologic,
hydrologic
and
environmental data
Complete review of the water
resource plans at 10yearly intervals
Re-assess ability of existing sources
to meet existing demands at regular
(5-yearly) intervals
Re-assess ability to develop new
source options to meet water
requirements at 10yearly intervals
Development of drought management
plans for water supply schemes
Optimise
supply
scheme
management,
for
example
opportunities for conjunctive use of
schemes
Consider benefits of developing
alternative supply sources when
considering future supply options
Page 124
Table 7.2:
Risk assessment of changes to the water requirements
Identified risks
Forecast
change
REPORT NO. { }
population
Risk consequences
Risk
likelihood
Risk
evaluation
Risk management
trends Water requirements vary from Likely

predicted trends
Medium
Water priority demands vary from Likely

predicted trends
Medium
Update urban and rural future

Medium
Re-assess ability of existing sources to

meet
industry
and
mining
water
Forecast industry trends change
New
supply
sources
not Possible
developed
at
optimum
time
Forecast mining trends change
Forecast agricultural trends Increasing achievement of water
conservation measures can make
change
it more difficult to implement
short-term water savings that may
New production technologies be required under significant
drought conditions
emerge
Update industry and mining water

requirement projections at 3yearly intervals
water
Re-assess ability of existing sources to

meet urban and rural water requirements
demands at 5-yearly intervals
Adequate planning for future growth needs
to incorporate consideration of the effect of
long term reductions in overall water usage
Water use practices change
Page 125
Table 7.3:
REPORT NO. { }
Risk assessment on availability of water supplies
Identified risks
(i) Predicted
savings
from
improved supply system
management and water use
practices not realised
(ii) Community concerns restrict
development of waste water
re-use proposals
(iii) Compulsory licensing not
effective in meeting priority
needs
(iv) Trading in allocations not
effective in meeting priority
needs
(v) New sources of supply not
developed in time to meet
demands
(vi) Alternative sources of supply
become available in adjacent
catchments, for example,
Midvaal Water Company
Risk consequences
Risk
likelihood
Risk
evaluation
Existing users not able to benefit
Likely
Medium/High (i)
New users not able to access

Possible
savings as envisaged
Preferred options in the WPMP Possible
may no longer be the best
solution
Risk management
High
(ii)
Medium
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
Review the incentives & regulatory

mechanisms for WSPs to improve
supply.
Maintain and enhance incentives for
water users to improve water use
practices
Monitor water supply improvements
and water use savings
Undertake sufficient assessments of
new source options to establish
appropriate
certainty
regarding
development timeframes
Monitor effectiveness of trading regime
in meeting priority needs
Amend ROP as necessary to address
any restraints to trading
Initiate and manage process for the
development of new sources of supply
in a timely and effective way
Review any new major supply sources
developed for their ability to meet the
projected needs in the strategy area
Page 126
REPORT NO. { }
Table 7.4 : Water Quality Risks

Identified risks
Risk consequences
High Total Dissolved Solids

concentration
Mining - improper planning and

management of mine water
during and post closure
Industrial - unlawful disposal of
brines into water courses
Agricultural - overdosing fields
with fertilisers
The cloaking of pathogens and

other harmful substances such as
heavy metals.
Increased water treatment costs.
Scale buildup, reducing
performance and increasing
system maintenance costs
Corrosion, reducing performance
and increasing system
maintenance costs
Reduction in agricultural production
by intoxicating irrigation and
livestock water
Reduction in aquatic biodiversity by
intoxicating salinity-intolerant
species
Cascading effects reducing
biodiversity in fish, animal and bird
populations
High levels of Suspended

solids
Increase in farming activities tillage destabilising surface

soils
Reduction of the effective capacity

of impoundments.
Deterioration of health of aquatic
species, e.g. Filter feeders and
oxygen sensitive species
Changes to the ecological
Risk
likelihood
Likely in
certain parts
of the NW
Province
Risk
evaluation
High
Likely
High
Risk management
Identify and implement
opportunities to employ
desalination of discharges and
treated water in all areas impacted
by high salinity, in order to reduce
the impacts of salinity on users.
Quantify the extent of the mine
remediation problem, identify the
root causes for inadequate
remediation of mining operations
and implement a project to correct
the problem.
Collaborate with DMRs initiatives
promoting development of
desalination technologies
Land use practices that have
increased the salinity of water
resources to be controlled.
Catchment management Plans for
all catchments to be expedited,
beginning with priority catchments.
Warning signs to be placed at all
sites in the Province where salinity
levels pose a risk to human health.
Each CMA to develop and
implement catchment-based land
use strategies and policies to
control the level of suspended
solids in surface water resources.
Illegal small-scale mining to be
Page 127
Identified risks
Risk consequences
Increase in farming activities overgrazing causing runoff and

erosion
Increase in deforestation
causing erosion and runoff of
solids into rivers
Urbanisation - decrease in
water retention, leading to
increased runoff and erosion
Destruction of wetlands decrease in water retention
capacity of surface, leading to
increased runoff and erosion
High Nutrient concentrations
composition of the water resource,

due to impacts on predation and
limited light penetration
populations
Improper treatment of sewage

effluent emitted into water
resources
Agricultural practices - High
dosing of fields with fertilisers
which penetrate surface and
groundwater
Agricultural practices Livestock farming producing
nitrates primarily from urine
REPORT NO. { }
Risk
likelihood
Risk
evaluation
Risk management
Resultant algal blooms are

problematic for all sectors,
particularly on the economic costs.
Nitrates are harmful to young
babies health impacts
Consequences of algal blooms
affects the quality of life, recreation
(economic), property values,
Certain types of algae produce
toxins with serious human and
animal health consequences.
Cyanotoxins may be carried
through into purified drinking water
or absorbed by aquatic organisms
and passed up the food chain.
Reduction in agricultural production
by directly intoxicating irrigation
and livestock water
Eutrophication leads to significant
Likely in
certain parts
of the NW
Province
High
addressed, since these operations

show disregard for environmental
standards.
Small scale miners and
communities to be trained on
environmental management and
health and safety, including the
impacts of mining activities on
water quality.
Ongoing environmental monitoring
of small-scale miners required to
ensure that water quality impacts
are minimised.
A Provincial eutrophication
monitoring system to be developed
and implemented.
All formal and informal settlements
to be to be provided with adequate
sanitation services that are
inspected and maintained regularly
Investigate and implement flow
manipulation in rivers affected by
eutrophication
Page 128
Identified risks
Risk consequences
Microbiological contamination
Unsustainable pressure on
existing water treatment
facilities by increased
populations
Introduced pathogens bacteria (such as giardia
lamblia), viruses, and parasites
introduced by migrant
population
Acid Mine Drainage
Gold and coal mining improper disposal of discard

rocks
modification of water quality due to

the physical and chemical changes
that accompany the growth of
algae and macrophytes.
Oxygen depletion and fish kills are
common results of algal blooms.
Reduction in aquatic biodiversity by
increasing pathogens associated
with high algal biomass and by
oxygen reduction
populations
Improperly treated sewage gastro-enteritis (infection of the
gastrointestinal tract), hepatitis
(infection of the liver), salmonella
infection, dysentery (with
sometimes fatal effects of
dehydration in the young and the
old), shigellosis and giardiasis
(gastrointestinal infection causing
diarrhoea - dehydration problems)
Introduced pathogens - cholera,
typhoid - can kill via acute
dehydration brought upon by
diarrhoea.
Economic costs associated with
water treatment, similar to those of
heavy metal and salinity pollution;
Negative impact on quality of social
amenities, livelihoods;
REPORT NO. { }
Risk
likelihood
Risk
evaluation
Risk management
Likely
High
A provincial microbial monitoring

system to be developed and
implemented.
Formal and informal settlements to
be to be provided with adequate
sanitation services that are
inspected and maintained regularly
Likely
High
Best practice guidelines for

management and control of AMD,
addressing the life cycle of mines,
to be developed and disseminated.
Mining regulations regarding
Page 129
Identified risks
Risk consequences
Gold and coal mining improper handling and

treatment of slimes from
concentrator processes
Gold and coal mining
Improper planning for and
handling of post-closure decant
Heavy metals
Health related impacts which are a

combination of increased salinity
and heavy metal contamination,
including radionuclide
contamination.
Gold and coal mining improper treatment of mine

water effluent
Gold and coal mining improper handling and
treatment of mine-derived
solids, via Acid Mine Drainage
Agricultural practices - High
dosing of fields with phosphate
fertilisers containing uranium,
thorium and radium
Industrial - unlawful disposal of
highly metalliferous effluent,
e.g. electroplating process
effluents, mineral beneficiation
effluents
Negative health impacts on

animals in some cases leading to
spontaneous abortion, diminished
milk production, contaminated
meat, premature death, with
economic consequences.
Heavy metals can interfere with
chemical and biochemical
processes in some industries,
impacting on product quality and
yields, necessitating increased
water treatment costs and higher
costs of production, affecting
competitively and sustainability of
industries.
On human health, they are bioaccumulators, toxic at high
concentrations, carcinogenic and
result in neurological defects.
REPORT NO. { }
Risk
likelihood
Risk
evaluation
Risk management
impacts on water quality to be
implemented
Likely
High
A provincial policy regarding the

location and management of waste
sites in close proximity to water
resources to be developed and
implemented.
Investigate the reasons for high
levels of non-compliance to SANS
241, drinking water heavy metals
specifications
Best practice guidelines for
management and control of AMD,
addressing the life cycle of mines,
to be developed and disseminated.
Mining regulations regarding
impacts on water quality to be
implemented
Likely
Medium
Treatment of groundwater
resources to reduce levels of
fluoride especially in the Bojanala
and Dr Ruth S Mompati District
High Fluoride in groundwater

Geological - precambrian
basement granites and
Health affects fluorosis and

impact on teeth and bone promotion of dental caries and
microbial attacks on teeth.
Page 130
Identified risks
Risk consequences
fluorspar
Very dry environment - higher
than average personal water
consumption (drinking), leading
to greater exposure to
dissolved contaminants e.g.
fluoride
REPORT NO. { }
Risk
likelihood
Risk
evaluation
Risk management
Municipalities.
Vigilance of recent South African
defluoridation technology from high
tech (nanofiltration membranes small-scale municipal) to low lech
(acid-modified clays - large-scale
rural)
Page 131
REPORT NO. { }
REVIEW AND UPDATING OF THE WATER PROVISIONING AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN
8.1
Water Provisioning and Management Plan Framework
The North West Water Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) is the product of a
partnership between the office of the Premier in the North West Province who are
responsible for driving the Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS),
Department of Water Affairs (DWA) National and NW Regional Office and the local
stakeholders from District and Local Municipalities, representatives of agriculture and mining
sectors, as represented in the stakeholder workshops. Successful implementation of the
WPMP will depend on continuing partnerships and developing a range of new partnerships,
to plan and deliver services and infrastructure.
The WPMP should be seen as part of a suite of other plans such as the PGDS, the
Integrated Development Plans (IDPs), the Water Services Development Plans (WSDPs) that
contribute to achieving the outcomes of the effective water management in the province. This
WPMP will be implemented in conjunction with those strategies and plans.
To implement the WPMP, a range of more detailed plans must also be prepared, as
described in each of the four chapters dealing with the four district municipalities in the North
West Province. The scope of these plans varies from broad strategies down to detailed
operational plans. The WPMP must also be reflected in the catchment, district and local level
planning, such as the Catchment Management Strategies (CMSs) when developed, IDPs
and WSDPs.
Before building future water infrastructure, detailed feasibility assessments are required to
prove project viability and sustainability. Necessary applications and approvals such as water
use licence applications (WULAs), Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), must also be
obtained.
8.2
Monitoring of the WPMP
It is important that an Infrastructure Working Group (IWG) is established in the Provincial

Growth and Development Strategy structures to coordinate the review of the Water
Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) at appropriate times. In general, it is expected
that the WPMP will be reviewed on a five-year cycle aligned with the review of the
Catchment Management Strategy (CMS) if and when the Catchment Management Agencies
are established and the National Water Resources Strategy (NWRS).
Provision should also be made for ongoing monitoring of the implementation of
recommendations formulated with clear directives on how non performances should be
addressed.
Implementation and monitoring of the Strategy will be reported annually through the North
West Provincial PGDS Infrastructure Working Group (IWG) Annual Report and the annual
report to the Office of the Premier. However on an annual basis the Infrastructure Working
Page 132
REPORT NO. { }
Group (IWG) will need to review progress made by Water Services Authorities in ensuring
programmes and projects are implemented on time.
It is crucial that the PGDS Infrastructure Working Group (IWG) is committed to open,
accountable and inclusive stakeholder engagement processes. The Infrastructure Working
Group (IWG) will provide stakeholder organisations, individuals and interest groups with
opportunities to influence water planning and management.
Figure10.1 identifies the principle stakeholder organisations and interest groups. (to be
developed)
Should provision not also be made for external independent monitoring/testing of water
quality and water losses with appropriate referral and action if these studies show
deficiencies. How should National report to Provinces and how should these aspects in turn
be referred back for action at local municipality level.
To ensure successful implementation of the WPMP, the Infrastructure Working Group (IWG)
established to oversee the implementation of infrastructure in the province, should institute a
program of monitoring and review that will include:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
infrastructure implementation against milestones and performance criteria;

continual analysis and assessment of the water balance against population growth,
economic development and sectoral water use efficiency;
regular review and evaluation of the IDPs and WSDPs, seeking improved efficiencies
and service delivery;
Review the water master plans to ensure alignment with the WPMP by the
municipalities
review the categorisation of priority and reserve desalination sites and the potential
for alternative sites to be substituted; and
reviewing outcomes delivered through WPMP implementation by preparing annual
reports on the programmes and projects envisaged by the plan
This approach will guide further development and updating of the WPMP and assist in
ensuring the water security can be achieved in the North West Province to meet the
objectives of the PGDS.
Aspects that may have been omitted and may be very important, are the following:
Solid waste management
Alien invasive plant control
Stormwater management
Wetland protection
Page 133
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
REPORT NO. { }
REFERENCES
DWA, 2003 Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality WSDP

DWA, 2006 Schoonspruit Sub-system Analysis; Draft Report
DWA, 2008 Feasibility Study for Utilisation of Taung Dam Water; DWA Report No:
PWMA 10/C31/00/0708
DWA, 2008 Vaal River System: annual operating analysis; DWA Report No: P RSA
C000/00/7508
DWA, 2009 Assessment of water availability in the Crocodile (west) River
catchment by means of water resources related models; Draft Report
DWA, 2009 Reconciliation Strategy for all towns in the Central Region; Draft
Report
Kwezi V3 Engineers. (2008). Taung Dam Water Utilisation Feability Study. Pretoria:
Department of Water Affairs.
Magalies Water (2006/07). Magalies Water Annual Report
Nako Projects (Pty) Ltd. (2002). Setla-kgobi and Environs Bulk Water Supply
Investigation: Final Pre-Feasibility Report. Mafikeng: Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry.
Queensland Water Commission, (2009). South East Queensland Water Strategy,
Queensland Water Commission
Rustenburg Consulting Consortium. (2008). Framework for the Water Services
Master Plan: Rustenburg Local Municipality. Rustenburg: Rustenburg Local
Municipality.
Tlou Consulting (Pty) Ltd. (2010). Crocodile (West) Marico WMA: Development of
Comprehensive Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Strategy and
Business Plan: Domestic Sector. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs.
WRC, 2009; Water Resources of South Africa, 2005 Study (WR2005); WRC Report
No: TT 308/08
WRP, 2001; Hydrological Study and Yield Analysis of the Mooi River upstream of
Potchefstoom Dam; for Bigen Africa for Potchefstroom LM
Page 134

Development of A Water Provisioning and Management Plan in The North West Province 2008 - 2030

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Development of A Water Provisioning and Management Plan in The North West Province 2008 - 2030

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Office of the Premier

DEVELOPMENT OF A WATER PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT

WATER PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE NORTH WEST

Water for Africa (Pty) Ltd in association

Office of the Premier: North West

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS/OFFICE OF THE PREMIER NORTH WEST PROVINCE

Development of a Water Provisioning and Management Plan in the North West

Toriso Tlou, Pr. Eng.

First draft for comments

Final for distribution

Final draft ver 2

Final for workshop

Checked for the Consultants by:

T Tlou , Pr. Eng.

C Sellick, Pr. Eng.

Approved for the Office of the Premier:

DDG: Policy & Governance

Client: Department of Water Affairs

Approved for DWA National Water Resource

Director: NW Regional Office

Deputy Chief Engineer: NWRP

NORTH WEST WATER PROVISIONING & MANAGEMENT PLAN

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS/OFFICE OF THE PREMIER NORTH WEST PROVINCE

Project Team members:

Guidance and technical review

Water Resources Consultant

Guidance and technical review

Charles Sellick & Associates cc

Project Co-ordinator, water Water for Africa (Pty) Ltd

Water Geoscience Consulting

DWA officials and members of the Project Management Team

Technical input & review

DWA: North West Regional

Technical input & review

Technical input and review

DWA: North West Regional

Technical input & review

Office of the Premier: North

Office of the Premier: North

NORTH WEST WATER PROVISIONING & MANAGEMENT PLAN

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS/OFFICE OF THE PREMIER NORTH WEST PROVINCE

Best Management Practice

Catchment Management Agency

Declining Block Tariff

Department of Water Affairs

Government Water Scheme

Historical Firm Yield

Increasing Block Tariff

Impala Refining Services

Internal Strategic Perspective

Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality

Bojanala Platinum District Municipality

Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality

Non Revenue Water

North West Provincial Government

Provincial Growth and Development Strategy

Public Private Partnership

Spatial Development Framework

NORTH WEST WATER PROVISIONING & MANAGEMENT PLAN

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS/OFFICE OF THE PREMIER NORTH WEST PROVINCE

Water Conservation and Water Demand Management

Water Management Area