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Gas-Liquid Flows
16.0 Release
ANSYS Confidential
Outline
Introduction
Conservation equations
Modelling strategies : Euler-Lagrangian and Eulerian
Interfacial Forces
Drag
Non-Drag Forces
Turbulence Interaction
Mixture Model
Validation example
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Introduction
Gasliquid flows occur in many
applications. The motion of bubbles in a
liquid as well as droplets in a conveying
gas stream are examples of gasliquid
flows
Rain/Hail
Stones
Combustion
Spray Drying
Bubble Column
Distillation
Process
Boiling
Process
Absorption
Process
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Bubble Columns
To design bubble column reactors, the following hydrodynamic parameters are required:
Specic gasliquid interfacial area ( )
Sauter mean bubble diameter, ( )
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Regime Analysis
Two types of ow regimes are commonly observed in
bubble columns:
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< .
< . /
Regime Analysis
> .
> . /
Most frequently
observed flow
regime in industrialsize, large diameter
columns
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Euler-Lagrangian Method
In this approach, a single set of
conservation equations is solved for a
continuous phase
Eulerian Cell
Gravity
Buoyancy
Liquid Flow
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Eulerian Approach
In the Eulerian approach, both the continuous and dispersed phases are
considered to be interpenetrating continua
The Eulerian model describes the motion for each phase in a macroscopic sense
The flow description therefore consists of differential equations describing the
conservation of mass, momentum and energy for each phase separately
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Conservation Equations
Continuity equation:
q q q q v q m pq mqp Sq
t
p 1
source
mass transfer
Momentum equation:
Forces
Drag
q q v q q q v q q p
q q q g K pq v p v q m pq v pq mqp v qp
p 1
t
Interfacial Force
Friction
Pr essure
Bouyancy
mass transfer
Drag Forces
Non
Fq F
F wl,q
F vm,q
F td,q
lift,q
external Lift
Wall Lubrication
Virtual Mass
Turbulent Dispersion
Force
Force
Force
Force
Force
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This is the force that acts on the bubble and takes into
Virtual
Mass
account:
Interphase
Momentum
Exchange
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Lift
Turbulent
Interaction
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Turbulent
Dispersion
Drag Force
We can think of drag as a hydrodynamic
friction between the liquid phase and the
dispersed phase
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Drag Force
For a single spherical bubble, rising at steady state, the drag force is given by:
FD
C
D
Ap
drag coefficient
vp
vq v p vq
2 slip
velocity
For a swarm of bubbles the drag, in absence of bubble-bubble interaction, is given by:
6 p
q
FD , swarm NFD
C A
v p vq v p vq
d 3 D p 2
p
q
3 p
v p vq v p vq
CD
4
dp
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Drag Force
In order to ensure that the interfacial force vanishes in absence any dispersed phase, the
drag force needs to multiplied by as shown:
FD , swarm
3 p q
4
In Fluent
q
CD
d
p
v p vq v p vq
18 q d p
FD , swarm K pq v p v q p p
Ai f v p v q
d 2
p p 6
18 q d p C D Re
p p
Ai
v p vq
d 2
p p 6 24
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Drag Force
To estimate the drag force bubble diameter, ,is needed
The is often taken as the mean bubble size
For bubble columns operating at low gas superficial velocities (< 5 cm/s) works
reasonably well
For bubble columns operating at higher gas superficial velocities (> 5 cm/s), bubble
breakup and coalesce dominate and bubble size is no longer uniform and mean bubble
size approach may not be adequate
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Glycerol
Drag Coefficient
The drag coefficient is likely to be different for a
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Water /
Bubble Shape
We can use the Eotvos number () together with
the Morton number () to characterize the
shape of bubbles or drops moving in a surrounding
fluid or continuous phase
Eo
Number
gd p2
Number
Mo
Lorond Eotvos
gq4
q
Ratio of physical properties
Constant for a given incompressible two-phase system.
Water has a Morton number of .
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rectilinear path
Schiller and Naumann (1978)
CD
24
1 0.15 Re 0.687
Re
0.44
CD
for : Re 1000
for : Re 1000
a
a2
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Re Re
Re
q v p vq d p
q
The density and the viscosity are calculated from volume averaged properties and is given by
Schiller Naumann model
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Spherical
Bubble
Correlation
Grace Correlation
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Bubble Regimes
Viscous
Regime
Distorted
Bubble Regime
Cap Regime
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24
CD max
1 0.15 Re0 .687 ,0.44
Re
C D ,
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CD
2
dp
3
8
3
The determined by
choosing minimum of
vicious regime and capped
regime
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35cm/s
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q v q v p d p
q
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1 0.1 Re 0 .75 ; Re
;e
Re
e
1 p
Distorted regime
CD
2
dp
3
g 1 17.67 f
18.67 f
6/7
f (1 p )1.5
Capped regime
As the bubble size increases the bubble become spherical caped shaped
CD
25
8
1 - p 2
3
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CD
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1 0.15 Re 0.687
Re
CD
4
g
dp
2
3
vt
q
vt
d
q p
0.757
,
0.94 H
J
0.441
,
3.42 H
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CD
April 24, 2015
Mo 0.149 ( J 0.857)
2 H 59.3
H 59.3
q
4
H EoMo 0.149
3
ref
Capped regime
- 0.14
, ref 9 x10 4 kg / ms
8
3
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72 8 Eo
C D max min
(1 0.15 Re 0.687 ),
,
Re
Re p
3 Eo 4
Viscous
Regime
Distorted
Regime
Cap
Regime
Like the Grace et al model and universal drag model the Tomiyama model is well suited to gasliquid flows in which the bubbles can have a range of shapes
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Non-Drag Forces
For gasliquid flows, non-drag forces have a profound influence on the flow characteristics,
Lift Force
Wall Lubrication Force
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Lift Force
When the liquid flow is non-uniform or rotational, bubbles experience a lift force
This lift force depends on the bubble diameter, the relative velocity between the phases, and the vorticity
and is given by the following form
Flift CL p q v q v p v q
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q d p2
3
'
CL
CL ; Re
q
q
2 Re
1 - 0.3314 1 Re
2 Re
'
C L 6.46
Re
0.0524
;
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( 0.1Re)
1 Re
e
0.3314
;
2
Re
for : 40 Re 100
for : Re 40
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Vorticity induced
Lift Force
Suitability
0.0767
Re Re
Re Re
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C L 0.12 0.2e 36000 e 3e
-0.6353
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for Re Re 6000
for 6000
Re Re 5 107
for Re Re 5 107
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Suitability
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0.5 '
Re
Sr
J
2
1 1 16 Re 1
C L ,high Re
2 1 29 Re 1
C L ,low Re
J
'
2.255
1 0.1
2
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q d p2
2
1 Re
,
,
, Re
q
3
Re
2 Re
q
2
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Suitability
C L f Eo '
0.27
'
f Eo 0.00105 Eo '3 - 0.0159 Eo ' 2 0.474
for Eo ' 4
for Eo ' 10
10 Eo '
Eo '
g q p d H2
d H d p 1 0.163Eo 0.757
1
3
Eo
g q p d p2
Suitability
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FWL CWL p q v p v q n w
||
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CW 1 0.01
CW 2 0.05
yw distance to nearest wall
d b 5d b
Suitability
As a result, the Antal model will only be active on a sufficiently fine mesh
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dp 1
1
2
2 yw D yw 2
0.47
0 .933 Eo 0 .179
e
CW
0.00599 Eo 0.0187
0.179
D Pipe Diameter
for Eo 1
for 1 Eo 5
for 5 Eo 33
for 33 Eo
Coefficients were developed on a single air bubble in a glycerol solution but results have
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yw
CWC d b
1
CWL CW max 0,
m 1
yw
CWD
yw
C
d
WC b
for Eo 1
0.47
0 .933Eo 0 .179
for 1 Eo 5
e
CW
for 5 Eo 33
0.00599 Eo 0.0187
0.179
for 33 Eo
Suitability
m 1.7
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Includes the effects of Eotvos number and bubble relative Reynolds number on the lift
coefficient
Suitability
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turb.
dispersion
force
gas void fraction
FTD CTD q k q p
fluid vel.
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Turbulent Interaction
Turbulence in bubbly flows are very complex due:
Bubble-induced turbulence
Interaction between bubble-induced and shearinduced
turbulences
Direct interaction between bubbles and turbulence eddies
and
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Dv q
Dv p
; CVM 0.5
CVM p q
Dt
Dt
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Introduction
The mixture model, like the Eulerian model, allows the phases to be interpenetrating. It
differs from the Eulerian model in three main respects:
Solves one set of momentum equations for the mass averaged velocity and tracks volume fraction
of each fluid throughout domain
Particle relaxation times < 0.001 - 0.01 s
This approach works well for flow fields where both phases generally flow in the same
direction and in the absence of sedimentation
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m
mum 0
t
Solves one equation for the momentum of the mixture
T
r r
um
mumum p eff um um m g F k k uk uk
t
k 1
( p p ) .( p p um ) .( p p u p )
t
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Constitutive Equations
n
Average density
k k
k 1
n
k 1 k k uk
um
m
Drift velocity
ukr uk um
Slip Velocity
u pq u p uq
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n
r
uk u pq k k uqk
k 1 m
Relative Velocity
If we assume the particles follows the mixture flow path, then, the slip velocity between
the phases is
um
a g um um
a v p m
u pq
f drag p
In turbulent flows, the relative velocity should contain a diffusion term in the momentum
equation for the disperse phase. FLUENT adds this dispersion to the relative velocity as
follows:
u pq
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a p p m
fdrag
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m
q
p D
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Objectives
Investigate air-water bubbly flow in a rectangular
bubble column as investigated at HZDR by Krepper et
al., Experimental and numerical studies of void
fraction distribution in rectangular bubble columns,
Nuclear Engineering and Design Vol. 237, pp. 399-408,
2007
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Drag force
Lift force
Turbulent dispersion
Turbulence Interaction
Turbulence models
2015 ANSYS, Inc.
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Computational Geometry
Duct Dimensions:
Outlet:
Degassing or Pressure
Outlet
Height: 1.0 m
Width: 0.1 m
Depth: 0.01 m
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air
Water
water-liquid (h2o<l>)
Phases Setup
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Phase Specification
Primary Phase:
Secondary Phase:
Phase Interaction
Drag:
Lift:
Wall Lubrication:
Turbulent Dispersion
Turbulent Interaction
Surface Tension Coeff.:
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Boundary Conditions
Boundary Patch
Inlet
Properties
Type:
Gas Bubble:
Water:
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Outlet
Type:
Degassing outlet:
Walls
No Slip
Degassing
Symmetry for water
Sink for air
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Coupled Scheme
Spatial Discretization
Gradient:
Momentum:
Volume Fraction:
TKE:
Transient Formulation
Solution Controls
Courant No.
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200
Momentum:
Under-Relax. Factors
Density:
1
Body Forces:
Volume Fraction:
0.5 TKE:
Specific. Diss. Rate: 0.8 Turb. Viscosity:
0.75 Pressure:
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0.75
0.5
0.8
0.5
k-SST-Sato
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A possibility of solving all primary and secondary phase volume fractions directly rather
than solving only the secondary phases directly
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For transient problems the efficiency is not as good as for steady, particularly for small
time steps. Solver efficiency increases with increase in time steps used for discretization
of the transient terms.
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Solution Strategies
Solution controls for PC-SIMPLE
Conservative solution control settings are shown
If convergence is slow, try reducing URFs for volume
fraction and turbulence
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Solution Strategies
For steady state problems using coupled multiphase
solver is effective
Use lower courant numbers for steady state and higher
URFs for momentum and pressure
Recommended values
Courant number = 20
URF pressure and momentum = 0.5 - 0.7
URF volume fraction = 0.2 - 0.5
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