X-ray Circuits

Student names:
Atheer Al-Subaie
Malak Al-Ahmari
Maged Al-ghanem

After we finished we should know ..

The basic x-ray circuit.

Whats the functions for each
components in x-ray circuit.
Explain the operational of
components.

X-ray generators
An x-raygeneratorsis device that supplies electric power to
the x-ray tube.
It begins with a source of electricity 220 or 380 volts
alternating current 50 - 60 hertz.
It contains a step-up transformer high tension transformer
and step- down transformer filament transformer.

Electricity generation
* It is the process of obtaining electricity from other sources of
energy through the use of a generator.
To convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Conversion procedures are based on the relationship between
magnetism and electricity.

Electricity transportation
Transformer allows electricity to move efficiently over long
distances
The electricity transmission voltage (high pressure) is the best
way to do that (the greater the effort, the less loss), but the high
voltage can not be used homes. Therefore the electricity effort
is raise then electricity transmission through the high-voltage
lines are then work to reduce the effort in the sub-stations to
supply adequate electric-powered home
DC power is more efficient for long distance, high voltage
electricity transmission Balencih because it has less energy in
transport.

BASIC X-RAY CIRCUIT

When combined the main circuit with

filament circuit it'll form the complete
basic x-ray circuit that will produce x-rays.

Main X-ray Circuit

Two divisions to the main x-ray circuit:
Primary or control console section
Incoming current
Exposure switch
Autotransformer
Primary winding of the step-up transformer
Secondary or high voltage section
Secondary step-up transformer
Full-wave rectification circuits
Wiring leading to & from the x-ray tube

Main X-ray Circuit

Primary
Secondary

Filament X-ray Circuit

mA Selector
is a Rheostat (variable resistor)
Adjusts resistance and is represented by the mA stations on the control
panel.

Filament step-down transformer

Responsible for changing amps into milliamps.

X-ray machine circuits

Its comprise three main components:
1. A circuit for heating the filament.
2. A circuit for applying a large potential difference (high
voltage) between cathode and anode to accelerate
electrons.
3. A timing device to control the length of exposure.

1. The filament circuit

The tungsten filament at the cathode is the source of electrons used to
produce x-rays.
The number of electrons produced at the tungsten filament is
dependent upon the temperature of the filament.
A tungsten filament needs to be heated to at least 2200C to emit useful
numbers of electrons.
Electrons are produced by thermionic emission.
When a metal is heated its atoms absorb energy which allows some
electrons to move a small distance from the surface of the metal.

 Consists of:

A step down transformer to reduce the voltage from 220 V to 10 V.

A variable resistor to control filament current and therefore filament
temperature.
An ammeter to give an indication of filament current which is directly
related to mA.
The tube current is directly proportional to the filament current so the
ammeter is usually placed on the secondary circuit of the high voltage
circuit as transformers are not 100% efficient.

High voltage circuit

This circuit produces a large potential difference between cathode and

anode to accelerate electrons produced at the filament to high velocities.
High tension transformers convert high Amp and low kV to mA and high
kV.
It consists of 2 circuits (an autotransformer and step-up transformer).

Transformer

Its a static machine used for transforming power from one

circuit to another without changing frequency.

Transformer
Mains electricity is 240 V and has to be modified to produce a high
voltage across the x-ray tube head and low voltage to heat the
filament.

Transformers comprise two coils of wire wound around an iron core

When current flows through one coil (primary) a magnetic field is
generated which induces a current to flow in the secondary wire
coil.
The ratio of the incoming voltage to outgoing kilovolts is proportional
to the number of turns on both the primary and secondary side (Vp/
Vs = Tp/Ts).
If the number of turns in the secondary coil is > than the number in
the primary the voltage is increased.
Step-up transformer has many more turns on the secondary coil than
the primary coil.
16

Introduction of Transformer

https://youtu.be/sN4hIVDr_jw

Rectification
Process of converting alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC).
Required to ensure electron flow in one direction from
cathode to anode.
Half-wave.
Two rectifiers increase heat load capacity and
protect the x-ray tube.

Rectification
Full-wave
Four rectifiers create a routing system sending electrons
through the x-ray tube the same way every time, in effect
creating DC.

Characteristics of Incoming Line Power

The usual voltage taken by the equipment is 210-220v.

May need an additional transformer to stabilize incoming
voltage.

Characteristics of Incoming Line Power

Phasing:

Single-phase
Three-phase, six pulse
Three-phase, twelve pulse
* High Frequency

Single-Phase Power
Allows the potential of the main current to drop down to zero
with every change of the current flow.
It has a single wave form.

Three-Phase Power
Has three waves of power flowing at evenly spaced intervals
from each other:
One wave is starting before the previous wave is depleted
The overall waveform never reaches zero

How Phases Affect Generator Output

Single phase mode
the voltage always drops down to zero 100% ripple

How Phases Affect Generator Output

Three phase:
Individual voltages drop to zero but there is always an overlap
of wave pulses.
When wave pulses are rectified, the average value never drops
to zero.
Makes x-ray production more efficient.
Easier on the equipment.

How Phases Affect Generator Output

Three-phase, 6-pulse.
produces a 13% voltage ripple.
voltage supply to x-ray tube never falls below 87% of
maximum value.
Three-phase, 12-pulse.
4% voltage ripple is produced.
value of the voltage never falls below 96% of maximum
value.

How Phases Affect Generator Output

There is also a high frequency generator that produces less
than 1% voltage ripple. Value never falls below 99% of
maximum value.
Uses inverter circuits to convert DC to a series of square
pulses and capacitor banks to smooth voltage.

Capacitor Discharge Mobile Units

A capacitor builds up a charge when the circuit is closed
(when exposure button is pushed).
When pre-selected charge is reached, the capacitor completes
the circuit & sends the charge to the x-ray tube.
Disadvantage - x-ray production falls off throughout
exposure (end kV is approx. 1 kV per mAs lower than starting
kVp).

Thank you for listening