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INTRODUCTION
Power quality problems in the present day distribution systems are addressed in
the literature due to the increased use of sensitive and critical equipments such as
communication network, process industries, precise manufacturing processes etc. Power
quality problems such as transients, sags, swells and other distortions to the sinusoidal
waveform of the supply voltage affect the performance of these equipments. The
technologies such as custom power devices are emerged to provide protection against
power quality problems. Custom power devices are mainly of three categories such as
series-connected compensators known as DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer), shunt
connected compensators such as DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator), and a
combination of series and shunt-connected compensators known as UPQC (Unified
Power Quality Conditioner). The DVR can regulate the load voltage from the problems
such as sag, swell, harmonics etc. in the supply voltages. Hence it can protect the critical
consumer loads from tripping and consequent losses. The custom power devices are
developed and installed at consumer point to meet the power quality standards.
Voltage sags in an electrical grid are not always possible to avoid because of the
finite clearing time of the faults that cause the voltage sags and the propagation of sags
from the transmission and distribution systems to the low-voltage loads. Voltage sags are
the common reasons for interruption in production plants and for end user equipment
malfunctions in general. In particular, tripping of equipment in a production line can
cause production interruption and significant costs due to loss of production. One
solution to this problem is to make the equipment itself more tolerant to sags, either by
intelligent control or by storing ride-through energy in the equipment. An alternative
solution, instead of modifying each component in a plant to be tolerant against voltage
sags, is to install a plant-wide uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system for longer
power interruptions or a DVR on the incoming supply to mitigate voltage sags for
shorter periods. DVRs can eliminate most of the sags, and minimize the risk of load
tripping for very deep sags, but their main drawbacks are their standby losses, the
equipment cost and also the protection scheme required for downstream short circuits.
Many solutions and their problems using DVRs are reported such as the voltages
in a three phase system are balanced and an energy-optimized control of DVR is
discussed. Industrial examples of DVRs are given in and different control methods are
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analyzed for different types of voltage sags. A comparison of different topologies and
control methods are presented for a DVR. The design of a capacitor supported DVR that
protects sag, swell, distortion, or unbalance in the supply voltages is discussed. The
performance of a DVR with the HFL (High Frequency Link) transformer is discussed. In
this paper, the control and performance of a DVR are demonstrated with a reduced rating
VSC (Voltage Source Converter). The SRF (Synchronous Reference Frame) theory is
used for the control of the DVR.
For temporary fault, enclosure may be successful. Anyway, sensitive equipment will
almost surely trip during this interruption. Another kind of likely event would be a
fault on one of the feeders from the substation or a fault somewhere on the
transmission system. In either of these cases, the customer will experience a voltage sag
during the actual period of fault.
obtained from load flow, Voltage sag calculation, and voltage sag occurrence
calculation can be sorted and tabulated by sag magnitude, fault type, location of
fault and nominal system voltage at the fault location.
The results can be tabulated and displayed in many different ways to recognize
difficult aspects. Area of vulnerability can be plotted on a geographical map or one - line
diagram. These plots can be used to target transmission and distribution lines for
enhancements in reliability. Further bar charts, and pie-charts showing the total number
of voltage sags with reference to voltage level at fault point, area/zone of fault, or the
fault type can be developed to help utilities focus on their system improvements.
Possible such system structural changes that can be identified include. Reconnection of a
customer from one voltage level to another, Installation of Ferro-resonant transformers
or time delayed under voltage, drop out relay to facilitate easy ride - through the sag
Application of static transfer switch and energy storage system., Application of fast
acting synchronous condensers, Neighborhood generation capacity addition, Increase
service voltage addition through transformer tap changing, By enhancement of system
reliability.
1.3.7 DC Drives:
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DC drives are used in many industrial processes, including printing presses and
plastics manufacturing. The plastic extrusion process is one of the common applications
where voltage sag can be particularly important. The extruders melt and grind plastic
pellets into liquid plastic. The liquid plastic may then be blowup into a bag or processed
in some other way before winder winds the plastic into spools.
Our power
1.5.1 Over-Voltage:
Over-voltages can be the result of long-term problems that create swells. Think
of an overvoltage as an extended swell. Over-voltages are also common in areas where
supply transformer tap settings are set incorrectly and loads have been reduced. Overvoltage conditions can create high current draw and cause unnecessary tripping of
downstream circuit breakers, as well as overheating and putting stress on equipment.
Since an overvoltage is a constant swell, the same UPS and Power Conditioners will
work for these. Please note however that if the incoming power is constantly in an
overvoltage condition, the utility power to your facility may need correction as well.
The same symptoms apply to the over-voltages and swells however since the
overvoltage is more constant you should expect some excess heat. This excess heat,
especially in data center environments, must be monitored.
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The timing and magnitude information can often identify the source of the fault.
For example, if the phase current levels of the load did not change prior to the voltage
sag; the fault is more likely upstream. If the magnitude of the sag is down to 20% of
nominal, it is likely that the fault was close by. If the sag duration was less than four
cycles, it was most likely a transmission system fault. If the swell waveform is preceded
by a oscillatory transient, it may be the result of a power factor correction capacitor
being switched on. Line-to-neutral voltage sag is often accompanied by a neutral-toground voltage swell. The location of the monitor, power supply wiring, measurement
input wiring, and immunization from RFI/EMI is especially critical with the higher
performance graphical monitors. The monitor itself must also be capable of riding
through the sag and surviving extended duration swells. The functionality of the monitor
should be thoroughly evaluated in the laboratory, under simulated disturbances, before
placing out in the field. Just because it didn't record it, does not mean it didn't happen.
Unless there is significant information pointing to the cause of the disturbance before the
monitoring begins, it is common practice to begin at the point of common coupling with
the utility service as the initial monitoring point. If the initial monitoring period indicates
that the fault occurred on the utility side of the service transformer, then further
monitoring would not be necessary until attempting to determine the effectiveness of the
solution. If the source of the disturbance is determined to be internal to the facility, the
placing multiple monitors on the various feeds within the facility would most likely
produce the optimal answer in the shortest time period.
1.6 SOLUTIONS:
The first step in reducing the severity of the system sags is to reduce the number
of faults. From the utility side, transmission-line shielding can prevent lighting induced
faults. If tower-footing resistance is high, the surge energy from a lightning stroke is not
absorbed quickly into the ground. Since high tower-footing resistance is an import factor
in causing back flash from static wire to phase wire, steps to reduce such should be
taken. The probability of flashover can be reduced by applying surge arresters to divert
current to ground.
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electronic sensing and control circuits. The response time is relatively slow (3-10
cycles).
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CHAPTER-2
ROLE OF INVERTERS
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
The main objective of static power converters is to produce an ac output
waveform from a dc power supply. These are the types of waveforms required in
adjustable speed drives (ASDs), uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), static VAR
compensators, active filters, flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), and voltage
compensators, which are only a few applications. For sinusoidal ac outputs, the
magnitude, frequency, and phase should be controllable. According to the type of ac
output waveform, these topologies can be considered as voltage source inverters (VSIs),
where the independently controlled ac output is a voltage waveform.
These structures are the most widely used because they naturally behave as
voltage sources as required by many industrial applications, such as adjustable speed
drives (ASDs), which are the most popular application of inverters. Similarly, these
topologies can be found as current source inverters (CSIs), where the independently
controlled ac output is a current waveform. These structures are still widely used in
medium-voltage industrial applications, where high-quality voltage waveforms are
required. Static power converters, specifically inverters, are constructed from power
switches and the ac output waveforms are therefore made up of discrete values. This
leads to the generation of waveforms that feature fast transitions rather than smooth
ones. For instance, the ac output voltage produced by the VSI of a standard ASD is a
three-level
12
and
tattoo.
As
they
became
available
with
adequate
power
ratings, transistors and various other types of semiconductor switches have been
incorporated into inverter circuit designs.
13
14
15
State
Components
+ is on and is off
V/2
conducting
+ if >0
+ of <0
- is on and + is off
-V/2
_ if >0
_ if <0
-V/2 ,
_ if > 0
V/2
+ if < 0
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Fig.2.4: The half-bridge VSI. Ideal waveforms for the SPWM: (a) carrier and modulating
signals; (b) switch S. state; (c) Switch S state; (d) ac output voltage; (e) ac output
voltage spectrum; (f) ac output current; (g) dc current; (h) dc current spectrum; (i) switch
S+ current; (j) diode + current.
A special case is when the modulating signal Vc is a sinusoidal at frequency fc
and amplitude
v^
v^c
and amplitude
. This is the sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) scheme. In this case, the modulation index
v^c
v^
-------------------- (6.1)
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And the normalized carrier frequency mf (also known as the frequency-modulation ratio)
is
mf =
f
fc
------------------- (6.2)
v o =v aN
is basically a sinusoidal
waveform plus harmonics, which features: (a) the amplitude of the fundamental
v^
o1
^
v^
o 1= v aN 1=
vi
m
2 a ------------------- (6.3)
(b) for odd values of the normalized carrier frequency fm the harmonics in the ac output
voltage appear at normalized frequencies fh centered around mf and its multiples,
specifically,
h=lmf k
where l=1,2, ..
---------------------- (6.4)
where l=1,2, ..
. (6.5)
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is required to hold the previous features; if this is not the case, sub harmonics will be
present in the ac output voltage; (b) for large values of mf (mf > 21), the sub harmonics
are negligible if an asynchronous PWM
v^0 l
region Eq. (6.3) does not hold in the over modulation region, moreover, a saturation
effect can be observed.
The PWM technique allows an ac output voltage to be generated that tracks a
given modulating signal. A special case is the SPWM technique (the modulating signal is
a sinusoidal) that provides in the linear region an ac output voltage that varies linearly as
a function of the modulation index and the harmonics are at well-defined frequencies
and amplitudes. These features simplify the design of filtering components.
Unfortunately, the maximum amplitude of the fundamental ac voltage is v i=2 in this
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operating mode. Higher voltages are obtained by using the over modulation region (ma >
1); however, low-order harmonics appear in the ac output voltage. Very large values of
the modulation index (ma > 3:24) lead to a totally square ac output voltage that is
considered as the square-wave modulating technique that is discussed in the next section.
Fig.2.6: The half-bridge VSI. Ideal waveforms for the square-wave modulating
technique: (a) ac output voltage; (b) ac output voltage spectrum.
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features odd half- and quarter wave symmetry; therefore, even harmonics are not present
(voh = 0; h = 2; 4; 6; . . .). Moreover, the per-phase voltage waveform (v o = vaN in
Fig.2.6.), should be chopped N times per half-cycle in order to adjust the fundamental
and eliminate N -1 harmonics in the ac output voltage waveform. For instance, to
eliminate the third and fifth harmonics and to perform fundamental magnitude control (N
= 3), the equations to be solved are the following:
(6.8)
Where the angles 1, 2, and 3 are defined as shown in fig 2.7(a). The angles are
found by means of iterative algorithms as no analytical solutions can be derived. The
angles 1, 2, and 3 are plotted for different values of
v^
o1
.. (6.9)
21
Fig.2.7: Chopping angles for SHE and fundamental voltage control in half-bridge VSIs:
(a) third and fifth harmonic elimination; (b) third, fifth, and seventh harmonic
elimination.
Where 1, 2, . . n should satisfy 1 < 2,< . .< n
<
similarly, to eliminate
an odd number of harmonics, for instance, the third, fifth and seventh, and to perform
fundamental magnitude control (N-1 = 3), the equations to be solved are:
(6.10)
Where the angles
angles
and
, and
. (6.11)
Where
should satisfy
22
and
(or
and
) cannot be on simultaneously
because a short circuit across the dc link voltage source vi would be produced. There are
four defined (states 1, 2, 3, and 4) and one undefined (state 5) switch states as shown in
Table 2.2.
The undefined condition should be avoided so as to be always capable of
defining the ac output voltage. In order to avoid the short circuit across the dc bus and
the undefined ac output voltage condition, the modulating technique should ensure that
either the top or the bottom switch of each leg is on at any instant. It can be observed that
the ac output voltage can take values up to the dc link value v i , which is twice that
obtained with half-bridge VSI topologies. Several modulating techniques have been
developed that are applicable to full-bridge VSIs. Among them are the PWM (bipolar
and unipolar) techniques.
and
and
being in the
on state in the full-bridge configuration. This is called bipolar carrier-based SPWM. The
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v^
^
o 1= v
aN 1= v m .. (6.15)
i a
In the linear region of the modulating technique (ma
in the half-bridge VSI. Identical conclusions can be drawn for the frequencies and
amplitudes of the harmonics in the ac output voltage and dc link current, and for
operations at smaller and larger values of odd mf (including the over modulation region
(ma > 1)), than in half bridge VSIs, but considering that the maximum ac output voltage
is the dc link voltage vi . Thus, in the over modulation region the fundamental
component of amplitude
. (6.16)
In contrast to the bipolar approach, the unipolar PWM technique uses the states
1, 2, 3, and to generate the ac output voltage. Thus, the ac output voltage waveform can
instantaneously take one of three values, namely
van, and
is used to generate
thus
based PWM.
Identical conclusions can be drawn for the amplitude of the fundamental
component and harmonics in the ac output voltage and dc link current, and for
operations at smaller and larger values of mf, (including the over modulation region (ma
> 1)), than in full-bridge VSIs modulated by the bipolar SPWM. However, because the
phase voltages
24
where k =1; 3; 5; . . . and the harmonics in the dc link current appear at normalized
frequencies fp centered around twice the normalized carrier frequency mf and its
multiples. Specifically,
(6.18)
Where k = 1; 3; 5; .This feature is considered to be an advantage because it allows the
use of smaller filtering components to obtain high-quality voltage and current
waveforms while using the same switching frequency as in VSIs modulated by the
bipolar approach.
Moreover, the ac
output voltage waveform (Vo = Vab in Fig 2.6), should feature N pulses per half-cycle in
order to adjust the fundamental component and eliminate N 1 harmonics. For instance,
to eliminate the third, fifth and seventh harmonics and to perform fundamental
magnitude control (N . 4), the equations to be solved are:
. (6.19)
The general expressions to eliminate an arbitrary N (N-1 = 3,5,7.) number of
harmonics are given by
. (6.20)
Where
should satisfy
Shows a special case where only the fundamental ac output voltage is controlled. This is
known as output control by voltage cancellation, which derives from the fact that its
implementation is easily attainable by using two phase-shifted square-wave switching
signals as shown in
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Fig.2.9: The full-bridge VSI. Ideal waveforms for the unipolar SPWM :(a) carrier and
modulating signals; (b) switch
ac output voltage spectrum; (f) ac output current; (g) dc current; (h) dc current spectrum;
(i) switch
current.
Fig.2.10: The full-bridge VSI. Ideal waveforms for the SHE technique: (a) ac output
voltage for third, fifth, and seventh harmonic elimination; (b) spectrum of (a); (c) ac
output voltage for fundamental control; (d) spectrum of (c).
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Fig.2.11: Chopping angles for SHE and fundamental voltage control in full-bridge VSIs:
(a) fundamental control and third, fifth, and seventh harmonic elimination;(b)
fundamental control.
Thus, the amplitude of the fundamental component and harmonics in the ac output
voltage are given by
(6.21)
It can also be observed in Fig. 14.12c that for
. (6.22)
Where the fundamental load voltage can be controlled by the manipulation of the dc link
voltage.
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Fig.2.12: The full-bridge VSI. Ideal waveforms for the output control by voltage
cancellation: (a) switch
voltage spectrum.
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(closed at all times. Note that both constraints can be summarized by stating that at any
time, only one top switch and one bottom switch must be closed.
There are nine valid states in three-phase CSIs produce zero ac line currents. In
this case, the dc link current freewheels through either the switches S1 and S4, switches
S3 and S6, or switches S5 and S2.
The remaining states produce nonzero ac output line currents. In order to generate a
given set of ac line current waveforms, the inverter must move from one state to another.
Thus, the resulting line currents consist of discrete values of current, which are ii , 0, and
ii .
The selection of the states in order to generate the given waveforms is done by the
modulating technique that should ensure the use of only the valid states.
The outputs of the switching pulse generator are the signals. Sc .1...6, which are
basically the gating signals of the CSI without the shorting pulses. These are necessary to
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free wheel the dc link current ii when zero ac output currents are required it can be
clearly seen that at most one top switch and one bottom switch is on, which satisfies the
first constraint of the gating signals as stated before.
In order to satisfy the second constraint, the shorting pulse .Sd 1. is generated
(shorting pulse generator (when none of the top switches .Sc1 . Sc3 . Sc5 . 0. or none of
the bottom switches .Sc4 . Sc6 . Sc2 . 0. are gated. Then, this pulse is added (using OR
gates) to only one leg of the CSI (either to the switches 1 and 4, 3 and 6, or 5 and 2) by
means of the switching and shorting pulse combinatory.
The signals generated by the shorting pulse generator (a) only one leg of the CSI
is shorted, as only one of the signals is high at any time; and (b) there is an even
distribution of the shorting pulse, as .Se .123 is HIGH for 120 in each period. This
ensures that the rms currents are equal in all legs. the relevant waveforms if a triangular
carrier iD and sinusoidal modulating signals .ic .abc are used in combination with the
gating pattern generator this is SPWM in CSIs.
It can be observed that some of the waveforms are identical to those obtained in
three-phase VSIs, where a SPWM technique Specifically: (i) the load line VSI is
identical to the load line current; and (ii) the dc link current is identical to the dc link
voltage in the CSI. This brings up the duality issue between both topologies when similar
modulation approaches are used. Therefore, for odd multiple of 3 values of the
normalized carrier frequency mf , the harmonics in the ac output current appear at
normalized frequencies fh centered around mf and its multiples, specifically, at
Identical conclusions can be drawn for the operation at small and large values of mf in
the same way as for three phase VSI configurations. Thus, the maximum amplitude of
30
Fig.2.14: The three-phase CSI. Ideal waveforms for the SPWM .ma . 0:8, mf . 9): (a)
carrier and modulating signals; (b) switch S1 state; (c)switch S3 state; (d) ac output
current; (e) ac output current spectrum; (f) ac output voltage; (g) dc voltage; (h) dc
voltage spectrum; (i) switch S1current; ( j) Switch S1 voltage.
3 i1
^
The fundamental ac output line current is i oa1= 2
3i1
i^ oa1=m a
2
0 < ma 1
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To further increase the amplitude of the load current, the over modulation approach can
be used. In this region, the fundamental line currents range in
To further test the gating signal generator circuit a sinusoidal set with third and
ninth harmonic injection modulating signals is used.
Fig.2.15: The three-phase CSI. Square-wave operation: (a) switch S1 state; (b) switch S3
state; (c) ac output current; (d) ac output current spectrum.
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Chopping angles for SHE and fundamental current control in three-phase CSIs:
fifth and seventh harmonic elimination. Synchronized with the signals .Sa.123 in order
to symmetrically distribute the shorting pulse and thus generate symmetrical gating
patterns. The circuit ensures line current waveforms as the line voltages in a VSI.
Therefore, any arbitrary number of harmonics can be eliminated and the fundamental
line current can be controlled in CSIs. Moreover, the same chopping angles obtained for
VSIs can be used in CSIs. For instance, to eliminate the fifth and seventh harmonics, the
chopping angles which are identical to that obtained for a VSI using the line current does
not contain the fifth and the seventh harmonics as expected. Hence, any number of
harmonics can be eliminated in three-phase CSIs by means of the circuit without the
hassle of how to satisfy the gating signal constrains.
2.8 APPLICATIONS
2.8.1 DC power source utilization:
An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar
panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in
particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to
produce DC at any desired voltage.
Grid tie inverters can feed energy back into the distribution network because they
produce alternating current with the same wave shape and frequency as supplied by the
distribution system. They can also switch off automatically in the event of a blackout.
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frequency. The output power can never exceed the input power, but efficiencies can be
high, with a small proportion of the power dissipated as waste heat.
2.9 Summary:
This chapter summarizes the function of converters which are used in the
proposed system with modulating and harmonic elimination techniques like bipolar
PWM technique, VSI and CSI are explained with waveforms and applications.
CHAPTER-3
DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER
3.1 Introduction:
Among the power quality problems (sags, swells, harmonics? voltage sags are
the most severe disturbances. In order to overcome these problems the concept of custom
power devices is introduced recently. One of those devices is the Dynamic Voltage
Restorer (DVR), which is the most efficient and effective modern custom power device
used in power distribution networks. DVR is a recently proposed series connected solid
state device that injects voltage into the system in order to regulate the load side voltage.
35
36
It connects the DVR to the distribution network via the HV-windings and
transforms and couples the injected compensating voltages generated by the
voltage source converters to the incoming supply voltage.
In addition, the Injection / Booster transformer serves the purpose of isolating the
load from the system (VSC and control mechanism).
37
The system impedance Zth depends on the fault level of the load bus. When the
system voltage (Vth) drops, the DVR injects a series voltage VDVR through the
injection transformer so that the desired load voltage magnitude VL can be maintained.
The series injected voltage of the DVR can be written as
Where
VL
ZTH :
IL
VTH :
38
It requires the injection of only reactive power and the DVR itself is capable of
generating the reactive power.
39
The DVR has three modes of operation which are: protection mode, standby
mode, injection/boost mode.
40
41
42
|VL|
|Vprefault|
43
One of the advantages of this method is that the amplitude of DVR injection
voltage is minimum for a certain voltage sag in comparison with other strategies.
Practical application of this method is in non-sensitive loads to phase angle jump.
44
45
46
Fig. 3.10(b): DVR without energy storage and load-side-connected shunt converter
Fig. 3.10(c): DVR having energy storage and with variable DC link voltage
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Fig. 3.10(d): DVR having energy storage and with constant DC link voltage
The above figure shows comparison of variation of total (series and shunt)
converter ratings for the DVR four topologies versus sag. The comparison result
categorizes the above explained DVR topologies regarding converter size in the
following order starting from the largest converter size and ending at the lowest.
1. Load side connected converter topology
2. Supply side connected converter topology
3. Constant DC-link topology
4. Variable DC-link topology
48
Fig. 3.10(e): Effect of variation of sag size on total converter rating of DVR
Table 3.6 summarizes the performance of different DVR topologies. Analysis
shown in Table 3.6 has revealed that the no-energy storage concept is feasible, but an
improved performance can be achieved for certain voltage sags using stored energy
topologies. However, an intermittent type of renewable energy resource (PV source) with
battery storage system is assumed as DG in this research work for analysis purpose. It is
connected with DC-link of the DVR to maintain constant DC-link voltage. Fig. 3.10(f)
shows the DVR structure employing DG (PV source with battery storage) to mitigate
deep and long duration sags. Three DVR control strategies to regulate load voltage are
thoroughly discussed in chapter V that use above mentioned assumption.
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Very Good (++), Good (+), Poor (-), and Very Poor (- -)
Table 3.1: Comparison of different DVR topologies with grading Supply side Connected
converter
50
DVR compensation mainly depends upon the energy storage device capacity of
the DC-link which is an important part of DVR. However, if DC-link is coupled with a
dispersed generation (DG) source such as photovoltaic source with battery storage
system, then issue of DVR energy storage device capacity can be handled and constant
DC-link voltage can be maintained. In this way, not only the sag mitigation capability of
the DVR for deep and long duration sags can be enhanced but DG supported DVR can
also be used to export its excess power to grid.
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CHAPTER-4
OPERATION OF DVR
4.1 Introduction:
The schematic diagram of a DVR connected system is shown in Fig. 1 (a). The
voltage Vinj is inserted such that the load voltage, Vload is constant in magnitude and
undistorted, though the supply voltage Vs is not constant in magnitude or distorted. Fig.
1(b) shows the phasor diagram of different voltage injection schemes of the DVR.
VL(pre-sag) is a voltage across the critical load prior to the voltage sag condition.
During the voltage sag, the voltage is reduced to Vs with a phase lag angle of . Now the
DVR injects a voltage such that the load voltage magnitude is maintained at the pre-sag
condition. According to the phase angle of the load voltage, the injection of voltages can
be realized in four ways. Vinj1 represents the voltage-injected in-phase with the supply
voltage. With the injection of Vinj2, the load voltage magnitude remains same but it leads
Vs by a small angle. In Vinj3, the load voltage retains the same phase as that of the pre-sag
condition, which may be an optimum angle considering the energy source. Vinj4 is the
condition where the injected voltage is in quadrature with the current and this case is
suitable for a capacitor supported DVR as this injection involves no active power.
However, a minimum possible rating of the converter is achieved by Vinj1. The DVR is
operated in this scheme with a BESS (Battery Energy Storage System).
Fig.4.2 shows a schematic diagram of a three-phase DVR connected to restore
the voltage of a three phase critical load. A three phase supply is connected to a critical
and sensitive load through a three phase series injection transformer. The equivalent
voltage of the supply of phase A, (vMa) is connected to the point of common coupling
(PCC) (vSa) through short circuit impedance (Zsa). The voltage injected by the DVR in
phase A (vCa) is such that the load voltage (vLa) is of rated magnitude and undistorted. A
three phase DVR is connected to the line to inject a voltage in series using three singlephase transformers, Tr. Lr and Cr represent the filter components used to filter the ripples
in the injected voltage. A three-leg VSC with IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors)
is used as a DVR and a BESS is connected to its dc bus.
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Fig.4.1(a) Basic circuit of DVR, (b) Phasor diagram of the DVR voltage injection
schemes.
53
Similarly, reference load voltages (V La*,VLb*,VLc*) and voltages at PCC (vS) are also
converted to the rotating reference frame. Then, the DVR voltages are obtained in the
rotating reference frame as,
The reference DVR voltages are obtained in the rotating reference frame as,
The error between the reference and actual DVR voltages in the rotating reference
frame are regulated using two PI (Proportional-Integral) controllers.
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Reference DVR voltages in abc frame are obtained from a reverse Parks
transformation taking VDd* from (4), VDq* from (5), VD0* as zero as,
Reference DVR voltages (vdvra*, vdvrb*, vdvrc*) and actual DVR voltages (vdvra,
vdvrb
vdvrc) are used in a PWM controller to generate gating pulses to a VSC of DVR. The
PWM controller is operated with a switching frequency of 10 kHz.
Fig.4.3: Control block of the DVR which use the SRF method of control.
A. Control of Self Supported DVR for Voltage Sag, Swell and Harmonics
Compensation
Fig. 4.1(a) shows a schematic diagram of a capacitor supported DVR connected to
three phase critical loads and Fig. 4.1(b) shows a control block of the DVR in which
SREE CHAITANYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES-KARIMNAGAR
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SRF theory is used for the control of self supported DVR. Voltages at PCC (v S) are
converted to the rotating reference frame using abc-dqo conversion using the Parks
transformation. The harmonics and the oscillatory components of the voltage are
eliminated using LPFs (Low Pass Filters). The components of voltages in d-axis and qaxis are,
where, vdn(n)=vdc*-vdc(n) is the error between the reference (vdc*) and sensed dc
voltage (vdc) at the nth sampling instant. Kp1 and Ki1 are the proportional and the integral
gains of the dc bus voltage PI controller.
Fig.4.4: (a) Schematic diagram of self supported DVR (b) Control block of the DVR
which uses the SRF method of control
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Fig.4.5: MATLAB based model of the BESS supported DVR connected system
The reference d-axis load voltage is, therefore, as,
The amplitude of load terminal voltage (VL) is controlled to its reference voltage
(VL*) using another PI controller. The output of PI controller is considered as the
reactive component of voltage (vqr) for voltage regulation of the load terminal voltage.
The amplitude of load voltage (VL) at PCC is calculated from the ac voltages
(vLa, vLb, vLc) as,
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where, vte(n)=vL*-vL(n) denotes the error between reference (VL*) and actual (VL(n)) load
terminal voltage amplitudes at nth sampling instant. Kp2 and Ki2 are the proportional and
the integral gains of the dc bus voltage PI controller.
The reference load quadrature axis voltage is as,
Reference load voltages (vLa*, vLb*, vLc*) in abc frame is obtained from a reverse
Parks transformation as in (6). The error between sensed load voltages (v La, vLb, vLc) and
reference load voltages are used over a controller to generate gating pulses to VSC of
DVR.
CHAPTER-5
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Fig.5.1: Dynamic performance of DVR with inphase injection during voltage sag and
swell applied to critical load.
source currents(iS), reference load voltages (vLref) and dc bus voltage (vdc) are also
depicted in Fig.5.1. The load and PCC voltages of phase A are shown in Fig.5.2, which
shows the in-phase injection of voltage by the DVR. The compensation of harmonics in
the supply voltages is demonstrated in Fig.5.3. At 0.2 s, the supply voltage is distorted
and continued for 5 cycles. The load voltage is maintained sinusoidal by injecting proper
compensation voltage by
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61
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Fig.5.9: Dynamic results of DVR under voltage sag condition- Source voltage (V sabc),
Load voltage (VLabc), Source current (ISabc), Load current (ILabc), Terminal voltage (Vtms),
DC-Link voltage (VDC) and DVR voltage (Vdvr)
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(Vsabc), Load voltage (VLabc), Source current (ISabc), Load current (ILabc), Terminal voltage
(Vtms), DC-Link voltage (VDC) and DVR voltage (Vdvr).
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CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION
The operation of a DVR has been demonstrated with a new control technique
using various voltage injection schemes. A comparison of the performance of DVR with
different schemes has been performed with reduced rating VSC including capacitor
supported DVR. The reference load voltage has been estimated using the method of unit
vectors and the control of DVR has been achieved which minimizes the error of voltage
injection. The SRF (Synchronous Reference Frame) theory has been used for estimating
the reference DVR voltages. It is concluded that the voltage injection in-phase with the
PCC voltage results in minimum rating of DVR but at the cost of an energy source at its
dc bus.
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