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Homework 2 Solutions
Reading: textbook Chapter 1.
Problem 1. Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. If the signal is
periodic, determine its fundamental period. Note that the signals in Parts (a)-(d) are continuous-time
and the signals in Parts (e)-(h) are discrete-time.
(a) x(t) = 2 cos(2t + /5).
Solution. This signal is a CT sinusoid so it is periodic. Its fundamental angular frequency is 2
rad/sec and hence its fundamental period is T = 2/0 = .
(b) x(t) = ej(t2) .
Solution. This signal is periodic and its fundamental angular frequency is rad/sec. Thus its
fundamental period is T = 2/ = 2.
(c) x(t) = [cos(4t + /3)]2 .
Solution. This signal can be rewritten as x(t) = 1/2 + 1/2 cos(8t + 2/3). We can see that
this signal is periodic since the first term is constant and the other term is a CT sinusoid. The
CT sinusoid term has fundamental angular frequency 8 rad/sec and thus x(t) is periodic with
fundamental period T = 2/8 = /4.
(d) x(t) =
n=
Solution. For any real t, let the floor of t, denoted t, be the largest integer which is less than
or equal to t. Since t n 0 for all integer n t, and since t n < 0 for all integer n t + 1,
we have that
1 for all n t
u(t n) =
0 for all n t + 1
Therefore, we can rewrite the definition of x(t) given in the problem statement as follows:
x(t) =
t
X
e(tn) = et
n=
= et
em
m=t
et
1 e1
e(tt)
1 e1
n=
n=
Thus, the sequence x[n] is 1, 2/2, 1, 2/2, 1, 2/2, 1, 2/2, . . ., which is periodic with fundamental period 4.
(g) x[n] = cos(n/2) cos(n/4).
Solution. We can rewrite x[n] as x[n] = 1/2 cos(3n/4) + 1/2 cos(n/4). Thus, x[n] is the sum
of two DT sinusoidal signals of fundamental periods N1 = 8 and N2 = 8. Hence, x[n] is periodic
and its fundamental period is the least common multiple of 8 and 8 which is N = 8.
(h) x[n] = 2 cos(n/4) sin(n/8) + cos(n/2 /6).
Solution. The fundamental periods of the individual DT sinusoidal signals are N1 = 8, N2 = 16,
and N3 = 4. Hence, x[n] is periodic and its fundamental period is the least common multiple of
8, 16, and 4 which is N = 16.
x(t)
0
4
0
t
x1(t)
14 12 10 8 6 4 2
0
t
10
12
14
x2 ( )d,
0d = 0.
x(1t)
0
4
0
t
(a)
x(2t)
0
4
0
t
(b)
9
8
7
x (t)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
4
0
t
(c)
Figure 3: The plot of (a) x(1 t), (b) x(2 t), and (c) x2 (t) in Problem 2(c).
4
For 1 t 0:
v(t) = 3
For 0 t 1:
v(t) = 3
For 1 t:
v(t) = 3
d = 3(t + 1).
1
d + 9
1
d + 9
1
d = 9t + 3.
0
d = 3 + 9 = 12.
0
0,
3(t + 1),
v(t) =
9t + 3,
12,
if
if
if
if
t 1
1t0
0t1
1t
v(t)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
4
0
t
0,
for all other values of t.
Find the following limits of f as 0:
(a) The pointwise limit.
Solution. For any fixed t > 0, all the values of f (t) are zeros for all values of such that
0 < < t, and hence the limit is zero. Similarly, for any fixed t < 0, all the values of f (t)
5
are zeros for 0 < < |t|, and hence the limit is also zero. For t = 0 and for any > 0, it
follows from the definition of f (t) given in the problem statement that f (t) = 0. Hence, the
pointwise limit is zero:
lim f (t) = 0,
0
for all t.
(b) The limit in the sense of generalized functions.
Solution. Let F (t) be the anti-derivative of a signal x(t).
lim
f (t)x(t)dt =
=
=
=
Z 0
Z
1
1
lim 2
x(t)dt + 2
x(t)dt
0
0
1
1
lim 2 [F (0) F ()] + 2 [F () F (0)]
0
F () 2F (0) + F ()
lim
0
2
F (0)
= x (0),
where we have used the definition of the second derivative to get F (0). Therefore, the limit (in
the sense of generalized functions) of f as 0, is the functional v defined by v(x) = x (0).
As explained in Section 2.5 of the textbook, this functional is where is the derivative of
the CT unit impulse.