Ocean Energy in Indonesia

Prof. Mukhtasor, Ph.D.

Member of National Energy Council of Indonesia,
Chaiman of the Indonesian Ocean Energy Association,
Professor in the Department of Ocean Engineering ITS
Presented at OCEAN ENERGY WORKSHOP ,
ASELI, BPPT, JICA, OEAJ and Supported by ESDM and NEDO
Jakarta, 22 Nopember 2012

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Con tents
1. Introduction

2. Ocean Energy Policies

3. Development Status
4. Strategic Notes

5. Closure
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Introduction (1)
Welcome to the nation of waters!...
Indonesia is a country of thousands of Islands

Indonesia is also called as Nusantara.

Nusa means islands,
antara means in between
the nation of waters
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Islands
= 17,480
Ocean
= 5.8 million km2
Ocean EEZ = 2.7 million km2
Costline
= 95,180 km
Population (2010) = 236 million
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Introduction (2)
Ocean energy is renewable,

it is a new for Indonesia, and also for the world.

National Energy Council is advocating
the development of ocean energy in Indonesia
through the National Energy Policy
Two reasons on demand and potentials
(markets and resources)
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ENERGI
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DEWAN
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NATIONAL ENERGY COUNCIL

LEADERSHIP
a. Chair
b. Vice Chair
c. Daily Chair

: the President of the Republic of Indonesia

: the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia
: the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

MEMBERS
GOVERNMENT

1.

Ministry of Finance;

STAKEHOLDERS
1. Mr. Agusman Effendi (Consument);

2. Ministry of Development
Planning (BAPPENAS);

2. Dr. Tumiran (University);

3. Ministry of Transportation;

4. Mr. Eddie WidionoS, M.Sc. (Industry);

4. Ministry of Industry;

5. Dr. Herman Darnel Ibrahim, M.Sc. (Industry)

5. Ministry of Agriculture;

6. Prof. Widjajono Partowidagdo, Ph.D.

(Technology);

6. Menistry of Research and

Technology;
7. Ministry of Environment.

3. Prof. Rinaldy Dalimi, Ph.D. (University);

7. Prof. Mukhtasor, Ph.D. (Environment);

8. Prof. Dr. Herman Agustiawan (Consument).
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Population

2020

2025

2010

2015

238,4

250,4

261,0

270,1

65,7

68,5

70,1

70,9

0-14 years olds

64,1

63,6

62,1

60,2

Working

160,2

170,8

180,3

187,2

65+

14,1

16,0

18,5

22,7

Population
Women (productive)

Source: Adapted from UN World Population Projection, 2002 Revision

Sonny Harry B. Harmadi, Jakarta, 24 February 2010
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Projected Economics and Population Growth

9.0

Growth (%)

8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

GDP TINGGI
GDP RENDAH
PENDUDUK

2010
5.8
5.8
0.8

2015
8.0
7.0
0.8

2020
8.0
7.0
1.1

2025
8.0
7.0
1.0

2030
7.5
6.5
0.8

2035
7.0
6.5
0.6

2040
7.0
6.0
0.4

2045
6.5
6.0
0.3

2050
6.0
5.5
0.2

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ASUMSI SKENARIO KEBUTUHAN ENERGI

URAIAN

SATUAN

TAHUN
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050

POPULASI
Jumlah Penduduk
Pertumbuhan Penduduk Rata-rata

Juta

238

251

262

271

280

299

307

1.5

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.3

359

527

774

1123

2229

4165

**

1446

2017

2827

3948

7452 13568

6.11

8.00

8.00

8.00

7.50

7.00

PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI
GDP (Berdasarkan Harga Konstan
Tahun 2000)

Milliar USD

GDP per Kapita (Berdasarkan Harga

Konstan Tahun 2000)

USD/kapita

Pertumbuhan GDP Rata-rata

Harga Berlaku

*) 703 Miliar USD **) 2954 USD/kapita

253
1061

6.00

DATA BPS

Populasi (data demografi UI)

Ekonomi (masukan dari Bappenas)
Data BPS : GDP tahun 2010 (berdasarkan harga konstan tahun 2000) sebesar 253 Miliar USD
dan GDP berdasarkan harga berlaku sebesar 703 Miliar USD ,
(nilai tukar rata-rata pada tahun 2010: 1$ = Rp. 9.136,-)
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Projected Energy Demand 2010-2050

(Estimated with help of MARKAL)
PROYEKSI

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

1. KONSUMSI ENERGI FINAL

MTOE

97,05 137,35 190,76 260,49 343,90 438,79 555,97 662,42 757,17

2. KONSUMSI ENERGI PRIMER

MTOE

154,90 209,05 292,06 398,12 551,37 721,28 932,21 1137,76 1335,34

3. KONSUMSI LISTRIK

MTOE

13,67

21,04

32,16

GW

36,51

59,35

82,53 114,81 172,75 250,13 349,98 469,26 603,10

4. KAPASITAS PEMBANGKIT

47,45

67,36

93,80 128,49 173,35 222,86

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Proyeksi Kebutuhan Listrik

TAHUN PROYEKSI
URAIAN

SATUAN
2010

2015

2020

2025 2030 2040

2050

KONSUMSI LISTRIK
Skenario Tinggi [BAU]

TWh

148

245

397

628

933

1680

2710

Skenario Rendah [Efisien]

TWh

148

208

341

511

733

1330

2100

Per Kapita Skenario Tinggi [BAU]

kWh

620

980

1521

2316

3332

5619

8827

Per Kapita Skenario Rendah [Efisien]

kWh

620

832

1308

1886

2618

4448

6840

7.1

10.4

8.4

7.5

6.1

4.7

1.06

0.89

1.30

1.05

1.00

0.9

0.7

Pertumbuhan Rata-rata [Efisien]

ELASTISITAS
KAPASITAS PEMBANGKIT
Skenario Tinggi [BAU]

GW

35

58

92

145

203

340

550

Skenario Rendah [Efisien]

GW

35

49

79

115

159

270

430

Skenario Tinggi [BAU]

Hours

4722

4731

4791

4805

5065

5435

5420

Skenario Rendah [Efisien]

Hours

4722

4754

4834

4977

5157

5468

5470

UTILISASI RATA-RATA TAHUNAN

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Implementasi Pengembangan Energi Terbarukan

NO

ENERGI
TERBARUKAN

SUMBER DAYA
(SD)

KAPASITAS
TERPASANG
(KT)

RASIO
KT/SD
(%)

5 = 4/3

Tenaga Air

75.670 MW

5.711 MW

7,54

Panas Bumi

29.038 MW

1.189 MW

4,00

Mini/Mikro Hydro

769,69 MW

228,75 MW

28,31

Biomass

49.810 MW

1.618,40 MW

3,25

Tenaga Surya

4,8 kWh/m2/day

13,5 MW

Tenaga Angin

3 6 m/s

1,87 MW

Sedang
dibangun:
175 KW (Ristek)

Energi Laut

Potensi Teoritis = 749.000 MW

Potensi Teknis = 49.000 MW
Potensi Praktis = 43.000 MW

Perkiraan, didasarkan dari Ditjen Energi Baru Terbarukan dan Konservasi Energi (2011).
Potensi energi laut dari hasil ratifikasi Asosiasi Energi Laut Indonesia (2011)

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ENERGY POLICIES (1)

Law No. 30/2007 on Energy
Law No. 17/2007 on Long Term Development
Planning
National Energy Policy (President Decree No.
5/2006) and Its Blueprint National Energy
Management

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National Energy Policy (President Decree No. 05/2006):

Energy Elastisity (<1) and Optimal Energi Mix
HYDRO POWER
3,11 %

NATIONAL (PRIMARY) ENERGY MIX

GEOTHERMAL
1,32 %
NATURAL
GAS
28,57 %

CURRENT ENERGY MIX (1 BILLION BOE)

OIL
51,66 %

COAL
15,34 %

NATIONAL (PRIMARY) ENERGY MIX 2025

(BAU SCENARIO) (5 BILLION BOE)
MINI/MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT
0,1 %
GEOTHERMAL
1,1 %

NATIONAL ENERGY MIX 2025 ( 3 BILLION BOE)

(PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 5/2006)

POWER PLANT
1,9 %

GAS
20,6 %
OIL
41,7 %
COAL
34,6 %

OPTIMIZING
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

GAS
30 %

OIL
20 %
RE
17 %
COAL
33 %

BIOFUELS, 5%
GEOTHERMAL, 5%
BIOMASS, NUCLEAR,
HYDRO SOLAR ENERGY,
WIND POWER, 5 %
COAL LIQEFACTION
2%

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ENERGY POLICIES (2)

The share of renewable energy is growing (old plan):
4.3% (2005) 17% (2025)
But this is mainly from geothermal and biofuel; while ocean
energy was not considered as potential sources by that time.

Since 2007, new climate of ocean energy came;

bigger supports from various parties, including the
Law No. 20 of 2007 on Energy.
The Law also creates a National Energy Council
(NEC) with an authority to design and formulate
national energy policy on behalf of the GOI; the
policy must be endorsed by Parliament.
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ENERGY POLICIES (3)

Recently, NEC is reviewing the current energy policy
and intends to increase the role of ocean enegy in
the energy mix of 2010-2050.
Ocean energy systems are targeted to supply
electricity in the Indonesian energy system.
The policy for greater use of marine resources is
relevant with Indonesia potentials and the
Indonesian Law of 17 of 2007 on the Long Term
National Development Plan.
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BASIS KEBIJAKAN ENERGI LAUT

Undang-undang No. 17 Tahun 2007 tentang Rencana Pembangunan
Jangka Panjang Nasional (RPJPN, Lampiran Bab IV, Subbab IV.1.6,
angka 2):
Pengelolaan Sumberdaya alam yang tidak terbarukan harus efisien
dan menetapkan strategi memperbesar cadangan dan diarahkan
untuk mendukung proses produksi di dalam negeri. Hasil atau
pendapatan yang diperoleh diarahkan untuk percepatan
pertumbuhan ekonomi :
Investasi pada sektor produktif
Upaya reklamasi dan konservasi
Memperkuat pendanaan energi alternatif yang menjadi jembatan
dari energi fosil ke energi yang terbarukan (termasuk
didalamnya, energi arus laut),
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Undang-undang No. 30 Tahun 2007 tentang Energi:

Sumber energi terbarukan adalah sumber energi yang dihasilkan
dari sumber daya energi yang berkelanjutan jika dikelala dengan
baik, antara lain panas bumi, angin, bioenergi, sinar matahari,
aiiran dan terjunan air, serta gerakan dan perbedaan suhu lapisar,
laut (Pasal 1, angka 6).
Penyediaan dan pemanfaatan energi terbarukan wajib ditingkatkan
oleh pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah (Pasal 20, angka 4 dan
Pasal 21, angka 2).
Penyediaan dan pemanfaatan energi dari sumber energi
terbarukan dapat memperoleh kemudahan dan/atau insentif dari
pemerintah dan/atau pemerintah daerah sesuai kewenangannya
untuk jangka waktu tertentu hingga tercapai nilai keekonomiannya
(Pasal 20, angka 5; Pasal 21, angka 3).
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RPJPN ke - 3 (2010 2014): Industri kelautan yang meliputi

perhubungan laut, industri maritim, perikanan, wisata bahari,
energi dan sumberdaya mineral dikembangkan secara sinergi,
optimal dan berkelanjutan.
Perpres No. 5 Tahun 2006 tentang KEN mengatur bahwa Menteri
ESDM menetapkan Blue Print Pengelolaan Energi Nasional (PEN)
yang memuat diantaranya pengelolaan sumberdaya energi dan
pemanfaatannya (Pasal 4, ayat 1 dan ayat 2 huruf c).

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Draft: Energy Mix Scenario (2010 2050)

Minyak Bumi

2010

Gas Bumi

Gas 20,1
Minyak
49,7

Batubara
24,5

(%)

Batubara

Gas
20

EBT

% 60.0

Minyak
25

2025
Batubara
30

50.0
40

40.0
30.9

EBT
5,7

30.0
20.0

2030

EBT
25

25

15.0

2050

10.0 5.7

Gas 18,8
Batubara
Minyak
31
19,4

EBT
30,9

0.0
2010 2020 2025 2030 2050
EBT (energi air, panas bumi, biomasa
sampah, bahan bakar nabati,
energi surya, energi laut,
energi angin, dan batubara
tercairkan dan tergaskan, CBM.
Dan nuklir pilihan terakhir)

Minyak Gas 15
20

Batubara
25

EBT
40
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Policies on R and D in Ocean Energy (1)

The GOI supports activities in promotion and
development of ocean energy (grant and projects):
The Agency for Technology Assessment and
Application (BPPT) under coordination of the
Ministry of Research and Technology.
Universities (ITS, ITB, Dharma Persada and
others)
Balitbang Kementrian (R and D Within the
Ministies MEMR and MFO)
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Policies on R and D in Ocean Energy (2)

The research planning for the development of tidal
current is:
Phase 1 (RPJM II): Development of tidal current
energy plant of 10 - 100 kW
Phase 2 (RPJM III): Development of tidal current
energy plant of 3 MW Marine Current Turbine
Farm
Phase 3 (RPJM IV): Development of tidal current
energy plant for domestic electicity and for
producing biofuel or marine biofuel.
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Previous Effort on the Implementation of OE

No

Type

Marine current (BPPT,

1 Indonesian Hydrodynamics
Laboratory)
Marine current (KOBOLD,
2 PdA Italy and PT. Walinusa
Energy)

OTECS (Cooperation with

3 Netherland)

Location

Capacity

Flores, NTT

2 kW

East Lombok,
NTB

175 kW

North Bali, Bali

4 OWC (BPPT, BPDP)

Yogyakarta
Wave coverter Pendulum Madura East
5 type (Indonesian technolog) Java

100 kW

Note
It was in operation,
and being upscaled to
10 kW
Schedulled in 2012
(Ristek)

Cancelled, economc
crisis. FS was daone
Cancelled, initial
contraction was done

3,5 KW to be
scalled to 100 KW Field test, 2012
per pontoon,
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Recent Development (1)

Ocean energy has nowdays been received a
greater attention from universities, government
agencies, companies and public.
The Indonesian Ocean Energy Association
(INOCEAN) has been established to foster
research, development, publication and
application of ocean energy.
Activities towards ocean energy projects
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Recent Development (2)

Greater attention on ocean energy in Indonesia:
Greater funding from the National and Provincial
Governments
Very active seminars, worshops and public media
Proposal for Sandwich master/doctoral programs
Activities in governement on capacity buildings
and research and developments
On development of the national ocean energy
roadmap within renewable energy development
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Recent Development (3)

Indonesian Ocean Energy Association (INOCEAN):
Goal:
Encouraging the widespread utilization of ocean
energy in Indonesia
Objective:
To accommodate stakeholders and to facilitate
members for increasing their role in ocean
energy utilization
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Recent Development (4)

Indonesian Ocean Energy Association (INOCEAN):

Ratification of the national-wide of ocean energy

potential (2011)
Dessimination of international development of OE
Advocation for OE projects and collaborations
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INOCEAN (2011) has ratified national-wide

ocean energy potentials based on previously
conducted exploration/surveys

Tidal current
Ocean wave

Ocean thermal
Total

Theoretical Technical
(GW)
(GW)
160.0
22.5
510.0
2.0

57.0
727.0

52.0 *
76.5

Practical
(GW)
4.8
1.2

43.0 *
49.0

*depending on the technological maturity and market development, including

availability of successful project in gird connection.
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DEPLOYMENT SELAT ALAS

(Erwandi 2010)
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A Comparison: ADCP and Numerical (Erwandi 2010)

ADCP vs Numerical

Numerical
Measurement

2.5

V (m/s)

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
4

10

Day

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Tidal Current Energy Reserves (INOCEAN 2011)

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Wave Energy Reserves (INOCEAN 2011)

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Ocean Thermal Energy Reserves

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Recent Development (5)

Towards the OE implementation and projects
Double tracts strategy for the OE implementation
To increase the energy access
Electricity ratio is currently is about 67%
Limited access to electricity is commonly at small
islands populations and less developed regions
To reduce the oil addiction , which takes about
15% of national budget for energy subsidies
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Implementation
Matrix of Ocean
Energy (On ASELI
advocating)

Capacity (MW)

Micro-OE
(< 0.05)

Mini-OE
( 0.05 to 5)

Type
Tidal Current

Ocean Wave

EBTKE (2012)
KKP-ITB (2012)
BPPT (2012)

ITS/GEI (2012)
Ristek (2012)

Indonesia -AFD France

(2013-2014)

Kepri (2012)

Ocean
Thermal

Bontang (2014)
Indonesia-Germany SPICE
III (2013-2014)
PLN (2014)
Medium-OE
( 5 to 25)

Kota Baru
(2014)

???

Large-OE
(> 50)
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Proposed Implementation targets

The act no 17/2007 on the long-term national development plan
(RPJPN, appendix, chapter IV, section IV.1.6, number 2)
mandates the development of ocean energy within the mid-term
plan (2009-2014)

INOCEAN proposed to established pilot project of ocean energy

power plant, connected to the grid, starting in 2014, at minimum
of:
1 MW tidal current energy
1 MW wave energy

The medium and long term run would be OTEC pilot plant.

The most viable potential of 6000 MW ocean energy power

plant is proposed to be realized in 2030.

DEWAN ENERGI NASIONAL

CLOSURE
The resources are great, their development need a
greater efforts and supports, nationally and
internationally.
As nation of waters, Indonesia is the best location as
a window of technological implementation on ocean
energy.

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THANK YOU
TERIMA KASIH
Email: mukhtasor_isp@yahoo.com

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