Beginningofsentencecitation:

WEEK2INSTRUCTIONALPLANEXAMPLES
Jones(2009)statedthat...

Jonesstudyin2009demonstratedthat

PROPOSAL
DouglassandMorris(2014)conductedastudyof80juniorandseniorsaskingthemtoreflect
onsuccessesandfailuresduringtheircollegecareer.

Valadez&Duran(2007)havenotedthatadigitaldivideisnowapparentintheclassroomwhich
isleadingtostudentsbeingunpreparedfortheirfuturesoncetheyleavetheschools.

st
Partnershipfor21
CenturySkills(2011)hasestablishedawidelyacceptedsetofskillsthatare
groupedinthreelevels1)learningandinnovation,2)lifeandcareerskills,and3)technology
skills.

Chitanana(2012)foundinhisresearchaconstructivistapproachtodesigningonlinePDwill
resultinthegreatestimpactoflearnersuccess.Twentyeighteducatorswereinvolvedinthe
study,whichincludedan8weekiEARNonlinePDcourse.

RESEARCH
InDaviss(2012)work,fiveparticipantsidentifiedaslowincome,hadchildrenbeforetheageof
20,anddescribedbecomingaparentastheirpathwaytoadulthood.

LabboandReinking(1999)proposedahierarchycorrespondingtothatdevelopment.

RutlandandBarlex(2008)proposedthatstudentsinadvancedcoursesexhibitlesscreativity
whenteachersprovidemorestructuredactivities.

Desimones(2009)conceptualframeworkforprofessionaldevelopmentactivitiescontendsthat:
Professionaldevelopmentactivitieschangeparticipantsknowledgeandskillsand/or
attitudesorbeliefs.
Participantsimplementthenewknowledge,skills,attitudesorbeliefstoimprove
classroompractice.
Instructionalchangeinturnfostersincreasedstudentachievement.

Middleofsentencecitation:
WEEK2INSTRUCTIONALPLANEXAMPLES
Althoughtheresearchdemonstratesweakcorrelationstoefficacy(Jones,2009)...

Thestudy(Jones,2009)demonstrates....

PROPOSAL
Convertingcoursestoadigitalcanvassishappeningthroughoutthecountry(Douglass&
Morris,2014)andisanoptionthateveryABEprogramshouldhave.

st
Onecomponentofthe21
centuryskillsisforstudentstobeabletoworkeffectivelyindiverse
teams,(Trilling&Fadel,2009,p.81)sothereisnobetterwayforateachertoinstructstudents
todothisthanbymodelingitforthestudentstosee.

InastudybyReevesandPedulla(2013),theresearcherstookthepositionthatonlinePDcan
alreadybeconsideredeffective.

RESEARCH
Whenmakingacomparisonofstudents'engagementandinteractionwithtechnologycompared
withothermethodsofinteractioninlearning,Thomas,Laird,andKuh(2005)reportedapositive
relationshipbetweenstudentengagementandinformationtechnology.

Theempiricalresearchpresentedisdrawnfroma12monthparticipatoryactionresearchproject
(Kemmis&McTaggart,2000)conductedinoneruralprimaryschoolinNSW,Australia.

Inresponsetochallengesstudentswillfaceinourhightech,globallyinterdependentworld,
MosensonandFox(2011)developedthe21stCenturyProcessSkillsModelandAssessment
Framework.

Acrossfourrandomizedcontrolledtrialsindifferentgrades/subjects,ODwyeretal.(2010)found
mediumtolargeOPDeffectsonteacherknowledgeandinstructionalpracticesaswellassome
smalleffectsonshortrangestudentoutcomes.

Second,inasimilarexperimentalstudyRusselletal.(2009)foundnodifferencesinOPDs
impactwhenmanipulatingtheamountofsupportiveinteractionsprovidedbycontentexperts,
onlinefacilitatorsandpeers.

Endofsentencecitation:
WEEK2INSTRUCTIONALPLANEXAMPLES
Severalresearchershaveconcludedthatteacherefficacyleadstostudentachievement(Jones,
2009Smith,2010).

PROPOSAL
Attheinstitutionallevel,thereislittlethatcanbedoneoutsideoftheschoolwallstoalleviate
thepressuresoflongworkdays,lowincomeandparentingresponsibilitiesthatABElearners
face(Tigheetal.,2013).

st
Howevernowtherehasbeenahistoricshifttoa21
CenturyKnowledgeAge,decadesinthe
making,[which]hasforevertiltedthebalanceofwhatisneededandvaluedinourwork,or
learningandourlife(Trilling&Fadel,2009,p.19).

Forexample,mostproblemsolvingactivitiesinsciencetextbooksrelyonwelldefinedand
st
wellstructuredproblemsthatdonotrequiretheskillsinvolvedinthe21
centuryworkplace
(
Antonenko,Farzaneh,&Greenwood,
2011).

AwidevarietyofstudieshavebeenconductedrelatingtoPD,andmanyhavefounditsimpact
onclassroompractice,whichinturnpositivelyimpactsthestudentsreceivinginstruction
(Reeves&Pedulla,2013).

Itcomesasnosurprisethatinthe1960smanyschoolsbeganplacingafocusonPDfortheir
schoolstaff(Vu,Cao,Vu,&Cepero,2014).

RESEARCH
InsomeAustralianuniversities,forexampleattheuniversitywherethisstudywasconducted,
thestudentpopulationarticulatingfromtheVETsectortendstoincludeahigherproportionof
matureagestudents(Aitchison,Catterall,Docket,&Perry,2006).

Differentstudiesreportarelativelylow,basicandrepetitiveuseofICTinK12,associatedto
simpleandtraditionalpedagogicalactivities,ratherthantomorecomplexand/orinnovative
ones(Trucano,2005Lawetal.,2008).

Tocounterthislossofcreativity,educatorsshouldteachcreativelybymakinglearning
interesting,butteachforcreativitybydevelopingthestudentscreativethinkingandability,
therebyshiftingthefocusfromteachertostudent(Jeffrey&Craft,2004Rutland&Barlex,
2008).

LessonsaboutOPDcanalsobelearnedfromthebroaderonlinelearningeffectiveness
literature.Earliermetaanalysesandliteraturereviewsinthisfieldhavehighlightedthe
importanceof,forexample:instructorinvolvement,interactionamongparticipants,participants
computerproficiency,timeontask,learneractivityandreflection,andfeedbackfromthe
instructor(Zhao,Lei,Yan,Lai,&Tan,2005TallentRunnelsetal.,2006Means,Toyama,
Murphy,Bakia,&Jones,2009).