INTRODUCTION TO

COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

MOTIVATION TO LEARN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Applications of compressible flow in Aeronautics

and Non Aeronautics
1. Jet engines
2. Intake Supersonic Fighter aircraft
3. Blended Wing Body
4. Engine Four strokes

MOTIVATION TO LEARN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Applications in Jet Engines

T-s Diagram

Tt9

t9
4

Tt4

t5

Tt5

Tt3

Tt0=Tt2
T0

MOTIVATION TO LEARN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Applications in Engine Four Strokes

MOTIVATION TO LEARN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Applications in Engine Four Strokes

MOTIVATION TO LEARN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Applications in Intake Supersonic

MOTIVATION TO LEARN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Applications in Blended Wing Body

What is Compressible Flow?

Compressible flow deals with fluids in which the fluid
density varies significantly in response to a change in
pressure

Is it possible to change p
with dynamic pressure?

At sea level (1 atm)

Modulus Bulk

=
=
/

K water

5 x 10-10 m2/N

K air

1 x 10-5 m2/N
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What is Compressible Flow?

Molecular Approach

Molecule activities (e) increase or

decrease by two things:
Heat,
= +
Work,

Change in Internal Energy : 1. Heat added to the system

2. Work done on the system

State Condition
Perfect gas :
Intermolecular forces are neglected

= pressure [/2 ]
= [kg/3 ]
Repulsive
force (+)

10 x molecule diameter

= []
= constant
= 287 [2 / 2 ]

Distance from molecule

Attractive
force (-)

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What is Compressible Flow?

Molecule activities (e) increase or
decrease by two things:
Heat,
= +
Work,

1st Law: dU = dQ + dW
o Find more useful expression for dw, in
terms of p and r (or v = 1/r)

When volume varies work is

done
Work done on balloon, volume
Work done by balloon, volume

= =

Per unit mass

=
=

Change in
Volume (-)
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What is Compressible Flow?

Enthalpy : Useful Quantity, h

= + = +

Differentiate

= + +

= + +
= + +
=

= +

12

What is Compressible Flow?

Heat Addition and Specific Heat

Addition of dq will cause a small change in temperature dT of system

dq
dT

dq

J
c

kgK
dT
Specific heat is heat added per unit change in temperature of system
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What is Compressible Flow?

Heat Addition and Specific Heat

dq

J
c

kgK
dT
Different materials have different specific heats
Balloon filled with He, N2, Ar, water, lead, uranium, etc
For a fixed dq, resulting dT depends on type

of process

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What is Compressible Flow?

Heat Addition and Specific Heat
Process type I : constant volume

dq
dT

dq

J
c

kgK
dT

dq
cv

dT constant volume
dq cv dT
du cv dT

u cvT

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What is Compressible Flow?

Heat Addition and Specific Heat
Process type I I : constant pressure

dq
dT

dq

J
c

kgK
dT

dq
cp

dT constant pressure

dq c p dT
dh c p dT
h c pT

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What is Compressible Flow?

No Intermolecular
forces

Real Gas

Intermolecular forces
P = 1000 atm
T = 30K
For air

Calorically PG
0-800 Ok
Thermally PG
800-2500 OK
Chemically reacting
2500-9000 OK

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What is Compressible Flow?

= +

For real gas and chemically reacting mixture of PG

= (, )

= (, )

For thermally PG

For calorically PG

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What is Compressible Flow?

Relation of Spesific heats and Ratio of specific heat
For calorically PG

Ratio of specific heat

= +

=
1

=
1

Specific heat ratio

For air, g = 1.4

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Entropy
+ =

Helmholtz function :
maximum work that can be obtained from a system

Gibbs function :
maximum useful work that can be obtained from a system

+ =

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