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Uniaxial Tension Test

Typical Stress-Strain Curves

high-strength steel

yh
ym

mild steel
E

Plastic Deformation
ideal ductile behavior
stress
fracture

Y, Y

E, G

M, M

strain

cubic crystal
[001]
[111]

slip
plane
[010]

[100]

[110]

grain structure in polycrystalline materials

Residual Stress in Torsion


T =0

T1

max

=0

T4 = Tfp

T3

max = Y

T2

T4 - Tfp = 0

Y
_1

3 Y

T = (r ) r dA = 2 (r ) r 2 dr
A

0
c

r
c

elastic case: T = 2 (max ) r 2 dr = max


0

plastic limit: T fp = 2 Y r 2 dr = Y
0

c3
2

2 c3
3

in release the material acts linear: max =

4
Y
3

Failure and Failure Criteria


Types of Failure
Fracture via crack development and propagation
(brittle, ductile, low- and high-cycle fatigue, etc.)
Yielding via plastic (permanent) deformation of ductile materials
Low (High) Stiffness due to softening (hardening) caused by aging
(cyclic loading, cold work, environmental effects, etc.)
Instability via buckling (abrupt decrease in stiffness with loading)
Creep slow increase of deformation (mostly at high temperature)

Failure Criteria
predicts failure of material (not structure)
fracture (brittle materials) or yield (ductile materials)
fracture or yield strength is known from uniaxial tension and compression tests
interpreter between uniaxial and general state of stress
phenomenological rules based on experimental observations

Fracture in Isotropic Materials, Brittle Failure


Maximum Normal Stress Criterion
in tension

1
1
tf

in compression
3
cf

Mohr Criterion

envelope

cf

tf

biaxial tension
uniaxial tension
torsion
uniaxial compression
biaxial compression

Linearized Envelope

envelope

cf

1 tf

biaxial tension
uniaxial tension
biaxial tension/compression
uniaxial compression
biaxial compression

R =

1 3
+
= ( p 1 3 ) s , where s = sin
2
2
1 (1 + s ) 3 (1 s ) = 2 p s

tf (1 + s ) = 2 p s

and cf (1 s ) = 2 p s

s =

cf tf
cf + tf
2 cf

cf + tf

and p s =
2 tf
cf + tf

cf tf
cf + tf
2 cf tf
cf + tf

1
3 1
tf
cf

Safety Factor

SF 1 3
tf
cf

= 1

Size Effect in Brittle Materials


reduction in size does not produces as much
reduction in strength as predicted by simple scaling
Loose Granular Materials

Yielding in Isotropic Materials, Ductile Failure


Maximum Shear Stress Criterion
max
1
Y
max =

1 3
2

Von Mises Criterion, Maximum Distortion Strain Energy


e
1
Y
Y

yield stress measured in uniaxial tension ( Y = Y / 2 )


e

e =

effective stress ( U od = e2 / 6G )

1
[( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 + 6 (2xy + 2yz + 2xz )]1/ 2
2

Comparison of Failure Envelopes for Plane Stress


principal direction ( z = xy = yz = zx = 0 )

y
maximum
shear stress

Von Mises

Y
Y

max =

y x y Y
1 3
= Max x ,
,

2
2
2
2 2

e = [2x + 2y x y ]1/ 2 Y

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