Piping Systems

Piping Systems
Dimensions, materials, capacities, pressure drop calculations, insulation

and heat loss in piping and tube systems ...
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Ball Valves and typical Flow Coefficients - Cv

Typical flow coefficients - Cv - for ball valves - reduced and full bore
Bronze Flanges - ASME/ANSI 150 lb

Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings - 150 lb Bronze flanges with plain faces

Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameter of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast
Bronze Threaded Fittings - 300 lb Bronze Flanges with plain faces
Butterfly Valves - Typical Flow Coefficients - Cv

Butterfly valves and typical flow coefficients - Cv
Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 150

ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 150 Flanges - outside and inside
diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts



Carbon Steel Flanges - Pressure and Temperature Ratings

Maximum ratings for flanges conforming to ISO Standard 2229 dimensions and material specification
AST-A-105
Carbon Steel Pipes - Comparing American & European Specifications

Comparing standards of carbon steel pipes from USA, Germany, UK and Sweden
Carbon, Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes - ASME/ANSI B36.10/19
Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, moment of inertia, transverse
area, weight and weight of pipe filled with water - U.S. Customary Units

Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, weight and weight of pipe filled
with water - Metric
Dimensions
Piping dimensions, inside and outside diameters, weights ..
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ASTM B 280 Copper Tube - ACR

Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Field Service
- ACR
B.W.G. - Birmingham Wire Gauge

The wall thickness of pipes - Gauge and decimal parts of an inch
Calculating Pipes Weight

A weight calculating formula for steel pipes
Carbon and Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flange Bores

Flange bores of welding neck flanges according ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged
Fittings

Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, moment of inertia, transverse
area, weight and weight of pipe filled with water - U.S. Customary Units

Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, weight and weight of pipe filled
with water - Metric Units
Copper Tubes - ASTM B88

Copper Water and Gas Tube according ASTM B 88 - imperial units
Copper Tubes - ASTM B88M

Copper Water and Gas Tube according ASTM B 88M - metric units
Copper Tubes DWV - Drain, Waste and Vent
Dimensions of copper tube ASTM 306 DWV - Drain Waste and Vent
Copper Tubes to BS (British Standard) 2871 - Dimensions and Working

Pressures
Metric Sizes of copper tubes to BS (British Standard) 2871:1972
Copper Tubes Type K - Dimensions and Physical Characteristics

Physical characteristics of copper tubes dimensions 1/4" to 12"
CPVC Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for CPVC pipes
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Difference between Pipes and Tubes

Pipes and tubes are not the same - there is a difference
Epoxy Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for reinforced Epoxy fiberglass pipes
Equation of Continuity
The Equation of Continuity is a statement of mass conservation
Fiberglass Pipes - Temperature Limits

Temperature range for fiberglass Epoxy, Furan, Phenolic, Polyester and Vinyl Ester pipes
Flanges - API vs. ASME/ANSI

Comparing API and ASME/ANSI flanges
Flanges and Bolt Dimensions - 150 lb to 2500 lb - ASME/ANSI B16.5

Diameters and bolt circles for standard ASME B16.5 flanges - 1/4 to 24 inches - 150 psi to 2500 psi
Forged Steel Flanges - Stud Reference Charts

The number, diameter and length of studs for forged steel flanges 150 lb, 300 lb, 400 lb, 600lb, 900 lb
and 1500 lb
Hot Bending - Copper and Copper Alloy Pipe

Temperature range for bending copper pipe and tube
Hot Bending - Nickel and Nickel Alloy Pipe

Temperature range for bending nickel and nickel alloy pipe and tube
Identification Tests for Stainless Steels
Magnetic, spark, hardness and acid identification tests of austenitic, martensitic and ferritic stainless
steels
Inches and Decimal Equivalents

Decimal equivalents of eights, sixteenths, thirty-seconds and sixty-fourths of an inch
NPS - "Nominal Pipe Size" and DN - "Diametre Nominel"

The size of pipes, fittings, flanges and valves are often given in inches as NPS - Nominal Pipe Size, or
in metric units as DN - "Diametre Nominel"
FREE Engineering Magazines!
No hidden or trial offers, and no purchase necessary. Publications are absolutely free to those who
qualify.
Healthcare Building Ideas - Control - Advancing Applications in Contamination Control - Industrial

Hygiene News - Oil, Gas & Petrochemical Equipment - Pipe Line and Gas Technology - Supply Chain
Systems Magazine
Click here for info!!
NPT- National Pipe Thread Taper- ANSI B1.20.1

NPT pipe threads - dimensions according ANSI/ASME B1.20.1
Pipe Equations
Calculate cross-sectional area, weight of empty pipes, weight of pipes filled with water, inside and
outside surface area
Pipe Flanges and Gasket Dimensions

Gasket dimensions for pipe flanges and flange fittings ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings
Pipe Lengths
Single random, double random and cut lengths
Pipe Threads for Tubes and Fittings where Pressuretight joints are made
on the Threads - BS 21
BSPT - British Standard Pipe Taper threads & BSP or BSPF - British Standard Pipe Parallel (Straight)
threads
Pipe Threads where Pressuretight Joints are made on the Threads - ISO 7-1
ISO 7-1:1994 Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads
Polypropylene PP and Chemical Resistance

Chemical resistance of polypropylene - PP - to some common acids, bases, organic substances and
solvents
PP Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PP pipes
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40 & 80

Standard dimensions and weight of PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - and CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl
Chloride - pipes according ASTM D1785
PVC Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PVC pipes
PVDF Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PVDF pipes
Schedule Terminology
An introduction to pipes and the schedule terminology
Piping Handbook
A handbook comprehensively covering all the recent changes in the relevant codes, standards,
specifications, and regulations. It also discusses the piping for toxic and hazardous waste systems;
reports on the new materials now used for different piping systems; and examines the new
technological developments that have revolutionized todays piping systems in such different areas as
design, fabrication, installation, testing, examination, operation, and maintenance.
Click here for more information!!
Schedule Thickness of Pipes

Introduction to the schedule, standard wall - STD, extra strong wall - XS - and double extra strong wall
- XXS terminology
Stainless Steel Pipes - Dimensions and Weights ANSI/ASME 36.19
Dimensions, wall thickness and weights of stainless steel pipes according ASME B36.10M Welded
and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe
Stainless Steel Weld Fittings - Dimensions ANSI/ASME B36.19

Dimensions of stainless steel weld fittings according ANSI/ASME B36.19
Steel Pipe Reference Chart

Confused about ANSI pipe schedules in inches and wall thickness? Use the following ANSI pipe
dimension and weight chart!
Steel Pipes and Weights

Weight of steel pipes and tubing
Steel Pipework Support

Recommended support of steel pipes
Steel Tubes BS 1387 (EN 10255)

Dimensions and weights of steel tubes according BSi - BS 1387:1985 (EN 10255) Specification for
screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for
screwing to BS 21 pipe threads
Stud Reference Charts for Cast Iron Flanges

The number, diameter and length of studs for cast iron flanges class 125 and 250
Support Copper Pipework

Recommended support of copper tubes
Support Hangers - Spacing and Rod Size for Horizontal Pipes

Recommended maximum space between hangers - and rod sizes for straight horizontal pipes
Support Spacing for PVC, Fiberglass and Steel Pipes

Support span for Fiberglass, PVC and Steel pipes
Thread Standards - Piping

Piping thread standards
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Thread Standards Used for Piping and Fluid Connectors

Thread designations and standards for threads used in piping and fluid connectors
Steel Pipes Dimensions - ANSI Schedule 40

Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of
threads for schedule 40 steel pipes
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Length of Pipe
Weight
(per sq. foot
Volum
Numbe
of)
Nominal
e
r of
Pipe Size
Thicknes
(Cubic
Thread
(inches)
s
s per
Extern Interna feet
(inches)
pr. (pound
inch of
al
l
Extern Intern
Extern Intern
s per (kg/m Screw
Steel Surfac Surfac foot)
al
al
al
al
)
foot. lb
e
e
/ ft)
(feet) (feet)
Diameter
(inches)
Transverse Areas
(sq. inches)
1/8
0.41
0.27
0.07
0.13
0.06 0.07
9.43
14.20 0.0004
0.24
0.36
27
0.54
0.36
0.09
0.23
0.10 0.13
7.07
10.49 0.0007
0.42
0.63
18
3/8
0.68
0.49
0.09
0.36
0.19 0.17
5.66
7.75 0.0013
0.57
0.84
18
0.84
0.62
0.11
0.55
0.30 0.25
4.55
6.14 0.0021
0.85
1.26
18
1.05
0.82
0.11
0.87
0.53 0.33
3.64
4.64 0.0037
1.13
1.68
14
1.32
1.05
0.13
1.36
0.86 0.49
2.90
3.64 0.0060
1.68
2.50
14
1.66
1.38
0.14
2.16
1.50 0.67
2.30
2.77 0.0104
2.27
3.38
11
1.90
1.61
0.15
2.84
2.04 0.80
2.01
2.37 0.0141
2.72
4.04
11
2.38
2.07
0.15
4.43
3.36 1.08
1.61
1.85 0.0233
3.65
5.43
11
2.88
2.47
0.20
6.49
4.79 1.70
1.33
1.55 0.0333
5.79
8.62
11
3.50
3.07
0.22
9.62
7.39 2.23
1.09
1.25 0.0513
7.58
11.27
4.00
3.55
0.23
12.56
9.89 2.68
0.95
1.08 0.0687
9.11
13.56
4.50
4.03
0.24
15.90 12.73 3.17
0.85
0.95 0.0884 10.79 16.06
5.56
5.05
0.26
24.30 20.00 4.30
0.69
0.76 0.1389 14.61 21.74
6.63
6.07
0.28
34.47 28.89 5.58
0.58
0.63 0.2006 18.97 28.23
8.63
7.98
0.32
58.42 50.02 8.40
0.44
0.48 0.3552 28.55 42.49
10
10.75 10.02
0.37
90.76 78.85
11.9
0
0.36
0.38 0.5476 40.48 60.24
12
12.75 11.94
0.41
127.64
111.9 15.7
0
4
0.30
0.32 0.7763 53.60 79.77
14
14.00 13.13
0.44
153.94
135.3 18.6
0
4
0.27
0.28 0.9354 63.00 93.75
16
16.00 15.00
0.50
201.05
176.7 24.3
0
5
0.24
0.25 1.2230 78.00
116.0
8
18
18.00 16.88
0.56
254.85
224.0 30.8
0
5
0.21
0.23 1.5550 105.00
156.2
6
20
20.00 18.81
0.59
314.15
278.0 36.1
0
5
0.19
0.20 1.9260 123.00
183.0
5
24
24.00 22.63
0.69
452.40
402.1 50.3
0
0
0.16
0.17 2.7930 171.00
254.4
8
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Related Topics
Piping Systems Dimensions, materials, capacities, pressure drop calculations, insulation and
heat loss in piping and tube systems ...
Codes and Standards Piping standards and codes - ASME, ANSI, ASTM, AGA, API, AWWA,
BS, ISO, DIN and more...
Related Documents
ANSI - American National Standards Institute ANSI provides a forum for development of
American national standards
Carbon, Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes - ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 Pipe sizes, inside and
outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, moment of inertia, transverse area, weight and
weight of pipe filled with water - U.S. Customary Units
Steel Pipes Dimensions - ANSI Schedule 80 Internal and external diameters, areas, weights,
volumes and number of threads for schedule 80 steel pipes
Pressure Loss in a Schedule 40 Steel Pipe Water flow and pressure loss in a schedule 40
steel pipe - gallons per minute, liters per second and cubic meters per hour
Steam Flow Rate and Pressure Drop - Schedule 40 Pipe Flow rate (lb/h) and pressure drop
per 100 feet of pipes sizing 3/4" to 12"
Water Flow and Velocity Head in Schedule 40 Steel Pipes Velocity head is used to calculate
minor pressure or head loss in fluid flow systems
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40 & 80 Standard dimensions and weight of PVC Polyvinyl Chloride - and CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride - pipes according ASTM D1785

Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of
threads for schedule 80 steel pipes
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Length of Pipe
Weight
(per sq. foot
Volum
Numbe
of)
Nominal
e
r of
Pip
Thicknes
(Cubic
Thread
e Size
s
s per
Extern Interna feet
(inches)
(pound
(inches)
pr.
inch
of
al
l
Extern Intern
Extern Intern
s per (kg/m Screw
Steel Surfac Surfac foot)
al
al
al
al
)
foot. lb
e
e
/ ft)
(feet) (feet)
Diameter
(inches)
Transverse Areas
(sq. inches)
1/8
0.41
0.22
0.10
0.13
0.04 0.09
9.43
17.75 0.0003
0.31
0.47
27
0.54
0.30
0.12
0.23
0.07 0.16
7.07
12.65 0.0005
0.54
0.80
18
3/8
0.68
0.42
0.13
0.36
0.14 0.22
5.66
9.03 0.0010
0.74
1.10
18
0.84
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.23 0.32
4.55
7.00 0.0016
1.00
1.49
18
1.05
0.74
0.15
0.87
0.43 0.43
3.64
5.15 0.0030
1.47
2.19
14
1.32
0.96
0.18
1.36
0.72 0.64
2.90
4.00 0.0050
2.17
3.23
14
1.66
1.28
0.19
2.16
1.28 0.88
2.30
2.99 0.0891
3.00
4.46
11
1.90
1.50
0.20
2.84
1.77 1.07
2.01
2.54 0.0123
3.65
5.43
11
2.38
1.94
0.22
4.43
2.95 1.48
1.61
1.97 0.0205
5.02
7.47
11
2.88
2.32
0.28
6.49
4.24 2.25
1.33
1.65 0.0294
7.66
11.40
11
3.50
2.90
0.30
9.62
6.61 3.02
1.09
1.32 0.0459 10.30 15.33
4.00
3.36
0.32
12.56
8.89 3.68
0.95
1.14 0.0617 12.50 18.60
4.50
3.83
0.34
15.90 11.50 4.41
0.85
1.00 0.0198 14.90 22.17
5.56
4.81
0.38
24.30 18.19 6.11
0.69
0.79 0.1263 20.80 30.95
6.63
5.76
0.43
34.47 26.07 8.30
0.58
0.67 0.1810 28.60 42.56
8.63
7.63
0.50
58.42 45.66
12.7
6
0.44
0.50 0.3171 43.40 64.59
10
10.75
9.56
0.59
90.76 71.84
18.9
2
0.36
0.40 0.4989 64.40 95.84
12
12.75 11.38
0.69
127.64
101.6 26.0
4
0
0.30
0.34 0.7058 88.60
131.8
5
14
14.00 12.50
0.75
153.94
122.7 31.2
2
2
0.27
0.31 0.8522 107.00
159.2
3
16
16.00 14.31
0.84
201.05
160.9 40.1
2
3
0.24
0.26 1.1170 137.00
203.8
8
18
18.00 16.13
0.94
254.85
204.2 50.6
4
1
0.21
0.24 1.4180 171.00
254.4
8
20
20.00 17.94
1.03
314.15
252.7 61.4
2
3
0.19
0.21 1.7550 209.00
311.0
3
24
24.00 21.56
1.22
452.40
365.2 87.1
2
8
0.16
0.17 2.5360 297.00
441.9
9
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Calculating Pipes Weight

A weight calculating formula for steel pipes
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If the outside diameter and the wall thickness of a steel pipe is known, the weight per foot can
be expressed as:
m = 10.68 (do - tw) tw (1)
where
m = weight per foot (lbs/ft)
do = outside diameter (inches)
tw = wall thickness (inches)
Example - Weight of 4" Schedule 40 Steel Pipe

The outside diameter (do) of 4" Schedule 40 Steel Pipe is 4.500 inches. The wall thickness is 0.237
inches. The weight per foot can be calculated using (1) as:
m = 10.68 (4.500 - 0.237) 0.237
= 10.79 lbs/ft
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Related Topics
Dimensions Piping dimensions, inside and outside diameters, weights ..
Related Documents
Schedule Terminology An introduction to pipes and the schedule terminology

Steel Pipes and Weights Weight of steel pipes and tubing
Pipe Equations Calculate cross-sectional area, weight of empty pipes, weight of pipes filled
with water, inside and outside surface area
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40 & 80

Standard dimensions and weight of PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - and CPVC Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride - pipes according ASTM D1785
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Typical weight and dimensions of PVC and CPVC pipes according ASTM D1785 "Standard
Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120" can be found in
the table below:
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40
Nominal Pipe
Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
Weight
(lb/100 ft)
Minimum Wall
Thickness
(inches)
PVC
CPVC
1/2
0.840
0.109
16
17
3/4
1.050
0.113
21
23
1.315
0.133
32
34
1 1/4
1.660
0.140
43
46
1 1/2
1.900
0.145
51
55
2.375
0.154
68
74
2 1/2
2.875
0.203
107
118
3.500
0.216
141
154
4.500
0.237
201
220
5.563
0.258
273
6.625
0.280
353
386
8.625
0.322
539
581
10
10.750
0.365
755
824
12
12.750
0.406
1001
1089
14
14.000
0.438
1180
16
16.000
0.500
1543
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 80
Nominal Pipe
Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
Weight
(lb/100 ft)
Minimum Wall
Thickness
(inches)
PVC
CPVC
1/2
0.840
0.147
20
22
3/4
1.050
0.154
27
30
1.315
0.179
41
44
1 1/4
1.660
0.191
52
61
1 1/2
1.900
0.200
67
74
2.375
0.218
95
102
2 1/2
2.875
0.276
145
156
3.500
0.300
194
209
4.500
0.337
275
305
5.563
0.375
387
6.625
0.432
542
582
8.625
0.500
805
883
10
10.750
0.593
1200
1309
12
12.750
0.687
1650
180
14
14.000
0.750
1930
16
16.000
0.843
2544
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
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Related Topics
Related Documents
CPVC Pipes - Support Spacing Support spacing for CPVC pipes
PVC Pipes - Friction Loss and Flow Velocity - Schedule 40 Water flow in thermoplastic PVC
and CPVC pipes Schedule 40 - friction loss and flow velocities at dimensions from 1/2 inch to 16
inches
inches
Comparing Friction Loss in Steel, Copper and Plastic Pipes Comparing friction head loss in
steel, copper and PVC plastic pipes
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Steel Pipes and Weights

Weight of steel pipes and tubing
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The weight of carbon and alloy steel pipes - in pounds per foot - can be found in the table
below.
Tube Weight (lb/ft)
Outside
Wall Thickness (in)
Diamet
er
OD
0.20 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.62 0.75 0.87 1.00 1.12 1.25
0.050 0.095 0.150
(in)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
1/2
0.240 0.410 0.560

3
9
7
3/4
0.373 0.664 0.961 1.17 1.33

8
6
2
5
5
0.507 0.918
1.70 2.00 2.24 2.46
1.362
3
2
9
3
3
1
1 1/4
2.24 2.67 3.04 3.42 3.63

0.640
1.172 1.762
8
3
0
4
2
1
1 1/2
0.774
2.77 3.33 3.84 4.38 4.69 5.10 5.34
1.426 2.163
3
7
8
5
3
9
9
0
1.041 1.933 2.964
3.84 4.67 5.44 6.30 6.83 7.56 8.01 9.17 10.0

5
3
7
5
5
6
0
8
1
2 1/2
1.308 2.440 3.765
4.91 6.00 7.04 8.22 8.97 10.0 10.6 12.5 14.0 15.1
3
8
9
8
1
2
8
2
2
9
1.575 2.947 4.566
5.98 7.34 8.65 10.1 11.1 12.4 13.3 15.8 18.0 19.8 21.3
1
3
1
5
1
8
5
5
2
6
6
2.109 3.962 6.168
8.11 10.0 11.8 14.0 15.3 17.3 18.6 22.5 26.0 29.2 32.0 34.5
7
1
5
0
8
9
9
3
3
0
4
4
2.643 4.977 7.770
10.2 12.6 15.0 17.8 19.6 22.3 24.0 29.2 34.0 38.5 42.7 45.5 50.0
5
8
6
4
5
0
3
0
4
5
2
6
6
5.991 9.372
12.3 15.3 18.2 21.6 23.9 27.2 29.3 35.8 42.0 47.8 53.4 58.5 63.4
9
5
6
8
2
2
7
8
5
9
0
7
1
16.6 20.6 24.6 29.3 32.4 37.0 40.0 49.2 58.0 66.5 74.7 82.6 90.1
6
9
7
7
7
4
5
3
7
8
6
0
1
10
26.0 31.0 37.0 41.0 46.8 50.7 62.5 74.0 85.2 96.1 106. 116.
3
8
6
1
7
3
8
9
7
2
6
8
1 lb/ft = 1.49 kg/m
The steel pipe weight can be calculated as

W = 10.68 t (D -t) (1)
where
W = weight (lb/ft)
t = wall thickness (in)
D = outside diameter (in)
Schedule Terminology
An introduction to pipes and the schedule terminology
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For all pipe sizes the outside diameter (O.D.) remains relatively constant. The variations in wall
thickness affects only the inside diameter (I.D.).
Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

To distinguish different weights of pipe, it is common to use the Schedule terminology from
ANSI/ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe:
Light Wall
Schedule 10 (Sch/10, S/10)
Standard Weight (ST, Std)
Extra Strong (Extra Heavy, EH, XH, XS)
Double Extra Strong (Double extra heavy, XXH, XXS)
Note that many of the schedules are identical in certain sizes.
Stainless Steel Pipe

For stainless steel pipes thru 12-inch, schedule numbers from Schedule 5S to schedule 80S are used
as published in ANSI/ASME 36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe.
Schedule 5S (Sch/5S, S/5S)

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Related Documents
outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, moment of inertia, transverse area, weight and
weight of pipe filled with water - U.S. Customary Units
ASTM A106, API 5L and ASTM A53 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes - Pressure and
Temperature Ratings Pressure (kPa) and temperature (deg C) ratings of ASTM A106, API 5L and
ASTM A53 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes at temperatures ranging from -29 deg C to 450 deg C
Calculating Pipes Weight A weight calculating formula for steel pipes
ASTM A53 B Carbon Steel Pipes - Working Pressure Maximum working pressure of carbon
steel pipe at temperature 400oF
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Codes and Standards

Piping standards and codes - ASME, ANSI, ASTM, AGA, API, AWWA, BS,
ISO, DIN and more...
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ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ANSI provides a forum for development of American national standards
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME is one of the leading organizations in the world developing codes and standards
ASME - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

The International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code establishes rules of safety governing the design,
fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components
during construction
ASME - Performance Test Codes

The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard directions and rules for conducting and
reporting tests
ASME B31 - Standards of Pressure Piping

A survey of one of the most important pressure pipe codes - ASME B31, earlier known as ANSI B31
ASME B31.9 - Working Pressure and Temperature Limits

The working pressure and temperature limits of ASME Code B31.9 - Building Services Piping
ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings

The ASME B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and
steel
ASTM International
ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - is a scientific and technical
organization that develops and publishes voluntary standards on the characteristics of material,
products, systems and services
ASTM International - Standards for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings

The ASTM standards covers various types of steel pipes, tubes and fittings for high-temperature
service, ordinary use and special applications such as fire protection use
ASTM International - Volume 01.01 Steel - Piping, Tubing, Fittings

An overview of the ASTM Volume 01.01 standard

Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings - 150 lb Bronze flanges with plain faces

Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameter of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast
Bronze Threaded Fittings - 300 lb Bronze Flanges with plain faces
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Pressure Loss in Pipes and Tubes

Fluid flow and pressure loss in pipes and tubes
Pumping Boiling Liquids - Delivery Flow Velocities

Recommended flow velocity required on the delivery side of the pump in systems with boiling liquids
Pumping Light Oils - Delivery Flow Velocities

Recommended flow velocity required for light oil systems on the delivery side of the pump
Recommended Delivery Flow Velocity of Viscous Liquids

Normal flow velocities on the delivery side of the pump in viscous systems
Recommended Suction Flow Velocity for Boiling Fluids

Recommended flow velocity for the pump suction side
Recommended Suction Flow Velocity for Light Oils

Recommended flow velocity for the pump suction side
Recommended Suction Flow Velocity of Viscous Fluids
Recommended suction flow velocity of viscous fluids
Reynolds Number
An introduction and definition of the dimensionless Reynolds Number - with online calculators
Single Phase Incompressible Flow Calculator

An online pressure drop calculator applied to Newtonian fluids which are incompressible and single
phase in isothermal and steady-state flow situations
Slurry Transport and Minimum Flow Velocities

Settling of solids in slurry transport pipes or tubes can be avoided with flow velocities above certain
levels
Stainless Steel Pipes - Comparing American and European Standards

Comparing American - US - and European - German, British (UK) and Swedish - stainless steel pipe
standards
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards
Download the standards for the piping, boiler and pressure vessel industry!
ASME B31 Piping Standards, British Boiler Standard: 5500, ABMA, ACI, API, ASME, ASTM, AWS,
CSA, DIN, NACE, National Board Code, NFPA, UL Catalogs. Click here!!
Stainless Steel Pipes - Dimensions and Weights ANSI/ASME 36.19

Dimensions, wall thickness and weights of stainless steel pipes according ASME B36.10M Welded
and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe
Steel Pipes and Heat Loss

Heat loss from 1/2" to 12" steel pipes and tubes
Steel Pipes and Temperature Expansion

Temperature expansion of carbon steel pipes

Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for schedule 40 steel
pipes

Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for schedule 80 steel
pipes
Steel Tubes BS 1387
Dimensions and weights of steel tubes according BSi - BS 1387:1985 Specification for screwed and
socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for screwing to
BS 21 pipe threads
Suction Flow Velocities of Water

Recommended water flow velocity on suction side of pump
Temperature Expansion Coefficients of some common Piping Materials

Expansion coefficients of some common materials used for pipes and tubes - aluminum, carbon steel,
cast iron, PVC, HDPE and more
Thermal Expansion of Pipes and Tubes

Thermal expansion of pipes and piping applications
Threaded & Socket Welded Fittings - Pressure Classes and Schedules

Pressure classes, schedules and weights of pipes for threaded & socket welded fittings
Valve Selection Guide

An applications guide for selecting valves
Valve Types for Specific Services

In case of specific services, choose of valve may be simplified by following established practice
Piping Handbook
A handbook comprehensively covering all the recent changes in the relevant codes, standards,
specifications, and regulations. It also discusses the piping for toxic and hazardous waste systems;
reports on the new materials now used for different piping systems; and examines the new
technological developments that have revolutionized todays piping systems in such different areas as
design, fabrication, installation, testing, examination, operation, and maintenance.
Valves - Types
Classifications of valves
Valves - Typical Operating Ranges

Different types of valves and their operating ranges
Valves - Typical Operating Temperatures
Typical operating temperature ranges for some common types of valves - ball valves, butterfly valves
and more
Water Delivery Flow Velocities

Required flow velocities in water transport systems - on the delivery side of the pump
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Temperature
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Length
1
m
km
Pipe Sizing
Sizing steam and condensate pipes and tubes, pressure loss,
recommended speeds, capacities ..
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Capacities of Condensate Lines - in kW

Maximum capacities of condensate lines in kW steam consumption
Capacities of Gravity Return Condensate Pipe Lines

Recommended capacities (lb/hour) in gravity condensate return lines
Classification of Steam Heating Systems

Steam systems carries heat through pipes from the boiler to consumers as heat exchangers, process
equipment etc.
Condensate Lines and Flash Steam

Flash steam produced by hot water and condensate
Design of Steam Heating Systems

An introduction to the basic design of steam heating systems
Feeding Pumps - the Suction Lift in Steam Systems

The danger of impeller cavitations increases with water temperature
Flow Coefficient Cv and Flow Factor Kv

Comparing the flow coefficient Cv with the flow factor Kv
Friction or Major Resistance in Condensate Lines - Imperial Units

A table for estimating capacity of condensate piping lines
Pipes and Temperature Expansion

Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled. The expansion of the pipes can be
expressed with the expansion formula
Properties of Saturated Steam - Imperial Units

A steam table with sensible, latent and total heat, and specific volume at different gauge pressures and
temperatures
Recommended Velocities in Steam Systems

The steam velocity in a steam distribution system should be within certain limits to avoid excessive
wear and tear
Sizing Condensate Pipes - SI Units

A table for sizing condensate return lines in steam distribution systems
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Sizing Steam Pipes (kg/h)

Steam is a compressible gas where the mass flow capacity of the pipe lines depends on the steam
pressure. This table, where pressure is in bar, velocity in m/s and capacity in kg/h, is suitable for sizing
steam pipes
Sizing Steam Pipes (lb/h)

Steam is a compressible gas where the capacity of the pipe line depends on the size of the pipes and
the steam pressure. This table can be used for fast sizing of steam pipes dimensions
Steam Flow Rate and Pressure Drop - Schedule 40 Pipe

Flow rate (lb/h) and pressure drop per 100 feet of pipes sizing 3/4" to 12"
Steam Heating Processes - Load Calculating

Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow batch and continuous flow heating processes
Steam Pipes - Sizing

Pipe sizing steam systems - major and minor loss in steam distribution systems
Steel Pipe - Expansion Loop Capacity

Steel pipes - thermal expansion and expansion loop capacities
Stress in a Steam Boiler Shell from Boiler Pressure

Calculate the stress in in a steam boiler shell from pressure
Temperature Expansion of Steam Pipes

Thermal heating and cooling expansion of pipes in cast iron, carbon and carbon molybdenum steel,
wrought iron, copper, brass and aluminum
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - inches

When a steam pipes is heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature - it expands
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - mm

A steam pipe heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature expands
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The table below can be used to determine the sizes of a condensate pipe line where the heat
consumption in kW is known.
Steam Consumption (kW)
Nominal pipe size
Dry main with gradient

Vented
Pipes
Wet main
in
mm
1 in 200 ft 1 in 600 ft
Vertical
1/2
15
30
10
10
12
3/4
20
70
30
18
30
47
25
120
50
34
50
94
1 1/4
32
300
120
80
120
211
1 1/2
40
420
176
117
176
293
50
760
350
225
350
530
2 1/2
65
1900
800
510
800
1200
80
2700
1200
740
1200
1870
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Related Topics
Pipe Sizing Sizing steam and condensate pipes and tubes, pressure loss, recommended
speeds, capacities ..
Steam and Condensate Steam & condensate properties, capacities, pipe sizing and systems
configuration. Steam is an essential part of modern industrial process technology. Without steam,
food, textile, chemical, medical, power, heating and transport industries could not perform as they
do. In this section you will find tools and information regarding steam and condensate
applications.
Related Documents
Friction or Major Resistance in Condensate Lines - Imperial Units A table for estimating
capacity of condensate piping lines
Steam Consumption of some Typical Consumers Steam consumption rates for typical
consumers in different industries as bakeries, breweries, paper factories etc.
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Steam and Condensate

Steam & condensate properties, capacities, pipe sizing and systems
configuration. Steam is an essential part of modern industrial process
technology. Without steam, food, textile, chemical, medical, power, heating
and transport industries could not perform as they do. In this section you
will find tools and information regarding steam and condensate
applications.
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Air and Steam Mixture

With air in the steam - the surface temperatures in heat exchangers will be lower and less heat than
excepted will be transferred
Air Humidifying with Steam - Imperial Units

The amount of vapor (lb/h in 100 cfm) in humid air
Boiler Blowdown
Suspended solids entering boilers through feed water will remain behind when steam is generated.
After a while the concentration of solids makes the operation of the boiler unsatisfactory
Boiler Blowdown Rate

Calculating boiler blowdown rate


equipment etc.
Classifications of Boilers
Classification of boilers according ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Condensate Generation in Cold Steam Pipes - Imperial Units

When cold steam pipes are heated up they generate huge amounts of condensate that must be
drained away from the pipe. It is important that the steam traps are designed to handle the start up
load
Condensate Load Generated in Insulated Steam Pipes (kg/h per 100m)

The heat loss from steam pipes generates condensate which must be drained from the system - A
table indicating the amount of condensate generated in insulated steam pipes
Condensate Pumping
High temperatures and the danger of impeller cavitation is the major challenge of condensate pumping
Control Valves in Steam and Condensate Systems

Sizing and design of control valves & equipment in steam and condensate systems

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Entropy of Superheated Steam

A table with the entropy of steam superheated to temperatures above the boiling point with
corresponding temperatures
Feed Water Treatment - Avoiding Corrosion

The make-up water to steam boilers should be treated with oxygen scavengers to avoid serious
corrosion problems
Feeding Pumps - the Suction Lift in Steam Systems

The danger of impeller cavitations increases with water temperature
Flash Steam Generation

Generation of flash steam - the fundamentals of energy recovery
Flash Steam Generation (bar)

When condensate leaves the steam traps - flash steam is generated. This table indicates the amount
of flash steam generated at different pressures - in bar
Flash Steam Generation in Imperial Units (psig)

of flash steam generated at different pressures - psig
Flash Steam Generation in SI-units

of flash steam generated at different pressures - kN/m2
Flow Coefficient - Cv - Formulas for Liquids, Steam and Gases

The flow coefficient - Cv - is important for proper design of control valves
Flow Coefficient Cv and Flow Factor Kv

Comparing the flow coefficient Cv with the flow factor Kv
Friction or Major Resistance in Condensate Lines - Imperial Units

A table for estimating capacity of condensate piping lines
Generation of Condensate in Cold Steam Pipes - SI Units

When cold steam pipes are heated up, they generate huge amounts of condensate that must be
drained away from the pipe. It is important the steam traps are designed to handle start up loads
Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Oil or Fat

A table with heat emission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in oil or fat. The heat
transmission is indicated for assisted (forced) and natural circulation
No hidden or trial offers, and no purchase necessary. Publications are absolutely free to
those who qualify.
Power Engineering International - Provides articles on new technologies and installations as well as
market reports, news, commentary and analysis.
Control Engineering - Provides more total information on products, news, and trends than any other
source in the field, with its mission to be the voice of the global control, instrumentation, and
automation marketplace.
Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Water

Heat transmission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in water. Heat transfer rate for
assisted (forced) and natural circulation
Heat Loss from Oil Filled Tanks

Heat loss from insulated and uninsulated, sheltered and exposed heated oil tanks
Heat Loss from Steam Pipes (btu/h per ft)

The amount of condensate generated in steam pipes depends on the heat loss from the pipe to the
surroundings.A table with heat loss in btu/h per ft from uninsulated steam pipes
Heat Loss from Steam Pipes (W/m)

surroundings. A table with heat loss in W/m from uninsulated steam pipes
Heating Capacity of Steam Radiators and Convectors

Steam radiators and steam convectors - heat capacity and temperature coefficients
Humidifying Air with Steam - SI units

The amount of vapor - kg per cubic meter - in humid air
Insulated Steam Pipes - Condensate Load Generated

The heat loss from steam pipes will generate condensate which must be drained from the system - a
table indicating the condensate generated in insulated steam pipes (lb/h per 100 ft)
Insulation and Heat Loss from Steam and Condensate Piping

Insulation thickness and heat loss from steam and condensate pipes
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for some common Fluids and Heat
Exchanger Surfaces
Average overall heat transmission coefficients for some common fluids and surface combinations as
Water to Air, Water to Water, Air to Air, Steam to Water and more

Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled. The expansion of the pipes can be
expressed with the expansion formula

temperatures
Properties of Saturated Steam - Pressure in Bar

The Saturated Steam Table with properties as boiling point, specific volume, density, specific enthalpy,
specific heat and latent heat of vaporization
Handbook of Industrial Power and Steam Systems
A complete guide to producing power, steam and utility services such as refrigeration for industrial
facilities. This reference covers boilers, turbines, pumps and cogeneration facilities. Thoroughly
practical, the reader will get insight into water supply and treatment, emission control and how to
improve design and operation of utility and ancillary systems for industrial applications.
Click here for more info!!
Properties of Saturated Steam - SI Units

A Saturated Steam Table with steam properties as specific volume, density, specific enthalpy and
specific entropy
Recommended Feed Water Chemistry Limits

Steam boilers and ABMA recommended feed water chemistry limits
Safety Valves in Low Pressure Steam Systems

Sizing safety valves after boiler output power in low pressure systems (kW and Btu/hr)

Sizing Steam and Condensate Pipes

Sizing of steam and condensate pipes and tubes, pressure loss in piping, recommended speed and
capacities

Steam is a compressible gas where the mass flow capacity of the pipe lines depends on the steam
pressure. This table, where pressure is in bar, velocity in m/s and capacity in kg/h, is suitable for sizing
steam pipes
Sizing Steam Pipes (lb/h)

Steam is a compressible gas where the capacity of the pipe line depends on the size of the pipes and
the steam pressure. This table can be used for fast sizing of steam pipes dimensions
Soft and Hard Water

Hard and soft water
Steam and Condensate Loads in Heating Systems

Calculating steam and condensate loads in steam heated systems
Steam Consumption of some Typical Consumers

Steam consumption rates for typical consumers in different industries as bakeries, breweries, paper
factories etc.
Steam Control Valves - Calculating Kv Values

Design of steam control valves and their Kv values

Must-Have Books for Boiler Professionals
Process Piping- The Complete Guide to ASME B31.3

Companion Guide to the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code
Guidebook for the Design of ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessels
The Boiler Book
Steam Pipes - Sizing

Pipe sizing steam systems - major and minor loss in steam distribution systems
Steam Thermodynamics
The basic thermodynamic of steam and condensate
Steam Tracing of Pipe Lines

To maintain appropriate product temperature in process lines it may often be convenient to use a
steam tracing system. This is a table that can be used to estimate the appropriate number of steam
tracers
Steam Trap Selection Guide

A steam trap selection guide - Float & Thermostatic, Inverted Bucket, Bimetal Thermostatic, Impulse
and Thermodynamic Disc steam traps
Temperature and Moisture Holding Capacity of Air

The moisture holding capacity of air varies with temperature
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - inches

When a steam pipes is heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature - it expands

A steam pipe heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature expands
Vapor and Steam

An introduction to vapor and steam
Wet Steam Quality and the Dryness Fraction

An introduction and definition of vapor or steam quality and dryness fraction. Includes formulas for
calculating wet steams enthalpy and specific volume
Yearly Heat Loss from Steam Pipes

Yearly heat loss from steam pipes can be considerable. This table compare the yearly heat loss in the
amount of coal and oil consumption for insulated and uninsulated steam pipe lines at different
dimensions and operation time.
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The amount of condensate generated in steam pipes depends on the heat
loss from the pipe to the surroundings. A table with heat loss in W/m from
uninsulated steam pipes
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The heat loss is a function of the pipe size and insulation quality, the steam temperature
(pressure) and the surrounding temperature.
This table can be used to estimate the heat loss from uninsulated steam pipes.
Heat Loss
(W/m)
Dimension (mm)
Temperature
Difference
between
Steam and
Surrounding
air (oC)
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
150
56
54
65
79
103
108
132
155
188
233
324
67
68
82
100
122
136
168
198
236
296
410
78
83
100
122
149
166
203
241
298
360
500
89
99
120
146
179
205
246
289
346
434
601
100
116
140
169
208
234
285
337
400
501
696
111
134
164
198
241
271
334
392
469
598
816
125
159
191
233
285
321
394
464
555
698
969
139
184
224
272
333
373
458
540
622
815
1133
153
210
255
312
382
429
528
623
747
939
1305
167
241
292
357
437
489
602
713
838
1093 1492
180
274
329
408
494
556
676
808
959
1190 1660
194
309
372
461
566
634
758
909
1080 1303 1582
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Related Topics
Heat Loss and Insulation Heat loss from steam and condensate pipes, insulation thickness ..
applications.
Related Documents
Recommended Insulation Thickness of Pipes Insulation thickness of heating systems - hot

water and low, medium and high pressure steam systems
Yearly Heat Loss from Steam Pipes Yearly heat loss from steam pipes can be considerable.
This table compare the yearly heat loss in the amount of coal and oil consumption for insulated
and uninsulated steam pipe lines at different dimensions and operation time.
Heat Loss from Steam Pipes (btu/h per ft) The amount of condensate generated in steam
pipes depends on the heat loss from the pipe to the surroundings.A table with heat loss in btu/h
per ft from uninsulated steam pipes
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Heat Loss and Insulation

Heat loss from steam and condensate pipes, insulation thickness ..
Sponsored Links

equipment etc.

When cold steam pipes are heated up they generate huge amounts of condensate that must be
drained away from the pipe. It is important that the steam traps are designed to handle the start up
load
Condensate Load Generated in Insulated Steam Pipes (kg/h per 100m)

The heat loss from steam pipes generates condensate which must be drained from the system - A
table indicating the amount of condensate generated in insulated steam pipes
Convective Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between a solid and a moving fluid is called convection. This is a short tutorial about
convective heat transfer

When cold steam pipes are heated up, they generate huge amounts of condensate that must be
drained away from the pipe. It is important the steam traps are designed to handle start up loads
Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Oil or Fat

A table with heat emission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in oil or fat. The heat
transmission is indicated for assisted (forced) and natural circulation
Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Water

Heat transmission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in water. Heat transfer rate for
assisted (forced) and natural circulation
Heat Loss from Oil Filled Tanks

Heat loss from insulated and uninsulated, sheltered and exposed heated oil tanks
Heat Loss from Steam Pipes (btu/h per ft)

surroundings.A table with heat loss in btu/h per ft from uninsulated steam pipes

surroundings. A table with heat loss in W/m from uninsulated steam pipes

The heat loss from steam pipes will generate condensate which must be drained from the system - a
table indicating the condensate generated in insulated steam pipes (lb/h per 100 ft)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient in walls or heat exchangers
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Exchanger Surfaces
Radiation Emissivity of some common Materials

Radiation emissivity for some common materials as Water, Ice, Snow, Grass and more
Radiation Heat Emissivity for Aluminum

Radiation heat emissivity of unoxidized, oxidized and polished aluminum
Radiation Heat Transfer

Heat transfer due to emission of electromagnetic waves is known as thermal radiation

Steam Tracing of Pipe Lines

To maintain appropriate product temperature in process lines it may often be convenient to use a
steam tracing system. This is a table that can be used to estimate the appropriate number of steam
tracers
Yearly Heat Loss from Steam Pipes

Yearly heat loss from steam pipes can be considerable. This table compare the yearly heat loss in the
amount of coal and oil consumption for insulated and uninsulated steam pipe lines at different
dimensions and operation time.
Sponsored Links

Steam is a compressible gas where the mass flow capacity of the pipe lines
depends on the steam pressure. This table, where pressure is in bar,
velocity in m/s and capacity in kg/h, is suitable for sizing steam pipes
Sponsored Links
A steam velocity of 25 m/s is in general sufficient for saturated steam applications.
Capacity
(kg/hour)
Pipe Size (mm)
Steam
Pressure
Speed 15 20 25 32
(bar)
(m/s)
0.4
0.7
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
1606 2590
368
15
14 24 37
52
99
145 213 394
648
917
25
10 25 40 62
92
162 265 384 675
972
1457 2806 4101 5936
40
17 35 64 102 142 265 403 576 1037 1670 2303 4318 6909 9500
15
25
12 25 45 72 100 182 287 430 716 1145 1575 2816 4629 6204
40
18 37 68 106 167 298 428 630 1108 1715 2417 4532 7251 10323
15
25
12 26 48 72 100 193 300 445 730 1160 1660 3099 4869 6751
40
19 39 71 112 172 311 465 640 1150 1800 2500 4815 7333 10370
15
12 25 45 70 100 182 280 410 715 1125 1580 2814 4545 6277
25
19 43 70 112 162 195 428 656 1215 1755 2520 4815 7425 10575
40
30 64 115 178 275 475 745 1010 1895 2925 4175 7678 11997 16796
16 25 40
17 29 43
59
65
109 166 250 431
112 182 260 470
680
694
1006 1708 2791 3852
1020 1864 2814 4045
10
15
16 37 60 93 127 245 385 535 925 1505 2040 3983 6217 8743
25
26 56 100 152 225 425 632 910 1580 2480 3440 6779 10269 14316
40
41 87 157 250 357 595 1025 1460 2540 4050 5940 10479 16470 22950
15
19 42 70 108 156 281 432 635 1166 1685 2460 4618 7121 10358
25
30 63 115 180 270 450 742 1080 1980 2925 4225 7866 12225 17304
40
49 116 197 295 456 796 1247 1825 3120 4940 7050 12661 1963 27816
15
22 49 87 128 187 352 526 770 1295 2105 2835 5548 8586 11947
25
36 81 135 211 308 548 885 1265 2110 3540 5150 8865 14268 20051
40
59 131 225 338 495 855 1350 1890 3510 5400 7870 13761 23205 32244
15
26 59 105 153 225 425 632 925 1555 2525 3400 6654 10297 14328
25
43 97 162 253 370 658 1065 1520 2530 4250 6175 10629 17108 24042
40
71 157 270 405 595 1025 1620 2270 4210 6475 9445 16515 27849 38697
15
29 63 110 165 260 445 705 952 1815 2765 3990 7390 12015 16096
25
49 114 190 288 450 785 1205 1750 3025 4815 6900 12288 19377 27080
40
76 177 303 455 690 1210 1865 2520 4585 7560 10880 19141 30978 43470
15
32 70 126 190 285 475 800 1125 1990 3025 4540 8042 12625 17728
25
54 122 205 320 465 810 1260 1870 3240 5220 7120 13140 21600 33210
40
84 192 327 510 730 1370 2065 3120 5135 8395 12470 21247 33669 46858
15
41 95 155 250 372 626 1012 1465 2495 3995 5860 9994 16172 22713
14
25
66 145 257 405 562 990 1530 2205 3825 6295 8995 15966 25860 35890
40
104 216 408 615 910 1635 2545 3600 6230 9880 14390 26621 41011 57560
15
50 121 205 310 465 810 1270 1870 3220 5215 7390 12921 20538 29016
25
85 195 331 520 740 1375 2080 3120 5200 8500 12560 21720 34139 47128
40
126 305 555 825 1210 2195 3425 4735 8510 13050 18630 35548 54883 76534
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Properties of Saturated Steam - SI Units A Saturated Steam Table with steam properties as
specific volume, density, specific enthalpy and specific entropy
Steam Pipes - Sizing Pipe sizing steam systems - major and minor loss in steam distribution
systems
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - mm A steam pipe heated from surrounding temperature
to operation temperature expands
Sizing Steam Pipes (lb/h) Steam is a compressible gas where the capacity of the pipe line
depends on the size of the pipes and the steam pressure. This table can be used for fast sizing of
steam pipes dimensions
Steam Heating Processes - Load Calculating Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow
batch and continuous flow heating processes
Recommended Insulation Thickness of Pipes

Insulation thickness of heating systems - hot water and low, medium and
high pressure steam systems
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To avoid heat loss and reduced efficiency pipe work in heating systems should always be
insulated. Very hot systems, like hot water and steam systems, should be insulated to avoid potential
personal injuries.
In general insulation thickness should not be less than listed in the table below:
Recommended minimum Thickness of Insulation (inches)
Temperature Range (oC)
50 - 90
Nominal Pipe
Size
NPS
(inches)
90 - 120
120 - 150
150 - 230
Temperature Range (oF)
120 - 200
201 - 250
251 - 305
306 - 450
Hot Water
Low Pressure
Steam
Medium
Pressure
Steam
High Pressure
Steam
< 1"
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1 1/4" - 2"
1.0
1.5
2.5
2.5
2 1/2" - 4"
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
5" - 6"
1.5
2.0
3.0
3.5
> 8"
1.5
2.0
3.0
3.5
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Insulation Heat transfer and heat loss from buildings and technical applications. Insulation
methods and coefficients to reduce energy consumption.
Heat Loss and Insulation Heat loss from pipes and tanks with and without insulation.
Related Documents
Copper Pipes and Heat Loss Heat loss from copper tubes at various temperature differences
between tube and air
Heat Loss from Steam Pipes (W/m) The amount of condensate generated in steam pipes
depends on the heat loss from the pipe to the surroundings. A table with heat loss in W/m from
uninsulated steam pipes
Heat Loss from Steam Pipes (btu/h per ft) The amount of condensate generated in steam
pipes depends on the heat loss from the pipe to the surroundings.A table with heat loss in btu/h
per ft from uninsulated steam pipes
Insulated Steam Pipes - Condensate Load Generated The heat loss from steam pipes will
generate condensate which must be drained from the system - a table indicating the condensate
generated in insulated steam pipes (lb/h per 100 ft)
Insulation Materials and Temperature Ranges Temperature limits of some common insulation
materials
Steam & Condensate Equations

Steam consumption and condensate generation formulas heating liquids or
gas flows
Sponsored Links
Some common steam and condensate equations can be expressed as
Steam Heating
ms = h / 960 (1)
where
ms = steam mass flow rate (lbs./hr.)
h = heat flow rate (Btu/hr.)
Steam Heating Liquid Flow

ms = ql 500 SGl Cpl dtl / Ls (1)
where
ql = volume flow liquid (gallons per minute, gpm)
SGl = specific heat capacity of the liquid (Btu/lb.oF)
Cpl = specific gravity of the fluid
dtl = temperature difference liquid (oF)
Ls = latent heat steam (Btu/lb)
Steam Heating Air or Gas Flow

ms = qg 60 g Cpg dtg / Ls (1)
where
qg = volume flow gas (cubic feet per minute, cfm)
g = density of the gas (lb/ft3)
Cpg = specific gravity of the gas
dtg = temperature difference gas (oF)
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Classification of Steam Heating Systems Steam systems carries heat through pipes from the
boiler to consumers as heat exchangers, process equipment etc.
Generation of Condensate in Cold Steam Pipes - SI Units When cold steam pipes are heated
up, they generate huge amounts of condensate that must be drained away from the pipe. It is
important the steam traps are designed to handle start up loads
Condensate Generation in Cold Steam Pipes - Imperial Units When cold steam pipes are
heated up they generate huge amounts of condensate that must be drained away from the pipe. It
is important that the steam traps are designed to handle the start up load
Design of Steam Heating Systems An introduction to the basic design of steam heating
systems
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The heat loss from steam pipes will generate condensate which must be
drained from the system - a table indicating the condensate generated in
insulated steam pipes (lb/h per 100 ft)
Sponsored Links
The table below can be used to roughly estimates of the condensate load generated in
insulated steam pipes at different pressures and sizes.
Condensate
Load
(lb/h per
100 ft)
Pipe Size (inch)
Steam
Pressure
(psi)
2 1/2
10
12
14
10
11
13
16
20
24
29
32
30
11
14
17
20
26
32
38
42
60
10
12
14
18
24
27
33
41
49
54
100
12
15
18
22
28
33
41
51
61
67
125
13
16
20
24
30
36
45
56
66
73
175
16
19
23
26
33
38
53
66
78
86
250
18
22
27
34
42
50
62
77
92
101
300
20
25
30
37
46
54
68
85
101
111
400
23
28
34
43
53
63
80
99
118
130
500
27
33
39
49
61
73
91
114
135
148
600
30
37
44
55
68
82
103
128
152
167
800
36
44
53
69
85
101
131
164
194
214
1000
43
52
63
82
101
120
156
195
231
254
1200
51
62
75
97
119
142
185
230
274
301
1400
60
73
89
114
141
168
219
273
324
356
1600
69
85
103
132
163
195
253
315
375
412
1750
76
93
113
145
179
213
278
346
411
452
1800
79
96
117
150
185
221
288
358
425
467
The table is based on a surrounding temperature 70oF and 80% efficient insulation. For temperatures
at 0oF the loads should be added approximately 50%.
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-2 bar
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
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Recommended Insulation Thickness of Pipes Insulation thickness of heating systems - hot

water and low, medium and high pressure steam systems
Sizing Condensate Pipes - SI Units A table for sizing condensate return lines in steam
distribution systems
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When sizing condensate return lines in steam distribution system - its necessary to remember
that the maximum condensate flow in general is achieved during the start up of the plant when pipes
and equipment heats up.
As a general rule of thumb - the design condensate load should be twice the maximum production
load.
Condensate
Flow (kg/hour)
Pipe Size (mm, inch)
Pressure loss
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
(Pa/m) (mbar/m)
1/2
3/4
1 1/4
1 1/2
2 1/2
28
0.28
90
209
380
865
1320
2554
5194
8079
29
0.29
92
214
400
878
1340
2590
5271
8196
30
0.3
93
218
403
890
1361
2631
5348
8314
33
0.33
97
226
414
930
1420
2744
5579
8677
39
0.39
107
249
469
1028
1565
3025
6142
9526
40
0.4
108
253
476
1040
1583
3062
6214
9639
43
0.43
113
263
496
1079
1646
3180
6454
10024
45
0.45
116
270
508
1107
1687
3261
6618
10297
47
0.47
119
277
521
1134
1728
3338
6777
10523
50
0.5
123
286
538
1172
1787
3447
6949
10859
53
0.53
127
296
557
1211
1846
3565
7235
11249
55
0.55
130
302
569
1238
1887
3638
7380
11476
57
0.57
133
308
580
1261
1923
3710
7525
11703
59
0.59
135
314
591
1288
1959
3783
7666
11884
61
0.61
138
320
602
1311
1996
3851
7806
12111
64
0.64
141
327
615
1338
2041
3933
7970
12383
67
0.67
146
337
634
1379
2100
4051
8210
12746
69
0.69
148
343
645
1402
2136
4119
8342
12973
71
0.71
150
348
655
1424
2168
4182
8473
13154
73
0.73
152
354
665
1447
2200
4246
8600
13336
76
0.76
155
359
675
1465
2236
4305
8723
13563
77
0.77
157
365
685
1488
2268
4368
8850
13744
78
0.78
158
366
689
1497
2282
4390
8900
13812
80
0.8
160
370
695
1510
2300
4427
8972
13925
82
0.82
162
375
704
1529
2331
4491
9072
14407
88
0.88
168
391
733
1590
2427
4536
9453
14651
90
0.9
170
395
740
1606
2449
4717
9548
14787
98
0.98
179
414
777
1696
2567
4944
10025 15513
100
180
418
785
1701
2590
4990
10115 15649
114
1.14
194
450
845
1832
2790
5366
10841 16828
118
1.18
198
457
857
1860
2830
5443
11022 17055
120
1.2
199
462
867
1880
2860
5502
11113 17282
131
1.31
209
484
907
1969
2994
5761
11657 18053
137
1.37
215
497
931
2018
3071
5906
11948 18507
140
1.4
216
502
939
2037
3103
5965
12066 18688
147
1.47
224
516
966
2096
3189
6128
12383 19187
157
1.57
231
534
1002
2168
3298
6337
12814 19822
160
1.6
234
541
1011
2195
334
6409
12973 20049
163
1.63
237
546
1025
2218
3370
6477
13109 20276
176
1.76
246
570
1066
2309
3511
6740
13608 21092
180
1.8
249
576
1075
2331
3547
6808
13744 21319
196
1.96
261
603
1129
2440
3710
7130
14379 22317
200
265
611
1143
2472
3760
7221
14560 22589
212
2.12
273
629
1179
2549
3874
7430
15014 23270
216
2.16
275
634
1188
2567
3905
7493
15132 23451
220
2.2
278
641
1200
2595
3942
7570
15277 23678
229
2.29
284
655
1225
2649
4028
7729
15604 24177
235
2.35
288
664
1243
2689
4086
7843
15840 24522
240
2.4
292
672
1256
2719
4129
7927
16017 24780
245
2.45
295
679
1270
2749
4173
8010
16193 25039
255
2.55
301
694
1297
2806
4260
8176
16520 25556
260
2.6
304
701
1311
2834
4304
8260
16683 25814
261
2.61
305
703
1315
2844
4318
8287
16738 25900
274
2.74
313
721
1348
2917
4331
8501
17173 26554
277
2.77
315
727
1356
2935
4459
8555
17282 26717
280
2.8
317
730
1363
2948
4479
8593
17357 26839
294
2.94
325
749
1402
3025
4595
8813
17781 27533
300
328
757
1414
3055
4641
8900
17956 27803
310
3.1
335
771
1438
3112
4726
9063
18280 28305
314
3.14
336
775
1446
3129
4752
9074
18380 28459
320
3.2
340
784
1462
3163
4825
9204
18579 28767
327
3.27
344
792
1479
3198
4853
9299
18779 29076
333
3.33
348
801
1495
3230
4904
9408
18979 29366
340
3.4
351
809
1511
3263
4955
9516
19178 29656
342
3.42
353
813
1520
3279
4980
9571
19278 29801
353
3.53
358
825
1541
3328
5054
9707
19550 30237
359
3.59
362
834
1556
3361
5103
9798
19732 30527
360
3.6
363
835
1558
3365
5109
9809
19754 30564
372
3.72
369
850
1585
3423
5201
9979
20094 31108
376
3.76
371
854
1592
3438
5225
10024 20185 31253
380
3.8
373
859
1601
3457
5254
10081 20299 31423
392
3.92
379
873
1628
3515
5339
10251 20639 31933
400
383
883
1646
3554
5398
10342 20866 32274
408
4.08
388
892
1665
3592
5457
10433 21092 32614
412
4.12
390
896
1672
3608
5479
10478 21174 32750
420
4.2
394
906
1690
3646
5536
10592 21378 33090
425
4.25
396
912
1701
3670
5570
10660 21500 33294
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Sponsored Links

When cold steam pipes are heated up, they generate huge amounts of
condensate that must be drained away from the pipe. It is important the
steam traps are designed to handle start up loads
Sponsored Links
The table below can be used as a roughly estimate of the warm-up condensate load generated
when the steam system is heated up.
Condensate
Load
(kg/100 m)
Steam
Pressure
(bar)
Pipe Dimensions (mm)
50
65
80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600
9.2 14.4 19
27 37 47 71 101 134 159 208 262 308 309
0.35
10 15.9 20.8 29 40 52 69 112 146 174 227 287 338 470
0.7
11.3 17.8 23.4 33 45 58 88 125 165 196 255 322 379 529
12.2 19.5 25.4 36 50 64 96 135 179 212 277 350 412 575
2.5
13.4 21.3 27.8 39 53 70 105 148 195 232 303 383 450 627
15.8 25.2 33
47 63 82 123 175 233 276 360 454 535 745
17.8 28
37
52 71 92 138 196 260 308 402 507 598 832
19.3 30.6 40
57 77 100 151 214 284 335 438 553 651 906
8.5
20.1 31.8 42
59 80 104 157 223 293 349 455 574 676 942
10
20.8 33.1 43
62 83 108 162 230 305 361 472 595 700 997
12
22.6 35.8 47
67 90 117 176 250 331 392 513 646 760 1059
5.5
14
24.2 38.2 50
71 96 125 189 267 353 418 546 689 811 1130
16
28.1 45
83 113 146 219 312 412 489 638 805 947 1320
58
20
36
55
74 108 150 205 312 463 637 764 981 1228 1503 1700
25
39
59
80 117 162 222 338 502 692 828 1065 1362 1631 2315
30
41.5 64
85 124 173 237 360 534 735 882 1134 1420 1763 2464
40
44.3 68
91 132 184 253 385 570 784 940 1210 1514 1852 2627
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Steam & Condensate Equations Steam consumption and condensate generation formulas
heating liquids or gas flows

When cold steam pipes are heated up they generate huge amounts of
condensate that must be drained away from the pipe. It is important that
the steam traps are designed to handle the start up load
Sponsored Links
The table below can be used as a roughly estimate of the warm-up condensate load generated
when the steam system is heated up.
Warm
Up-Load
(lb/100
ft)
Pipe Size (inch)
Steam
Gauge
Pressure
(psi)
10
12
6.2
9.7
12.8
18.2
24.6
31.9
48
68
90
6.9
11
14.4
20.4
27.7
35.9
48
77
101
10
7.5
11.8
15.5
22
29.9
38.8
58
83
109
20
8.4
13.4
17.5
24.9
33.8
44
66
93
124
40
9.9
15.8
20.6
29.3
39.7
52
78
110
145
60
11
17.5
22.9
32.6
44
57
86
122
162
80
12
19
24.9
35.3
48
62
93
132
175
100
12.8
20.3
26.9
37.8
51
67
100
142
188
125
13.7
21.7
28.4
40
55
71
107
152
200
150
14.5
23
30
43
58
75
113
160
212
175
15.3
24.2
31.7
45
61
79
119
169
224
200
16
25.3
33.1
47
64
83
125
177
234
250
17.2
27.3
35.8
51
69
89
134
191
252
300
25
38.3
51
75
104
143
217
322
443
400
27.8
43
57
83
116
159
241
358
493
500
30.2
46
62
91
126
173
262
389
535
600
32.7
50
67
98
136
187
284
421
579
800
38
58
77
113
203
274
455
670
943
1000
45
64
86
126
227
305
508
748
1052
1200
52
72
96
140
253
340
566
833
1172
1400
62
79
106
155
280
376
626
922
1297
1600
71
87
117
171
309
415
62
1018
1432
1750
78
94
126
184
333
448
746
1098
1544
1800
80
97
129
189
341
459
764
1125
1584
This table is based on an ambient temperature of 70oF. For an ambient temperature of 0oF, the values
should be increased with 15% at 1800 psi and up to 50% at 0 psi.
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-2 bar
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
If you prefer SI units - go here!

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Condensate Load Generated in Insulated Steam Pipes (kg/h per 100m) The heat loss from
steam pipes generates condensate which must be drained from the system - A table indicating the
amount of condensate generated in insulated steam pipes
Condensate Pumping High temperatures and the danger of impeller cavitation is the major
challenge of condensate pumping
Flash Steam Generation - the fundamental Physics A short tutorial to the basic physics behind
flash steam generation
Air Condition and Condensate Generation The condensate water generated in an air condition
systems
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Steam consumption and condensate generation formulas heating liquids or
gas flows
Sponsored Links
Some common steam and condensate equations can be expressed as
Steam Heating
ms = h / 960 (1)
where
h = heat flow rate (Btu/hr.)
Steam Heating Liquid Flow

ms = ql 500 SGl Cpl dtl / Ls (1)
where
ql = volume flow liquid (gallons per minute, gpm)
SGl = specific heat capacity of the liquid (Btu/lb.oF)
Cpl = specific gravity of the fluid
dtl = temperature difference liquid (oF)
Steam Heating Air or Gas Flow

ms = qg 60 g Cpg dtg / Ls (1)
where
qg = volume flow gas (cubic feet per minute, cfm)
g = density of the gas (lb/ft3)
Cpg = specific gravity of the gas
dtg = temperature difference gas (oF)

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The simplest steam heating system can installed at relative low costs. The disadvantages with
the simple system is the lack of modulating quality.
The simplest steam heating system is the
Single Pipe Steam System with Main Pipes Pitched Towards the Boiler
Steam and condensate use the same main pipes. The condensate flows in the opposite direction of
the steam.
Air valves are necessary for evacuating air during start-up.
The system is simple but the heat emission in radiators or in heat exchangers are hard to control.
Modulating the heat will cause the heating elements to be partly filled with air. The system can work
properly in applications where the heat can be modulated directly in the boiler, as applications for
warehouses, garages and so on. The system should be avoided where it is necessary to individually
modulate each radiator or heat exchanger.
The condensate draines back to the boiler and during stops the system fills with air. This makes the
design suitable for temporarily heated application working under water freezing conditions.
The simple system can be modified to the
Single Pipe Steam System with Main Steam Pipes Pitched Away from the
Boiler
This is a better design than the former because the steam and condensate are more separated in
different pipes. It can be further improved with the
Single Pipe Steam System with Overhead Steam Distribution
A improvement to this system is to completely separate the steam and condensate in the
Steam Trap System
In the Steam Trap System the steam are hold back in heating elements and steam pipes by steam
traps. The steam traps may work after several thermodynamic and mechanical principles. Read more
about choosing steam traps.
The advantage with this system is better individual modulating of radiators and heat exchangers.
The disadvantage is more equipment and higher costs.
Steam Properties
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Classifications of Hot Water Heating Systems Hot water heating systems may be classified by
pressure or piping scheme
Steam Trap Selection Guide A steam trap selection guide - Float & Thermostatic, Inverted
Bucket, Bimetal Thermostatic, Impulse and Thermodynamic Disc steam traps
Heating Capacity of Steam Radiators and Convectors Steam radiators and steam convectors
- heat capacity and temperature coefficients
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Steam systems carries heat through pipes from the boiler to consumers as
heat exchangers, process equipment etc.
Sponsored Links
Steam is common used to carry heat from a boiler to consumers as heat exchangers, process
equipment etc. More seldom steam is also used for heating purposes in buildings.
Steam systems can be classified by pressure, method for returning condensate and/or pipe lay out.
Classification of Steam Systems by Pressure

Its common to classify steam systems as
High pressure above 20 kN/m2 (3 lb/in2)

Low pressure up to 20 kN/m2 (3 lb/in2)
Vacuum
Classification of Steam Systems by Method of Condensate Return

Steam systems can be classified as
Gravity
Mechanical
Classification of Steam Systems by Pipe Lay Out

Steam systems can be classified by pipe scheme:
One pipe or two pipe

Up-feed or down-feed
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Classifications of Hot Water Heating Systems

Hot water heating systems may be classified by pressure or piping scheme
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Water heating system may be be classified by working pressure
Type
Abbreviation
Flow temperature
o
C
Temperature drop
o
C
Low Pressure
Pumped Circulation
LPHW
50 - 90
10 - 15
90
20
Low Pressure
Gravity Circulation
Medium Pressure
MPHW
90 - 120
15 -35
High Pressure
HPHW
120 - 200
27 - 85
or by piping scheme
One-pipe or two-pipe system

Up-feed or down-feed system
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Circulating Force in a Gravity Heating System Differential pressure due to difference in

density between hot and cold water is the circulating force in a self circulating heating system
Safety Valves in Heating Systems Boilers 275 to 1500 kW and Safety Valves
Circulating Force in a Gravity Heating System

Differential pressure due to difference in density between hot and cold
water is the circulating force in a self circulating heating system
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A self circulation heating system operates by the force created by the density difference
between the hot and cold fluid.
Gravity Head
The head available forcing circulation through a radiator in a gravity system is proportional to the
elevation - he - of the radiator or heating element above the boiler, and the temperature difference
between the flow and return pipes.
The head available for circulation can be expressed as:
hl = hr ( r - f ) / [( r + f ) / 2] (1)
where
hl = head available for circulation (m, ft)
hr = height of radiator or heating element above boiler (m, ft)
f = density of water in flow (hot) pipe (lb/ft3, kg/m3)
r = density of water in return (cold) pipe (lb/ft3, kg/m3)
The thermal expansion of water is 4.2% from 4 oC to 100 oC.
Converting Head to Pressure

Head can be converted to pressure units bythe expression:
p = hl g (2)
where
p = pressure (Pa, N/m2) - Other units?
= density (kg/m3). Using hot or cold density have very little impact on this calculation.
g = gravitation 9.81 (m/s2)
Circulating Pressure - Flow and Return Temperature
The forcing pressures in self circulation system with operating temperatures between 50 to 95oC can
be taken from the table below:
Circulating Pressure in Pa (N/m2) per m circulating elevation - he
Flow Temperature oC
Return
Temperature
o
C
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
50
257
223
190
159
129
101
74
39
55
232
200
168
136
106
97
50
24
60
209
176
143
112
82
53
26
65
183
150
117
87
56
27
70
156
123
90
59
28
75
127
94
61
30
80
98
64
31
85
66
32
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Classifications of Hot Water Heating Systems Hot water heating systems may be classified by
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Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity An introduction and definition of density, specific
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Hot Water Heating Systems Design An introduction to G
Safety Valves in Heating Systems

Boilers 275 to 1500 kW and Safety Valves
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Fired pressure vessels shall be fitted with safety relieving devices of sufficient capacities to relieve all
vapor that may be generated in the vessels during normal operation. The safety relieving devices shall
be fitted with proper controls to ensure safe operation.
Boiler rating
(kW)
Minimum clear bore

of safety valves and vents
(mm)
275
1 x 20
350
1 x 25
440
1 x 32
530
1 x 40
880
2 x 40
1500
80 to 150
Note! Be aware of domestic regulations - cfr. Safety Valve Standards

Safety valves should be removed at least once each year for inspection and cleaning of any deposits
that might affect their operation.
To eliminate the necessity of shutting the system down for the inspection, a three-way stop valve may
be installed under 2 safety valves, each with the required relieving capacity, installed so that both
safety valves cannot be closed off from the vaporizer at the same time. Alternatively may 2 or more
separate safety valves be installed with individual shutoff valves, in which case the shutoff valve stems
is mechanically interconnected in a manner that allow full required flow capacity at all times.
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Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow batch and continuous flow
heating processes
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In general steam heating is used to
change a product or fluid temperature

maintain a product or fluid temperature
Changing the Product Temperature - Heating up with Steam

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance can be expressed as:
Q = m cp dT (1)
where
Q = quantity of energy or heat (kJ)
m = mass of the substance (kg)
cp = specific heat capacity of the substance (kJ/kg oC ) - Material Properties and Heat Capacities for
several materials
dT = temperature rise of the substance (oC)
Preferring Imperial Units - Use the Units Converter!
This equation can be used to determine a total amount of heat energy for the whole process, but it
does not take into account the rate of heat transfer which is:
amount of heat energy per unit time
In non-flow type applications a fixed mass or a single batch of product is heated. In flow type
applications the product or fluid is heated when it constantly flows over a heat transfer surface.
Non-flow or Batch Heating

In non-flow type applications the process fluid is kept as a single batch within a tank or vessel. A steam
coil or a steam jacket heats the fluid from a low to a high temperature.
The mean rate of heat transfer for such applications can be expressed as:
q = m cp dT / t (2)
where
q = mean heat transfer rate (kW (kJ/s))
m = mass of the product (kg)

cp = specific heat capacity of the product (kJ/kg.oC) - Material Properties and Heat Capacities for
several materials
dT = Change in temperature of the fluid (oC)
t = total time over which the heating process occurs (seconds)
Flow or Continuous Heating Processes

In heat exchangers the product or fluid flow is continuously heated.
The mean heat transfer can be expressed as
q = cp dT m / t (3)
where
q = mean heat transfer rate (kW (kJ/s))
m / t = mass flow rate of the product (kg/s)
cp = specific heat capacity of the product (kJ/kg.oC) - Material Properties and Heat Capacities for
several materials
dT = change in temperature of the fluid (oC)
Calculating the Amount of Steam

If we know the heat transfer rate - the amount of steam can be calculated:
ms = q / he (4)
where
ms = mass of steam (kg/s)
q = calculated heat transfer (kW)
he = evaporation energy of the steam (kJ/kg)
The evaporation energy at different steam pressures can be found in the SteamTable with SI Units or
in the Steam Table with Imperial Units.
Example - Batch Heating by Steam

A quantity of water is heated with steam of 5 bar from a temperature of 35oC to 100oC over a period of
20 minutes (1200 seconds). The mass of the water is 50 kg and the specific heat capacity of water is
4.19 kJ/kg.oC.
Heat transfer rate:
q = (50 kg) (4.19 kJ/kg.oC) (100oC - 35oC) / (1200 s)

= 11.35 kW
Amount of steam:
ms = (11.35 kW) / (2085 kJ/kg)
= 0.0055 kg/s
= 19.6 kg/h
Example - Continuously Heating by Steam

Water flowing at a constant rate of 3 l/s is heated from 10oC to 60oC with steam at 8 bar.
The heat flow rate can be expressed as:
q = (4.19 kJ/kg.oC) (60oC - 10oC) (3 l/s) (1 kg/l)
= 628.5 kW
The steam flow rate can be expressed as:
ms = (628.5 kW) / (2030 kJ/kg)
= 0.31 kg/s
= 1115 kg/h
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depends on the size of the pipes and the steam pressure. This table can be used for fast sizing of
steam pipes dimensions
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Heat Transferred by Condensing Steam Calculate heat transferred by condensing steam
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Heat Transferred by Condensing Steam

Calculate heat transferred by condensing steam
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The quantity of heat transferred when a specific amount of steam condensates can be
expressed as
Q = Ms he (1)
where
Q = quantity of heat (kJ)
Ms = mass of condensing steam (kg)
he = specific enthalpy of evaporation of steam (kJ/kg)
The heat transferred in a condensing steam flow can be expressed as
q = ms he (2)
where
q = heat transfer (kW)
ms = steam flow rate (kg/s)
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Steam Control Valves - Calculating Kv Values

Design of steam control valves and their Kv values
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The procedure below can be used for proper design of steam process control valves and their
correct flow factors - Kv.
1. Determine Pressure Coefficient - Pcoef

Start with the absolute pressure before the control valve, and the actual pressure drop available over
the valve, and determine the pressure coefficient - Pcoef - in the table below.
Note! The pressure drop can not exceed the critical pressure drop which is approximately 42% of the
inlet pressure.
Pressure drop (bar)
Pcoeff
Absolut
e
Pressur
e - Pin (bar)
Specifi
c
Volum 0.5
e-v(m3/kg)
1.5
2.5
1.69
0.3
0.89
0.5 1.1
6
3
0.61
0.8 1.6
2.48
3
5
0.45
1.1
0.38
1.3 2.6
3
7
0.32
1.5 3.1
4.75 6.33 7.91 9.49
8
6
0.27
1.8 3.6
5.5 7.33 9.17
3
7
3.5
2.2
3.31 4.42
1
5.33 6.67
11
12.8
3
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
0.24
2.0 4.1
12.4 14.5 16.6
6.24 8.32 10.4
8
6
8
7
5
0.21
11.6 13.9 16.2 18.6 20.9

2.3 4.6
6.98 9.31
4
7
9
2
5
3
6
10
0.19
2.5 5.1
10.2 12.8 15.4 18.0 20.5 23.1 25.7
7.72
7
5
9
7
4
1
9
6
3
11
0.18
2.8 5.6
11.2 14.0 16.9 19.7 22.5 25.3 28.1
8.46
2
4
7
9
1
3
5
7
8
12
0.16
3.0 6.1
12.2 15.3 18.3 21.4 24.4 27.5 30.6 33.6 36.7
9.18
6
2
5
1
7
3
9
5
1
8
4
13
0.15
3.3 6.6
13.2 16.5 19.8 23.1 26.4 29.7 33.0
39.7 43.0
9.93
36.4
1
2
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
14
0.14
49.7
3.5 7.1 10.6 14.2 17.7 21.3 24.8 28.4 31.9 35.5 39.0 42.6
46.2
5
1
6
1
7
2
8
3
8
4
9
4
5
15
0.13
3.8
31
7.5 11.3 15.1 18.9 22.7 26.5 30.3 34.1 37.9 41.7 45.5 49.3 53.1 56.9
9
9
9
8
8
8
7
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
Example - Pressure Coefficient

In a steam system with 9 bar gauge pressure the absolute pressure is 10 bar.If a pressure drop of 3.5
bar is accepted and suitable for the steam consumer, the pressure coefficient - Pcoef - should be 18.01.
2. Determine Flow Factor - Kv

Select the pressure coefficient - Pcoef - column closest possible to the actual pressure coefficient
calculated in step 1.
Follow the column down until reaching the appropriate actual flow value. Interpolate between values if
necessary.
Go left in the table to find the actual flow factor Kv.
Steam
Flow
(kg/h)
Kv
Pressure Coefficient - Pcoeff
1.25
1.56
1.95
2.44
3.05
3.81
4.77
5.96
7.45
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.11
10
0.17
11
12
13
15
0.26
10
11
13
14
16
18
20
22
0.38
12
14
15
17
19
21
24
27
30
33
0.58
18
20
23
26
29
32
36
40
45
50
0.86
27
31
34
38
43
48
54
60
67
75
1.3
41
46
51
57
64
72
80
90
100
112
2.0
62
69
77
86
96
108
120
135
151
168
2.9
93
103
116
129
145
162
181
202
226
253
4.4
139
155
174
194
217
242
271
303
339
379
6.6
208
233
260
291
325
364
407
455
508
568
9.9
312
349
390
436
488
546
610
682
763
853
14.8
468
524
586
655
732
818
915
1023
1144
1279
22.2
703
786
878
982
1098
1228
1373
1535
1716
1918
33.3
1054
1179
1318
1473
1647
1841
2059
2302
2574
2877
49.9
1581
1768
1976
2210
2471
2762
3088
3453
3860
4316
74.8
2372
2652
2965
3315
3706
4143
4632
5179
5790
6474
112
3558
3978
4447
4972
5559
6215
6948
7769
8686
9711
168
5336
5966
6671
7458
8338
9322 10423 11653 13028 14566
253
8005
8949 10006 11187 12507 13983 15634 17479 19543 21849
379
12007 13424 15009 16780 18761 20975 23451 26219 29314 32774
568
18010 20136 22513 25170 28141 31463 35177 39329 43971 49161
852
27016 30204 33769 37755 42212 47194 52765 58993 65956 73741
1278 40523 45307 50654 56633 63318 70791 79147 88489 98934 110612
Steam
Flow
(kg/h)
Pressure Coefficient - Pcoeff
Kv
9.31
11.64
14.55
18.19
22.74
28.42
35.53
44.41
55.51
69.39
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.05
10
11
12
13
0.08
10
11
13
14
16
18
20
0.11
11
12
14
15
17
19
22
24
27
30
0.17
17
18
21
23
26
29
32
36
40
45
0.26
25
28
31
35
39
43
48
54
61
68
0.38
37
42
46
52
58
65
73
81
91
102
0.58
56
62
70
78
87
97
109
122
136
152
0.86
84
94
105
117
131
146
163
183
204
228
1.3
126
140
157
175
196
219
245
274
306
343
2.0
188
210
235
263
294
329
368
411
460
514
2.9
282
316
353
395
441
493
552
617
689
771
4.4
424
474
530
592
662
740
827
925
1034
1156
6.6
635
710
794
888
993
1110
1241
1388
1551
1734
9.9
953
1066
1191
1332
1489
1665
1862
2081
2327
2602
14.8
1430
1598
1787
1998
2234
2498
2792
3122
3491
3903
22.2
2145
2398
2681
2997
3351
3746
4189
4683
5236
5854
33.3
3217
3597
4021
4496
5026
5620
6283
7025
7854
8781
49.9
4825
5395
6032
6744
7540
8429
9424
10537 11781 13171
74.8
7238
8092
9047
10115 11309 12644 14137 15805 17671 19757
112
10857 12138 13571 15173 16964 18966 21205 23708 26506 29635
168
16285 18208 20357 22760 25446 28449 31808 35562 39759 44452
253
24428 27312 30535 34139 38169 42674 47711 53343 59639 66679
379
36642 40967 45803 51209 57254 64011 71567 80014 89459 100018
568
54963 61451 68704 76814 85880 96017 107350 120021 134188 150027
852
82445 92176 103056 115220 128820 144026 161025 180032 201282 225040
1278 123668 138265 154584 172831 193231 216038 241538 270048 301923 337560
Example - Determine Flow Factor

For a pressure coefficient - Pcoef =18.01 from above, and a steam flow of 600 kg/h, the flow factor - Kv
should be close to 4.4.
The formula used for the flow factor - Kv

The tables above are based on the formula:
Kv = m / (31.7 (dP / v)1/2) (1)
where
m= steam flow (kg/h)
dP = pressure drop (bar)
v = specific volume of steam before control valve (m3/kg)
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Introduction and definition of vapor and steam enthalpy. Specific enthalpy
of saturated liquid, saturated vapor and superheated vapor
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When a liquid evaporates its go through a process where
the liquid heats up to the evaporation temperature

the liquid evaporate at the evaporation temperature by changing state from fluid to gas
the vapor heats above the evaporation temperature - superheating
The heat transferred to a substance when temperature changes is often referred to as sensible heat.
The heat required for changing state as evaporation is referred to as latent heat of evaporation.
The most common vapor is evaporated water - steam or moist.
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of a system is defined as the mass of the system - m - multiplied by the specific enthalpy - h of the system and can be expressed as:
H = m h (kJ) (1)
where
H = enthalpy (kJ)
m = mass (kg)
h = specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific Enthalpy
Specific enthalpy is a property of the fluid and can be expressed as:
h = u + p v (kJ/kg) (2)
where
u = internal energy (kJ/kg)
p = absolute pressure (N/m2)
v = specific volume (m3/kg)
Part of the water vapor - steam - properties can be expressed in a table as:
p
ts
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
hg
sf
sg
(bar)
0.006112
(oC)
(m3/kg)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K) (kJ/kg.K)
0.01 0.0010002 206.1
2,375 0.0006 2,501
9.155
0,010
7.0
29
2,385
29
2,514
0.106
8.974
1.673
419
2,507
419
2,676
1.307
7.355
0.00269 0.00368 1,949 2,097 2,008 2,178
4.289
4.552
221.2 3) 374.15 0.00317 0.00317 2,014 2,014 2,084 2,084
4.430
4.430
1)
1.01325
2)
0.0010001 129.2
100.0 0.001044
220
373.7
s is the steam entropy

suffix - f - referrer to saturated liquid
suffix - g - referrer to saturated vapor - steam
Internal energy - u - can be calculated from (2) and is often omitted in tables. vf - change very little and
is also often omitted.
1)
referrer to absolute vacuum.

referrer to water boiling at standard atmosphere.
3)
referrer to water critical point. For pressures above the critical point there is no definite
transition from liquid to vapor.
2)
Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Water

Specific enthalpy of saturated water - hf - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends
on the pressure.
For saturated water at standard atmosphere - 2) -the specific enthalpy - hf - is 419 kJ/kg. At standard
atmosphere - 1 bar (14.7 psi) - water starts boiling at 100 oC (212 oF).
The specific enthalpy of water (in SI units) can be calculated from:
hf = cw (tf - t0) (3)
where
hf = enthalpy of water (kJ/kg)
cw = specific heat of water = 4.19 (kJ/kg.oC)

tf = saturation temperature (oC)
t0 = refer temperature = 0 (oC)
Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Steam

Specific enthalpy of saturated steam - hg - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends
on the pressure.
For saturated steam at standard atmosphere - 2) - the specific enthalpy - hg - is 2,676 kJ/kg.
The specific enthalpy of evaporation can be calculated from:
he = hg - hf (4)
where
he = specific evaporation enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific evaporation enthalpy for water at standard atmosphere is:
he = 2,676 - 419 (kJ/kg)
= 2,257 (kJ/kg)
Specific Enthalpy of Superheated Steam

The specific enthalpy of superheated steam can be calculated from:
hs = hg + cps (ts - tf) (5)
where
hs = enthalpy of superheated steam (kJ/kg)
cps = specific heat of steam at constant pressure = 1.860 (kJ/kg.oC)
tf = saturation temperature (oC)
ts = superheated steam temperature (oC)
cps = 1.860 (kJ/kg.oC) at standard atmosphere. Be aware that cps varies with temperature.
Common Units for Specific Enthalpy
1 kJ/kg = 1,000 J/kg

1 erg/g = 1E-4 J/kg
1 Btu/lbm = 2,326 J/kg
1 cal/g = 4,184 J/kg
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Related Topics

Gas and Compressed Air Gas properties, capacities, sizing ...
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Enthalpy of Wet Steam Wet steam, dryness fraction and enthalpy
Heat Transferred by Condensing Steam Calculate heat transferred by condensing steam
Heating Water by Injection Steam Water can be heated by injecting steam
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ASTM International - Standards for Steel Pipes, Tubes and

Fittings
The ASTM standards covers various types of steel pipes, tubes and fittings
for high-temperature service, ordinary use and special applications such as
fire protection use
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The ASTM International specifications for steel tubes list standard requirements for boiler and
super heater tubes, general service tubes, steel tubes in refinery service, heat exchanger and
condenser tubes, mechanical and structural tubing.
Steel Pipes
A53 - A53/A53M-99b - Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated,
Welded and Seamless
A74 - A74-98 - Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
A106 - A106-99e1 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature
Service
A126 - A126-95e1 - Specification for Grey Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings
A134 - A134-96 - Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16
and Over)
A135 - A135-97c - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe
A139 - A139-96e1 - Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and
Over)
A182 - A182/A182M-99 - Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged
Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service
A252 - A252-98 - Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles
A312 - A312/A312M-00 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Pipes
A333 - A333/A333M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for LowTemperature Service
A335 - A335/A335M-99 - Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for HighTemperature Service
A338 - A338-84 (1998) - Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and Valve
Parts for Railroad, Marine, and Other Heavy Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650F
(345C)
A358 - A358/A358M-98 - Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel
Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
A369 - A369/A369M-92 - Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored
Pipe for High-Temperature Service
A376 - A376/A376M-98 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for HighTemperature Central-Station Service
A377 - A377-99 - Index of Specifications for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe
A409 - A409/A409M-95ae1 - Specification for Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe
for Corrosive or High-Temperature Service
A426 - A426-92 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for HighTemperature Service
A451 - A451-93 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for HighTemperature Service
A523 - A523-96 - Specification for Plain End Seamless and Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel
Pipe for High-Pressure Pipe-Type Cable Circuits
A524 - A524-96 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower
Temperatures
A530 - A530/A530M-99 - Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and
Alloy Steel Pipe
A648 - A648-95e1 - Specification for Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for Pre-stressing Concrete Pipe
A674 - A674-95 - Practice for Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile Iron Pipe for Water or
Other Liquids
A691 - A691-98 - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-Welded for
High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures
A694 - A694/A694M-00 - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges,
Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
A716 - A716-99 - Specification for Ductile Iron Culvert Pipe
A733 - A733-99 - Specification for Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and Austenitic
Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples
A742 - A742/A742M-98 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic Coated and Polymer Precoated for Corrugated Steel Pipe
A746 - A746-99 - Specification for Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe
A760 - A760/A760M-99 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated for Sewers
and Drains
A761 - A761/A761M-98 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Structural Plate, Zinc-Coated, for
Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches
A762 - A762/A762M-98 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Polymer Pre-coated for
Sewers and Drains
A790 - A790/A790M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless
Steel Pipe
A796 - A796/A796M-99 - Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe, PipeArches, and Arches for Storm and Sanitary Sewers and Other Buried Applications
A798 - A798/A798M-97a - Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for
Sewers and Other Applications
A807 - A807/A807M-97 - Practice for Installing Corrugated Steel Structural Plate Pipe for
Sewers and Other Applications
A810 - A810-94 - Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Pipe Winding Mesh
A813 - A813/A813M-95e2 - Specification for Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless
Steel Pipe
A814 - A814/A814M-96 (1998) - Specification for Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless
Steel Pipe
A849 - A849-99 - Specification for Post-Applied Coatings, Pavings, and Linings for
Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage Pipe
A861 - A861-94e1 - Specification for High-Silicon Iron Pipe and Fittings
A862 - A862/A862M-98 - Practice for Application of Asphalt Coatings to Corrugated Steel
Sewer and Drainage Pipe
A865 - A865-97 - Specification for Threaded Couplings, Steel, Black or Zinc-Coated
(Galvanized) Welded or Seamless, for Use in Steel Pipe Joints
A872 - A872-91 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel
Pipe for Corrosive Environments
A885 - A885/A885M-96 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc and Aramid Fiber Composite
Coated for Corrugated Steel Sewer, Culvert, and Underdrain Pipe
A888 - A888-98e1 - Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and
Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications
A926 - A926-97 - Test Method for Comparing the Abrasion Resistance of Coating Materials
for Corrugated Metal Pipe
A928 - A928/A928M-98 - Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe
Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
A929 - A929/A929M-97 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip
Process for Corrugated Steel Pipe
A930 - A930-99 - Practice for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Corrugated Metal Pipe Used for
Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other Buried Conduits
A943 - A943/A943M-95e1 - Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless
Steel Pipes
A949 - A949/A949M-95e1 - Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic/Austenitic
A954 - A954-96 - Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless
and Welded Pipe
A972 - A972/A972M-99 - Specification for Fusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Pipe Piles
A978 - A978/A978M-97 - Specification for Composite Ribbed Steel Pipe, Precoated and
Polyethylene Lined for Gravity Flow Sanitary Sewers, Storm Sewers, and Other Special
Applications
A984 - A984/A984M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, ElectricResistance-Welded
A998 - A998/A998M-98 - Practice for Structural Design of Reinforcements for Fittings in
Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications
A999 - A999/A999M-98 - Specification for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel
Pipe
A1005 - A1005/A1005M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Longitudinal
and Helical Seam, Double Submerged-Arc Welded
A1006 - A1006/A1006M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Laser Beam
Welded
Steel Tubes
Superheater, Boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:
A178 - A178/A178M-95 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and

Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
A179 - A179/A179M-90a (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon
Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes
A192 - A192/A192M-91 (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for
High-Pressure Service
A209 - A209/A209M-98 - Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler
and Superheater Tubes
A210 - A210/A210M-96 - Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and
Superheater Tubes
A213 - A213/A213M-99a - Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel
Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes
A249 - A249/A249M-98e1 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater,
Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes
A250 - A250/A250M-95 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel
Boiler and Superheater Tubes
A254 - A254-97 - Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel Tubing
A268 - A268/A268M-96 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic
Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
A269 - A269-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for
General Service
A270 - A270-98ae1 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Sanitary Tubing
A334 - A334/A334M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel
Tubes for Low-Temperature Service
A423 - A423/A423M-95 - Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel
Tubes
A450 - A450/A450M-96a - Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic Alloy,
and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes
A608 - A608-91a (1998) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel HighAlloy Tubing for Pressure Application at High Temperatures
A618 - A618-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength LowAlloy Structural Tubing
A632 - A632-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing
(Small-Diameter) for General Service
A688 - A688/A688M-98 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater
Heater Tubes
A771 - A771/A771M-95 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless
Steel Tubing for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components
A778 - A778-98 - Specification for Welded, Unanneled Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubular
Products
A789 - A789/A789M-00 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless
Steel Tubing for General Service
A803 - A803/A803M-98 - Specification for Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater
Tubes
A822 - A822-90 (1995) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel Tubing for
Hydraulic System Service
A826 - A826/A826M-95 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless
Steel Duct Tubes for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components
A847 - A847-99a - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High Strength, Low
Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
A908 - A908-91 (1998) - Specification for Stainless Steel Needle Tubing
A953 - A953-96 - Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless
and Welded Tubing -
Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes
A179 - A179/A179M-90a (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon

A213 - A213/A213M-99a - Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel
A214 - A214/A214M-96 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel HeatExchanger and Condenser Tubes
A249 - A249/A249M-98e1 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater,
A498 - A498-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon, Ferritic, and Austenitic
Alloy Steel Heat-Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins
A851 - A851-96 - Specification for High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed, Austenitic
Steel Condenser Tubes -
Structural Tubing
A500 - A500-99 - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel
Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes
A501 - A501-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural
Tubing
A847 - A847-99a - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High Strength, Low
A618 - A618-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength LowAlloy Structural Tubing -
Mechanical Tubing
A511 - A511-96 - Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing

A512 - A512-96 - Specification for Cold-Drawn Buttweld Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing
A513 - A513-98 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel
Mechanical Tubing
A519 - A519-96 - Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing
A554 - A554-98e1 - Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing -
Welded Fittings
A234 - A234/A234M-99 - Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy
Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
A403 - A403/A403M-99a - Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
A420 - A420/A420M-99 - Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy
Steel for Low-Temperature Service
A758 - A758/A758M-98 - Specification for Wrought-Carbon Steel Butt-Welding Piping Fittings
with Improved Notch Toughness
A774 - A774/A774M-98 - Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel
Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures Sponsored Links
ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings

The ASME B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast
bronze, wrought copper and steel
Sponsored Links
The ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME/ANSI B16 Standards covers
pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and steel.
ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
This Standard for Classes 25, 125, and 250 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings,

(b) sizes and method of designating openings of reducing fittings,
(c) marking,
(d) minimum requirements for materials,
(e) dimensions and tolerances,
(f) bolt, nut, and gasket dimensions and
(g) tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.3 - 1998 - Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings

This Standard for threaded malleable iron fittings Classes 150, and 300 provides requirements for the
following:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings
(b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings

(c) marking
(d) materials
(e) dimensions and tolerances
(f) threading
(g) coatings
ASME/ANSI B16.4 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings

This Standard for gray iron threaded fittings, Classes 125 and 250 covers:

(b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings
(c) marking
(d) material
(f) threading, and
(g) coatings
ASME/ANSI B16.5 - 1996 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

The ASME B16.5 - 1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings standard covers pressure-temperature
ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, testing, and methods of designating openings for
pipe flanges and flanged fittings.
The standard includes flanges with rating class designations 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500
in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24, with requirements given in both metric and U.S units. The Standard
is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or forged materials, and blind flanges and
certain reducing flanges made from cast, forged, or plate materials. Also included in this Standard are
requirements and recommendations regarding flange bolting, flange gaskets, and flange joints.
ASME/ANSI B16.9 - 2001 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings

This Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing, and markings for wrought
factory-made buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through 48 (DN 15 through 1200).
ASME/ANSI B16.10 - 2000 - Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of

Valves
This Standard covers face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of straightway valves, and center-to
face and center-to-end dimensions of angle valves. Its purpose is to assure installation
interchangeability for valves of a given material, type size, rating class, and end connection
ASME/ANSI B16.11 - 2001 - Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and

Threaded
This Standard covers ratings, dimensions, tolerances, marking and material requirements for forged
fittings, both socket-welding and threaded.
ASME/ANSI B16.12 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings

This Standard for cast iron threaded drainage fittings covers:
(a) size and method of designating openings in reducing fittings

(b) marking
(c) materials
(d) dimensions and tolerances
(e) threading
(f) ribs
(g) coatings
(h) face bevel discharge nozzles, input shafts, base plates, and foundation bolt holes (see
Tables 1 and 2).
ASME/ANSI B16.14 - 1991 - Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts

with Pipe Threads
This Standard for Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings:

(b) size;
(c) marking;
(d) materials;
(e) dimensions and tolerances;
(f) threading; and
(g) pattern taper.
ASME/ANSI B16.15 - 1985 (R1994) - Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings

This Standard pertains primarily to cast Class 125and Class 250 bronze threaded pipe fittings. Certain
requirements also pertain to wrought or cast plugs, bushings, couplings, and caps. This Standard
covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings;

(b) size and method of designating openings of reducing pipe fittings;
(c) marking;
(d) minimum requirements for casting quality and materials;
(e) dimensions and tolerances in U.S. customary and metric (SI) units;
(f) threading.
ASME/ANSI B16.18 - 1984 (R1994) - Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint

Pressure Fittings
This Standard for cast copper alloy solder joint pressure fittings designed for use with copper water
tube, establishes requirements for:
(a) Pressure-temperature ratings;

(b) Abbreviations for end connections;
(c) Sizes and method of designating openings of fittings;
(d) Marking;
(e) Material;
(f) Dimensions and tolerances; and
(g) Tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.20 - 1998 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges-Ring-Joint,

Spiral-Would, and Jacketed
This standard covers materials, dimensions, tolerances, and markings for metal ring-joint gaskets,
spiral-wound metal gaskets, and metal jacketed gaskets and filler material. These gaskets are
dimensionally suitable for used with flanges described in the reference flange standards ASME/ANSI
B16.5, ASME B16.47, and API-6A. This standard covers spiral-wound metal gaskets and metal
jacketed gaskets for use with raised face and flat face flanges. Replaces API-601 or API-601.
ASME/ANSI B16.21 - 1992 - Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges

This Standard for nonmetallic flat gaskets for bolted flanged joints in piping includes:
(a) types and sizes;

(b) materials;
(c) dimensions and allowable tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.22 - 1995 - Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint
Pressure Fittings
The Standard establishes specifications for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy, solder-joint,
seamless fittings, designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 88 (water and
general plumbing systems), B 280 (air conditioning and refrigeration service), and B 819 (medical gas
systems), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B
32, brazing materials conforming to AWS A5.8, or with tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME
B1.20.1. This Standard is allied with ASME B16.18, which covers cast copper alloy pressure fittings. It
provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. This Standard covers:
(a) pressure temperature ratings;

(b) abbreviations for end connections;
(c) size and method of designating openings of fittings;
(d) marking;
(e) material;
(f) dimension and tolerances; and
(g) tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.23 - 1992 - Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage

Fittings (DWV)
The Standard establishes specifications for cast copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for
use in drain, waste, and vent (DWV) systems. These fittings are designed for use with seamless
copper tube conforming to ASTM B 306, Copper Drainage Tube (DWV), as well as fittings intended to
be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, or tapered pipe thread conforming to
ASME B1.20.1. This standard is allied with ASME B16.29, Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy
Solder Joint Drainage Fittings - DWV. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering.
This standard covers:
(a) description;
(b) pitch (slope);
(c) abbreviations for end connections;
(d) sizes and methods for designing openings for reducing fittings;
(e) marking;
(f) material; and
(g) dimensions and tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.24 - 1991 (R1998) - Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and
Flanged Fittings
This Standard for Classes 25, 125, 250, and 800 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings covers:
(a) pressure temperature ratings,

(b) sizes and methods of designating openings for reduced fittings,
(c) marking,
(d) minimum requirements for materials,
(e) dimensions and tolerances,
(f) bolt, nut, and gasket dimensions, and
(g) tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.25 - 1997 - Buttwelding Ends
The Standard covers the preparation of butt welding ends of piping components to be joined
into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and
internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including
dimensions and tolerances). Coverage includes preparation for joints with the following.
(a) no backing rings;
(b) split or non continuous backing rings;
(c) solid or continuous backing rings;
(d) consumable insert rings;
(e) gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) of the root pass. Details of preparation for any backing
ring must be specified in ordering the component.
ASME/ANSI B16.26 - 1988 - Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper
Tubes
This standard for Cast Copper Alloy Fitting for Flared Copper Tubes covers:
(a) pressure rating;

(b) material;
(c) size;
(d) threading;
(e) marking.
ASME/ANSI B16.28 - 1994 - Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius

Elbows and Returns
This Standard covers ratings, overall dimensions, testing, tolerances, and markings for wrought carbon
and alloy steel buttwelding short radius elbows and returns. The term wrought denotes fittings made of
pipe, tubing, plate, or forgings.
ASME/ANSI B16.29 - 1994 - Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy

Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV)
The standard for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for
use with copper drainage tube, covers:
(a) Description,
(b) Pitch (slope),
(c) Abbreviations for End Connections,
(d) Sizes and Method of Designating Openings for Reducing Fittings,
(e) Marking,
(f) Material,
(g) Dimensions and Tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.33 - 1990 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use
in Gas Piping Systems Up to 125 psig
General This Standard covers requirements for manually operated metallic valves sizes NPS 1.2
through NPS 2, for outdoor installation as gas shut-off valves at the end of the gas service line and
before the gas regulator and meter where the designated gauge pressure of the gas piping system
does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). The Standard applies to valves operated in a temperature
environment between .20 degrees F and 150 degrees F (.29 degrees C and 66 degrees C). Design
This Standard sets forth the minimum capabilities, characteristics, and properties, which a valve at the
time of manufacture must possess, in order to be considered suitable for use in gas piping systems.
ASME/ANSI B16.34 - 1996 - Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End

This standard applies to new valve construction and covers pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions,
tolerances, materials, nondestructive examination requirements, testing, and marking for cast, forged,
and fabricated flanged, threaded, and welding end, and wafer or flangeless valves of steel, nickel-base
alloys, and other alloys shown in Table 1. Wafer or flangeless valves, bolted or through-bolt types, that
are installed between flanges or against a flange shall be treated as flanged end valves.
ASME/ANSI B16.36 - 1996 - Orifice Flanges

This Standard covers flanges (similar to those covered in ASME B16.5) that have orifice pressure
differential connections. Coverage is limited to the following:
(a) welding neck flanges Classes 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500
(b) slip-on and threaded Class 300
Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters
ASME/ANSI B16.38 - 1985 (R1994) - Large Metallic Valves for Gas

Distribution
The standard covers only manually operated metallic valves in nominal pipe sizes 2 1/2 through 12
having the inlet and outlet on a common center line, which are suitable for controlling the flow of gas
from open to fully closed, for use in distribution and service lines where the maximum gage pressure at
which such distribution piping systems may be operated in accordance with the code of federal
regulations (cfr), title 49, part 192, transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline; minimum safety
standard, does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). Valve seats, seals and stem packing may be nonmetallic.
ASME/ANSI B16.39 - 1986 (R1998) - Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions

This Standard for threaded malleable iron unions, classes 150, 250, and 300, provides requirements
for the following:
(a) design
(b) pressure-temperature ratings
(c) size
(d) marking
(e) materials
(f) joints and seats
(g) threads
(h) hydrostatic strength
(i) tensile strength
(j) air pressure test
(k) sampling
(l) coatings
(m) dimensions
ASME/ANSI B16.40 - 1985 (R1994) - Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas

The Standard covers manually operated thermoplastic valves in nominal sizes 1.2 through 6 (as
shown in Table 5). These valves are suitable for use below ground in thermoplastic distribution mains
and service lines. The maximum pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated
is in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) Title 49, Part 192, Transportation of
Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline; Minimum Safety Standards, for temperature ranges of .20 deg. F
to 100 deg. F (.29 deg. C to 38 deg. C). This Standard sets qualification requirements for each nominal
valve size for each valve design as a necessary condition for demonstrating conformance to this
Standard. This Standard sets requirements for newly manufactured valves for use in below ground
piping systems for natural gas [includes synthetic natural gas (SNG)], and liquefied petroleum (LP)
gases (distributed as a vapor, with or without the admixture of air) or mixtures thereof.
ASME/ANSI B16.42 - 1998 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings,
Classes 150 and 300
The Standard covers minimum requirements for Class 150 and 300 cast ductile iron pipe flanges and
flanged fittings. The requirements covered are as follows:

(b) sizes and method of designating openings
(c) marking
(d) materials
(f) blots, nuts, and gaskets
(g) tests
ASME/ANSIB16.44 - 1995 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use

in House Piping Systems
This Standard applies to new valve construction and covers quarter turn manually operated metallic
valves in sizes NPS 1/2-2 which are intended for indoor installation as gas shutoff valves when
installed in indoor gas piping between a gas meter outlet & the inlet connection to a gas appliance.
ASME/ANSI B16.45 - 1998 - Cast Iron Fittings for Solvent Drainage Systems
The Standard for cast iron drainage fittings used on self-aerating, one-pipe Solvent drainage systems,
covers the following:
(a) description
(b) sizes and methods for designating openings for reducing fittings
(c) marking
(d) material
(e) pitch
(f) design
(g) dimensions and tolerances
(h) tests
ASME/ANSI B16.47 - 1996 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 through

NPS 60
This Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and
testing for pipe flanges in sizes NPS 26 through NPS 60 and in ratings Classes 75, 150,0300, 400,
600, and 900. Flanges may be cast, forged, or plate (for blind flanges only) materials. Requirements
and recommendations regarding bolting and gaskets are also included.
ASME/ANSI B16.48 - 1997 - Steel Line Blanks

The Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and
testing for operating line blanks in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 for installation between ASME B16.
5 flanges in the 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 pressure classes.
ASME/ANSI B16.49 - 2000 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding

Induction Bends for Transportation and Distribution Systems
This Standard covers design, material, manufacturing, testing, marking, and inspection requirements
for factory-made pipeline bends of carbon steel materials having controlled chemistry and mechanical
properties, produced by the induction bending process, with or without tangents. This Standard covers
induction bends for transportation and distribution piping applications (e.g., ASME B31.4, B31.8, and
B31.11) Process and power piping have differing requirements and materials that may not be
appropriate for the restrictions and examinations described herein, and therefore are not included in
this Standard.
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Related Topics
Related Documents
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME is one of the leading organizations
in the world developing codes and standards
Comparing American and British Piping Standards Comparing US American (ASTM) and
British (BSi) piping standards - specifications, grades and material descriptions
ANSI - American National Standards Institute ANSI provides a forum for development of
American national standards
outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, weight and weight of pipe filled with water - Metric
Units
Cast Iron Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 125 ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe
Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 125 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles,
numbers and diameters of bolts
Cast Iron Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 250 ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe
Bronze Flanges - ASME/ANSI 150 lb Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and
diameters of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings - 150 lb Bronze
flanges with plain faces
Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 600 ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe
Cast Iron Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 25 ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges
and Flanged Fittings - Class 25 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and
diameters of bolts
ANSI B16.5 - Maximum Pressure and Temperature Ratings Maximum allowable non-shock
pressure (psig) and temperature ratings for steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings according the
American National Standard ANSI B16.5 - 1988
Cast Iron Threaded Pipe Fittings - Working Pressures Maximum working pressure of cast iron
pipe fittings - threaded fittings according ANSI B16.4
Cast Iron Flanged Pipe Fittings - Working Pressures Maximum working pressure of cast iron
pipe fittings - flanged fittings according ANSI B16.1
Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings - Pressure-Temperature Ratings ASME/ANSI B16.3 - 1998 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings - Pressure-Temperature Ratings
Pipe Flanges and Gasket Dimensions Gasket dimensions for pipe flanges and flange fittings
ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings
Copper Tubes DWV - Drain, Waste and Vent Dimensions of copper tube ASTM 306 DWV Drain Waste and Vent
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ASTM International - Volume 01.01 Steel - Piping, Tubing,

Fittings
An overview of the ASTM Volume 01.01 standard
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The ASTM International Volume 01.01, January 2002 Steel - Piping, Tubing, Fittings - features
standards for various types of steel pipes specifying requirements for high-temperature services,
ordinary use, and special applications such as fire protection systems.
Specifications for steel tubes list standard requirements for boiler and superheater tubes, general
service tubes, still tubes in refinery service, heat exchanger and condenser tubes, mechanical tubing,
and structural tubing. Steel casting specifications call out the standard properties for valves, flanges,
fittings, and other pressure containing parts for high-temperature and low-temperature services.
A53/A53M-01 Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated,
Welded and Seamless
ASTM A-53B This general service carbon steel pipe is electrical resistance welded. This grade is
typical Schedule 40 and 80 pipe. It is well suited for fabrication, and may be used for pressure vessels
with pressure and temperature limitations.
Often used for oil, water, gas and petroleum products.
A105/A105M-01 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
This specification covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- and higher-temperature
service in pressure systems. Included are flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts ordered either to
dimensions specified by the purchaser or to dimensional standards such as the ASME and API
specifications referenced in Section.
A106-99e1 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature
Service
The specification covers seamless carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service in NPS 1/8 to NPS
48 inclusive, with nominal (average) wall thickness as given in ANSI B 36.10. It shall be permissible to
furnish pipe having other dimensions provided such pipe complies with all other requirements of this
specification. Pipe ordered under this specification shall be suitable for bending, flanging, and similar
forming operations, and for welding.
A134-96 Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16
and Over)
A135-01 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe
A139-00 Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and Over)
A178/A178M-95(2000) Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel
and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
A179/A179M-90a(1996)e1 Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon
A181/A181M-01 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose
Piping
A182/A182M-01 Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged
Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service
A192/A192M-91(1996)e1 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for
High-Pressure Service
A193/A193M-01a Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials
for High-Temperature Service
A194/A194M-01a Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for HighPressure or High-Temperature Service, or Both
A209/A209M-98 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler
and Superheater Tubes
A210/A210M-96 Standard Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and
Superheater Tubes
The specification covers minimum-wall-thickness, seamless medium-carbon steel, boiler tubes and
boiler flues, including safe ends, arch and stay tubes, and superheater tubes.
A213/A213M-01a Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel

A214/A214M-96 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel HeatExchanger and Condenser Tubes
A234/A234M-01 Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy
Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
A249/A249M-01 Standard Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater,
A250/A250M-95(2001) Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic AlloySteel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
A252-98e1 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles
A254-97 Standard Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel Tubing
A268/A268M-01 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic
A269-01 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing
for General Service
A270-01 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary
Tubing
A312/A312M-01 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Pipes
A320/A320M-01 Standard Specification for Alloy/Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature
Service
A333/A333M-99 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for LowTemperature Service
A334/A334M-99 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel
Tubes for Low-Temperature Service
The specification covers several grades of minimum-wall-thickness, seamless and welded, carbon and
alloy-steel tubes intended for use at low temperatures. Some product sizes may not be available under
this specification because heavier wall thickness have an adverse affect on low-temperature impact
properties.
A335/A335M-01 Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for HighTemperature Service
A350/A350M-00c Standard Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring
Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components
A358/A358M-01 Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic ChromiumNickel Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
A369/A369M-01 Standard Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored
Pipe for High-Temperature Service
A376/A376M-01 Standard Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for HighTemperature Central-Station Service
A381-96 Standard Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use With High-Pressure
Transmission Systems
A403/A403M-00b Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
A409/A409M-01 Standard Specification for Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe for
Corrosive or High-Temperature Service
A420/A420M-01 Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy
Steel for Low-Temperature Service
A423/A423M-95(2000) Standard Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy
Steel Tubes
A426-92(1997) Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for HighTemperature Service
A437/A437M-01a Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material
Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service
A450/A450M-96a(2001) Standard Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic
Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes
A451-93(1997) Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for HighTemperature Service
A453/A453M-00e1 Standard Specification for High-Temperature Bolting Materials, with
Expansion Coefficients Comparable to Austenitic Stainless Steels
A498-98 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon, Ferritic, and Austenitic
Alloy Steel Heat-Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins
A500-01a Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel
Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes
A501-01 Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel
Structural Tubing
A511-96 Standard Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing
A512-96 Standard Specification for Cold-Drawn Buttweld Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing
A513-00 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel
Mechanical Tubing
A519-96 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing
A522/A522M-01 Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel
Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service
A523-96 Standard Specification for Plain End Seamless and Electric-Resistance-Welded
Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Pipe-Type Cable Circuits
A524-96 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower
Temperatures
A530/A530M-99e1 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon
and Alloy Steel Pipe
A539-99 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas
and Fuel Oil Lines
A540/A540M-00 Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Bolting Materials for Special
Applications
A554-98e1 Standard Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing
A556/A556M-96 Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel Feedwater
Heater Tubes
A587-96 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Low-Carbon Steel Pipe for
the Chemical Industry
A589-96 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon Steel Water-Well Pipe
A595-98 Standard Specification for Steel Tubes, Low-Carbon, Tapered for Structural Use
A608-91a(1998) Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel HighAlloy Tubing for Pressure Application at High Temperatures
A618-01 Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength LowAlloy Structural Tubing
A632-01 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing
(Small-Diameter) for General Service
A660-96 Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Carbon Steel Pipe for HighTemperature Service
A671-96 Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and
Lower Temperatures
A672-96 Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure
Service at Moderate Temperatures
A688/A688M-01a Standard Specification for Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater
Heater Tubes
A691-98 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-Welded for
High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures
A694/A694M-00 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges,
Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
A707/A707M-00a Standard Specification for Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for LowTemperature Service
A714-99 Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Welded and Seamless Steel
Pipe
A727/A727M-00 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components
with Inherent Notch Toughness
A733-01 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and Austenitic
Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples
A758/A758M-00 Standard Specification for Wrought-Carbon Steel Butt-Welding Piping
Fittings with Improved Notch Toughness
A771/A771M-95(2001) Standard Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic
Stainless Steel Tubing for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components
A774/A774M-00 Standard Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel
Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures
A778-01 Standard Specification for Welded, Unannealed Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubular
Products
A787-01 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Metallic-Coated Carbon Steel
Mechanical Tubing
A789/A789M-01a Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic
A790/A790M-01 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless
Steel Pipe
A795-00 Standard Specification for Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded
and Seamless Steel Pipe for Fire Protection Use
A803/A803M-01 Standard Specification for Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater
Tubes
A813/A813M-01 Standard Specification for Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless
Steel Pipe
A814/A814M-01 Standard Specification for Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Pipe
A815/A815M-01a Standard Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/Austenitic, and
Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
A822-90(2000) Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel Tubing for
Hydraulic System Service
A826/A826M-95(2001) Standard Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic
Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components
A836/A836M-95b(2001) Standard Specification for Titanium-Stabilized Carbon Steel Forgings
for Glass-Lined Piping and Pressure Vessel Service
A847-99a Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High Strength, Low
A851-96 Standard Specification for High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed,
Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes
A858/A858M-00 Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel Fittings for LowTemperature and Corrosive Service
A860/A860M-00 Standard Specification for Wrought High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel ButtWelding Fittings
A865-97 Standard Specification for Threaded Couplings, Steel, Black or Zinc-Coated
(Galvanized) Welded or Seamless, for Use in Steel Pipe Joints
A872-91(1997) Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel
Pipe for Corrosive Environments
A908-91(1998) Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Needle Tubing
A928/A928M-00 Standard Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe
Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
A941-01 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys
A943/A943M-01 Standard Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless
Steel Pipes
A949/A949M-01 Standard Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic/Austenitic
A953-96 Standard Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless
and Welded Tubing
A954-96 Standard Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless
and Welded Pipe
A959-00a Standard Guide for Specifying Harmonized Standard Grade Compositions for
Wrought Stainless Steels
A960-00 Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Wrought Steel Piping Fittings
A961-01 Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged
Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications
A962/A962M-01a Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Fasteners or
Fastener Materials, or Both, Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep
Range
A972/A972M-00 Standard Specification for Fusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Pipe Piles

A984/A984M-00 Standard Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, ElectricResistance-Welded
A988-98 Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings,
Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service
A989-98 Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings,
Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service
A994-98 Standard Guide for Editorial Procedures and Form of Product Specifications for
Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys
A999/A999M-01 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless
Steel Pipe
A1005/A1005M-00e1 Standard Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End,
Longitudinal and Helical Seam, Double Submerged-Arc Welded
A1006/A1006M-00 Standard Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Laser Beam
Welded
A1012-00 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic, Austenitic and Duplex
Alloy Steel Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes With Integral Fins
A1014-00 Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening Bolting Material (UNS N07718)
for High Temperature Service
A1015-01 Standard Guide for Videoborescoping of Tubular Products for Sanitary Applications
A1016/A1016M-01 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel,
Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Tubes
A1020/A1020M-01 Standard Specification for Steel Tubes, Carbon and Carbon Manganese,
Fusion Welded, for Boiler, Superheater, Heat Exchanger and Condenser Applications
E527-83(1997)e1 Standard Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS)
ASME B31 - Standards of Pressure Piping

A survey of one of the most important pressure pipe codes - ASME B31,
earlier known as ANSI B31
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B31 Code for pressure piping, developed by American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME, covers Power Piping, Fuel Gas Piping, Process Piping, Pipeline Transportation Systems for
Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components and
Building Services Piping. ASME B31 was earlier known as ANSI B31.
B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping

Piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This code prescribes minimum requirements for
the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping
systems for electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating
plants.
The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water
boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high
temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250
degrees F.
B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping
This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still
available from ASME and is a good reference for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to
the appliance).
B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping

Design of chemical and petroleum plants and refineries processing chemicals and hydrocarbons,
water and steam. This Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical,
pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and
terminals.
This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly,
erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids
including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air
and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids. Also included is piping which
interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly.
B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons

and Other Liquids
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and
testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas
liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid
petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants,
refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving
points.
Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the pressure
containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and other
equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not include
support structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations
Requirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this
Code are:
(A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at
pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations
and metering stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and prover loop;
(B) Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings,
and piping interconnecting these facilities;
(C) Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has
been set aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing,
ammonia, and bulk plants;
(D) Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the
safety and protection of the general public, operating company personnel, environment, property
and the piping systems.
B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components

This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and
inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as
low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled, except as
specifically excluded in the following paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping in
their respective jurisdictions.
This Code shall not apply to:
(a) any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters
Laboratories or other nationally recognized testing laboratory:
(b) water piping;
(c) piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi (105 kPa)
regardless of size; or
(d) pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps,
but does include all connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting at the first joint
adjacent to such apparatus.
B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems

This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used
for the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance
of those facilities.
B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines

This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that
transport gas.
Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including pipe,
valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations,
delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.
The principles and processes embodied in integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems.
This Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the
information necessary to develop and implement an effective integrity management program utilizing
proven industry practices and processes.
The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline system.
B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping

This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings,
and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures
covered in B31.1.
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection,
examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in the
building or within the property limits.
B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems

Design, construction, inspection, security requirements of slurry piping systems.
Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal,
mineral ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.
B31G - 1991 - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded

Pipelines
A supplement To B31 Code-Pressure Piping
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Comparing American and British Piping Standards

Comparing US American (ASTM) and British (BSi) piping standards specifications, grades and material descriptions
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The table below can be used to compare different British (BSi) and American (ASTM) piping
standards.
ASTM International
BSi - British Standards

institute
Material
A120
1387 (BS EN 10255:2004)
Carbon Steel
A53 Gr. A
3601/23
Carbon Steel
A53 Gr. B
3601/27
Carbon Steel
A106 Gr. A
3602/23
Carbon Steel
API 5L Gr. A
3602/27
Carbon Steel
A106 Gr. B
2602/27
Carbon Steel
API 5L Gr. B
3602/27
Carbon Steel
A333 Gr. 1
3063/LT50
Killed Carbon Steel
A333 Gr. 3
3603/503LT100
3.5% nickel
A335 Gr. P1
3604/240
1/2% molybdenum
A335 Gr. P12
3604/620
1% Cr 1/2% Mo
A335 Gr. P11
3604/621
1 1/4% Cr 1/2% Mo
A335 Gr. P22
3604/622
2 1/4% Cr 1% No
A335 Gr. P5
3604/625
5% Cr 1/2% Mo
A335 Gr. P7
3604/627
7% Cr 1/2% Mo
A335 Br. P9
3604/629
9% Cr 1% Mo
A312 Gr. Tp304
3605/304 S18 (EN58E)
Austenitic chromium nickel
A312 Gr. Tp304L
3605/304 S14

(extra low carbon)
A312 Gr. Tp316
3605/316 S18 (EN58J)

molybdenum bearing
A312 Gr.Tp316L
3605/316 S14

molybdenum bearing
(extra low carbon)
A312 Gr. Tp321
3605/321 S18 (EN58B)

titanium stabilized
A312 Gr. Tp347
3605/347 S18 (EN58G)

nobelium stabilized
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Related Topics
Valve Standards International standards for valves ..
Related Documents
Steel Tubes BS 1387 (EN 10255) Dimensions and weights of steel tubes according BSi - BS
1387:1985 (EN 10255) Specification for screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for
plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for screwing to BS 21 pipe threads
ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings The ASME B16 Standards covers pipes
and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and steel
A106 Grade B Carbon Steel Pipes - Pressure and Temperature Ratings Pressure (psig) and
temperature (deg F) ratings of A106 Grade B carbon steel pipes at temperatures ranging from 100
deg F to 750 deg F
Bursting and Collapsing Pressures of ASTM A312 Stainless Steel Pipes The theoretic
bursting and collapsing values of stainless steel pipes - ASTM A312
JIS - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards Japanese industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards
and specifications from JAS - the Japanese Standards Association
ISO - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications International Organization for
Standardization - ISO - pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications
DIN - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications Deutsches Institut fr Normung DIN - pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications
BSi - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications British standards and
specifications for pipe, tube and fittings
ASTM A53 B Carbon Steel Pipes - Working Pressure Maximum working pressure of carbon
steel pipe at temperature 400oF
ASME - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

The International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code establishes rules of
safety governing the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and
pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components during
construction
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The ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - International Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code is made of 11 sections and contains over 15 divisions and subsections.
Code Sections
I. Power Boilers
II. Materials
III. Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components
IV. Heating Boilers
V. Nondestructive Examination
VI. Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
VII. Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
VIII. Pressure Vessels
IX. Welding and Brazing Qualifications
X. Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
XI. Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components
XII. Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks
I. Power Boilers
This Section provides requirements for all methods of construction of power, electric, and miniature
boilers; high temperature water boilers used in stationary service; and power boilers used in
locomotive, portable, and traction service. Requirements for: Boilers Fabricated by Welding; Boilers
Fabricated by Riveting (by reference only); Watertube Boilers; Firetube Boilers; Feedwater Heaters;
Miniature Boilers; Electric Boilers; Organic Fluid Vaporizer Generators.
II. Materials
Part A-Ferrous Material Specifications

Part B-Nonferrous Material Specifications
Part C-Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals
Part D-Properties
III. Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components
Subsection NCA - General Requirements for Divisions 1 and 2
DIVISION 1
Subsection NB- Class 1 Components

Subsection NC- Class 2 Components
Subsection ND- Class 3 Components
Subsection NE- Class MC Components
Subsection NF - Supports
Subsection NG - Core Support Structures
Subsection NH - Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service
DIVISION 2
Code for Concrete Containments
DIVISION 3
Containments for Transportation and Storage
IV. Heating Boilers

Requirements for design, fabrication, installation and inspection of steam generating boilers, and hot
water boilers intended for low pressure service that are directly fired by oil, gas, electricity, or coal. It
contains appendices which cover approval of new material, methods of checking safety valve and
safety relief valve capacity, examples of methods of checking safety valve and safety relief valve
capacity, examples of methods of calculation and computation, definitions relating to boiler design and
welding, and quality control systems.
V. Nondestructive Examination
Requirements and methods for nondestructive examination which are referenced and required by
other code Sections. It also includes manufacturer's examination responsibilities, duties of authorized
inspectors and requirements for qualification of personnel, inspection and examination. Examination
methods are intended to detect surface and internal discontinuities in materials, welds, and fabricated
parts and components. A glossary of related terms is included.
VI. Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
General descriptions, terminology and operation guidelines applicable to steel and cast iron boilers
limited to the operating ranges of Section IV Heating Boilers. It includes guidelines for associated
controls and automatic fuel burning equipment. Illustrations show typical examples of available
equipment. Also included is a glossary of terms commonly associated with boilers, controls, and fuel
burning equipment.
VII. Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers

Guidelines to promote safety in the use of stationary, portable, and traction type heating boilers. The
section provides guidelines to assist operators of power boilers in maintaining their plants as safely as
possible. Emphasis has been placed on industrial-type boilers because of their extensive use.
Contains Fuels for Routine Operation; Operating and Maintaining Boiler Appliances; Inspection;
Prevention of Direct Causes of Boiler Failure; Design of Installation; Operation of Boiler Auxiliaries;
Control of Internal Chemical Conditions
VIII. Pressure Vessels

Division 1 - Provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and
certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig.
Division 2 - Alternative Rules, provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection,
testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures
exceeding 15 psig.
Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels, provides requirements
applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating
at either internal or external pressures generally above 10,000 psi.
IX. Welding and Brazing Qualifications

Rules relating to the qualification of welding and brazing procedures as required by other Code
Sections for component manufacture. Covers rules relating to the qualification and re-qualification of
welders, brazers, and welding and brazing operators in order that they may perform welding or brazing
as required by other Code Sections in the manufacture of components. General Welding
Requirements; Welding Procedure Qualifications; Welding Performance Qualifications; Welding Data;
Welding Forms; General Brazing Requirements; Brazing Procedure Qualifications; Brazing
Performance Qualifications; Brazing Data; Brazing Forms.
X. Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels

Requirements for construction of an FRP pressure vessel in conformance with a manufacturer's
design report. It includes production, processing, fabrication, inspection and testing methods required
for the vessel.
XI. Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components

Rules for the examination, in-service testing and inspection, and repair and replacement of
components and systems in light-water cooled and liquid-metal cooled nuclear power plants.
XII. Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks

Requirements for construction and continued service of pressure vessels for the transportation of
dangerous goods via highway, rail, air or water at pressures from full vacuum to 3,000 psig and
volumes greater than 120 gallons.
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ASME - Performance Test Codes

The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard directions and rules
for conducting and reporting tests
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The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard directions and rules for conducting and
reporting tests of specific materials such as fuels, equipment and process functions related to power
plants.
ASME Performance Test Codes:
PTC1 - 1999 - General Instructions

PTC2 - 1980 (R1985) - Code on Definitions and Values
PTC4- 1998 - Fired Steam Generators
PTC4.2 - 1969 (R1997) - Coal Pulverizes
PTC4.3 - 1968 (R1991) - Air Heaters
PTC4.4 - 1981 (R1992) - Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generators
PTC5 - 1949 - Reciprocating Steam Engines
PTC6 - 1996 - Steam Turbines
PTC6A - 2001 - Test Code for Steam Turbines - Appendix to PTC 6
PTC6-REPORT - Guidance for Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty in Performance Tests
of Steam Turbines
PTC6-S - Procedures for Routine Performance Test of Steam Turbines
PTC7.1 - 1962 (R1969) - Displacement Pumps
PTC8.2 - 1990 - Centrifugal Pumps
PTC9 - 1970 (R1997) - Displacement Compressors, Vacuum Pumps and Blowers
PTC10 - 1997- Test Code on Compressors and Exhausters
PTC11 - 1984 (R1995) - Fans
PTC12.1 - 2000 - Closed Feed water Heaters
PTC12.2 - 1998 - Steam Surface Condensers
PTC12.3 - 1997 - Deaerators
PTC12.4 - 1992 (R1997) - Moisture Separator Reheaters
PTC17 - 1973 (R1997) - Reciprocating Internal-Combustion Engines
PTC18 - 1992 - Hydraulic Prime Movers
PTC18.1 - 1978 (R1984) - Pumping Mode of Pump/Turbines
PTC19.1 - 1998 - Measurement Uncertainty
PTC19.2 - 1987(R1998) - Pressure Measurement
PTC19.3 - 1974 (R1998) - Temperature Measurement
PTC19.5 - 1972 - Application, Part II of Fluid Meters: Interim Supplement on Instruments and
Apparatus
PTC19.5.1 - 1964 - Weighing Scales
PTC19.7 - 1980 (R1988) - Measurement of Shaft Power
PTC19.8 - 1970 (R1985) - Measurement of Indicated Power
PTC19.10 - 1981 - Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses
PTC19.11 - 1997 - Steam and Water Sampling, Conditioning, and Analysis in the Power
Cycle
PTC19.14 - 1958 - Linear Measurements
PTC19.22 - 1986 (R1998) - Digital Systems Techniques
PTC19.23 - 1980 (R1985) - Guidance Manual for Model Testing
PTC20.1 - 1977 (R1988) - Speed and Load-Governing Systems for Steam Turbine-Generator
Units
PTC20.2 - 1965 (R1986) - Over speed Trip Systems for Steam Turbine-Generator Units
PTC20.3 - 1970 (R1986) - Pressure Control Systems Used on Steam Turbine Generator
Units
PTC21 - 1991 - Particulate Matter Collection Equipment
PTC22 - 1997 - Performance Test Code on Gas Turbines
PTC23 - 1986 (R1997) - Atmospheric Water Cooling Equipment
PTC24 - 1976 (R1982) - Ejectors
PTC25 - 1994 - Pressure Relief Devices
PTC26 - 1962 - Speed Governing Systems for Internal Combustion Engine Generator Units
PTC28 - 1965 (R1985) - Determining the Properties of Fine Particulate Matter
PTC29 - 1965 (R1985) - Speed-Governing Systems for Hydraulic Turbine-Generator Units
PTC30 - 1991 (R1998) - Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
PTC31 - 1972 (R1991) - Ion Exchange Equipment
PTC32.1 - 1969 (R1992) - Nuclear Steam Supply Systems
PTC33 - 1978 (R1991) - Large Incinerators
PTC33 - 1979 - Large Incinerators Codes and Appendix Package
PTC33A - 1980 - Abbreviated Incinerator Efficiency Test
PTC36 - 1998 - Measurement of Industrial Sound
PTC38 - 1980 (R1985) - Determining the Concentration of Particulate Matter in a Gas Stream
PTC39.1 - 1980 (R1991) - Condensate Removal Devices for Steam Systems
PTC40 - 1991 - Flue Gas Desulfurization Units
PTC42 - 1988 (R1998) - Wind Turbines
PTC46 - 1997 - Overall Plant Performance
PTCPM - 1993 - Performance Monitoring Guidlines for Steam Power Plants
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Classifications of Boilers
Classification of boilers according ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
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According the "ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code" boilers may be classified as
Class I Boilers - process boilers, power boilers and high pressure boilers
Steam boilers with pressure greater than 15 Psig

Hot water boilers where pressure greater than 160 Psig and/or temperature greater than
250oF
Class IV Boilers - commercial boilers, industrial boilers, heating boilers,

low pressure boilers
Steam boilers with pressure less than 15 Psig

Hot water boilers where pressure less than 160 Psig and temperature less than 250oF
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Related Topics

applications.
Related Documents
ASME - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code The International Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code establishes rules of safety governing the design, fabrication, and inspection of
boilers and pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components during construction
Boiler Efficiency Boiler efficiency, combustion, gross and net calorific value
Safety Valves in High Pressure Steam Systems Sizing safety valves after boiler output power
in high pressure systems (kW and Btu/hr)
Boiler Blowdown Suspended solids entering boilers through feed water will remain behind
when steam is generated. After a while the concentration of solids makes the operation of the
boiler unsatisfactory
Combustion Processes and Combustion Efficiency Typical combustion efficiencies fireplaces, space heater, boiler and more
Boiler Horsepower Determine boiler horsepower from heat transfer area
Boiler Blowdown Rate Calculating boiler blowdown rate
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ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME is one of the leading organizations in the world developing codes
and standards
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ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - is a 120,000-member professional
organization focused on technical, educational and research issues of the engineering and technology
community. ASME conducts one of the world's largest technical publishing operations, holds
numerous technical conferences worldwide, and offers hundreds of professional development courses
each year. ASME sets internationally recognized industrial and manufacturing codes and standards
that enhance public safety.
The work of the Society is performed by its member-elected Board of Governors and through its five
Councils, 44 Boards and hundreds of Committees in 13 regions throughout the world.
Technical Divisions and Subdivisions

Advancing the science and practice of mechanical engineering is the responsibility of the Society's 37
Technical Divisions and Subdivisions, which span a vast array of disciplines, technologies and
industries:
Advanced Energy Systems - Promotes the advancement of emerging energy conversion

devices and processes, such as hydrogen technologies, fuel cells and heat pumps, and
understanding of thermo economics.
Aerospace - Concerns mechanical engineering of aircraft and manned/unmanned spacecraft
design, including adaptive structures and materials, propulsion systems and life support
equipment.
Applied Mechanics - Advances the study of how media, including solids, fluids and systems,
respond to external stimuli, as well as the specialized areas of shock and vibration and computer
applications.
Bioengineering - Focused on the application of mechanical engineering principles to the
conception, design, development, analysis and operation of biomechanical systems.
Computers & Information in Engineering - Concerned with the application of emerging
computer simulation technology to enhance the entire engineering process.
Design Engineering - Addresses the design concepts of machines and mechanisms, such
as fastening/joining methods and gearing, as well as design aspects affecting reliability and
manufacturability.
Dynamic Systems & Control - Concentrates on control methods and devices, from
servomechanisms and regulators to automatic controls, for dynamic systems involving forces,
motion and/or the flow of energy or material.
Electronic & Photonic Packaging - Fosters cooperation on mechanical engineering
considerations of microelectronics, photonics, microwave and microelectromechanical systems
design and manufacturing.
Environmental Engineering - Concerns air, ground and water pollution control technologies,
including environmental remediation and mixed hazardous/radioactive waste management.
Fluids Engineering - Involved in fluid mechanics in all types of systems and processes
involving fluid flow, including pumps, turbines, compressors, pipelines, biological fluid elements
and hydraulic structures.
Fluid Power Systems & Technology - Advances the design and analysis of fluid power
components, such as hydraulic and pneumatic actuators, pumps, motors and modulating
components, in various systems and applications.
Fuels & Combustion Technologies - Dedicated to the understanding of fuels and

combustion systems in modern utility and industrial power plants, including fuels handling,
preparation, processing and by-product emissions controls.
Heat Transfer - Enhances the theory and application of heat transfer in equipment and
thermodynamic processes in all fields of mechanical engineering and related technologies.
Information Storage & Processing Systems - Focuses on the mechanics of electronic
information storage devices and their manufacture, with primary focus on rigid and floppy disks,
magnetic tape, VCR and optical disk technologies.
Internal Combustion Engine - Furthers mechanical engineering of all types of reciprocating
combustion engines, including diesel and spark ignited engines for mobile, marine, rail and
stationary power generation applications.
International Gas Turbine Institute - Supports the design, manufacture and operation of gas
turbine and aeroengine machinery in various applications, including aircraft, marine and electric
power generation.
Management - Concerns the management of the engineering process to control resources,
both human and material, to improve the quality of products and services provided by
organizations.
Manufacturing Engineering - Fosters the transfer of technology related to manufacturing
systems for improved production performance, including machine tools, computer integrated
manufacturing and robotics.
Materials - Focuses on the properties of materials, such as metals, ceramics, composites and
polymers, and its influence on design consideration in materials selection for engineering
structures.
Materials Handling Engineering - Promotes the dissemination and application of
technological advancements in material transport systems through mechanical engineering,
systems engineering and information technology.
Microelectromechanical Systems Subdivision - Furthers developments of miniature
devices combining electrical, mechanical, optical, chemical and/or biological components
fabricated via integrated circuit or similar manufacturing techniques.
Noise Control & Acoustics - Advances the application of physical principles of acoustics to
the solution of noise control problems, as well as the uses of acoustics in industrial applications.
NonDestructive Evaluation Engineering - Covers the evaluation of critical system
components for material/defect/structure characterization through nondestructive methods, such
as ultrasonics, radiography and other techniques.
Nuclear Engineering - Concerns the design, development, testing, operation and
maintenance of nuclear reactor systems and components, fusion, heat transport, nuclear fuels
technology and radioactive waste.
Ocean, Offshore & Arctic Engineering - Promotes international technological progress in
the recovery of energy resources in offshore and arctic environments, as well as systems,
equipment and vehicles for underwater sea usage.
Petroleum - Covers mechanical systems used in the entire area of petroleum drilling,
production, refining, processing, and transportation, as well as management and environmental
concerns.
Pipeline Systems Division - Promotes pipeline systems technology, including automation,
rotating equipment, geotechnics, heat transfer, offshore, materials, GIS, database, environmental
issues, design, construction, and integrity.
Plant Engineering & Maintenance - Focuses on the design, fabrication, installation,
operation and maintenance of manufacturing systems, equipment, processes and facilities to
create products of enhanced value.
Power - Disseminates information on the research, design, operation, economics, and
environmental effects of fossil-fired thermal power generation systems, including hydroelectric.
Pressure Vessels & Piping - Concerns the design, fabrication, inspection, operation and
failure prevention of power boilers, heating boilers, pipelines, pumps, valves and other pressurebearing components and vessels.
Process Industries - Focuses on the design of systems and machines for heating, cooling or
treating industrial fluids and gases, including the efficient management and control of the
processes themselves.
Rail Transportation - Covers the mechanical design, construction, operation and

maintenance of locomotives, freight, passenger and commuter cars in railroads and mass transit
systems.
Safety Engineering & Risk Analysis - Promotes practices that lead to reduced risk and loss
prevention by creating safer products, processes, and occupational environments.
Solar Energy - Concerned with all aspects of solar-derived energy for mechanical and
electrical power generation, as well as wind energy and ocean thermal energy conversion.
Solid Waste Processing - Addresses the design, construction and operation of solid waste
processing and disposal facilities, including waste-to-energy combustors, materials
recovery/recycling, landfills and composting.
Technology & Society - Covers all issues concerning the inter-relationships between
technological innovation and the world community, as well as the social responsibility of the
engineer.
Textile Engineering - Focuses on product and process technology for the improvement of
fiber, composite material, textile, and apparel manufacturing operations, machinery and
instrumentation.
Tribology - Involved in all aspects of friction, lubrication and wear in mechanical designs and
manufacturing processes, as well as its economic impact on system reliability and maintainability.
Popular Publications from ASME

The ASME committees within the different divisions and subdivisions develops, updates and publish
some of the worlds most used codes and standards. Some of the popular titles are:
ASME 2004 Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code - The Code, which is issued once every three years, is
comprised of 28 separate volumes which establish rules of safety governing the design, fabrication
and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels, including nuclear power systems. The Code has been
updated to incorporate advancements in boiler and pressure vessel design, materials and applications,
and provides the latest information to maintain ASME Code Symbol Stamps.
ASME A17-CD - CD-ROM for Elevators and Escalators. Includes: A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators
and Escalators - A17.2 Guide for Inspection of Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walks - A17.3 Safety
Code for Existing Elevators and Escalators
ASME B31.1 - 2001 Power Piping - The code prescribes minimum requirements for the design,
materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for
electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants. The code
covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water boilers in
which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water is
generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F.
ASME B31.3 - 2002 Process Piping - The Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum
refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related
processing plants and terminals. The Code prescribes requirements for materials and components,
design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. The Code
applies to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum
products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids.
Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly.
ASME V14.5M - 1994 Dimensioning and Tolerance - The standard establishes uniform practices for
stating and interpreting dimensioning, tolerances, and related requirements for use on engineering
drawings and in related documents. For a mathematical explanation of many of the principles in this
standard, see ASME Y14.5.1m. Practices unique to architectural and civil engineering, land, welding
symbology are not included.
ASME B16.5 - 1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings - The Standard covers pressure-temperature
ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, testing, and methods of designating openings for
pipe flanges and flanged fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 and in rating Classes 150, 300, 400,
600, 900, 1500, and 2500. Flanges and flanged fittings may be cast, forged, or (for blind flanges and
certain reducing flanges only) plate materials as listed in Table 1A. Requirements and
recommendations regarding bolting and gaskets are also included.
ASME B31.4 - 1998 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and other
Liquids - The Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly,
inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline,
natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia
and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing
plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and
receiving points. Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and
the pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and
other equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not
include support structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations or any
equipment such as defined in para. 400.1.2(B). Requirements for offshore pipelines are found in
Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this Code are: (A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid
petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank
farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and metering stations, including scraper traps,
strainers, and prover loop; (B) Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from
pipe and fittings, and piping interconnecting these facilities; (C) Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous
ammonia piping located on property which has been set aside for such piping within petroleum
refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and bulk plants; (D) Those aspects of operation
and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and protection of the general public,
operating company personnel, environment, property and the piping systems.
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Related Topics
Standards Organizations are bodies and institutions that produce, and in some cases
measure, codes and standards.
Related Documents
Piping Codes & Standards Piping codes and piping standards?

ASME - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code The International Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code establishes rules of safety governing the design, fabrication, and inspection of
boilers and pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components during construction
ASME - Performance Test Codes The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard
directions and rules for conducting and reporting tests
ASME B31 - Standards of Pressure Piping A survey of one of the most important pressure
pipe codes - ASME B31, earlier known as ANSI B31
ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings The ASME B16 Standards covers pipes
and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and steel
diameter of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings - 300 lb Bronze Flanges
with plain faces
ASME - Valve Standards An overview of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME - valve standards
Steel Pipe Standardization Organizations The most important world wide steel pipe
standardization organizations
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ASME B31.9 - Working Pressure and Temperature Limits

The working pressure and temperature limits of ASME Code B31.9 Building Services Piping
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ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping applies to the following building services:
Condensing water
Water for heating and cooling
Steam and condensate
Vacuum
Compressed air and nontoxic nonflammable gases
The working pressure and temperature limits of B31.9 can be summarized to:
Service
Temperature Limits
Pressure Limit
Steam and condensate
maximum 366oF (186oC),

minimum 0oF (-18oC)
150 psig (1000 kPa)
Air, gases and vapors

minimum 0oF (-18oC)
150 psig (1000 kPa)
Nonflammable Liquids

minimum 0oF (-18oC)
350 psig (2300 kPa)
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Related Topics
Pressure Ratings Pressure ratings of pipes.
Related Documents
ASME B31 - Standards of Pressure Piping A survey of one of the most important pressure
pipe codes - ASME B31, earlier known as ANSI B31
Fiberglass Pipes - common Standards Commonly used standards for fiberglass pipes and
their applications
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Corrosion
Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles causing corrosion,
practical corrosion problems and methods of protection and prevention.
Chemical resistance of common piping materials.
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Corrosion Protection of Pipes

Corrosion protection tutorial of piping systems
Electrode Potential and Galvanic Corrosion

An introduction to the electrochemical series and corrosion of metals
Epoxy - Chemical Resistance

Chemical resistance of Epoxy to common products as Acetic acid, Alcohol, Diesel oil and more
Glossary of Corrosion Related Terms

A glossary of common used terms related corrosion
Identification Tests for Stainless Steels

Magnetic, spark, hardness and acid identification tests of austenitic, martensitic and ferritic stainless
steels
Metals and Corrosion Resistance

Common metals and their corrosion resistance to aggressive fluids as acids, bases and more
Piping Materials & Galvanic Corrosion

Connecting pipes of common piping materials may cause galvanic corrosion and serious damage
Polyester - Chemical Resistance

Chemical resistance of Polyester to common products as Acetic acid, Diesel oil and more

Chemical resistance of polypropylene - PP - to some common acids, bases, organic substances and
solvents
Thermoplastics and Chemical Resistance

Chemical resistance of ABS, CPVC, PP, PVC, PE, PB, PVDF and PEX piping materials to common
chemicals and products ranging from beer, acryl acid, diesel oil and many more
Types of Corrosion
Uniform, pitting, galvanic, crevice, concentration cell and graphitic corrosion
Types of Corrosion
Uniform, pitting, galvanic, crevice, concentration cell and graphitic
corrosion
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Corrosion can be categorized in some common types
uniform corrosion
pitting corrosion
galvanic corrosion
crevice corrosion
concentration cell corrosion
graphitic corrosion
Uniform or General Corrosion

The metal loss is uniform from the surface.
Often combined with high-velocity fluid erosion, with or without abrasives.
Pitting Corrosion
The metal loss is randomly located on the metal surface.
Often combined with stagnant fluid or in areas with low fluid velocity.
Galvanic Corrosion
Occurs when two metals with different electrode potential is connected in a corrosive electrolytic
environment.
The anodic metal develops deep pits and groves in the surface.
Crevice Corrosion
Occurs at places with gaskets, bolts and lap joints where crevice exists.
Crevice corrosion creates pits similar to pitting corrosion.
Concentration Cell Corrosion

Occurs where the surface is exposed to an electrolytic environment where the concentration of the
corrosive fluid or the dissolved oxygen varies.
Often combined with stagnant fluid or in areas with low fluid velocity.
Graphitic Corrosion
Cast iron loosing iron in salt water or acids.

Leaves the graphite in place, resulting in a soft weak metal.
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Electrode Potential and Galvanic Corrosion

An introduction to the electrochemical series and corrosion of metals
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The potential difference between an anode and a cathode can be measured by a voltage
measuring device. The absolute potential of the anode and cathode cannot be measured directly.
Defining a standard electrode, all other potential measurements can be made against this standard
electrode. If the standard electrode potential is set to zero, the potential difference measured can be
considered as the absolute potential.
Standard Hydrogen Electrode
The half-cell in which the hydrogen reaction takes place is called the Standard Hydrogen
Electrode - SHE
Standard Electrode Potential
The potential difference measured between metal M, and the Standard Hydrogen Electrode SHE
The electrochemical series consists of a list of metals which have been arranged in order of their
standard electrode potentials.
Element
Electrode Potential (Volts)
Lithium
-3.04
Rubidium
-2.92
Potassium
-2.92
Calcium
-2.87
Barium
-2.80
Sodium
-2.71
Magnesium
-2.37
Aluminum
-1.67
Magnesium
-2.34
Zinc
-0.76
Chromium
-0.74
Iron
-0.44
Nickel
-0.24
Tin
-0.14
Lead
-0.13
Hydrogen
+0.00
Copper
+0.34
Iodine
+0.54
Silver
+0.80
Gold
+0.80
Mercury
+0.80
Iodide
+0.54
Bromine
+1.07
Chlorine
+1.36
Fluorine
+2.87
IMPORTANT! Metals which are higher in the electrochemical series displace metals which are lower in
the sequence, which means when connecting two metals, the metal with lowest potential will corrode.
Corrosion Problems Connecting Copper and Iron/Steel

A very common connection in piping systems is copper and iron/steel. In a connection like this
iron/steel will corrode many times faster than iron/steel alone.
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Metals and Corrosion Resistance

Common metals and their corrosion resistance to aggressive fluids as
acids, bases and more
Sponsored Links
A major problem in the process industry is the corrosion of metals in pipes, valves and other
parts of the constructions. This guide indicates acceptable combinations of more or less aggressive
fluids and commonly used materials.
Note! Remember that corrosion is a complicated issue, depending on the combinations of materials
and the fluids, the fluid temperatures, the surrounding environment and the galvanic currents in the
constructions. The table below must be used with care.
Corrosion Resistance 1)Good 2) Be Careful 3) Not Useable
Metal
Fluid
302
Coba
and
316
416
Carbo Ca
lt
304 Stainle Bronz Durim Mon Hastel Hastel Titaniu
Stainle
n
st
base
e
et
el
oy B
oy C
m
ss
ss
Stainle
Steel Iron
alloy
Steel
Steel
ss
6
Steel
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid, air

free
Acetic acid,
aerated
Acetic acid,
vapors
Acetone
Acetylene
Alcohols
Aluminum
Sulfate
Ammonia
Ammonium
chloride
Ammonium
Nitrate
Ammonium
Phosphate
12
Ammonium
Sulfate
Ammonium
Sulfite
Aniline
Asphalt
Beer
Benzene
(benzol)
Benzoic acid
Boric acid
Butane
Calcium
Chloride
(alkaline)
Calcium
hypochlorite
Carbolic acid
Carbon
dioxide, dry
Carbon
dioxide, wet
Carbon
disulfide
Carbon
tetrachloride
Carbonic acid
Chlorine gas
Chlorine gas,
wet
Chlorine,
liquid
Chromic acid
Citric acid
Coke oven
gas
Copper sulfate
Cottonseed oil
Creosote
Ethane
Ether
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene
Ethylene
glycol
Ferric chloride
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Freon wet
Freon dry
Furfural
Gasoline
Glucose
Hydrochloric
acid, aerated
Hydrochloric
acid, air free
Hydrofluoric
acid, aerated
Hydrofluoric
acid, air free
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
peroxide
Hydrogen
sulfide, liquid
Magnesium
Hydroxide
Mercury
Methanol
Methyl ethyl
ketone
Milk
Natural gas
Nitric acid
Oleic acid
Oxalic acid
Oxygen
Petroleum oils
Phosphoric
acid, aerated
Phosphoric
acid, air free
Phosphoric
acid vapors
Picric acid
Potassium
chloride
Potassium
hydroxide
Propane
Rosin
Silver Nitrate
Sodium
acetate
Sodium
carbonate
Sodium
chloride
Sodium
chromate
Sodium
hydroxide
Sodium
hypochloride
Sodium
thiosulfate
Stannous
chloride
Stearic acid
Sulfate liquor
Sulfur
Sulfur dioxide,
dry
Sulfur trioxide,
dry
Sulfuric acid,
aerated
Sulfuric acid,
air free
Sulfurous acid
Tar
Trichloroethyl
ene
Turpentine
Vinegar
Water, steam
boiler feeding
system
Water,
distilled
Water, sea
Whiskey
Wine
Zinc chloride
Zinc sulfate
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Piping Materials & Galvanic Corrosion

Connecting pipes of common piping materials may cause galvanic
corrosion and serious damage
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When connecting pipes of various materials their difference in electrode potential may cause
galvanic corrosion and serious damage of pipes, valves and other equipment in the system. Under
certain circumstances in environments like water with free ions (like salt sea water), acids or bases,
higher temperatures and enough oxygen, the systems deteriorate very fast.
A very common connection in piping systems is copper and low-carbon steel. In connections like this
steel corrodes many times faster than steel alone.
A metal with lower electrochemical potential will be the cathode in a connection and will remain
unchanged. A metal with higher potential will be the anode and will corrode. The list below indicates
the galvanic relationship between some materials commonly used in piping systems.
The metals above will resist the metals below. The greater the distance is between two metals, the
greater the speed of corrosion.
Titanium
Hastelloy C 4)
Monel
Stainless Steel passive
Silver
Bronze
Copper
Brass
Lead-Tin Alloys
Hastelloy A 4)
Stainless Steel 316 1)
Cast Iron
Low-carbon Steel
Aluminum Alloys
Magnesium Alloys
1)
Austenitic stainless steel with increased molybdenum content to increase resistance to corrosion
compared to other 300 series alloys. Resist scaling at temperatures up to 1600oF (871oC). Used in
industry, in marine environments and in a wide range of general industrial components.
2)
Basic ferritic non-heat treatable stainless steel. Its strengths are in ductility, formability, good
corrosion and oxidation resistance, thermal conductivity and finish quality. Used in automotive and
architectural trim, heat exchangers and scientific equipment.
3)
Martensitic stainless which attain high mechanical properties after heat treatment. Good impact
strength, corrosion and scaling resistance up to 1200oF (649oC). Used in cutlery, steam and gas
turbine blades and buckets, valve components and fasteners.
4)
Hastelloy is a trademark for a series of high-strength, nickel based, corrosion resistant alloys. Other
components includes molybdenum and chromium. Hastelloy is used in chemical applications.
Resistant to pitting, stress-corrosion cracking and to oxidizing atmospheres up to 1900oF (1037oF).
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Polyester - Chemical Resistance

Chemical resistance of Polyester to common products as Acetic acid,
Diesel oil and more
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Polyester resins combine excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties with very good
chemical resistance and dimensional stability. Chemical resistance to some common products are
shown in the table below.
Polyester
Chemical Product
60oF (15oC)
150oF (66oC)
Acetic Acid 0-25% (vinegar)
max 125
Acetic Acid 25-50%
NR
Alcohol - Butyl
NR
NR
Alcohol - Isopropyl
max 150
Alcohol - Isopropyl 100%
NR
NR
Alcohol - Secondary Butyl
NR
NR
Alum (Aluminum Sulfate)
Aluminum Chloride
max 120
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate
Ammonium Bicarbonate
NR
Ammonium Hydroxide 5%
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Persulfate
NR
NR
Ammonium Phosphate
NR
NR
Ammonium Sulfate
Barium Acetate
NR
NR
Barium Carbonate
NR
Barium Chloride
max 200
Barium Sulfate
Barium Sulfide
NR
NR
Beer
NR
Benzoic Acid
NR
Benzyl Alcohol
NR
NR
Butylene Glycol
Butyric Acid 0-50%
NR
Cadmium Chloride
NR
Calcium Bisulfate
Calcium Carbonate
NR
Calcium Chlorate
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Hydroxide
NR
Calcium Hypochlorite
NR
Calcium Nitrate
Calcium Sulfate
Calcium Sulfite
Caprylic Acid
NR
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Carbonic Acid
Chlorine Dioxide/Air
NR
Chlorine - Dry Gas
NR
Chlorine, Wet Gas
NR
NR
Chlorine Water
NR
NR
Chloroacetic Acid 0-50%
NR
NR
Chromium Sulfate
Citric Acid
Coconut Oil
NR
Copper Chloride
Copper Cyanide
NR
NR
Copper Fluoride
NR
NR
Copper Nitrate
Copper Sulfate
Corn Oil
NR
Corn Starch-Slurry
NR
Corn Sugar
NR
Cottonseed Oil
NR
Crude Oil, Sour
NR
Crude Oil, Sweet
NR
Cyclohexane
NR
Di-Ammonium Phosphate
NR
NR
Dibutyl Ether
NR
NR
Diesel Fuel
NR
Diethylene Glycol
NR
Dimenthyl Phthalate
NR
NR
Dioctyl Phthalate
NR
NR
Dipropylene Glycol
NR
Ethylene Glycol
Fatty Acids
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Nitrate
Ferric Sulfate
Ferrous Chloride
Ferrous Nitrate
Ferrous Sulfate
Fluoboric Acid 10%
NR
NR
Fluosilicic Acid 0-20%
NR
NR
Formaldehyde
NR
Formic Acid 10%
NR
Fuel Oil
NR
Gas, Natural
NR
Gasoline, Auto
NR
Gasoline Aviation
NR
Gasoline, Ethyl
NR
Gasoline, Sour
NR
Glyconic, Acid
NR
Glucose
Glycerin
Glycol - Propylene
Glycolic Acid 70%
NR
Heptanes
NR
Hexane
NR
Hexalene Glycol
Hydraulic Fluid
NR
Hydrobromic Acid 0-25%
NR
Hydrocyanic Acid
NR
Hydrofluosilicic Acid 10%
NR
NR
Hydrogen Chloride, Wet Gas
NR
NR
Hydrogen Fluoride, Vapor
max 95
Hydrogen Peroxide 35%
max 120
Hydrogen Sulfide Dry
max 250
Hypochlorous Acid 0-10%
max 104
Isopropyl Palmitate
max 180
Kerosene
max 120
Lactic Acid
max 200
Lead Acetate
max 160
Magnesium Carbonate
max 160
Magnesium Chloride
max 220
Magnesium Nitrate
max 160
Magnesium Sulfate
max 200
Mercuric Chloride
max 212
Mercurous Chloride
max 212
Mineral Oils
max 180
Naphtha
Naphthalene
NR
Nickel Chloride
NR
Nickel Nitrate
Nickel Sulfate
Nitric Acid 0-5%
Octanoic Acid
NR
Oil, Sour Crude
Oil, Sweet Crude
Oleic Acid
Olive Oil
Oxalic Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphoric Acid Fumes
Phosphorous Pentoxide
Phthalic Acid
Pickling Acids
Picric Acid, Alcoholic
Polyvinyl Acetate Latex
NR
Polyvinyl Alcohol
NR
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate
max 170
Potassium Bicarbonate
NR
Potassium Carbonate
NR
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Ferro cyanide
Potassium Nitrate
Potassium Permanganate
NR
Potassium Persulfate
NR
Potassium Sulfate
Pulp Paper Mill Effluent
NR
Pyridine
NR
NR
Silver Nitrate
Soaps
NR
Sodium Acetate
NR
Sodium Benzoate
NR
Sodium Bifluoride
NR
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium Bromide
Sodium Carbonate 0-25%
NR
Sodium Chlorate
NR
Sodium Chloride
NR
Sodium Chlorite 25%
NR
Sodium Cyanide
NR
Sodium Dichromate
Sodium Di-Phosphate
Sodium Ferricyanide
Sodium Hydroxide 0-5%
Sodium Hydrosulfide
NR
Sodium Hypochlorite
NR
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
Sodium Mono-Phosphate
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Silicate
NR
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Sulfide
NR
Sodium Sulfite
NR
Sodium Tetraborate
Sodium Thiosulfate
NR
Sodium Tripolyphosphate
NR
Sodium Xylene Sulfonate
NR
Sodium Solutions
NR
Sodium Crude Oil
Soya Oil
Stannic Chloride
Stannous Chloride
Stearic Acid
Sugar, Beet and Cane Liquor
NR
Sugar, Sucrose
Sulfamic Acid
NR
Sulfated Detergents
NR
Sulfuric Acid 0-30%
Sulfuric Acid 30-50%
NR
NR
NR
NR
max 150
Sulfurous Acid 10%
NR
NR
Superphosphoric Acid
NR
Tall Oil
NR
Tannic Acid
NR
Tartaric Acid
Toluene
NR
NR
Trichloro Acetic Acid 50%
NR
Tridecylbenzene Sulfonate
NR
Trisodium Phosphate
NR
Urea
NR
Vegetable Oils
Vinegar
Water - Deionized
Water - Demineralized
Water - Distilled
Water - Fresh
Water - Salt
Water - Sea
White Liquor - Pulp Mill
NR
Xylene
NR
NR
Zinc Chlorate
Zinc Nitrate
Zinc Sulfate
R - Resistant
NR - Not Resistant
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Chemical resistance of polypropylene - PP - to some common acids, bases,
organic substances and solvents
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The chemical resistance of polypropylene to some common products and chemicals can be
found in the tables below:
Acids and Polypropylene

Rating 1)
Product
20oC
60oC
Benzoic acid
Boric acid
Hydrobromic acid 25 %
Citric acid
Hydrocyanic acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Phosphoric acid 25 %
Phosphoric acid 85 %
Phthalic acid
Tannic acid
Chromic acid
Maleic acid
Oleic acid
Oxalic acid
Nitric acid 5 %
Nitric acid 65 %
Chlorhydric acid 10 %
Chlorhydric acid 37 %
Butyric acid
Sulphuric acid 10 %
Sulphuric acid 78 %
Sulphuric acid 93 %
Tartaric acid
Acetic acid 10 %
Acetic acid 50 %
Acetic acid 75 %
Acetic acid 100 %
Perchloric acid
Bases and Polypropylene

Rating 1)
Product
20oC
60oC
Aqua ammonia
Calciumhydroxide
Potassiumhydroxide
Caustic soda
Acid salt 2)
Basic salt 3)
Neutral salt 4)
Potassium bicarbonate
Potassium permanganate
Sodium cyanide
Natriumferricyanid
Sodium hypochlorite
Various salt
Organic Substances, Solvents and Polypropylene

Rating 1)
Product
20oC
60oC
Acetone
Aniline
Benzol
Petrol
Butyl alcohol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl dichloride
Ethyl ether
Phenol
Formalin 37%
Heptanes
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon disulphide
Carbon tetrachloride
Methyl alcohol
Methylene (di)chloride
Methyl ethyle ketone
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
Trichlorethylene
Gases
1)
Chlorine (damp)
Chlorine (dry)
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide (damp)
Sulphur dioxide (dry)
Hydrogen sulphide
Rating:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Excellent (no attack)

Good (no significant attack)
Acceptable (light attack, limited use)
Unacceptable (significant attack)
Inferior (possible cracking or dissolving)
2)
Acid salt (normally aqueous) aluminum chloride, aluminum phosphate, copper chloride, sulphate of
copper, ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride, stannic chloride, chloride of zinc, white vitriol etc
3)
Basic salt (normally aqueous) bicarbonate of potassium, potash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium
carbonate, sodium phosphate etc.
4)
Neutral salt (normally aqueous) calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium sulphate, magnesium
chloride, nitrate of potassium, potassium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium sulphate
etc.
Epoxy - Chemical Resistance

Chemical resistance of Epoxy to common products as Acetic acid, Alcohol,
Diesel oil and more
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Epoxy (polyepoxide) is an epoxide polymer that cures when mixed with a catalyzing agent or
"hardener". Epoxies have excellent electrical, thermal, and chemical resistance. Their strength can be
further increased with fibrous reinforcement or mineral fillers. The variety of combinations of epoxy
resins and reinforcements provides a wide latitude in properties obtainable in molded parts.
Epoxy
Chemical Product
60oF (15oC)
160oF (71oC)
Acetic Acid
max 150
Acetone
Acrylic Acid
max 120
Adipic acid
Air
Alcohol - Ethyl
Alcohol - Isopropyl
Alcohol - Methyl
max 150
Alcohol - Methyl Isobutyl
max 150
Alcohol - Secondary Butyl
Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Fluoride
max 150
Aluminum Hydroxide
Aluminum Nitrate
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate
Aluminum Sulfate
Alums
Allyl chloride
max 120
Ammonia - wet
max 150
Ammonia - Gas
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Fluoride
max 150
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Persulfate
Ammonium Phosphate
Ammonium Sulfate
Amyl acetat
max 120
Amyl Chloride
max 100
Aniline
max 100
Antimony trichloride
Barium Carbonate
Barium Chloride
Barium Hydroxide
Barium Sulfate
Barium Sulfide
Beer
Benzene
max 150
Benzene sulfonic acid
Benzoic Acid
Black and White Pulp Liqueur
Borax
Boric acid
Bromic acid
max 150
Bromine water
max 150
Butadiene gas
max 150
Butane gas
max 150
Butane acetat
max 150
Butyl cellosolve
max 150
Butyric Acid
Calcium Bisulfite
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Chlorate
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hypochlorite
max 150
Calcium Nitrate
Calcium Sulfate
Carbon dioxide gas
Carbon Tetrachloride
max 150
Carbonic Acid
Castor Oil
Citric Acid
Chlorine Dioxide, Wet Gas
NR
Chlorine Gas
max 125
Chloroacetic Acid
Chromic Acid
max 120
Chromic Fluoride
NR
Copper Chloride
Copper Fluoride
Copper Nitrate
Crude Oil
Dichlorobenzene (ortho)
max 150
Diesel Fuel
Ethyl acetate
max 150
Ethyl cellosolve
max 150
Ethyl chloride
NR
Ethylene glycol
Fatty Acids
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Nitrate
Ferric Sulfate
Ferrous Chloride
Ferrous Sulfate
Fluorine gas
NR
Fluoboric acid
Fluosilicic acid
Formaldehyde
max 150
Formic Acid 10%
max 140
Freon
max 150
Gas, Natural
Gasoline
Glucose
Glycerine
Glycol Ethylene
Heptane
Hexane
max 150
Hexylene glycol alcohol
max 150
Hydraulic Fluid
Hydrobromic Acid
max 150
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrocyanic Acid
max 120
Hydrofluoric Acid
NR
Hydrogen Peroxide
max 150
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hypochlorous acid
Jet Fuel
Kerosene
Lactic Acid
Lauric acid
Lead acetate
Levulinic acid
Magnesium Carbonate
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Hydroxide
Magnesium Nitrate
Magnesium Sulfate
Maleic Acid
Mercury
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
max 150
Mineral Oils
Naphtha
Naphthalene
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Nitrate
Nitric Acid
max 120
Oleic acid
Oxalic Acid
Phenol
max 150
Phosphoric Acid
Picric Acid
max 100
Potassium Bicarbonate
Potassium Bromide
Potassium Carbonate
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Dichromate
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Nitrate
Potassium Sulfate
Propane
max 150
Silicic Acid
Silver Nitrate
Soaps
Sodium Acetate
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Bromide
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Chlorate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Dichromate
Sodium Ferrocyanide
Sodium Fluoride
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hypochlorite
NR
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Phospate
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Sulfite
Sodium Thiosulfate
max 150
Stannic Chloride
Stearic Acid
Sulfamic Acid
max 150
Sulfite Liquor
max 150
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfurous Acid 10%
Tannic Acid
Tartaric Acid
Toluene
max 150
Triethanolamine
max 150
Trisodium Phosphate
Tung oil
Turpentine
max 150
Urea
Vinegar
Vinyl acetat
max 150
Water - Deionized
Water - Sea
White Liquor - Pulp Mill
Xylene
max 150
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Sulfate
R - Resistant
NR - Not Resistant
Sponsored Links
Fiberglass Pipes - Temperature Limits

Temperature range for fiberglass Epoxy, Furan, Phenolic, Polyester and
Vinyl Ester pipes
Sponsored Links
Recommended operational temperature ranges for fiberglass pipes:
Epoxy glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 149oC (-20 to 300oF)

Vinyl Ester glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Furan glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Furan carbon fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Phenolic glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 149oC (-20 to 300oF)
Polyster glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Sponsored Links
Fiberglass Pipes - common Standards

Commonly used standards for fiberglass pipes and their applications
Sponsored Links
Some of the fiberglass related standards from the major standardization organizations:
ASME Standards
Fiberglass related standards from ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers:
ASME/ANSI B31.1 - POWER PIPING

ASME/ANSI B31.3 - PROCESS PIPING
ASME/ANSI B31.9 - BUILDING SERVICES PIPING
ASTM Standards
Fiberglass related standards from ASTM International
ASTM C 581 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF

THERMOSETTING RESINS USED IN GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED STRUCTURES INTENDED
FOR LIQUID SERVICE
ASTM C 582 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT-MOLDED REINFORCED
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC (RTP) LAMINATES FOR CORROSION RESISTANT EQUIPMENT
ASTM D 149 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF SOLID ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS AT
COMMERCIAL POWER FREQUENCIES
ASTM D 257 - TEST METHODS FOR DC RESISTANCE OR CONDUCTANCE OF
INSULATING MATERIALS
ASTM D 638 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS
ASTM D 695M - TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF RIGID PLASTICS

(METRIC)
ASTM D 696 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL
EXPANSION OF PLASTICS BETWEEN - 30 DEGREES C AND 30 DEGREES C WITH A
VITREOUS SILICA DILATOMETER
ASTM D 790 - STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF
UNREINFORCED AND REINFORCED PLASTICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATING
MATERIALS
ASTM D 792 - TEST METHODS FOR DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (RELATIVE
DENSITY) OF PLASTICS BY DISPLACEMENT
ASTM D 1598 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TIME-TO-FAILURE OF PLASTIC PIPE
UNDER CONSTANT INTERNAL PRESSURE
ASTM D 1599 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR RESISTANCE TO SHORT-TIME
HYDRAULIC PRESSURE OF PLASTIC PIPE, TUBING, AND FITTINGS
ASTM D 2105 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LONGITUDINAL TENSILE PROPERTIES
OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND TUBE
ASTM D 2143 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CYCLIC PRESSURE STRENGTH OF
REINFORCED, THERMOSETTING PLASTIC PIPE
ASTM D 2290 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR APPARENT HOOP TENSILE STRENGTH
OF PLASTICOR REINFORCED PLASTIC PIPE BY SPLIT DISK METHOD
ASTM D 2310 - STANDARD CLASSIFICATION FOR MACHINE-MADE "FIBERGLASS"
(GLASS-FIBER REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 2412 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL
LOADING CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC PIPE BY PARALLEL-PLATE LOADING
ASTM D 2444 - TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE IMPACT RESISTANCE OF
THERMOPLASTIC PIPE AND FITTINGS BY MEANS OF A TUP (FALLING WEIGHT)
ASTM D 2583 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR INDENTATION HARDNESS OF RIGID
PLASTICS BY MEANS OF A BARCOL IMPRESSOR
ASTM D 2584 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR IGNITION LOSS OF CURED
REINFORCED RESINS
ASTM D 2924 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE RESISTANCE
OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 2925 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR BEAM DEFLECTION OF "FIBERGLASS"
(GLASS- FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) PIPE UNDER FULL BORE FLOW
ASTM D 2992 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR OBTAINING HYDROSTATIC OR PRESSURE
DESIGN BASIS FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTINGRESIN) PIPE AND FITTINGS
ASTM D 2996 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FILAMENT-WOUND "FIBERGLASS"
(GLASS- FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 2997 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CENTRIFUGALLY CAST
"FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 3262 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBERREINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) SEWER PIPE
ASTM D 3517 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBERREINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PRESSURE PIPE
ASTM D 3567 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING DIMENSIONS "FIBERGLASS"
(GLASS- FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) PIPE AND FITTINGS
ASTM D 3615 - CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOSET MOLDING COMPOUNDS
ASTM D 3681 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF
"FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE IN A
DEFLECTED CONDITION
ASTM D 3754 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBERREINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) SEWER AND INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE PIPE
ASTM D 3840 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBERREINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE FITTINGS FOR NONPRESSURE
APPLICATIONS
ASTM D 4024 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR MACHINE MADE "FIBERGLASS"

(GLASS-FIBER REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) FLANGES
ASTM D 4161 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBERREINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE JOINTS USING FLEXIBLE ELASTOMERIC
SEALS
ASTM D 5365 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LONG-TERM RING-BENDING STRAIN
OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 5421 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT MOLDED "FIBERGLASS"
(GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) FLANGES
ASTM D 5677 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FIBERGLASS (GLASS-FIBERREINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS, ADHESIVE BONDED
JOINT TYPE, FOR AVIATION JET TURBINE FUEL LINES
ASTM D 5685 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBERREINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PRESSURE PIPE FITTINGS
ASTM D 6041 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT-MOLDED "FIBERGLASS"
(GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) CORROSION RESISTANT PIPE
AND FITTINGS
ASTM E 228 - LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLID MATERIALS WITH A VITREOUS
SILICA DILATOMETER
ASTM F 1173 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR THERMOSETTING RESIN
FIBERGLASS PIPE SYSTEMS TO BE USED FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS
AWWA Standards
Fiberglass related standards from AWWA - American Water Works Association
AWWA C950-01 - Fiberglass Pressure Pipe

AWWA D120-84 (R89) - Thermosetting Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Tanks
AWWA F101-02 - Contact-Molded, Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Wash Water Troughs and
Launders
AWWA F102-02 - Matched-Die-Molded, Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Weir Plates, Scum
Baffles, and Mounting Brackets
BSi Standards
Fiberglass related standards from BSi - British Standards institute
BS 5480 - Specification for glass reinforced plastics (GRP) pipes, joints and fittings for use for
water supply or sewerage
BS 6464 - Specification for reinforced plastics pipes, fittings and joints for process plants
BS 7159 - Code of practice for design and construction of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP)
piping systems for individual plants or sites
BS 8010-2.5 - Code of practice for pipelines - Pipelines on land: design, construction and
installation - Glass reinforced thermosetting plastics
DIN Standards
Fiberglass related standards from DIN - Deutsches Institut fr Normung
DIN 53393 - Testing of Textile Glass-reinforced Plastics; Behavior to the Effect of Chemicals
DIN 53758 - Testing of plastics articles; determination of the effect of internal pressure on
hollow objects by short-time test
DIN 53768 - Determination by extrapolation of the long-term behavior of glass fiber reinforced
plastics
DIN 53769-1 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; determination of the longitudinal
shear strength of type B pipe fittings
DIN 53769-2 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; long-term hydrostatic pressure
test
DIN 53769-3 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; determination of initial and longterm ring stiffness
DIN 53769-6 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; Testing of pipes and fittings
under pulsating internal pressure
DIN EN 59 - Glass Reinforced Plastics; Measurement of Hardness by Means of a Barcol
Impressor
DIN EN 637 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced plastics components - Determination
of the amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method
DIN EN 705 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes
and fittings - Methods for regression analyses and their use
DIN EN 761 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes Determination of the creep factor under dry conditions
DIN EN 1393 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes;
Determination of initial longitudinal tensile properties
DIN EN 1447 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes Determination of long-term resistance to internal pressure
DIN EN 1448 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP)
components - Test methods to prove the design of rigid locked socket- and -spigot joints with
elastomeric seals
components - Test methods to prove the design of a cemented socket- and -spigot joints
components - Test methods to prove the design of bolted flange joints
ISO Standards
Fiberglass related standards from ISO - International Organization for Standardization
ISO 178 - Plastics - Determination of flexural properties

ISO 527-4 - Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic
and orthotropic fibre-reinforced plastic composites
ISO 7370 - Glass fiber reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings; Nominal
diameters, specified diameters and standard lengths
ISO 7510 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) components Determination of the amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method
ISO 7684 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes Determination of the creep factor under dry conditions
ISO 10466 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes Test method to prove the resistance to initial ring deflection
ISO 10928 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes
and fittings - Methods for regression analysis and their use
ISO/TR 10465-1 - Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin
(GRP) pipes; part 1: installation procedures
(GRP) pipes - Part 2: Comparison of static calculation methods
(GRP) pipes - Part 3: Installation parameters and application limits
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Support Spacing for PVC, Fiberglass and Steel Pipes

Support span for Fiberglass, PVC and Steel pipes
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Support spacing for PVC, Fiberglass and Steel pipes filled with water can be found in the table below:
Support Spacing (feet)
NPS
(inches)
DN
(mm)
Standard Steel
Fiberglass Pipe
Pipe
PVC Pipe
Schedule 80
25
12
1 1/2
40
14
6.5
50
10
15
80
12
17
100
14
19
150
17
22
10
200
19
24
11
10
250
22
27
12
specific gravity of water = 1.0, temperature 60oF (15.56oC)

1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
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Support Hangers - Spacing and Rod Size for Horizontal Pipes

Recommended maximum space between hangers - and rod sizes for
straight horizontal pipes
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Recommended maximum space between hangers for straight horizontal pipes and tubes can
be found in the table below. The values does not apply where loads are concentrated with flanges,
valves, specialties, etc. A common rule of thumb is to support load of this type with hangers on both
sides of the load.
Nominal
Diameter
Pipe
NPS
(inches)
Recommended maximum space

between Hangers (feet)
Standard Steel Pipe
Recommended Rod Size

(inches)
Copper Tube
Water
Steam
Water
Copper
Stainless
Steel
1/2
3/8
3/8
3/4
3/8
3/8
3/8
3/8
1 1/2
12
3/8
3/8
10
13
3/8
3/8
2 1/2
11
14
1/2
1/2
12
15
10
1/2
1/2
14
17
12
1/2
5/8
17
21
14
5/8
3/4
19
24
16
3/4
3/4
10
22
26
18
3/4
7/8
12
23
30
19
3/4
7/8
14
25
32
16
27
35
18
28
37
20
30
39
1-1/4
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
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Epoxy Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for reinforced Epoxy fiberglass pipes
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Maximum support spacing for epoxy fiberglass pipes at different operating temperatures can be
found in the table below. Maximum operating temperature for epoxy pipes should not exceed 300oF
(149oC).
Temperature
(oC)
(oF)
(oC)
(oF)
(oC)
(oF)
(oC)
(oF)
(oC)
(oF)
(oC)
(oF)
24
75
66
150
79
175
93
200
107
225
121
250
Nominal Pipe
Size
Maximum Support Spacing
(inches) (mm)
(m)
(ft)
(m)
(ft)
(m)
(ft)
(m)
(ft)
(m)
(ft)
(m)
(ft)
25
3.2
9.9
3.0
9.8
3.0
9.7
2.9
9.4
2.8
9.3
2.7
8.7
1 1/2
40
3.5
11.6
3.5
11.4
3.4
11.3
3.4
11.0
3.3
10.8
3.1
10.1
50
4.0
13.1
3.9
12.9
3.9
12.8
3.8
12.4
3.7
12.2
3.5
11.4
80
4.6
15.0
4.5
14.8
4.5
14.6
4.3
14.2
4.3
14.0
4.0
13.0
100
5.1
16.7
5.0
16.5
5.0
16.3
4.8
15.8
4.8
15.6
4.4
14.5
150
5.8
18.9
5.7
18.6
5.6
18.4
5.5
17.9
5.4
17.6
16.4
200
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.0
19.8
5.9
19.3
5.8
19.0
5.4
17.7
10
250
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
5.7
18.8
12
300
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.0
19.7
14
350
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
6.1
20.0
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PVC Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PVC pipes
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Maximum support spacing for PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - pipes depends on the operating
temperature. Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the table
below:
PVC - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)
Operating Temperature (oF)
NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
3/4
2 1/2
5 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
1 1/4
5 1/2
1 1/2
3 1/2
7 1/2
6 1/2
8 1/2
7 1/2
4 1/2
4 1/2
PVC - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)

NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
3/4
5 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
1 1/2
6 1/2
5 1/2
3 1/2
3 1/2
7 1/2
4 1/2
10
11
9 1/2
5 1/2
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
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CPVC Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for CPVC pipes
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Maximum support spacing for CPVC - Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride - pipes depends on the
operating temperature. Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in
the tables below:
CPVC - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
1/2
4 1/2
3/4
5 1/2
5 1/2
4 1/2
1 1/4
5 1/2
1 1/2
6 1/2
6 1/2
8 1/2
7 1/2
6 1/2
9 1/2
8 1/2
7 1/2
9 1/2
8 1/2
7 1/2
CPVC - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)

NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
3/4
5 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
1 1/2
6 1/2
5 1/2
3 1/2
3 1/2
7 1/2
4 1/2
10
10
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride - CPVC - is a thermoplastic pipe and fitting material made with CPVC
compounds meeting the requirements of ASTM Class 23447 as defined in ASTM Specification D1784.
CPVC applications are for potable water distribution, corrosive fluid handling in industry, and fire
suppression systems.
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Related Topics
Related Documents
Thermal Expansion of PVC, CPVC, Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel and Fiberglass Pipes
Typical thermal expansion of PVC, CPVC, Carbon and Stainless Steel and Fiberglass pipes
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40 & 80 Standard dimensions and weight of PVC Polyvinyl Chloride - and CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride - pipes according ASTM D1785
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Pressure Ratings Maximum operating and required burst pressure of
PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - and CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride - pipe fittings
PVC - Equivalent Length Friction Loss in Fittings Minor loss for PVC and CPVC fittings in
equivalent length of straight pipe
inches
PVC Pipes - Expansion Loops Compensating temperature expansion and contraction in PVC
piping systems
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PVDF Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PVDF pipes
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Maximum support spacing for PVDF - PolyVinylidene Fluoride - pipes depends on the operating
temperature. Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables
below:
PVDF - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS
(inches)
80
100
1401)
1/2
3 1/2
3 1/2
3/4
3 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
1 1/2
4 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
4 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
PVDF - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)

NPS
(inches)
1)
80
100
1401)
1/2
4 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
3/4
4 1/2
4 1/2
4 1/2
1 1/2
5 1/2
5 1/2
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
For temperatures above 140oF continuous support is needed.
PVDF is recognized by its high mechanical strength and excellent chemical resistance even at higher
temperatures.
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Related Topics
Related Documents
Support Hangers - Spacing and Rod Size for Horizontal Pipes Recommended maximum
space between hangers - and rod sizes for straight horizontal pipes
Circuit Wiring - Three Phase (230 & 460V) Electrical Motors Recommended copper wire gage
and transformer size for Three Phase - 230 & 460V - electrical motors
Thermoplastics - Physical Properties Physical properties of some common thermoplastics as
ABS, PVC, CPVC, PE, PEX, PB and PVDF
Pipe Bends and Thrust Block Forces Pipe bends and thrust blocks forces due to fluid velocity
and internal pressure
Support Copper Pipework Recommended support of copper tubes
Steel Pipework Support Recommended support of steel pipes
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PP Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PP pipes
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Maximum support spacing for PP - PolyPropylene - pipes depends on the operating
temperature. Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables
below:
PP - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
180
1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
3/4
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/4
2 1/2
1 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
3 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
3 1/2
PP - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)

NPS
(inches)
1/2
60
100
140
180
1 1/2
3/4
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
1 1/4
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
1 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
3 1/2
2 1/2
3 1/2
3 1/2
4 1/2
4 1/2
3 1/2
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer, used in a wide variety of applications. Polypropylene is

unusually resistant to chemical solvents, bases and acids.
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Support Ductwork
Ductwork support and recommended spacing between hangers
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Support spacing for the ductwork is typical based upon deflection, stress and cylinder buckling
analysis.
For sheet metal ductwork the spacing between hangers should not exceed the maximum distances
listed in the table below.
Horizontal Ductwork
Ducts Size
Maximum Spacing
(Feet)
Area
(Sq.Ft)
Diameter
(Inches)
less than 4
less than 5
4 to 10
5 to 38
more than 10
more than 38
Vertical Ductwork
Ducts Type
Maximum Spacing
(Feet)
round
12
rectangular
10
1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2 = 144 in2

1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m = 12 in
Note! The support systems for ducting may provide restraint in three directions against displacement
and rotation and consideration must be given when restraining ducts to avoid the development of
excessive internal duct stresses such as possible expansion or contraction due to temperature
variations.
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Pipe Bends and Thrust Block Forces

Pipe bends and thrust blocks forces due to fluid velocity and internal
pressure
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The resulting force on a thrust block due to fluid velocity and pressure in a bend
can be expressed as
F = 2 A (v2/g + p) cos(/2) (1)
where
F = resulting force acting on the pipe bend (N, lb)
A = area of pipe (m2, ft2)
= density of the fluid (kg/m3, lb/ft3)
v = velocity of the fluid (m/s, ft/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2, 32.2 ft/s2)
p = pressure in pipe (kPa, lb/ft2)
= angle between pipes - bend angle
The angle the resulting force F makes upstream line of the bend can be expressed as
= /2 (2)
where
= angle the resulting force makes with the incoming pipe to the bend
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Steel Pipe - Expansion Loop Capacity

Steel pipes - thermal expansion and expansion loop capacities
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The expansion loop is a common way to absorb the temperature expansion in steel pipes.
Expansion loops can be fabricated from standard pipes and elbows.
Approximate Expansion Capacity (mm)
Nominal
Pipe Size
(mm)
Width of Expansion Loop - w - (m)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
25
35
130
32
25
100
210
40
20
70
150
50
65
125
200
65
50
100
150
220
80
40
75
125
190
100
35
65
115
150
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Related Topics
Temperature Expansion Thermal expansion of pipes

Related Documents
Steel Pipes and Temperature Expansion Temperature expansion of carbon steel pipes
Pipes and Temperature Expansion Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled.
The expansion of the pipes can be expressed with the expansion formula
Expansion of Copper, Carbon and Stainless Steel Pipes Thermal expansion of stainless steel,
carbon steel pipes and copper tubes
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PVC Pipes - Expansion Loops

Compensating temperature expansion and contraction in PVC piping
systems
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Temperature expansion and contraction in PVC piping systems can be compensated through
expansion loops consisting of pipes and 90o elbows

flexible bends
bellows and rubber expansion joints
piston type expansion joints
Expansion Loops
Expansion loops are made of standard pipes and elbows and can be produced on the site adapted to
the actual situation.
The length of leg A can be calculated by formula

A = 0.72 (D l)1/2
where
A = length of leg (ft)
D = nominal outside diameter (inches)
l = thermal expansion of pipe (inches)
The length of leg B can be calculated by formula
B = 1.44 (D l)1/2
where
B = length of leg (ft)
Example - Expansion Loop

A length of 300 ft straight pipe of 2" diameter PVC Schedule 40 is installed at 75oF and operating at
120oF. The expansion coefficient of PVC is set to 29 10-6 in./inoF.
The expansion of the pipe can be calculated as
l = Lo t = 29 10-6(in./inoF) 300 (ft) 12 (in/ft) (120 - 75)(oF) = 4.7 inches
where
l = expansion (inch)
Lo = length of pipe (inch)
t = temperature difference (oF)
= linear expansion coefficient (in./in.oF)
The length of leg A can be calculated as:
A = 0.72 (D l)1/2
= 0.72 [2.375 (in) 4.7 (in)]1/2
= 2.4 ft
The length of leg B can be calculated as:
B = 1.44 (D l)1/2
= 1.44 [2.375 (in) 4.7 (in)]1/2
= 4.8 ft
The Expansion Loop calculation as Excel file

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Related Topics
Related Documents
Temperature Expansion Coefficients of some common Piping Materials Expansion

coefficients of some common materials used for pipes and tubes - aluminum, carbon steel, cast
iron, PVC, HDPE and more
Coefficients of Linear Expansion Linear temperature expansion coefficients for some common
materials as aluminum, copper, glass, iron and many more
CPVC Pipes - Support Spacing Support spacing for CPVC pipes
inches
inches

Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled. The expansion of
the pipes can be expressed with the expansion formula
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The temperature expansion of pipes depends on the start and final temperature of the pipe and
the expansion coefficient of the piping material at the actual temperature. The general expansion
formula can be expressed as:
dl = Lo dt (1)
where
dl = expansion (m, inch)
Lo = length of pipe (m, inch)
dt = temperature difference (oC, oF)
= linear expansion coefficient (m/moK, inch/inchoF)
Mean expansion coefficient may vary with temperature as:
Mean Expansion Coefficient - - (inch/inchoF) 10-6
Temperature Range (oF)
Material
- 32
32 212
32 400
32 600
32 750
32 900
32 1100
Alloy Steel
(1% Cr. 1/2%
Mo)
7.7
8.0
8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
9.8
Mild Steel
(0.1 - 0.2% C)
7.1
7.8
8.3
8.7
9.0
9.5
9.7
Stainless Steel
(18% Cr. 8%
Ni)
10.8
11.1
11.5
11.8
12.1
12.4
12.6
32 1300
12.8
Formula (1) can also be used with SI units. The expansion coefficient must be adjusted to oC.
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
Expansion coefficients for some common materials
Example - Thermal Expansion of Heated Alloy Steel

100 feet of alloy steel pipe is heated from 32 to 212oF. The expansion coefficient is 8 10-6 (inch/inchoF).
The expansion can be expressed as:
dl = (8 10-6 in/inoF)(100 feet) (12 in/ft) (212 - 32 oF)
= 1.728 inch
Temperature Expansion of Pipes - Excel Template

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Related Topics
applications.
Related Documents
Temperature Expansion of Steam Pipes Thermal heating and cooling expansion of pipes in
cast iron, carbon and carbon molybdenum steel, wrought iron, copper, brass and aluminum
Thermoplastics - Physical Properties Physical properties of some common thermoplastics as
ABS, PVC, CPVC, PE, PEX, PB and PVDF
Steel Pipe - Expansion Loop Capacity Steel pipes - thermal expansion and expansion loop
capacities

A steam pipe heated from surrounding temperature to operation
temperature expands
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The table below can be used to calculate the expansion of steam pipes at different operating
temperatures.
Production Temperature
(oC)
Expansion pr. 100 m Pipe

(mm)
66
63
93
96
121
136
149
166
177
203
204
246
232
279
260
323
To avoid unacceptable stress and damage of the pipe lines - its important to handle the expansion
properly.
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Related Topics
applications.
Related Documents
Sizing Steam Pipes (kg/h) Steam is a compressible gas where the mass flow capacity of the
pipe lines depends on the steam pressure. This table, where pressure is in bar, velocity in m/s and
capacity in kg/h, is suitable for sizing steam pipes
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - inches When a steam pipes is heated from surrounding
temperature to operation temperature - it expands
Temperature Expansion of Steam Pipes

Thermal heating and cooling expansion of pipes in cast iron, carbon and
carbon molybdenum steel, wrought iron, copper, brass and aluminum
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The table below can be used to estimate thermal expansion of heated or cooled pipes and
tubes:
Temperature Expansion of Pipes per 100 Feet (inches)
Saturate
Carbon and
4-6%
18 Cr. Temperatur
12% Cr.
Cast
Wrough Cr.
Coppe Bras Aluminu
d Steam
carbon
8Ni
e
Stainles
Iron Molybdenu t Iron Alloy
r
s
m 2-S
Pressure
Stainles
o
( F)
s Steel
1)
m
Steel
s Steel
-200
1.05
8
-1.282
-1.289
1.25
0
-1.170
-2.030
-1.955
2.065
-2.69
-180
0.98
2
-1.176
-1.183
1.15
0
-1.070
-1.850
-1.782
1.890
-2.44
-160
0.89
1
-1.066
-1.073
1.03
0
-0.970
-1.670
-1.612
1.705
-2.18
-140
0.79
7
-0.948
-0.955
0.97
0
-0.870
-1.480
-1.428
1.508
-1.93
-120
-0.826
-0.833
-0.750
-1.300
-1.235
-1.67
0.69
7
1.308
0.80
0
-100
0.59
3
-0.698
-0.705
0.70
0
-0.630
-0.090
-1.040
1.098
-1.40
-80
0.48
1
-0.563
-0.570
0.55
0
-0.520
-0.880
-0.835
0.888
-1.12
-60
0.36
8
-0.428
-0.435
0.43
0
-0.400
-0.670
-0.630
0.673
-0.85
-40
0.24
8
-0.288
-0.295
0.29
0
-0.270
-0.450
-0.421
0.452
-0.58
-20
0.12
7
-0.145
-0.152
0.14
5
-0.130
-0.225
-0.210
0.227
-0.28
20
0.12
8
0.148
0.180
0.14
0
0.140
0.223
0.238 0.233
0.32
32
0.20
9
0.230
0.280
0.23
4
0.234
0.356
0.366 0.373
0.50
40
0.27
0
0.300
0.350
0.28
0
0.280
0.446
0.451 0.466
0.63
60
0.41
0
0.448
0.540
0.43
0
0.430
0.669
0.684 0.690
0.93
28.89
80
0.55
0
0.580
0.710
0.50
0
0.550
0.892
0.896 0.920
1.24
27.99
100
0.68
0
0.753
0.887
0.65
0
0.690
1.115
1.134 1.150
1.53
26.48
120
0.83
0.910
1.058
0.80
0.820
1.338
1.366 1.390
1.84
29.39
24.04
140
0.97
0
1.064
1.240
0.95
0
0.960
1.545
1.590 1.625
2.15
20.27
160
1.11
0
1.200
1.420
1.10
0
1.090
1.784
1.804 1.865
2.46
14.63
180
1.24
0
1.360
1.580
1.25
0
1.230
2.000
2.051 2.100
2.77
6.45
200
1.39
0
1.520
1.750
1.40
0
1.380
2.230
2.296 2.340
3.08
212
1.48
0
1.610
1.870
1.50
0
1.460
2.361
2.428 2.467
3.28
2.5
220
1.53
0
1.680
1.940
1.55
0
1.510
2.460
2.516 2.580
3.41
10.3
240
1.67
0
1.840
2.120
1.72
0
1.650
2.680
2.756 2.830
3.73
20.7
260
1.82
0
2.020
2.300
1.88
0
1.790
2.920
2.985 3.070
4.07
34.5
280
1.97
0
2.180
2.470
2.05
0
1.930
3.150
3.218 3.315
4.40
52.3
300
2.13
0
2.350
2.670
2.20
0
2.080
3.390
3.461 3.565
4.74
74.9
320
2.26
8
2530
2.850
2.37
0
2.220
3.615
3.696 3.820
5.10
103.3
340
2.43
0
2.700
3.040
2.53
0
2.360
3.840
3.941 4.065
5.43
138.3
360
2.59
0
2.880
3.230
2.70
0
2.510
4.100
4.176 4.350
5.78
180.9
380
2.75
0
3.060
3.425
2.86
0
2.670
4.346
4.424 4.610
6.13
1)
232.4
400
2.91
0
3.230
3.620
3.01
0
2.820
4.580
4.666 4.870
6.47
293.7
420
3.09
0
3.421
3.820
3.18
0
2.980
4.800
4.914 5.150
6.84
366.1
440
3.25
0
3.595
4.020
3.35
0
3.130
5.050
5.154 5.400
7.19
451.3
460
3.41
0
3.784
4.200
3.53
0
3.290
5.300
5.408 5.680
7.55
550.3
480
3.57
0
3.955
4.400
3.70
0
3.450
5.540
5.651 5.950
7.90
664.3
500
3.73
0
4.151
4.600
3.86
0
3.600
5.800
5.906 6.220
8.25
795.3
520
3.90
0
4.342
4.810
4.04
0
3.760
6.050
6.148 6.500
8.61
945.3
540
4.08
0
4.525
5.020
4.20
0
3.930
6.280
6.410 6.780
8.98
Vacuum in degree below 212oF, psi gauge above 212oF
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]

1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
How to calculate thermal expansion of pipes?

Expansion coefficients for some common materials
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Coefficients of Linear Expansion

Linear temperature expansion coefficients for some common materials as
aluminum, copper, glass, iron and many more
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Thermal expansion coefficients for some common materials can be found in the table below:
Linear Temperature Expansion Coefficient
- Product
(m/m.K x 10-6)
ABS thermoplastic
(in/in.oF x 10-6)
55
Alumina
5.4
3.0
Aluminum
22.2
12.3
Antimony
10.4
5.8
Beryllium
11.5
6.4
Beryllium Copper (Cu 75,

Be 25)
16.7
9.3
Brass
18.7
10.4
Brick
5.5
3.1
Bronze
18.0
Carbon - diamond
1.2
Cast Iron Gray
10.8
6.0
Cement
10.0
6.0
Concrete
14.5
8.0
Copper
16.5
9.3
CPVC thermoplastic
10.0
34
Epoxy
18 - 20
10 - 11
Glass, hard
5.9
3.3
Glass, Pyrex
4.0
2.2
Glass, plate
9.0
5.0
Gold
14.2
8.2
Graphite
7.9
4.4
Inconel
12.6
7.0
Iron, pure
12.0
6.7
Iron, cast
10.4
5.9
Iron, forged
11.3
6.3
Lead
28.0
15.1
Marble
12
6.5
Masonry
4.5 - 9.0
2.5 - 9.0
Monel
13.5
7.5
Mortar
7.3 - 13.5
4.1-7.5
Nickel
13.0
7.2
Plaster
25
13.9
Platinum
9.0
5.0
Porcelain
3.0
1.7
PVC thermoplastic
29
Quartz, fused
0.59
0.33
Rubber
77
42.8
Silver
19.5
10.7
Solder
24.0
13.4
Steel
13.0
7.3
Steel Stainless Austenitic

(304)
17.3
9.6

(310)
14.4
8.0

(316)
16.0
8.9
Steel Stainless Ferritic

(410)
9.9
5.5
Tin
23.4
13.0
Titanium
8.6
4.8
Tungsten
4.3
2.4
Uranium
13.9
Vinyl Ester
16 - 22
8.7 - 12
Wood, oak parallel to

grain
4.9
2.7
Wood, oak across to grain
5.4
3.0
Zinc
29.7
16.5
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]

1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
Calculate Thermal Pipe Expansion

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Related Topics

Material Properties Material properties as densities, heat capacities for gases, fluids and
solids ....
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the branch of physics which deals with the
transformation of heat into mechanical work.
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Temperature Expansion Coefficients of some common Piping

Materials
Expansion coefficients of some common materials used for pipes and
tubes - aluminum, carbon steel, cast iron, PVC, HDPE and more
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Expansion coefficients of some common materials used for calculating pipe temperature
expansion of pipes and tubes can be found in the table below:
Expansion Coefficients
Material
"Inch Fahrenheit"
(in/inoF x 10-6)
"Meter Celsius"
(m/moC x 10-6)
Aluminum
12.8
23.1
Carbon Steel
6.5
11.7
Cast Iron
5.9
10.6
Copper
9.3
16.8
Stainless Steel
9.9
17.8
ABS Acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene
35.0
63.0
HDPE High density

polyethylene
67.0
120.0
PE Polyethylene
83.0
150.0
CPVC Chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride
44.0
79.0
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
28.0
50.4
Note! The high expansion coefficients for the plastic materials makes plastic piping and tubes extreme
sensitive to change in temperature. Always pay attention to plastics were temperature varies.
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Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the branch of physics which deals with the
transformation of heat into mechanical work.
Related Documents
piping systems
Assembly of Shrink-Fits Heating temperature of shrink-fits
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Valve Standards
International standards for valves ..
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An overview of the American Petroleum Institute - API - valve standards
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An overview of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME - valve standards
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An overview of ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - valve standards
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material descriptions
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ISO Valve Standards

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JIS - Flanges, Bolts, Nuts, and Gaskets Standards

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Japanese Standards Association
JIS - Valve Standards

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Association
MSS - Valve Standards
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API - Valve Standards

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Valve standards from API - the American Petroleum Institute:
API SPEC 6D
Specification for Pipeline Valves. API Specification 6D is an adoption of ISO 14313: 1999,
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries-Pipeline Transportation Systems-Pipeline Valves. This
International Standard specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design,
manufacturing, testing and documentation of ball, check, gate and plug valves for application in
pipeline systems.
API 526
Flanged Steel Pressure Relief Valves. The standard is a purchase specification for flanged steel
pressure relief valves. Basic requirements are given for direct spring-loaded pressure relief valves
and pilot-operated pressure relief valves as follows: orifice designation and area; valve size and
pressure rating, inlet and outlet; materials; pressure-temperature limits; and center-to-face
dimensions, inlet and outlet.
API 527
Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves R(2002). Describes methods of determining the seat
tightness of metal- and soft-seated pressure relief valves, including those of conventional, bellows,
and pilot-operated designs.
ANSI/API STD 594
Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer and Butt-welding. API Standard 594 covers design, material,
face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature ratings, and examination, inspection, and test
requirements for two types of check valves.
API 598
Valve Inspection and Testing. The standard covers inspection, supplementary examination, and
pressure test requirements for both resilient-seated and metal-to-metal seated gate, globe, plug,
ball, check, and butterfly valves. Pertains to inspection by the purchaser and to any
supplementary examinations the purchaser may require at the valve manufacturer's plant.
ANSI/API 599
Metal Plug Valves - Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends. A purchase specification that covers
requirements for metal plug valves with flanged or butt-welding ends, and ductile iron plug valves
with flanged ends, in sizes NPS 1 through NPS 24, which correspond to nominal pipe sizes in
ASME B36.10M. Valve bodies conforming to ASME B16.34 may have flanged end and one buttwelding end. It also covers both lubricated and nonlubricated valves that have two-way coaxial
ports, and includes requirements for valves fitted with internal body, plug, or port linings or applied
hard facings on the body, body ports, plug, or plug port.
ANSI/API 600
Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Modified National
Adoption of ISO 10434:1998.
API 602
Compact Steel Gate Valves - Flanged, Threaded, Welding, and Extended-Body Ends. The
standard covers threaded-end, socket-welding-end, butt-welding-end, and flanged-end compact
carbon steel gate valves in sizes NPS4 and smaller.
ANSI/API 603
Corrosion-Resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends. The standard
covers corrosion-resistant bolted bonnet gate valves with flanged or butt-weld ends in sizes NPS
1/2 through 24, corresponding to nominal pipe sizes in ASME B36.10M, and Classes 150, 300,
and, 600, as specified in ASME B16.34.
ANSI/API 607
Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter Turn Valves. The standard covers the requirements for testing
and evaluating the performance of straightway, soft-seated quarter-turn valves when the valves
are exposed to certain fire conditions defined in this standard. The procedures described in this
standard apply to all classes and sizes of such valves that are made of materials listed in ASME
B16.34.
API 609
Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type. The standard covers design, materials,
face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature ratings, and examination, inspection, and test
requirements for gray iron, ductile iron, bronze, steel, nickel-base alloy, or special alloy butterfly
valves that provide tight shutoff in the closed position and are suitable for flow regulation.
API 6FA
Specification for Fire Test for Valves. The standard covers the requirements for testing and
evaluating the performance of API Spec 6A and Spec 6D valves when exposed to specifically
defined fire conditions.
API 6FC
Fire Test for Valve with Automatic Backseats. The standard covers the requirements for testing
and evaluating the performance of API Spec 6A and Spec 6D valves with automatic backseats
when exposed to specifically defined fire conditions.
API 6RS
Referenced Standards for Committee 6, Standardization of Valves and Wellhead Equipment.
API 11V6
Design of Continuous Flow Gas Lift Installations Using Injection Pressure Operated Valves. The
standard sets guidelines for continuous flow gas lift installation designs using injection pressure
operated valves.
ANSI/API RP 11V7
Recommended Practice for Repair, Testing, and Setting Gas Lift Valves. The standard applies to
repair, testing, and setting gas lift valves and reverse flow (check) valves.
API 520-1
Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries: Part I - Sizing and
Selection. The recommended practice applies to the sizing and selection of pressure relief devices
used in refineries and related industries for equipment that has a maximum allowable working
pressure of 15 psig (1.03 bar g or 103 kPa g) or greater.
API 520-2
Recommended Practice 520: Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in
Refineries-Part II, Installation. The recommended practice covers methods of installation for
pressure-relief devices for equipment that has a maximum allowable working pressure of 15 psig
(1.03 bar g or 103 kPa g) or greater. It covers gas, vapor, steam, two-phase and incompressible
fluid service.
ANSI/API 574
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components. The standard covers the inspection of piping,
tubing, valves (other than control valves) and fittings used in petroleum refineries.
ANSI/API 576
Inspection of Pressure Relieving Devices. The recommended practice describes the inspection
and repair practices for automatic pressure-relieving devices commonly used in the oil and
petrochemical industries.
ANSI/API 608
Metal Ball Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends. The standard covers Class 150 and Class
300 metal ball valves that have either butt-welding or flanged ends and are for use in on-off
service.
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Common valve standards from American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME:
ASME A105/105M
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for piping applications
ASME A181/181M
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for General purpose piping
ASME A182/182M
Standard Specification for forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe flanges, forged fittings and valves and
parts for high-temperature service
ASME A727/727M
Standard specification for carbon steel forgings for piping components with inherent notch
toughness
ASME A961
Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, valves, and
Parts for Piping Applications
ASME B16.10
Face to Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
ASME B16.34
Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
ASME B462
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled UNS N08020, UNS N08024, UNS N08026, UNS
N08367, and UNS R20033 Alloy Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for
Corrosive High-Temperature Service
ASME B834
Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated Powder Metallurgy Iron-Nickel- ChromiumMolybdenum (UNS N08367) and Nickel- Chromium Molybdenum Columbium (Nb) (UNS N06625)
Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
ASME D5500
Standard Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-ignition Engine Fuel
for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
ASME F885
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Bronze Globe Valves NPS 1/4 to 2 El-1996
R(1996)
ASME F992
Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates El-1997 R(1997)
ASME F993
Standard Specification for Valve Locking Devices El-1997 R(1997)
ASME F1020
Standard Specification for Line-Blind Valves for marine Applications El-1996 RI'1996)
ASME F1098
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Butterfly Valves - NPS 2 to 24 EI-1993
R(1993)
ASME F1271
Standard Specification for Spill Valves for Use in Marine Tank Liquid Overpressure Protections
Applications EI-1995 R (1995)
ASME F1370
Standard Specification for Pressure Reducing valves for Water Systems, Shipboard
ASME F1508
Standard Specification for Angle Style, Pressure Relief Valves for Steam, Gas, and Liquid
Services
ASME F1565
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Steam Service
ASME F1792
Standard Specification for Special Requirements for Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen Service
ASME F1793
Standard Specification for Automatic Shut-Off Valves (Also Known as Excess Flow Valves, EFV)
for Air or Nitrogen Service
ASME F1794
Standard Specification for Hand operated, Globe-Style Valves for Gas (Except Oxygen Gas), and
Hydraulic Systems
ASME F1795
Standard specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Air or Nitrogen Systems
ASME A230
Standard specification for steel wire oil - tempered carbon valve spring quality
ASME A232
Standard specification for chromium - vanadium alloy steel valve spring quality
ASME A350
Standard specification for forged or rolled carbon and alloy steel flanges forged fittings and valves
and parts for low - temperature service
ASME A338
Standard specification for ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings
ASME A694
Standard specification for forgings carbon and alloy steel for pipe flanges fittings valves and parts
for high - pressure transmission service
ASME A404
Standards specification for forged or rolled alloy - steel pipe flanges forged fittings and valves and
parts specially heat treated for high temperature service
ASME A522
Forged or rolled 8% and 9% nickel alloy steel flanges fittings valves and parts for low temperature service
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An overview of ASTM International - American Society for Testing and
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ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - valve standards:
ASTM A126-04
Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings
ASTM A182/A182M-04
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves
and Parts for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A338
Standard Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and Valve Parts for Railroad,
Marine, and Other Heavy Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650F (345C)
ASTM A522/A522M-01
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves,
and Parts for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A694/A694M-03
Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and
Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
ASTM A961-04
Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and
Parts for Piping Applications
ASTM A988/A988M
Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and
Parts for High Temperature Service
ASTM A989/A989M
Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and
Parts for High Temperature Service
ASTM B61-2
Standard Specification for Steam or Valve Bronze Castings
ASTM B763
Standard Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for Valve Application
ASTM B834
Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated Powder Metallurgy Iron-Nickel-ChromiumMolybdenum (UNS N08367) and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium (Nb) (UNS N06625)
Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
ASTM C1129
Standard Practice for Estimation of Heat Savings by Adding Thermal Insulation to Bare Valves
and Flanges
ASTM F885
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Bronze Globe Valves NPS 1/4 to 2
ASTM F992
Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates
ASTM F993
Standard Specification for Valve Locking Devices
ASTM F1020
Standard Specification for Line-Blind Valves for Marine Applications
ASTM F1030
Standard Practice for Selection of Valve Operators
ASTM F1098
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Butterfly Valves-NPS 2 to 24
ASTM F1271
Standard Specification for Spill Valves for Use in Marine Tank Liquid Overpressure Protections
Applications
ASTM F1370
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Water Systems, Shipboard
ASTM F1394
Standard Test Method for Determination of Particle Contribution from Gas Distribution System
Valves
ASTM F1565
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Steam Service
ASTM F1792
Standard Specification for Special Requirements for Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen Service
ASTM F1793
Standard Specification for Automatic Shut-Off Valves (Also Known as Excess Flow Valves, EFV)
for Air Or Nitrogen Service
ASTM F1794
Standard Specification for Hand-Operated, Globe-Style Valves for Gas (Except Oxygen Gas), and
Hydraulic Systems
ASTM F1795
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Air or Nitrogen Systems
ASTM F1802
Standard Test Method for Performance Testing of Excess Flow Valves
ASTM F1970
Standard Specification for Special Engineered Fittings, Appurtenances or Valves for use in Poly
(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) or Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Systems
ASTM F1985
Standard Specification for Pneumatic-Operated, Globe-Style, Control Valves
ASTM F2138
Standard Specification for Excess Flow Valves for Natural Gas Service
ASTM F2215
Standard Specification for Balls, Bearings, Ferrous and Nonferrous for Use in Bearings, Valves,
and Bearing Applications
ASTM F2324
Standard Test Method for Prerinse Spray Valves
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ASTM International ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - is a
scientific and technical organization that develops and publishes voluntary standards on the
characteristics of material, products, systems and services
Cross Reference of ASTM Material Specifications Fittings, Flanges, Unions and Cast and
Forged Valves
standards
BSi - British Standard Valves

An overview of BSi - British Standard institute valve standards
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BSi - British Standard institute valve standards:
BS 341-1:1991
Transportable gas container valves. Specification for industrial valves for working pressures up to
and including 300 bar (REPLACED by BS EN 14189:2003) , BS 341-3:2002) , BS EN 849:1997) ,
BS EN ISO 13340:2001) , BS EN ISO 14246:2001) , BS 341-4:2004)
BS 341-2:1963
Transportable Gas Container Valves. Valves with Taper Stems for Use with Breathing Apparatus.
(REPLACED by BS 341-1:1991) , BS EN 849:1997) , BS EN ISO 12209-1:2001) , BS EN ISO
12209-2:2001) , BS EN ISO 12209-3:2001)
BS 341-3:2002
Transportable gas container valves. Valve outlet connections
BS 341-4:2004
Transportable gas container valves. Pressure relief devices
BS 759-1:1984
Valves, gauges and other safety fittings for application to boilers and to piping installations for and
in connection with boilers. Specification for valves, mountings and fittings
BS 1123-1:1990
Safety valves, gauges and fusible plugs for compressed air or inert gas installations - Code of
practice for installation
BS 1212-1:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for piston type float operated valves (copper alloy body)
(excluding floats)
BS 1212-1:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for piston type float operated valves (copper alloy body)
(excluding floats)
BS 1212-3:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for diaphragm type float operated valves (plastics bodied) for
cold water services only (excluding floats)
BS 1212-4:1990
Float operated valves - Specification for compact type float operated valves for WC flushing
cisterns (including floats)
BS 1552:2004
Specification for open bottomed taper plug valves for 1st, 2nd and 3rd family gases up to 200
mbar
BS 1570:1960
Flanged and but weld-welding end steel plug valves for the petroleum industry (excluding well head and flow-line valves)
BS1655:1976
Flanged automatic control valves for the process control industry (face to face dimensions)
BS 1735:1966
Flanged cast iron outside-screw-and-yoke wedge gate valve, class 125, sizes 1 1/3 in to 24 in, for
the petroleum industry
BS 1868:1975
Specification for steel check valves (flanged and butt-welding ends) for the petroleum,
petrochemical and allied industries
BS 1873:1975
Specification for steel globe and globe stop and check valves (flanged and butt-welding ends) for
the petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
BS1952:2000
Copper alloy valves for general purposes
BS1953:2000
Copper alloy check valves for general purposes
BS1963:1990
Specification for pressure operated relay valves for domestic, commercial and catering gas
appliances
BS 1968:1953
Specification for floats for ball valves (copper)
BS2060:2000
Copper alloy screw down stop valves for general purposes
BS2080:1995
Specification for face to face, center to face, end to end and center to end dimensions of valves
BS 2456:1990
Specification for floats (plastics) for float operated valves for cold water services
BS 2879:1980
Specification for draining taps (screw-down pattern)
BS2995:1966
Cast and forged steel wedge gate, globe, check and plug valve, screwed and socket welding,
sizes 2 in and smaller, for the petroleum industry
BS 3457:1973
Specification for materials for water tap and stop valve seat washers
BS 3464:2000
Cast iron wedge and double disk gate valves for general purposes
BS3808:1964
Cast and forged steel flanged, screwed and socket welding wedge gate valves (compact design),
sizes 2 in and smaller, for the petroleum industry
BS3948:1965
Cast iron parallel slide valves for general purposes
BS3952:1965
Cast iron butterfly valves for general purposes
BS3961:1965
Cast iron screw down stop valves and stop and check valves for general purposes
BS 4062-1:1982
Valves for hydraulic fluid power systems - Methods for determining pressure differential/flow
characteristics
BS 4062-2:1990
Valves for hydraulic fluid power systems - Methods for determining performance
BS4090:1966
Cast iron check valves for general purposes
BS4133:1967
Flanged steel parallel slide valves for general purposes
BS4312:1968
Flanged steel screw down stop valves and check valves for general purposes
BS 4460:1969
Steel ball valves for the petroleum industry
BS 5041:1987
Fire hydrant systems equipment - Specification for landing valves for wet risers
BS 5146 P1:1984
Steel valves for the petrochemical and allied industries
BS 5150:1990 - Withdrawn, Superseded
Specification for cast iron gate valves
Specification for cast iron gate (parallel slide) valves for general purposes
Cast iron globe & globe stop and check valves

Cast iron check valves for general purposes
BS 5154:1991
Specification for copper alloy globe, globe stop and check, check and gate valves
BS 5155:1992
Specification for butterfly valves
BS 5156:1990
Specification for diaphragm valves
BS 5157:1989
Specification for steel gate (parallel slide) valves
BS 5158:1989
Specification for cast iron plug valves
BS 5159:1982
Cast iron and carbon steel ball valves for general purposes
BS 5160:1989
Specification for steel globe valves, globe stop and check valves and lift type check valves
BS 5163:1991
Specification for predominantly key-operated cast iron gate valves for waterworks purposes
BS 5351:1990
Steel ball valves for petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
BS 5352:1990
Steel wedge gate, globe and check valves 50mm and small
BS 5353:1989
Specification for steel plug valves
BS 5417:1976
Testing of general purpose industrial valves
BS 5418:1984
Specification for marking of general purpose industrial valves
BS 5672:1991
Specification for designation of the direction of retation and of cylinders and valves in cylinder
heads, and definition of right-hand and left-hand in-line engines and locations on engines for
reciprocating internal combustion engines
BS 5793-4:1987
Industrial-process control valves - Specification for inspection and routine testing
BS 5793-6:1986
Industrial-process control valves - Specification for mounting details for attachment of positioners
to control valve actuators
BS 5834-1:1985
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes Specification for guards, including foundation units
BS 5834-2:1983
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes Specification for small surface boxes
BS 5834-3:1985
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes Specification for large surface boxes
BS 5834-4:1989
Surface boxes, guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks purposes Specification for preformed chambers
BS 5995:1980
Methods of test for electrohydraulic servovalves
BS 6282-2:1982
Devices with moving parts for the prevention of contamination of water by backflow - Specification
for check valves of nominal size up to and including DN 54
BS 6282-3:1982
for in-line anti-vacuum valves of nominal size up to and including DN 42
BS 6282-4:1982
for combined check and anti-vacuum valves of nominal size up to and including DN 42
BS 6283-2:1991
Safety and control devices for use in hot water systems - Specifications for temperature relief
valves for pressures from 1 bar to 10 bar
BS 6283-4:1991
Safety and control devices for use in hot water systems - Specification for drop-tight pressure
reducing valves of nominal size up to and including DN 50 for supply pressures up to and
including 12 bar
BS 6494-4:1989
Hydraulic fluid power valve mounting surfaces - Specification for clamping dimensions of four-part,
size 03 and 05, modular stack valves and directional control valves
BS 6675:1986
Specification for servicing valves (copper alloy) for water services
BS 6683:1985
Guide to installation and use of valves
BS 6697:1986
Methods of test for electrohydraulic proportional control valves
BS 6755-2:1987
Testing of valves - Specification for fire type-testing requirements
BS 6759-1:1995
Safety valves - Part 1. Specification for safety valves for steam and hot water
BS 6759-2:1997
Safety valves - Part 2. Safety valves for compressed air or inert gas
BS 6759-3:1995
Safety valves - Part 3. Specification for safety valves for process fluids
BS 6821:1988
Methods for aerodynamic testing of dampers and valves
BS 7296-1:1990
Cavities for hydraulic fluid power cartridge valves - specification for two-port slip-in valves
BS 7350:1990
Specification for double regulating globe valves and flow measurement devices for heating and
chilled water systems
BS 7389-1:1990
Pneumatic fluid power valve mounting surfaces - specification for five-port directional control
valves (without electrical motor)
BS 7438:1991
Specification steel and copper alloy waffer check valves, single disk, spring-loaded type
BS EN 488:2003
District heating pipes - Preinsulated bonded pipe systems for directly buried hot water networks Steel valve assembly for steel service pipes, polyurethane thermal insulation and outer casing of
polyethylene
BS EN 558-1:1996
Industrial values face to face and center to face dimensions of metal valves for use in flanged pipe
systems. Part 1 PN designated valves
BS EN 558-2:1996
Industrial valves face to face and center to face dimensions of metal valves for use in flanged
piping systems. Part 2 class-designated valves
BS EN 561:2002
Gas welding equipment - Quick-action coupling with shut-off valves for welding, cutting and allied
processes
BS EN 736-1:1995
Valves - Terminology - Definition of types of valves
BS EN 736-2:1997
Valves - Terminology - Definition of components of valves
BS EN 816:1997
Sanitary tapware - Automatic shut-off valves PN 10
BS EN 917:1997
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test methods for resistance to internal pressure
and leaktightness
BS EN 1092-2:1997
Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN
designated - Cast iron flanges
BS EN 1112:1997
Shower outlets for (PN 10) sanitary tapware
BS EN 1680:1997
Plastics piping systems - Valves for polyethylene (PE) piping systems - Test method for
leaktightness under and after bending applied to the operating mechanism
BS EN 1704:1997
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test method for the integrity of a valve after
temperature cycling under bending
BS EN 1705:1997
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test method for the integrity of a valve after an
external blow
BS EN 12119:1997
Plastics piping systems - Polyethylene (PE) valves - Test method for resistance to thermal cycling
BS EN 14141:2003
Valves for natural gas transportation in pipelines - Performance requirements and tests
BS EN 14189:2003
Transportable gas cylinders. Inspection and maintenance of cylinder valves at time of periodic
inspection of gas cylinders. Partially replaces BS 341-1:1991
BS EN 28233:1992
Thermoplastics valves - Torque - Test method
BS EN 28659:1992
Thermoplastics valves - Fatigue strength - Test method
BS EN 60534-1:1989
Industrial-process control valves - Industrial-process control valves - Control valve terminology
and general considerations
BS EN 60534-2-1:1999
Industrial-process control valves - Flow capacity - Flow capacity - Sizing equations for fluid flow
under installed conditions
BS EN 60534-2-3:1998
Industrial-process control valves - Flow capacity - Test procedures
BS EN 60534-2-5:2003
Industrial-process control valves - Flow capacity - Sizing equations for fluid flow through
multistage control valves with interstage recovery
BS EN 60534-3-1:2000
Industrial-process control valves - Dimensions - Face-to-face dimensions for flanged, two-way,
globe-type, straight pattern and centre-to-face dimensions for flanged, two-way, globe-type, angle
pattern control valves
BS EN 60534-3-2:2001
Industrial-process control valves - Dimensions - Face-to-face dimensions for rotary control valves
except butterfly valves
BS EN 60534-3-3:1998
Industrial-process control valves - Dimensions - End-to-end dimensions for buttweld, two-way,
globe-type, straight pattern control valves
BS EN 60534-5:2004
Industrial-process control valves - Marking
BS EN 60534-6-1:1998
Industrial-process control valves - Mounting details for attachment of positioners to control valves Positioner mounting on linear actuators
BS EN 60534-6-2:2001
Industrial-process control valves - Mounting details for attachment of positioners to control valves Positioner mounting on rotary actuators
BS EN 60534-8-1:2001
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Laboratory measurement of noise
generated by aerodynamic flow through control valves
BS EN 60534-8-2:1991
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Laboratory measurement of noise
generated by hydrodynamic flow through control valves
BS EN 60534-8-3:2000
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Control valve aerodynamic noise
prediction method
BS EN 60534-8-4:1994
Industrial-process control valves - Noise considerations - Prediction of noise generated by
hydrodynamic flow
BS EN 60730-2-8:2002
Specification for automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Particular
requirements - Particular requirements for electrically operated water valves, including mechanical
requirements
BS EN ISO 5210:1996
Industrial valves - Multi-turn valve actuator attachments
BS ISO 4401:1996
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port directional control valves - Mounting surfaces
BS ISO 6263:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Compensated flow-control valves - Mounting surfaces
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standards
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Chinese and International Valve Standards

Chinese valve standards compared with the international ISO, ASTM ,
ASME, ANSI, MSS, API and JIS standards
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Chinese Standard Code
Num.
Chinese Standard Name
Adopting Standard
GB12220
General valve -- marking
ISO 5209
GB12221
Flanged ends metal valve

- face-to-face dimensions
ISO 5752
GB12222
Multi-turn valve -connection of driving

device
ISO 5210/1 - 3
GB12223
Part-turn valve -connection of driving

device
ISO 5211/1 - 3
GB12224
Steel valve - general

requirements
ANSI B16.34
GB12225
General valve -- copper

alloy casting ware
technology requirements
ASTM B584
GB12226
General valve -- gray

casting iron technology
requirements
ISO 185,BS 1452
GB12228
General valve -- carbon

forging steel technology
requirements
ASTM A 105,A181
GB12229
General valve -- carbon

casting steel technology
requirements
ASTM A703
GB12230
General valve --- Ad

casting steel technology
requirements
ASTM A351
GB12232
General valve -- flanged

ends iron gate valve
ISO5996-1982,
API 595
GB12233
General valve -- iron gate

valve and lift check valve
BS5152,5153
GB12234

and butt-welding ends
copper gate valve
API 600
GB12237

and butt-welding ends
steel ball valve
ISO7121, API 607
GB12238

and wafer ends butterfly
valve
BS5155
GB12239
General valve -diaphragm valve
BS5156,NFE29
GB12240
General valve -- iron plug

valve
API 593
GB12241
Safety valve -- general

requirements
ISO 4126
GB12242
Safety valve -characteristic testing

solution
ANSI/ASME PTC25.3
GB12243
Direct spring loaded safety

valve
JIS B 8210
GB12244
Pressure reducing valve general requirements
JIS B 8372,B8410
GB12245
Pressure reducing valve characteristic testing

solution
JIS B 8372,B8410
GB12246
Pilot operated pressure

reducing valve
JIS B 8372, DSS405
GB12247
Steam trap valve -classification
ISO 6704
GB12248
Steam trap valve -technology terms
ISO 6552
GB12249
Steam trap valve -marking
ISO 6553
GB12250
Steam trap valve -- faceto-face dimensions
ISO 6554
GB12251
Steam trap valve -- testing

solution
ISO 6948,7841,7842
GB/T13927
General valve -- pressure

testing
ISO 5208
JB/T6899-93
Valve fire-proof test
ISO10497
JB/T7927-95
Valve casting steel ware

out-form quality
requirements
MSS SP55
ZBJ16006-90
Inspection and testing of

valve
API 598
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standards
Sponsored Links
Chinese Valve Standards

Chinese standards for steel, cast iron and metal valves
Sponsored Links
Chinese Standard Code Num.
Chinese Standard Name
GB12220
General valve - marking
GB12221
Flanged ends metal valve - face-to-face

dimensions
GB12222
Multi-turn valve - connection of driving

device
GB12223
Part-turn valve - connection of driving

device
GB12224
Steel valve - general requirements
GB12225
General valve - copper alloy casting

ware technology requirements
GB12226
General valve - gray casting iron

GB12227
General valve - ductile casting iron

GB12228
General valve - carbon forging steel

GB12229
General valve - carbon casting steel

GB12230
General valve - a casting steel

GB12232
General valve - flanged ends iron gate

valve
GB12233
General valve - iron gate valve and lift

check valve
GB12234
General valve - flanged and butt-welding

ends copper gate valve
GB12235
General valve - flanged steel stop and

lift check valve
GB12236
General valve - steel swing check valve
GB12237
General valve - flanged and butt-welding

ends steel ball valve
GB12238
General valve - flanged and wafer ends

butterfly valve
GB12239
General valve - diaphragm valve
GB12240
General valve - iron plug valve
GB12241
Safety valve - general requirements
GB12242
Safety valve - characteristic testing

solution
GB12243
Direct spring loaded safety valve
GB12244
Pressure reducing valve - general

requirements
GB12245
Pressure reducing valve - characteristic
testing solution
GB12246
Pilot operated pressure reducing valve
GB12247
Steam trap valve - classification
GB12248
Steam trap valve - technology terms
GB12249
Steam trap valve - marking
GB12250
Steam trap valve - face-to-face

dimensions
GB12251
Steam trap valve - testing solution
GB/T13927
General valve - pressure testing
GB/T13932
General valve - iron swing check valve
GB/T15185
Iron and copper ball valve
GB/T15188.1
Valve face-to-face dimensions - buttwelding ends valve
GB/T15188.2
Valve face-to-face dimensions - wafer

ends valve
GB/T15188.3
Valve face-to-face dimensions - female

screw-down valve
GB/T15188.4
Valve face-to-face dimensions - male

screw -down valve
JB93
Handle
JB94
Spanner
JB106
Valve - marking and identifying paint
JB308
Valve - type establishing way
JB/T450
PN16.032.0Mpa forging angle type highpressure valve, fastener and technology

requirements
JB451
Lever type safety valve technology

requirements
JB1308
Pg(2500kgf/cm2)valve type and base specification
JB1309
Pg(2500kgf/cm2)valve pipe and fastener

JB/T1691
Valve key construction element

dimension of stem head
JB1692
Umbrella type hand wheel
JB1693
Plane hand wheel
JB1694
Valve stem nut (1)
JB1695
Valve stem nut (2)
JB1696
Valve stem nut (3)
JB1698
Valve stem nut (5)
JB1699
Valve stem nut (4)
JB1700.1
Locking nut (1)
JB1700.2
Locking nut (2)
JB1701
Valve stem nut (6)
JB1702.1
Bearing gland (1)
JB1702.2
Bearing gland (2)
JB1703
Sleeve liner
JB1706
Pressing sleeve nut
JB1708
Gland
JB1709
T type bolt
JB1712
Asbestos packing
JB1713
Packing seat(1)
JB1716
Packing seat(2)
JB/T1717
Valve construction key element back

seat ring dimensions
JB1718
Spacer (1)
JB1719
Spacer (2)
JB1720
Spacer (3)
JB1721
Spacer (4)
JB1726
Valve disc seat
JB1727
Folio circle
JB1728
Stop collar
JB/T1732
Valve construction key element taper

sealing face dimensions
JB/T1733
Valve construction key element valve

body copper sealing face dimensions
JB/T1734
Valve construction key element wedge

disc and valve disc copper sealing face
dimensions
JB1735
Foot valve disc sealing ring
JB1736
Swing check valve disc sealing ring
JB1737
Swing check valve disc sealing ring

pressing board
JB/T1738
Valve construction key element

dimensions of wedge gate valve body
slide way and slide way groove
JB/T1739

dimensions of wedge gate valve body
sealing plane clearance and wedge
angle
JB/T1740

dimensions of wedge disc sealing plane
JB1741
Thimble
JB1742
Adjusting ring
JB1747
Packing ring
JB1749
Ammonia valve disc
JB/T1750

ammonia valve body sealing plane
dimensions
JB/T1751-92
Valve construction key element socket

welding and fitting pipe head dimension
JB/T1752-92
Valve construction key element male

screw ends head dimensions
JB1753-91
Joint ring
JB1754-91
Joint
JB1755-91
Joint nut
JB/T1756-92

dimensions of bayonet joint ends
JB1757-91
Bayonet
JB1758-91
Bayonet nut
JB1759-91
Bearing ring
JB1760- 91
Six-angle bolt
JB1761-91
Bolt ring
JB/T1762-92
Valve construction key element spanner

dimensions
JB2202-77
Direct spring loaded safety valve

specification
JB2203-77
Direct spring loaded safety valve faceto-face dimensions
JB2205-77
Reducing valve face-to-face dimensions
JB2206-77
Reducing valve technology

requirements
JB2311-78
Ball valve technology requirements
JB2765-81
Valve technology terms
JB2766-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa dimensions of forging

high-pressure valve
JB/T2768-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa Pipe, piping fitting,

valve head dimensions
JB/T2769-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa screw flange
JB/T2770-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa joint nut
JB/T2771-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa joint
JB/T2772-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa Blind plate
JB/T2773-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa double head bolt
JB/T2774-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa double bolt ends and

thread hole dimensions
JB/T2775-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa nut
JB/T2776-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa lens ring
JB/T2777-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa Non-hole lens ring
JB/T2778-92
PN16.0- 32.0Mpa temperature marking

of pipe and fastener
JB3328-83
Air jar valve and pipe-line valve
JB3339-83
Little type medical air jar frame type

valve connection dimensions
JB5206.1-91
Packing gland (1)
JB5206.2-91
Packing gland (2)
JB5206.3-91
Packing gland (3)
JB5207-91
Packing pressing plate
JB5208-91
Separating circle
JB5209-91
Plastics packing
JB5210-91
Back sealing ring
JB5211-91
Gate valve seat ring
JB/T5296-91
General valve testing way of flow rate

coefficient and flow resistant coefficient
JB/T5298-91
Steel plate gate valve for pipe line using
JB/T5299-91
General valve Hydraulic actuator

butterfly type check valve
JB/T5300-91
General valve material
JB/T6438-92
Valve sealing face plasma arc welding technology requirements
JB/T6439-92
Valve pressing casting steel ware magnetism powder flaw detector

inspection
JB/T6440-92
Valve pressing casting steel ware - rax

irradiating inspection
JB/T6441-92
Safety valve for compressor purpose
JB/T6495-92
Valve construction key element Gate

valve (or disc) T type groove dimensions
JB/T6496-92
Valve construction key element packing

dimensions
JB/T6497-92
Valve construction key element stem

head dimensions
JB/T6498-92
Valve construction key element disc and

stem connection groove dimensions
JB/T6899-93
Valve fire-proof test
JB/T6900-93
Draught valve
JB/T6901-93
Seal type glasses valve
JB/T6902-93
Valve casting steel ware hydraulic

penetrating inspection way
JB/T6903-93
Valve forging steel ware super wave

inspection way
JB/T6904-93
Inspection and testing of air jar valve
JB/T7248-94
Technology terms of low temperature

casting steel for valve purpose
JB/T7744-95
Valve sealing face alloy powder for

plasma arc welding
JB/T7745-95
Pipe line ball valve
JB/T7746-95
Diameter-shrinking forging steel valve
JB/T7747-95
Needle type stop valve
JB/T7748-95
Valve clearance degree and inspection

way
JB/T7749-95
Technology terms of sub-zero valve
JB/T7927-95
Valve casting steel ware out-form quality

requirements
JB/T7928-95
General valve offer requirements
JB/Z243-85
Gate valve static pressure length of life

test rules
JB/Z244-85
Stop valve static pressure length of life

test rules
JB/Z245-85
Plug valve static pressure length of life

test rules
JB/Z246-85
Ball valve static pressure length of life

test rules
JB/Z247-85
Valve - electrically device length of life

test rules
JB/Z248-85
Butterfly valve static pressure length of

life test rules
ZBJ16002-87
Valve electrically driving apparatus

technology terms
ZBJ16004-88
Reducing valve type and basing

coefficient
ZBJ16006-90
Inspection and testing of valve
ZBJ16007-90
Steam trap valve technology terms
ZBJ16008-90
Hydraulic petroleum gas device urgent

shut down valve - technology terms
ZBJ16009-90
Valve pneumatic actuator technology

terms
JB/T8473-96
Instrument valve series
JB/T8528-97
General valve electric actuator technology terms
JB/T8527-97
Metal sealing butterfly valve
JB/T8529-97
Explosion-proof type valve electric

actuator - technology terms
JB/T8530-97
Valve electric actuator - type

establishing way
JB/T8531-97
Valve manual actuator - technology

terms
JB/T8670-97
YBDF2 series explosion-proof threephase asynchronous generator for valve

electric actuator purpose - technology
terms
DIN - Valve Standards

An overview of DIN - Deutsches Institut fr Normung - valve standards
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DIN - Deutsches Institut fr Normung - valve related standards:
DIN 475-1
Widths across flats for bolts, screws, valves and fittings
DIN 475-2
Wrench and socket openings
DIN 477-1
Gas cylinder valves rated for test pressures up to 300 bar; types, sizes and outlets
DIN 477-4
Compressed gas cylinder valves; swing check valves for camping-cylinders
DIN 477-5
Gas cylinder valves - Part 5: For test pressure up to 450 bar max.; Outlet connections
DIN 477-6
Gas cylinder valves; test pressures 300 bar and 450 bar, with cylindrical thread for valve stem and
gas cylinder neck for breathing apparatus; sizes, threads
DIN 477-9 (Draft standard)
Gas cylinder valves, for highest grade gases; sizes, connections, threads
DIN 1690-10
Technical delivery conditions for castings of metallic materials; supplementary requirements for
steel castings used for heavy-duty valves
DIN 3202-4
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of valves; Valves with female thread connection
DIN 3202-5
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of valves; valves for connection with compression
couplings
DIN 3230-3
Technical delivery conditions for valves; Compilation of test methods
DIN 3230-4
Technical Conditions of Delivery for Valves; Valves for Potable Water Service, Requirements and
Testing
DIN 3230-5
Technical delivery conditions; valves for gas installations and gas pipelines; requirements and
testing
DIN 3230-6
Technical delivery conditions for valves; requirements and methods of test for valves for use with
flammable liquids
DIN 3266-1
Valves for drinking water installations on private premises; PN 10 pipe interrupters, pipe
disconnectors, anti-vacuum valves
DIN 3266-2
Valves for drinking water installations on private premises; PN 10 pipe interrupters, pipe
disconnectors, anti-vacuum valves; testing
DIN 3320-1
Safety valves; safety shut-off valves; definitions, sizing, marking
DIN 3320-3 (Draft standard)

Safety valves; safety shut-off valves; center for face dimensions of flanged safety valves to PN 40
and to DN 250 inlet
DIN 3339
Valves; body component materials
DIN 3352-1
Gate Valves; General Information
DIN 3352-2
Cast iron gate valves, with metallic seat and inside screw stem
DIN 3352-3
Cast iron gate valves, with metallic seat and outside screw stem
DIN 3352-4
Cast iron gate valves with elastomeric obturator seatings and inside screw stem
DIN 3352-5
Steel gate valves, isomorphs series
DIN 3352-13
Double-socket cast iron gate valves, with elastomeric obturator seat and inside screw stem
DIN 3356-1
Globe valves; General data
DIN 3356-2
Globe valves; Cast iron stop valves
DIN 3356-3
Globe valves; Unalloyed steel stop valves
DIN 3356-4
Globe valves; High temperature steel stop valves
DIN 3356-5
Globe valves; Stainless steel stop valves
DIN 3357-1
Metal ball valves; general requirements and methods of test
DIN 3357-2
Full bore steel ball valves
DIN 3357-3
Reduced bore steel ball valves
DIN 3357-4
Full bore nonferrous metal ball valves
DIN 3357-5
Reduced bore nonferrous metal ball valves
DIN 3381
Safety devices for gas supply installations operating at working pressures up to 100 bar; pressure
relief governors and safety shut-off devices
DIN 3399
Gas low-pressure cut-off valves; safety requirements, testing
DIN 3441-1
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; requirements and testing
DIN 3441-2
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; ball valves; dimensions
DIN 3441-3
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; diaphragm valves; dimensions
DIN 3441-4
Valves of Rigid PVC (Unplasticized or Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride); Y-valves (Inclined-seat Valves),
Dimensions
DIN 3441-5
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves; PN 6 and PN 10 wafer type butterfly valves;
dimensions
DIN 3441-6
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) valves; gate valves with inside screw stem; dimensions
DIN 3442-1
Polypropylene (PP) valves; requirements and testing
DIN 3442-2
Fittings of PP (Polypropylene); Ball valves, Dimensions
DIN 3442-3
Polypropylene (PP) valves; diaphragm valves; dimensions
DIN 3475
Spheroidal graphite cast iron valves and fittings provided with internal corrosion protection by
means of enamelling, for use in drinking water supply systems; requirements and testing
DIN 3476
Corrosion protection of water valves and pipe fittings by epoxy powder or liquid epoxy resin linings
- Requirements and testing
DIN 3500
PN 10 piston type gate valves for use in drinking water supply systems
DIN 3502
Stopvalves for drinking water supplies on and in private property; straight pattern globe valves
with oblique bonnet, rated for nominal pressure PN 10
DIN 3512
Stopvalves for domestic water supply - Two-way valves - Vertical bonnet type PN 10; Straight
pattern globe valve; Technical rule of the DVGW
DIN 3535-1
Sealants for gas supplies; elastomeric gasket materials for gas valves in domestic installations;
requirements and tests
DIN 3535-5
Rubber/cork and rubber/cork synthetic fiber based gasket materials for use with gas valves, gas
appliances and gas pipe work
DIN 3535-6
Gaskets for gas supply - Part 6: Gasket materials based on synthetic fibers, graphite or
polytetrafluoroethylen (PTFE) for gas valves, gas appliances and gas mains
DIN 3537-1
Gas stop valves rated for pressures up to 4 bar; requirements and acceptance testing
DIN 3543-1
Metal tapping valves; requirements, testing
DIN 3543-2
Metallic tapping stop valves; dimensions
DIN 3543-3, Publication date:1978-07
PVC tapping valves for plastic pipes; dimensions
DIN 3543-4
High density polyethylene (HDPE) tapping valves for HDPE pipes; dimensions
DIN 3544-1
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) valves; tapping valves; requirements and test
DIN 3852-1
Ports and stud ends with metric fine pitch thread, for use with compression couplings, valves and
screw plugs; Dimensions
DIN 3852-2
Stud ends and tapped holes with pipe thread, for use with compression couplings, valves and
screw plugs; Dimensions
DIN 3852-11
Stud ends and tapped holes for use with compression couplings, valves and screw plugs - Type E
stud end dimensions
DIN 19208
Flow measurement; mating dimensions and application of shut-off valves for differential pressure
transducers and differential pressure piping
DIN 19578-1
Stop valves for site drainage systems; anti-flooding valves for faucal sewage systems;
requirements
DIN 20042
Water valve, nominal pressure 40 - Dimensions and requirements
DIN EN 28233
Thermoplastics valves; torques; test method (ISO 8233:1988)
DIN 30677-1
Corrosion protection of buried valves; coating for normal requirement
DIN 30677-2
External corrosion protection of buried valves; heavy-duty thermoset plastics coatings
DIN 32509
Hand-operated shut-off valves for welding, cutting and allied processes - Type of construction,
safety requirements, tests
DIN 42560
Transformers; Throttle-valves NW 80, Dimensions, Tightness Testing
DIN 74279
Air braking systems - Charging valves
DIN 86251
Shut off valves for shipboard use, of cast iron, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
DIN 86252
Non return valves for shipboard use, cut off type, of cast iron, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
DIN 86260
Shut off valves for shipboard use, of gun metal, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
DIN 86261
Non return valves for shipboard use, cut off type, of gun metal, with flanges, DN 15 to 500
DIN 86501
Valves, screwed bonnet type of gun metal with 24-connection with port end W according to
DIN 3861
DIN 86528
Tab washers for screwed bonnet valves
DIN 86552
Valves, screwed bonnet type of steel with 24-connection with port end W according to DIN
3861
DIN 86720
Gate valves flat sided of gun metal with screwed bonnet and flanges, DN 20 to DN 100, PN 16
DIN 87101, Publication date:2003-10
Non-return flaps (storm valves), self-closing, vertical type, DN 50 up to DN 150, PN 1 - Mating
dimensions for flanges according to PN 10
DIN 87901
Sniffle valves for pumps
DIN EN 488
District heating pipes - Preinsulated bonded pipe systems for directly buried hot water networks Steel valve assembly for steel service pipes, polyurethane thermal insulation and outer casing of
polyethylene; German version EN 488:2003
DIN EN 558-1
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of metal industrial valves for use in flanged pipe
systems - PN designated valves
DIN EN 558-2
Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions of metal industrial valves for use in flanged pipe
systems - Class-designated valves
DIN EN 736-1
Valves - Terminology - Types of valves
DIN EN 736-2
Valves - Terminology - Part 2: Definition of components of valves
DIN EN 736-3
Valves - Terminology - Part 3: Definition of terms (includes Amendment A1:2001); English version
of DIN EN 736-3:1999 + A1:2001
DIN EN 917
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test methods for resistance to internal pressure
and leak-tightness
DIN EN 1092-1
Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories - Part 1: Steel
flanges, PN designated
DIN EN 1092-2
Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated - Part 2: Cast iron
flanges
DIN EN 1092-4
Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN
designated - Part 4: Aluminium alloy flanges
DIN EN 1680
Plastics piping systems - Valves for polyethylene (PE) piping systems - Test method for
leaktightness under and after bending applied to the operating mechanism
DIN EN 1705
Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics valves - Test method for the integrity of a valve after an
external blow; German version EN 1705:1996
DIN EN 28233
Thermoplastics valves; torques; test method (ISO 8233:1988)
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ISO Valve Standards

An overview of International Organization for Standardization - ISO - valve
standards
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ISO - International Organization for Standardization - valve standards:
ISO 683-15:1992
Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels; part 15: valve steels for internal
combustion engines
ISO 4126-1:2004
Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure - Part 1: Safety valves
ISO 4401:1994
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port directional control valves - Mounting surfaces
ISO 4411:1986
Hydraulic fluid power; Valves; Determination of pressure differential/flow characteristics
ISO 4422-4:1997
Pipes and fittings made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for water supply Specifications - Part 4: Valves and ancillary equipment
ISO 5208:1993
Industrial valves; pressure testing of valves
ISO 5209:1977
General purpose industrial valves; Marking
ISO 5210:1991
Industrial valves; multi-turn valve actuator attachments
ISO 5211:2001
Industrial valves - Part-turn actuator attachment
SO 5599-1:2001
Pneumatic fluid power - Five-port directional control valves - Part 1: Mounting interface surfaces
without electrical connector
ISO 5599-2:2001
Pneumatic fluid power - Five-port directional control valves - Part 2: Mounting interface surfaces
with optional electrical connector
ISO 5599-3:1990
Pneumatic fluid power; five-port directional control valves; part 3: code system for communication
of valve functions
ISO 5752:1982
Metal valves for use in flanged pipe systems; Face-to-face and center-to-face dimensions
ISO 5781:2000
Hydraulic fluid power - Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle
valves and check valves - Mounting surfaces
ISO 5996:1984
Cast iron gate valves
ISO 6002:1992
Bolted bonnet steel gate valves
ISO 6182-1:2004
Fire protection - Automatic sprinkler systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for
sprinklers
ISO 6182-2:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 2: requirements and test methods for wet alarm
valves, retard chambers and water motor alarms
ISO 6182-3:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 3: requirements and test methods for dry pipe
valves
ISO 6182-4:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 4: requirements and test methods for quickopening devices
ISO 6182-5:1995
Fire protection - Automatic sprinkler systems - Part 5: Requirements and test methods for deluge
valves
ISO 6263:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Compensated flow-control valves - Mounting surfaces
ISO 6264:1998
Hydraulic fluid power - Pressure-relief valves - Mounting surfaces
ISO 6403:1988
Hydraulic fluid power; valves controlling flow and pressure; test methods
ISO 6552:1980
Automatic steam traps; Definition of technical terms
ISO 6553:1980
Automatic steam traps; Marking
ISO 6554:1980
Flanged automatic steam traps; Face-to-face dimensions
ISO 6704:1982
Automatic steam traps; Classification
ISO 6948:1981
Automatic steam traps; Production and performance characteristic tests
ISO 7121:1986
Flanged steel ball valves
ISO 7244:1984
Air distribution and air diffusion; Aerodynamic testing of dampers and valves
ISO 7259:1988
Predominantly key-operated cast iron gate valves for underground use
ISO 7368:1989
Hydraulic fluid power; two-port slip-in cartridge valves; cavities
ISO 7508:1985
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves for pipes under pressure; Basic dimensions;
Metric series
ISO 7714:2000
Agricultural irrigation equipment - Volumetric valves - General requirements and test methods
ISO 7790:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port modular stack valves and four-port directional control valves,
sizes 02, 03 and 05 - Clamping dimensions
ISO 7841:1988
Automatic steam traps; determination of steam loss; test methods
DIN ISO 7967-3:1993
Reciprocating internal combustion engines; vocabulary of components and systems; valves,
camshaft drive and actuating mechanisms
ISO 8233:1988
Thermoplastics valves; torque; test method
ISO 8242:1989
Polypropylene (PP) valves for pipes under pressure; basic dimensions; metric series
ISO 8659:1989
Thermoplastics valves; fatigue strength; test method
ISO 9393-1:2004
Thermoplastics valves for industrial applications - Pressure test methods and requirements - Part
1: General
ISO 9393-2:1997
Thermoplastics valves - Pressure test methods and requirements - Part 2: Test conditions and
basic requirements for PE, PP, PVC-U and PVDF valves
ISO 9635:1990
Irrigation equipment; hydraulically operated irrigation valves
ISO 9644:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; pressure losses in irrigation valves; test method
ISO 9911:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; manually operated small plastics valves
ISO 9952:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; check valves
ISO 10418:2003
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Offshore production installations - Basic surface process
safety systems
ISO 10423:2003
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Drilling and production equipment - Wellhead and
christmas tree equipment,
ISO 10497:2004
Testing of valves - Fire type-testing requirements
ISO 10522:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; direct-acting pressure-regulating valves
ISO 10631:1994
Metallic butterfly valves for general purposes
ISO 10931-4:1997
Plastics piping systems for industrial applications - Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) - Part 4:
Valves
ISO 10933:1997
Polyethylene (PE) valves for gas distribution systems
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JIS - Flanges, Bolts, Nuts, and Gaskets Standards

Japanese industrial flanges, bolts, nuts, and gaskets standards and
specifications from JAS - the Japanese Standards Association
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Industrial flanges, bolts, nuts, and gaskets standards and specifications from the Japanese Standards
Association - JAS: ordered by divisions:
B. Mechanical Engineering
JIS B 1189:1999
Hexagon flange bolt
JIS B 1190:1999
Hexagon nuts with flange
JIS B 1451:1991
Rigid flanged shaft couplings
JIS B 1452:1991
Flexible flanged shaft couplings
JIS B 2205:1991
Basis for calculation of pipe flanges
JIS B 2206:1995
Basis for calculation of aluminum alloy pipe flanges
JIS B 2207:1995
Basis for calculation of aluminum alloy pipe flanges with full face gasket
JIS B 2220:2004
Steel pipe flanges
JIS B 2239:2004
Cast iron pipe flanges
JIS B 2240:1996
General rules for copper alloy pipe flanges
JIS B 2241:1986
Basic dimensions of aluminum alloy pipe flanges
JIS B 2290:1998
Vacuum technology -- Flange dimensions
JIS B 2291:1994
21 MPa slip-on welding pipe flanges for hydraulic use
JIS B 2292-1/2/3:2000
Hydraulic fluid power -- Positive displacement pumps and motors -- Dimensions and identification
code for mounting flanges and shaft ends -Part 1: Inch series shown in metric units
Part 2: Two-and four-hole flanges and shaft ends -- Metric series
Part 3: Polygonal flanges (including circular flanges)
JIS B 2404:1999
Dimensions of gaskets for use with pipe flanges
JIS B 8436:1996
Manipulating industrial robots -- Mechanical flanges interfaces -- Part 1: Plates (form A)
JIS B 8602:2002
Pipe flanges for refrigerants
D. Automotive Engineering
JIS D 3631:1998
Road vehicles -- Shapes and dimensions of fuel injection nozzle holders for diesel engines -- Size
"S"
JIS D 3701:1987
Dimensions of carburetor flanges for automobiles
F. Shipbuilding
JIS F 7381:1996
Shipbuilding -- Bronze 5K flanged cocks
JIS F 7804:2000
Shipbuilding -- 5K copper alloy pipe flanges for marine use
JIS F 7805:1976
Basic dimensions of steel flanges for marine exhaust gas pipe
JIS F 7806:1996
Shipbuilding -- Ships' 280K and 350K socket welding pipe flanges
JIS F 0602:1995
Shipbuilding -- Non-asbestos gaskets to cargo piping system -- Application standard
JIS F 7102:1997
Shipbuilding -- Piping system in machinery space -- Application for gaskets and packings
G. Ferrous Materials and Metallurgy
JIS G 3223:1988
High tensile strength steel forgings for tower flanges
Z. Miscellaneous, Packaging, Welding, Radioactivity, etc.
JIS Z 1604:1995
Plugs and flanges for steel drums
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ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 400

Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and
diameters of bolts
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diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts for Weld neck, Threaded, Slip-on, Lap joint,
Socket weld and Blind flanges.
Carbon and stainless steel qualities according ASME B16.5 Table 1A.
Pipe Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
Inside
Diameter
(inches)
Number of
Bolt Holes
Bolt Hole
Diameter
(inches) 1)
Bolt Circle
(inches)
1/2
3-3/4
0.88
5/8
2-5/8
3/4
4-5/8
1.09
3/4
3-1/4
4-7/8
1.36
3/4
3-1/2
1-1/4
5-1/4
1.70
3/4
3-7/8
1-1/2
6-1/8
1.95
7/8
4-1/2
6-1/2
2.44
3/4
2-1/2
7-1/2
2.94
7/8
5-7/8
8-1/4
3.57
7/8
6-5/8
3-1/2
4.07
7-1/4
10
4.57
8-7/8
11
5.66
9-1/4
12-1/2
6.72
12
10-5/8
15
8.72
12
1-1/8
13
1)
10
17-1/2
10.88
16
1-1/4
15-1/4
12
20-1/2
12.88
16
1-3/8
17-3/4
14
23
14.14
20
1-3/8
20-1/4
16
25-1/2
16.16
20
1-1/2
22-1/2
18
28
18.18
24
1-1/2
24-3/4
20
30-1/2
20.20
24
1-5/8
27
24
36
24.25
24
1-7/8
32
Recommended bolts are 1/8 smaller than the nominal bolt hole diameters shown.
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Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services

Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services according ANSI/AWWA C20701
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The standard ANSI/AWWA C207-01 Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services - covers slip-on
flanges.
B-Ring Flanges - Pressure Rating 86 psi

Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services AWWA C207-94 Class B
Inside
Bolt Hole
Diameter
Number of
Bolt Circle Thickness
(Slip on
Diameter
Bolt Holes
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
Bore)
(inches)
Pipe Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
4.57
3/4
7-1/2
5/8
10
5.66
7/8
8-1/2
5/8
11
6.72
7/8
9-1/2
11/16
13-1/2
8.72
7/8
11-3/4
11/16
10
16
10.88
12
14-1/4
11/16
12
19
12.88
12
17
11/16
14
21
14.19
12
1-1/8
18-3/4
11/16
16
23-1/2
16.19
16
1-1/8
21-1/4
11/16
18
25
18.19
16
1-1/4
22-3/4
11/16
20
27-1/2
20.19
20
1-1/4
25
11/16
22
29-1/2
22.19
20
1-3/8
27-1/4
3/4
24
32
24.19
20
1-3/8
29-1/2
3/4
26
34-1/4
24
1-3/8
31-3/4
13/16
28
36-1/2
28
1-3/8
34
7/8
30
38-3/4
28
1-3/8
36
7/8
32
41-3/4
28
1-5/8
38-1/2
15/16
34
43-3/4
32
1-5/8
40-1/2
15/16
36
46
32
1-5/8
42-3/4
38
48-3/4
32
1-5/8
45-1/4
40
50-3/4
36
1-5/8
47-1/4
42
53
36
1-5/8
49-1/2
1-1/8
44
55-1/4
40
1-5/8
51-3/4
1-1/8
46
57-1/4
40
1-5/8
53-3/4
1-1/8
48
59-1/2
44
1-5/8
56
1-1/4
50
61-3/4
44
1-7/8
58-1/4
1-1/4
52
64
44
1-7/8
60-1/2
1-1/4
54
66-1/4
44
1-7/8
62-3/4
1-3/8
60
73
52
1-7/8
69-1/4
1-1/2
66
80
52
1-7/8
76
1-5/8
72
86-1/2
60
1-7/8
82-1/2
1-3/4
78
93
64
2-1/8
89
84
99-3/4
64
2-1/8
95-1/2
90
106-1/2
68
2-3/8
102
2-1/4
96
113-1/4
68
2-3/8
108-1/2
2-1/4
102
120
72
2-5/8
114-1/2
2-1/2
108
126-3/4
72
2-5/8
120-3/4
2-1/2
114
133-1/2
76
2-7/8
126-3/4
2-3/4
120
140-1/4
76
2-7/8
132-3/4
2-3/4
126
147
80
3-1/8
139-1/4
132
153-3/4
80
3-1/8
145-3/4
138
160-1/2
84
3-3/8
152
3-1/4
144
167-1/4
84
3-3/8
158-1/4
3-1/4
D-Ring Flanges - Pressure Rating 175 - 150 psi

Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services AWWA C207-94 Class D
Pipe Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
Inside
Bolt Hole
Diameter Number of Diameter Bolt Circle Thickness
(inches)
(inches)
(Slip on Bolt Holes (inches)
Bore)
(inches)
4.57
3/4
7-1/2
5/8
10
5.66
7/8
8-1/2
5/8
11
6.72
7/8
9-1/2
11/16
13-1/2
8.72
7/8
11-3/4
11/16
10
16
10.88
12
14-1/4
11/16
12
19
12.88
12
17
13/16
14
21
14.19
12
1-1/8
18-3/4
15/16
16
23-1/2
16.19
16
1-1/8
21-1/4
18
25
18.19
16
1-1/4
22-3/4
1-1/16
20
27-1/2
20.19
20
1-1/4
25
1-1/8
22
29-1/2
22.19
20
1-3/8
27-1/4
1-3/16
24
32
24.19
20
1-3/8
29-1/2
1-1/4
26
34-1/4
24
1-3/8
31-3/4
1-5/16
28
36-1/2
28
1-3/8
34
1-5/16
30
38-3/4
28
1-3/8
36
1-3/8
32
41-3/4
28
1-5/8
38-1/2
1-1/2
34
43-3/4
32
1-5/8
40-1/2
1-1/2
36
46
32
1-5/8
42-3/4
1-5/8
38
48-3/4
32
1-5/8
45-1/4
1-5/8
40
50-3/4
36
1-5/8
47-1/4
1-5/8
42
53
36
1-5/8
49-1/2
1-3/4
44
55-1/4
40
1-5/8
51-3/4
1-3/4
46
57-1/4
40
1-5/8
53-3/4
1-3/4
48
59-1/2
44
1-5/8
56
1-7/8
50
61-3/4
44
1-7/8
58-1/4
52
64
44
1-7/8
60-1/2
54
66-1/4
44
1-7/8
62-3/4
2-1/8
60
73
52
1-7/8
69-1/4
2-1/4
66
80
52
1-7/8
76
2-1/2
72
86-1/2
60
1-7/8
82-1/2
2-5/8
78
93
64
2-1/8
89
2-3/4
84
99-3/4
64
2-1/8
95-1/2
2-7/8
90
106-1/2
68
2-3/8
102
96
113-1/4
68
2-3/8
108-1/2
3-1/4
102
120
72
2-5/8
114-1/2
3-1/4
108
126-3/4
72
2-5/8
120-3/4
3-3/8
114
133-1/2
76
2-7/8
126-3/4
3-1/2
120
140-1/4
76
2-7/8
132-3/4
3-1/2
126
147
80
3-1/8
139-1/4
3-3/4
132
153-3/4
80
3-1/8
145-3/4
3-7/8
138
160-1/2
84
3-3/8
152
144
167-1/4
84
3-3/8
158-1/4
4-1/8
E-Ring Flanges - Pressure Rating 275 psi

Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services AWWA C207-94 Class E
Inside
Bolt Hole
Diameter
Number of
(Slip on
Diameter
Bolt Holes
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
Bore)
(inches)
Pipe Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
4.57
3/4
7-1/2
1-1/8
10
5.66
7/8
8-1/2
1-3/16
11
6.72
7/8
9-1/2
1-5/16
13-1/2
8.72
7/8
11-3/4
1-1/2
10
16
10.88
12
14-1/4
1-9/16
12
19
12.88
12
17
1-3/4
14
21
14.19
12
1-1/8
18-3/4
1-7/8
16
23-1/2
16.19
16
1-1/8
21-1/4
18
25
18.19
16
1-1/4
22-3/4
2-1/8
20
27-1/2
20.19
20
1-1/4
25
2-3/8
22
29-1/2
22.19
20
1-3/8
27-1/4
2-1/2
24
32
24.19
20
1-3/8
29-1/2
2-5/8
26
34-1/4
24
1-3/8
31-3/4
2-3/4
28
36-1/2
28
1-3/8
34
2-3/4
30
38-3/4
28
1-3/8
36
2-7/8
32
41-3/4
28
1-5/8
38-1/2
34
43-3/4
32
1-5/8
40-1/2
36
46
32
1-5/8
42-3/4
3-1/8
38
48-3/4
32
1-5/8
45-1/4
3-1/8
40
50-3/4
36
1-5/8
47-1/4
3-1/4
42
53
36
1-5/8
49-1/2
3-3/8
44
55-1/4
40
1-5/8
51-3/4
3-3/8
46
57-1/4
40
1-5/8
53-3/4
3-7/16
48
59-1/2
44
1-5/8
56
3-1/2
50
61-3/4
44
1-7/8
58-1/4
3-1/2
52
64
44
1-7/8
60-1/2
3-5/8
54
66-1/4
44
1-7/8
62-3/4
3-3/4
60
73
52
1-7/8
69-1/4
3-7/8
66
80
52
1-7/8
76
4-1/4
72
86-1/2
60
1-7/8
82-1/2
4-3/8
78
93
64
2-1/8
89
4-3/4
84
99-3/4
64
2-1/8
95-1/2
4-3/4
90
106-1/2
68
2-3/8
102
5-1/8
96
113-1/4
68
2-3/8
108-1/2
5-1/8
102
120
72
2-5/8
114-1/2
5-1/2
108
126-3/4
72
2-5/8
120-3/4
5-1/2
114
133-1/2
76
2-7/8
126-3/4
5-7/8
120
140-1/4
76
2-7/8
132-3/4
5-7/8
126
147
80
3-1/8
139-1/4
6-1/4
132
153-3/4
80
3-1/8
145-3/4
6-1/4
138
160-1/2
84
3-3/8
152
6-3/4
144
167-1/4
84
3-3/8
158-1/4
6-3/4
F-Ring Flanges - Pressure Rating 300 psi

Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services AWWA C207-94 Class F
Inside
Bolt Hole
Diameter
Number of
(Slip on
Diameter
Bolt Holes
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
Bore)
(inches)
Pipe Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
10
4.57
7/8
7-7/8
1.13
11
5.66
7/8
9-1/4
1.21
12-1/2
6.72
12
7/8
10-5/8
1.31
15
8.72
12
13
1.31
10
17-1/2
10.88
16
1-1/8
15-1/4
1.50
12
20-1/2
12.88
16
1-1/4
17-3/4
1.63
14
23
14.19
20
1-1/4
20-1/4
1.94
16
25-1/2
16.19
20
1-3/8
22-1/2
2.14
18
28
18.19
24
1-3/8
24-3/4
2.25
20
30-1/2
20.19
24
1-3/8
27
2.33
22
33
22.19
24
1-3/8
29-1/4
2.50
24
36
24.19
24
1-5/8
32
2.69
26
38-1/4
26.25
28
1-7/8
34-1/2
3.00
28
40-3/4
28.25
28
1-7/8
37
3.13
30
43
30.25
28
1-7/8
39-1/4
3.15
32
45-1/4
32.25
28
1-7/8
41-1/2
3.25
34
47-1/2
34.25
28
1-7/8
43-1/2
3.38
36
50
36.25
32
2-1/8
46
3.46
38
52-1/4
38.25
32
2-1/8
48
3.50
40
54-1/4
54.25
36
2-1/8
50-1/4
3.63
42
57
42.25
36
2-1/8
52-3/4
3.81
44
59-1/4
44.25
36
2-1/8
55
4.00
46
61-1/2
46.25
40
2-1/8
57-1/4
4.13
48
65
48.25
40
2-1/8
60-3/4
4.50
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Related Topics
Water Systems Hot and cold water systems, design properties, capacities, sizing ...
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Flanges - API vs. ASME/ANSI

Comparing API and ASME/ANSI flanges
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The difference between ASME/ANSI and API flanges is the fabrication material and the higher rated
API operating pressure.
ASME/ANSI flanges are common in industrial process systems handling water, steam, air and gas.
API flanges are manufactured for high strength operating refinery systems with products such as oil
and explosive gases.
The flange standards API 6A and ASME/ANSI B16.5 are similar dimensionally - but the API 6A flanges
are rated for higher pressures as shown in the table below:
API vs. ASME/ANSI Flanges
Pressure Class Rating (psi)
Nominal Size Range

(inches)
Flange
Weld neck
ASME/ANSI
B16.5
API 6A
600
2000
900
3000
1500
5000
ASME/ANSI
B16.5
API 6A1)
113/16 - 11
1/2 - 24
Blind and
Threaded
1)
600
2000
113/16 - 211/4
900
3000
113/16 - 203/4
1500
5000
113/16 - 11
In the old API standard, flanges ranged from 11/2 to 10(20) inches.
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surfaces
API - American Petroleum Institute The American Petroleum Institute - API
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Gasket Characteristics
Gaskets are used to make fluid or gas resistant seal between two surfaces
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Choice of gasket is decided by
Temperature, pressure and the corrosive nature of the fluid or gas

Maintenance operations
Environment requirements (asbestos is banned in many countries)
Cost of the material
The table below can be used as an indication of some common gasket materials and their limitations.
Gasket
Material
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum Maximum
Maximum Maximum
Used for
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature Pressure
Temperature Pressure
Products
* Pressure
* Pressure
(oF)
(psi)
(oC)
(bar)
o
( F * psi)
(oC * bar)
Synthetic
rubbers
water, air
250
60
15 000
121
496
Vegetable
fiber
oil
250
160
40 000
121
11
1 322
Synthetic
rubbers with
water, air
inserted
cloth
250
500
125 000
121
34
4 130
Solid Teflon chemicals
500
300
150 000
260
20
5 320
Compressed
Asbestos 1)
most
750
333
250 000
399
23
9 068
Carbon
Steel
high
pressure
fluids
750
2 133
1 600 000
399
145
58 036
Stainless
Steel
high
pressure
or
corrosive
fluids
1200
2 500
3 000 000
649
171
110 636
Spiral wound
SS/Teflon
chemicals
500
500
250 000
260
34
8 866
most
750
333
250 000
399
23
9 068
corrosive
1200
208
250 000
649
14
9 220
SS/Ceramic hot gases
1900
132
250 000
1038
9 313
CS/Asbestos
1)
SS/Asbestos
1)
1)
Note! Asbestos is not legal in many countries

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Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services
according ANSI/AWWA C207-01
Flanges - API vs. ASME/ANSI Comparing API and ASME/ANSI flanges
JIS - Flanges, Bolts, Nuts, and Gaskets Standards Japanese industrial flanges, bolts, nuts,
and gaskets standards and specifications from JAS - the Japanese Standards Association
Pipe Flanges and Gasket Dimensions Gasket dimensions for pipe flanges and flange fittings
ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings
Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services

Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services according ANSI/AWWA C20701
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The standard ANSI/AWWA C207-01 Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services - covers slip-on
flanges.
B-Ring Flanges - Pressure Rating 86 psi

Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services AWWA C207-94 Class B
Inside
Bolt Hole
Diameter
Number of
(Slip on
Diameter
Bolt Holes
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
Bore)
(inches)
Pipe Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
4.57
3/4
7-1/2
5/8
10
5.66
7/8
8-1/2
5/8
11
6.72
7/8
9-1/2
11/16
13-1/2
8.72
7/8
11-3/4
11/16
10
16
10.88
12
14-1/4
11/16
12
19
12.88
12
17
11/16
14
21
14.19
12
1-1/8
18-3/4
11/16
16
23-1/2
16.19
16
1-1/8
21-1/4
11/16
18
25
18.19
16
1-1/4
22-3/4
11/16
20
27-1/2
20.19
20
1-1/4
25
11/16
22
29-1/2
22.19
20
1-3/8
27-1/4
3/4
24
32
24.19
20
1-3/8
29-1/2
3/4
26
34-1/4
24
1-3/8
31-3/4
13/16
28
36-1/2
28
1-3/8
34
7/8
30
38-3/4
28
1-3/8
36
7/8
32
41-3/4
28
1-5/8
38-1/2
15/16
34
43-3/4
32
1-5/8
40-1/2
15/16
36
46
32
1-5/8
42-3/4
38
48-3/4
32
1-5/8
45-1/4
40
50-3/4
36
1-5/8
47-1/4
42
53
36
1-5/8
49-1/2
1-1/8
44
55-1/4
40
1-5/8
51-3/4
1-1/8
46
57-1/4
40
1-5/8
53-3/4
1-1/8
48
59-1/2
44
1-5/8
56
1-1/4
50
61-3/4
44
1-7/8
58-1/4
1-1/4
52
64
44
1-7/8
60-1/2
1-1/4
54
66-1/4
44
1-7/8
62-3/4
1-3/8
60
73
52
1-7/8
69-1/4
1-1/2
66
80
52
1-7/8
76
1-5/8
72
86-1/2
60
1-7/8
82-1/2
1-3/4
78
93
64
2-1/8
89
84
99-3/4
64
2-1/8
95-1/2
90
106-1/2
68
2-3/8
102
2-1/4
96
113-1/4
68
2-3/8
108-1/2
2-1/4
102
120
72
2-5/8
114-1/2
2-1/2
108
126-3/4
72
2-5/8
120-3/4
2-1/2
114
133-1/2
76
2-7/8
126-3/4
2-3/4
120
140-1/4
76
2-7/8
132-3/4
2-3/4
126
147
80
3-1/8
139-1/4
132
153-3/4
80
3-1/8
145-3/4
138
160-1/2
84
3-3/8
152
3-1/4
144
167-1/4
84
3-3/8
158-1/4
3-1/4
D-Ring Flanges - Pressure Rating 175 - 150 psi

Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services AWWA C207-94 Class D
Inside
Bolt Hole
Diameter
Number of
(Slip on
Diameter
Bolt Holes
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
Bore)
(inches)
Pipe Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
4.57
3/4
7-1/2
5/8
10
5.66
7/8
8-1/2
5/8
11
6.72
7/8
9-1/2
11/16
13-1/2
8.72
7/8
11-3/4
11/16
10
16
10.88
12
14-1/4
11/16
12
19
12.88
12
17
13/16
14
21
14.19
12
1-1/8
18-3/4
15/16
16
23-1/2
16.19
16
1-1/8
21-1/4
18
25
18.19
16
1-1/4
22-3/4
1-1/16
20
27-1/2
20.19
20
1-1/4
25
1-1/8
22
29-1/2
22.19
20
1-3/8
27-1/4
1-3/16
24
32
24.19
20
1-3/8
29-1/2
1-1/4
26
34-1/4
24
1-3/8
31-3/4
1-5/16
28
36-1/2
28
1-3/8
34
1-5/16
30
38-3/4
28
1-3/8
36
1-3/8
32
41-3/4
28
1-5/8
38-1/2
1-1/2
34
43-3/4
32
1-5/8
40-1/2
1-1/2
36
46
32
1-5/8
42-3/4
1-5/8
38
48-3/4
32
1-5/8
45-1/4
1-5/8
40
50-3/4
36
1-5/8
47-1/4
1-5/8
42
53
36
1-5/8
49-1/2
1-3/4
44
55-1/4
40
1-5/8
51-3/4
1-3/4
46
57-1/4
40
1-5/8
53-3/4
1-3/4
48
59-1/2
44
1-5/8
56
1-7/8
50
61-3/4
44
1-7/8
58-1/4
52
64
44
1-7/8
60-1/2
54
66-1/4
44
1-7/8
62-3/4
2-1/8
60
73
52
1-7/8
69-1/4
2-1/4
66
80
52
1-7/8
76
2-1/2
72
86-1/2
60
1-7/8
82-1/2
2-5/8
78
93
64
2-1/8
89
2-3/4
84
99-3/4
64
2-1/8
95-1/2
2-7/8
90
106-1/2
68
2-3/8
102
96
113-1/4
68
2-3/8
108-1/2
3-1/4
102
120
72
2-5/8
114-1/2
3-1/4
108
126-3/4
72
2-5/8
120-3/4
3-3/8
114
133-1/2
76
2-7/8
126-3/4
3-1/2
120
140-1/4
76
2-7/8
132-3/4
3-1/2
126
147
80
3-1/8
139-1/4
3-3/4
132
153-3/4
80
3-1/8
145-3/4
3-7/8
138
160-1/2
84
3-3/8
152
144
167-1/4
84
3-3/8
158-1/4
4-1/8
E-Ring Flanges - Pressure Rating 275 psi

Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services AWWA C207-94 Class E
Inside
Diameter
Bolt Hole
Number of
(Slip on
Diameter
Bolt Holes
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
Bore)
(inches)
Pipe Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
4.57
3/4
7-1/2
1-1/8
10
5.66
7/8
8-1/2
1-3/16
11
6.72
7/8
9-1/2
1-5/16
13-1/2
8.72
7/8
11-3/4
1-1/2
10
16
10.88
12
14-1/4
1-9/16
12
19
12.88
12
17
1-3/4
14
21
14.19
12
1-1/8
18-3/4
1-7/8
16
23-1/2
16.19
16
1-1/8
21-1/4
18
25
18.19
16
1-1/4
22-3/4
2-1/8
20
27-1/2
20.19
20
1-1/4
25
2-3/8
22
29-1/2
22.19
20
1-3/8
27-1/4
2-1/2
24
32
24.19
20
1-3/8
29-1/2
2-5/8
26
34-1/4
24
1-3/8
31-3/4
2-3/4
28
36-1/2
28
1-3/8
34
2-3/4
30
38-3/4
28
1-3/8
36
2-7/8
32
41-3/4
28
1-5/8
38-1/2
34
43-3/4
32
1-5/8
40-1/2
36
46
32
1-5/8
42-3/4
3-1/8
38
48-3/4
32
1-5/8
45-1/4
3-1/8
40
50-3/4
36
1-5/8
47-1/4
3-1/4
42
53
36
1-5/8
49-1/2
3-3/8
44
55-1/4
40
1-5/8
51-3/4
3-3/8
46
57-1/4
40
1-5/8
53-3/4
3-7/16
48
59-1/2
44
1-5/8
56
3-1/2
50
61-3/4
44
1-7/8
58-1/4
3-1/2
52
64
44
1-7/8
60-1/2
3-5/8
54
66-1/4
44
1-7/8
62-3/4
3-3/4
60
73
52
1-7/8
69-1/4
3-7/8
66
80
52
1-7/8
76
4-1/4
72
86-1/2
60
1-7/8
82-1/2
4-3/8
78
93
64
2-1/8
89
4-3/4
84
99-3/4
64
2-1/8
95-1/2
4-3/4
90
106-1/2
68
2-3/8
102
5-1/8
96
113-1/4
68
2-3/8
108-1/2
5-1/8
102
120
72
2-5/8
114-1/2
5-1/2
108
126-3/4
72
2-5/8
120-3/4
5-1/2
114
133-1/2
76
2-7/8
126-3/4
5-7/8
120
140-1/4
76
2-7/8
132-3/4
5-7/8
126
147
80
3-1/8
139-1/4
6-1/4
132
153-3/4
80
3-1/8
145-3/4
6-1/4
138
160-1/2
84
3-3/8
152
6-3/4
144
167-1/4
84
3-3/8
158-1/4
6-3/4
F-Ring Flanges - Pressure Rating 300 psi

Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services AWWA C207-94 Class F
Inside
Bolt Hole
Diameter
Number of
(Slip on
Diameter
Bolt Holes
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
Bore)
(inches)
Pipe Size
(inches)
Outside
Diameter
(inches)
10
4.57
7/8
7-7/8
1.13
11
5.66
7/8
9-1/4
1.21
12-1/2
6.72
12
7/8
10-5/8
1.31
15
8.72
12
13
1.31
10
17-1/2
10.88
16
1-1/8
15-1/4
1.50
12
20-1/2
12.88
16
1-1/4
17-3/4
1.63
14
23
14.19
20
1-1/4
20-1/4
1.94
16
25-1/2
16.19
20
1-3/8
22-1/2
2.14
18
28
18.19
24
1-3/8
24-3/4
2.25
20
30-1/2
20.19
24
1-3/8
27
2.33
22
33
22.19
24
1-3/8
29-1/4
2.50
24
36
24.19
24
1-5/8
32
2.69
26
38-1/4
26.25
28
1-7/8
34-1/2
3.00
28
40-3/4
28.25
28
1-7/8
37
3.13
30
43
30.25
28
1-7/8
39-1/4
3.15
32
45-1/4
32.25
28
1-7/8
41-1/2
3.25
34
47-1/2
34.25
28
1-7/8
43-1/2
3.38
36
50
36.25
32
2-1/8
46
3.46
38
52-1/4
38.25
32
2-1/8
48
3.50
40
54-1/4
54.25
36
2-1/8
50-1/4
3.63
42
57
42.25
36
2-1/8
52-3/4
3.81
44
59-1/4
44.25
36
2-1/8
55
4.00
46
61-1/2
46.25
40
2-1/8
57-1/4
4.13
48
65
48.25
40
2-1/8
60-3/4
4.50
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