Rule: Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Electrical Installation Standard

Wednesday,
February 14, 2007
Part II
Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
29 CFR Part 1910

Electrical Standard; Final Rule
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7136 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 30 / Wednesday, February 14, 2007 / Rules and Regulations
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, developed by a cross section of

DC 20210; telephone (202) 693–2222. industry, labor, and other allied
Occupational Safety and Health For additional copies of this Federal interests. Consensus standards like the
Administration Register notice, contact OSHA, Office of NEC and NFPA 70E provide nationally
Publications, Room N–3101, U.S. recognized safe electrical installation
29 CFR Part 1910 Department of Labor, 200 Constitution requirements. Additionally, the
[Docket No. S–108C] Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210; consensus process used in developing
telephone (202) 693–1888. Electronic the 2000 edition of NFPA 70E, Part 1 of
RIN 1218–AB95 copies of this Federal Register notice, as which is based on the NEC, ensures that
well as news releases and other relevant requirements contained in that standard
Electrical Standard documents, are available at OSHA’s are current and at the forefront of
AGENCY: Occupational Safety and Health Web page on the Internet at http:// electrical safety technology. Because the
Administration, Labor. www.osha.gov. primary objective of this revision of
ACTION: Final rule. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Subpart S is to update the standard to
recognize, and in some cases require,
SUMMARY: The Occupational Safety and I. Introduction the more current electrical safety
Health Administration (OSHA) is This final rule revises OSHA’s technology, OSHA believes that the
revising the general industry electrical existing standard for electrical more recent editions of NFPA 70E
installation standard found in Subpart S installations, which is contained in should be the foundation of the final
of 29 CFR Part 1910. The Agency has §§ 1910.302 through 1910.308 of standard.2 Lastly, the Agency has
determined that electrical hazards in the Subpart S, with relevant definitions in determined that electrical hazards in
workplace pose a significant risk of § 1910.399. It applies, as the existing general industry workplaces pose a
injury or death to employees, and that standard does, to employers in general significant risk and that the final
the requirements in the revised industry and in shipyard employment, standard will substantially reduce that
standard, which draw heavily from the longshoring, and marine terminals. risk.
2000 edition of the National Fire OSHA undertook the project to revise The remainder of the preamble
Protection Association’s (NFPA) Subpart S for two major reasons. First, discusses the background of the final
Electrical Safety Requirements for the Agency wanted the standard to rule, the history of the standard, and the
Employee Workplaces (NFPA 70E), and reflect the most current practice and legal authority for the standard;
the 2002 edition of the National technology in the industry. The existing provides a summary and explanation of
Electrical Code (NEC), are reasonably standard is based on a national the final standard; includes the final
necessary to provide protection from consensus standard, the 1979 edition of economic and regulatory flexibility
these hazards. This final rule focuses on Part I of NFPA 70E, entitled Standard analysis and the information collections
safety in the design and installation of for Electrical Safety Requirements for associated with the rule; and covers
electric equipment in the workplace. Employee Workplaces. That consensus other miscellaneous topics. The outline
This revision will provide the first standard has been updated several times of the preamble is as follows:
update of the installation requirements since OSHA last revised its electrical I. Introduction
in the general industry electrical installation requirements in 1981. The II. Background
installation standard since 1981. final rule being published today is based III. History of the Standard
OSHA is also replacing the reference on Part I of the 2000 edition of NFPA IV. Legal Authority
to the 1971 NEC in the mandatory 70E. Second, in implementing this rule, V. Summary and Explanation of the Final
appendix to the general industry OSHA is responding to requests from Standard
powered platform standard found in stakeholders that the Agency revise VI. Final Economic and Regulatory Screening
Subpart F of 29 CFR Part 1910 with a Analysis
Subpart S so that it reflects the most VII. State Plan Standards
reference to OSHA’s electrical recent editions of NFPA 70E and the VIII. Environmental Impact Analysis
installation standard. NEC.1 These stakeholders argued that IX. Unfunded Mandates
DATES: This final rule becomes effective interested members of the public have X. Federalism
on August 13, 2007. had substantial input into the content of XI. OMB Review under the Paperwork
ADDRESSES: In accordance with 28 NFPA 70E and that industry is Reduction Act of 1995
U.S.C. 2112(a), the Agency designates complying with that consensus standard XII. Effective Date and Date of Application
the Associate Solicitor of Labor for in its present form. The revised standard II. Background
Occupational Safety and Health, Office will be more flexible and efficient for
of the Solicitor of Labor, Room S4004, stakeholders, including small A. Hazards Associated With Electricity
U.S. Department of Labor, 200 businesses, while improving safety for Electricity is widely recognized as a
Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, employees. serious workplace hazard, exposing
DC 20210, to receive petitions for OSHA’s existing electrical standard in employees to electric shock, burns, fires,
review of the final rule. §§ 1910.302 through 1910.308 is based and explosions. According to the
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For on the 1979 edition of NFPA 70E, which Bureau of Labor Statistics, 289
general information and press inquiries, is a national consensus standard employees were killed by contact with
contact Mr. Kevin Ropp, Director, Office electric current in 2002 (Ex. 2–8). Other
1 See, for example, letters from: Judith Gorman,
of Communications, Room N–3647, employees have been killed or injured
Managing Director of the Institute of Electrical and
OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Electronic Engineers; George D. Miller, President
Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, and Chief Executive Officer of the National Fire 2 A newer edition of NFPA 70E was published
DC 20210; telephone (202) 693–1999. Protection Association; Frank K. Kitzantides, Vice shortly after OSHA issued the proposed rule.
For technical inquiries, contact Mr. President of Engineering at the National Electrical Whether the final rule should be based on this
Manufacturers Association; and Kari P. Barrett, edition, NFPA 70E–2004, is one of the issues raised
David Wallis, Directorate of Standards Director of Regulatory and Technical Affairs, Plant by comments on the proposal. See the discussion
and Guidance, Room N–3609, OSHA, Operations, at the American Chemistry Council of this issue in section V, Summary and
U.S. Department of Labor, 200 (Exhibit 2–62, 2–63, 2–64, 2–65). Explanation of the Final Standard.
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 30 / Wednesday, February 14, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 7137
in fires and explosions caused by workplaces made unsafe by the and circuit breakers) can interrupt the
electricity. environment; and unsafe work circuit.
It is well known that the human body performance (unsafe acts). The first two If it draws too much current, electric
will conduct electricity. If direct body factors are sometimes considered equipment can overheat, which can
contact is made with an electrically together and simply referred to as result in fires. Overheating can also lead
energized part while a similar contact is unsafe conditions. Thus, electrical to electric shock hazards if the
made simultaneously with another accidents can be generally considered as insulation protecting a conductor melts.
conductive surface that is maintained at being caused by unsafe conditions, Protecting electric equipment from
a different electrical potential, a current unsafe acts, or, in what is usually the overcurrent helps prevent this from
will flow, entering the body at one case, combinations of the two. It should happening.
contact point, traversing the body, and also be noted that inadequate Designing and installing equipment to
then exiting at the other contact point, maintenance can cause equipment or protect against dangerous arcing and
usually the ground. Each year many installations that were originally overheating is also important in
employees suffer pain, injuries, and considered safe to deteriorate, resulting preventing unsafe conditions that can
death from such electric shocks. in an unsafe condition. lead to fires, high energy electric arcs,
Current through the body, even at Some unsafe electric equipment and and explosions. Employers and
levels as low as 3 milliamperes, can also installations can be identified, for employees cannot usually detect
cause injuries of an indirect or example, by the presence of faulty improperly designed or rated
secondary nature in which involuntary insulation, improper grounding, loose equipment. Thus, OSHA relies on third-
muscular reaction from the electric connections, defective parts, ground party testing and certification of electric
shock can cause bruises, bone fractures faults in equipment, unguarded live equipment to ensure proper electrical
and even death resulting from collisions parts, and underrated equipment. The design. This helps ensure, for example,
or falls. that equipment will not overheat during
environment can also be a contributory
Burns suffered in electrical accidents
factor to electrical accidents in a normal operation and that equipment
can be very serious. These burns may be
number of ways. Environments designed for use in a hazardous location
of three basic types: electrical burns, arc
containing flammable vapors, liquids, or will not cause a fire or explosion. It also
burns, and thermal contact burns.
gases; areas containing corrosive helps ensure that equipment is
Electrical burns are the result of the
electric current flowing in the tissues, atmospheres; and wet and damp appropriately rated and marked,
and may be either skin deep or may locations are some unsafe environments allowing employees designing electrical
affect deeper layers (such as muscles affecting electrical safety. Finally, installations and installing electric
and bones) or both. Tissue damage is unsafe acts include the failure to equipment to select equipment and size
caused by the heat generated from the deenergize electric equipment when it is conductors in accordance with those
current flow; if the energy delivered by being repaired or inspected or the use of ratings.3 Many of the requirements in
the electric shock is high, the body tools or equipment too close to OSHA’s electrical standards in turn
cannot dissipate the heat, and the tissue energized parts. depend on accurate ratings on
is burned. Typically, such electrical equipment.
C. Protective Measures
burns are slow to heal. Arc burns are the These protective measures help
result of high temperatures produced by There are various ways of protecting ensure the safe installation of electric
electric arcs or by explosions close to employees from the hazards of electric equipment and are prescribed by the
the body. Finally, thermal contact burns shock, including insulation and requirements presently contained in 29
are those normally experienced from the guarding of live parts. Insulation CFR Part 1910, Subpart S. Addressing
skin contacting hot surfaces of provides a barrier to the flow of current. common unsafe conditions, these rules
overheated electric conductors, To be effective, the insulation must be cover such safety considerations as
conduits, or other energized equipment. appropriate for the voltage, and the guarding and insulation of live parts,
In some circumstances, all three types of insulating material must be undamaged, grounding of equipment enclosures, and
burns may be produced simultaneously. clean, and dry. Guarding prevents the protection of circuits from overcurrent.
If the current involved is great employee from coming too close to This rulemaking updates those
enough, electric arcs can start a fire. energized parts. It can be in the form of requirements to make them consistent
Fires can also be created by overheating a physical barricade, or it can be with the latest editions of NFPA 70E.
equipment or by conductors carrying provided by installing the live parts out This revision will better protect
too much current. Extremely high- of employees’ reach. (This technique is employees by recognizing the latest
energy arcs can damage equipment, known as ‘‘guarding by location.’’) techniques in electrical safety and by
causing fragmented metal to fly in all Grounding is another method of requiring installations to incorporate
directions. In atmospheres that contain protecting employees from electric those techniques whenever necessary.
explosive gases or vapors or shock; however, it is normally a
combustible dusts, even low-energy arcs secondary protective measure. To keep 3 Electric equipment is typically rated for use
guards or enclosures at a common with certain voltages and current. For example, an
can cause violent explosions. electric hair dryer might be rated at 125 volts, 1875
potential with earth, they are connected, watts. The voltage rating indicates the maximum
B. Nature of Electrical Accidents by means of a grounding conductor, to voltage for which the equipment is rated. The
Electrical accidents, when initially ground. In addition, grounding provides wattage rating indicates how much power the
studied, often appear to be caused by a path of low impedance and of ample equipment will draw when connected to a circuit
at the maximum voltage. The current drawn by the
circumstances that are varied and capacity back to the source to pass equipment is the wattage rating divided by the
peculiar to the particular incidents enough current to activate the voltage rating. Thus, the circuit voltage (120 volts,
involved. However, further overcurrent devices in the circuit. If a nominal) is less than the maximum rated voltage of
consideration usually reveals the live part accidentally contacts a the hair dryer (125 volts), and the circuit is rated
for the current the equipment will draw (1875
underlying cause to be a combination of grounded enclosure, current flow is watts/125 volts = 15 amperes). Thus, the hair dryer
three possible factors: work involving directed back to earth, and the circuit would be suitable for use on a 120-volt circuit
unsafe equipment and installations; protective devices (for example, fuses capable of safely carrying 15 amperes.
D. Significant Risk and Reduction in III. History of the Standard extend this commitment by using NFPA
Risk On February 16, 1972, OSHA 70E as a basis for future revisions to its
As stated earlier, electricity has long incorporated the 1971 edition of the electrical safety-related work practice
been recognized as a serious workplace National Fire Protection Association’s requirements and new requirements for
hazard exposing employees to dangers (NFPA) National Electrical Code (NEC), electrical maintenance and special
such as electric shock, electrocution, NFPA 70–1971, by reference as its equipment.
fires, and explosions. The 100-year-long electrical standard for general industry The proposed rule was published in
history of the National Electrical Code, (37 FR 3431). The Agency followed the the Federal Register on April 5, 2004.
originally formulated and periodically procedures outlined in Section 6(a) of The public had a 60-day comment
updated by industry consensus, attests the Occupational Safety and Health Act period that ended on June 4, 2004.
to this fact. The NEC has represented of 1970 (OSH Act; 29 U.S.C. 655), which OSHA received 38 comments on the
the continuing efforts of experts in directed the Secretary to adopt existing proposed revision of OSHA’s electrical
electrical safety to address these hazards national consensus standards as OSHA installation standard for general
and provide standards for limiting standards within 2 years of the effective industry. The Agency received one
exposure in all electrical installations, date of the OSH Act. In incorporating hearing request on the proposal, which
including workplaces. OSHA has the 1971 NEC by reference, OSHA made was subsequently withdrawn.
determined that electrical hazards in the the entire 1971 NEC applicable to all The comments addressed specific
workplace pose a significant risk of covered electrical installations made provisions in the proposal and raised
injury or death to employees and that after March 15, 1972. For covered several issues, including: (1) Whether
this final rule, which draws heavily on installations made before that date, OSHA should use the latest edition of
the experience of the NEC, will OSHA listed about 16 provisions from NFPA 70E or the NEC to revise Subpart
substantially reduce this risk. the 1971 NEC that applied. No other S; (2) whether OSHA should update the
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor provisions of the 1971 NEC applied to corresponding construction standard at
Statistics, between 1992 and 2002, an these older installations. Thus, older the same time; (3) whether OSHA
average of 295 employees died per year installations were ‘‘grandfathered’’ so should address work practices and other
from contact with electric current, and that they did not need to meet most of revised provisions of NFPA 70E; and (4)
between 1992 and 2001 an average of the requirements in the consensus what the effective date of the standard
4,309 employees lost time away from standard. should be. (See section V, ‘‘Summary
work because of electrical injuries.4 On January 16, 1981, OSHA revised and Explanation of the Final Standard,’’
Overall, there has been a downward its electrical installation standard for later in the preamble, for a discussion of
trend in injuries and illnesses, but the general industry (46 FR 4034). This the comments.)
percentage has varied from year to year. revision replaced the incorporation by IV. Legal Authority
From 1992 to 2001, the number of reference of the 1971 NEC with relevant
requirements from Part I of the 1979 The purpose of the OSH Act, 29
injuries involving days away from work
edition of NFPA 70E. The revision U.S.C. 651 et seq., is ‘‘to assure so far
decreased by 29 percent. From 1992 to
simplified and clarified the electrical as possible every working man and
2002, the number of deaths decreased
standard and updated its provisions to woman in the Nation safe and healthful
by 9 percent. This downward trend is
match the 1978 NEC (the latest edition working conditions and to preserve our
due, in major part, to 30 years of highly
available at the time). The standard was human resources.’’ 29 U.S.C. 651(b). To
protective OSHA regulation in the area
written to reduce the need for frequent achieve this goal, Congress authorized
of electrical installation, based on the
revision and to avoid technological the Secretary of Labor to promulgate
NEC and NFPA 70E standards. The final
obsolescence. These goals were and enforce occupational safety and
standard carries forward most of the
achieved—NFPA 70E had only minor health standards. 29 U.S.C. 655(b) &
existing requirements for electrical
changes over its initial 15 years of 658.
installations, with the new and revised
requirements intended as fine tuning, existence. The first substantial changes A safety or health standard ‘‘requires
introducing new technology along with were introduced in the 1995 edition of conditions, or the adoption or use of one
other improvements in safety. By NFPA 70E. or more practices, means, methods,
complying with the final standard, The 2000 edition of NFPA 70E operations, or processes, reasonably
employers will prevent unsafe electrical contains a number of significant necessary or appropriate to provide safe
conditions from occurring. revisions, including a new, alternative or healthful employment and places of
method for classifying and installing employment.’’ 29 U.S.C. 652(8). A
While the number of deaths and
equipment in Class I hazardous standard is reasonably necessary or
injuries associated with electrical
locations (see preamble Section I. N. appropriate within the meaning of
hazards has declined, contact with
Zone Classification, below). NFPA has Section 652(8) if:
electric current still poses a significant
risk to employees in the workplace, as recommended that OSHA revise its • A significant risk of material harm
evidenced by the numbers of deaths and general industry electrical standards to exists in the workplace and the
serious injuries still occurring due to reflect the latest edition of NFPA 70E, proposed standard would substantially
contact with electric current. This final arguing that such a revision would reduce or eliminate that workplace risk;
rule will help further reduce the number provide a needed update to the OSHA • It is technologically and
of deaths and injuries associated with standards and would better protect economically feasible;
electrical hazards by providing employees. This final rule responds to • It employs the most cost effective
additional requirements for installation NFPA’s recommendations with regard protective measures;
safety and by recognizing alternative to installation safety. It also reflects the • It is consistent with prior Agency
means of compliance. Agency’s commitment to update its action or supported by a reasoned
electrical standards, keep them justification for departing from prior
4 The Survey of Occupational Injuries and consistent with NFPA standards, and Agency action;
Illnesses and the Census of Fatal Occupational ensure that they appropriately protect • It is supported by substantial
Injuries, http://www.bls.gov/iif/home.htm#tables. employees. The Agency intends to evidence; and
• In the event the standard is also discusses and resolves issues raised 11). Some of the commenters argued
preceded by a consensus standard, it is during the comment period, significant that, by using the 2000 edition of the
better able to effectuate the purposes of comments received as part of the NFPA 70E rather than the more recent
the OSH Act than the standard it rulemaking record, and any substantive 2004 edition, OSHA was not reflecting
supersedes. changes that were made from the the most current practices and
International Union, UAW v. OSHA language of the proposed rule. technology. For example, David Soffrin
(LOTO II), 37 F.3d 665, 668 (D.C. Cir. References in parentheses are to exhibits of the American Petroleum Institute
1994). in the rulemaking record. Except as stated:
OSHA has generally considered an noted, OSHA is carrying forward the We applaud the reasons for the proposal,
excess risk of 1 death per 1000 language from the proposal into the as stated by OSHA: (a) To reflect the most
employees over a 45-year working final rule without substantive current practice and technology in the
lifetime as clearly representing a differences. industry; and (b) to respond to requests from
significant risk (see Industrial Union stakeholders that the electrical standards
Dept. v. American Petroleum Institute A. Issues conform with the most recent editions of the
(Benzene), 448 U.S. 607, 655 (1980); 1. Comments supporting the revision National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
International Union v. Pendergrass of Subpart S. The vast majority of the 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety
Requirements for Employee Workplaces, and
(Formaldehyde), 878 F.2d 389, 392–93 comments supported OSHA’s efforts to
the National Electrical Code (NEC). However,
(D.C. Cir. 1989); Building and update the general industry electrical the proposal follows the NFPA standard 70E–
Construction Trades Dept., AFL–CIO v. standards (Exs. 3–3, 3–4, 3–6, 3–7, 3–8, 2000, while the NFPA Standards Council
Brock (Asbestos), 838 F.2d 1258, 1264– 3–9, 4–10, 4–24). For example, the issued an updated version January 14, 2004,
65 (D.C. Cir. 1988)). National Petrochemical & Refiners which supercedes NFPA 70E–2000. We
A standard is considered Association expressed support for believe that if the intent is to reflect the most
technologically feasible if the protective updating Subpart S so that it is current practice and technology, using a four-
measures it requires already exist, can consistent with the current editions of year-old standard, which will be even more
be brought into existence with available dated by the time OSHA finalizes this
the NFPA 70E and the NEC, because,
standard, is inappropriate. We therefore
technology, or can be created with they stated, its members place a high recommend that OSHA revise the proposal
technology that can reasonably be priority on safety and understand the using NFPA 70E–2004, Standard for
expected to be developed (see American necessity for electrical installation Electrical Safety in the Workplace, or the
Iron and Steel Institute v. OSHA (Lead standards (Ex. 3–4). The American 2002 NEC, which would require numerous
II), 939 F.2d 975, 980 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) also modifications [Ex. 4–11].
A standard is economically feasible supported the proposal, stating: ‘‘It is John Paschal of the Bechtel
when industry can absorb or pass on the appropriate to move forward with this Corporation wrote: ‘‘Since NFPA 70E–
costs of compliance without threatening revision, given the seriousness of 2004 is now published and issued to the
the industry’s long-term profitability or electrical hazards and the fact that public, and since it contains
competitive structure (see American nearly 300 workers are killed each year significantly enhanced technical data
Textile Mfrs. Institute v. OSHA (Cotton from contact with electrical current or that the NFPA 70E–2000 did not
Dust), 452 U.S. 490, 530 n. 55 (1981); as the result of injuries caused by fires contain, I recommend that OSHA adopt
Lead II, 939 F.2d at 980). A standard is and explosions related to electrical NFPA 70E–2004 instead of NFPA 70E–
cost effective if the protective measures accidents [Ex. 3–5].’’ 2000 [Ex. 4–3].’’
it requires are the least costly of the The National Institute for James Kendrick of ASSE noted that
available alternatives that achieve the Occupational Safety and Health the major differences between the
same level of protection (see LOTO II, (NIOSH) and the North Carolina current versions of the OSHA electrical
37 F.3d at 668). Department of Labor also supported installation standards and the proposed
All OSHA standards must be highly OSHA’s proposed revision (Exs. 3–9, 5– rule fall into the following categories:
protective (LOTO II, 37 F.3d at 669) and, 2). NIOSH stated: ‘‘The proposed • Changes in the hardware
where practical, ‘‘expressed in terms of revised standard will provide workers specifications that are consistent with
objective criteria and of the performance in general industry and maritime NEC requirements,
desired.’’ 29 U.S.C. 655(b)(5). Finally, employment with improved protection • Changes in installation practices
the OSH Act requires that when against injuries and death from that are consistent with the current,
promulgating a rule that differs electrical hazards [Ex. 3–9].’’ The North accepted installation practices followed
substantially from a national consensus Carolina Department of Labor expressed by licensed electricians and other
standard, OSHA must explain why the a similar view, stating: ‘‘The revisions qualified persons,
promulgated rule is a better method for proposed to the existing standard • Clarification of existing
effectuating the purpose of the OSH Act. should provide a greater measure of requirements that add minimal new
29 U.S.C. 655(b)(8). As discussed protection to employees working on and obligations or otherwise permit
earlier, OSHA is using NFPA 70E as the around electrical equipment and flexibility in compliance, and
basis for its final rule, with some installations [Ex. 5–2].’’ • Requirements that do significantly
modifications as necessary, as explained OSHA appreciates the support of modify electrical system and equipment
in detail in the next section of the these commenters. The Agency believes installation practices or impose new
preamble. that the final standard will better protect documentation requirements (Ex. 3–5).
employees than the existing standard. He was concerned that the OSHA
V. Summary and Explanation of the The record overwhelmingly supports final rule would be functionally
Final Standard this view. obsolete when it is published and, thus,
This section discusses the important 2. OSHA should use the latest version have diminished utility in the future
elements of the final standard, explains of NFPA 70E or the NEC. OSHA since most electricians are currently
the purpose of the individual received several comments learning the NEC 2002 coding system.
requirements, and explains any recommending that the standard be He argued that it would be beneficial for
differences between the final standard based on the latest version of NFPA 70E OSHA to use the same standard as those
and the existing standard. This section or the NEC (Exs. 3–8, 4–3, 4–6, 4–8, 4– involved in electrical work.
OSHA has decided not to base the develops future proposals to revise In particular, the heightened focus on
final rule as a whole on NFPA 70E– Subpart S to update the existing the hazards posed by electric arcs may
2004, which was published on April 9, electrical safety-related work practice substantially reduce injuries and
2004, shortly after OSHA’s proposal was requirements and to adopt new fatalities associated with those hazards.
published. The 2004 version of the provisions on safety-related However, revising the safety-related
national consensus standard was not maintenance and special equipment. work practice requirements in Subpart S
placed in the rulemaking record; 3. OSHA should update the Electrical is beyond the scope of this rulemaking.
therefore, the Agency does not believe Standard for construction at the same The Agency is planning to update these
that the public would have had time this rule is being promulgated. The requirements as the next phase of the
adequate notice of the many changes in Agency received one comment asking project to update OSHA’s electrical
the latest NFPA standard, to the extent OSHA to consider revising the Electrical standards. Although OSHA expects this
that the Agency would have Standard for construction at the same phase of the project to yield significant
incorporated these changes in the final time as the revision to the Electrical benefits, the Agency also expects it to
rule. Basing Subpart S on the latest Standard for general industry (Ex. 4–2). take longer to promulgate a final rule on
edition of NFPA 70E would thus Reliable Safety Solutions, LLC, stated safety-related work practices owing to
necessitate reproposing the rule. Given that installing equipment in general the more complex regulatory analysis
the time involved in reproposing and industry and installing equipment in the required and the greater controversy
finalizing an OSHA standard, it is likely construction industry is much the same that is likely to be encountered.
that NFPA 70E will be revised yet again (Ex. 4–2). They argued that the hazards
encountered are the same and the safe B. Scope
within that timeframe. In addition,
because NFPA 70E and OSHA’s work practices when working with Existing §§ 1910.302 through
electrical installation standard were electricity are the same. Thus, they said 1910.308 of Subpart S apply to electrical
developed specifically to minimize the that to update one standard and not the installations and utilization equipment
need for revision with every new other would allow for one standard to used and installed in workplaces in
version of the NEC, a final rule based on be out of date and certain hazards to general industry and in shipyard
the 2000 edition of NFPA 70E will not exist. employment, longshoring, and marine
be obsolete. Furthermore, several The Agency is aware that the general terminals. These sections do not apply
provisions in the final rule are based on industry and the construction industry to the following types of installations:
corresponding requirements in the 2002 both address similar electrical hazards (1) Installations in ships, watercraft,
NEC, on which NFPA 70E–2004 is and have similar safe work practices. railway rolling stock, aircraft, or
based. (See the distribution table later in OSHA is also aware that its electrical automotive vehicles other than mobile
standards for construction in 29 CFR homes and recreational vehicles;
this section of the preamble.) In
1926, Subpart K also need updating. (2) Installations underground in
proposing and finalizing this revision of
Like Subpart S, Subpart K is based on mines; 5
Subpart S, OSHA carefully chose which
the 1979 edition of NFPA 70E. In (3) Installations of railways for
NEC changes would have the greatest
addition, the electrical safety-related generation, transformation,
impact on employee safety. The Agency
work practices in Subpart K are even transmission, or distribution of power
does not believe that delaying the
older than their general industry used exclusively for operation of rolling
substantial increase in employee safety
counterparts. However, OSHA must stock or installations used exclusively
that would result from the standard
consult with the Advisory Committee for signaling and communication
published in the final rule is warranted.
on Construction Safety and Health purposes;
On the other hand, where the before publishing a proposal. In
rulemaking record supports specific (4) Installations of communication
addition, OSHA would have to include
requirements that are consistent with equipment under the exclusive control
the construction industry in its
the 2004 edition of NFPA 70E, OSHA of communication utilities and located
regulatory analysis and repropose the
has adopted those requirements in the outdoors or in building spaces used
standard to address construction as part
final rule. For example, final exclusively for such installations; and
of this rulemaking. Although OSHA will
§ 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A) is based, in part, (5) Installations under the exclusive
consider updating Subpart K to make it
on Section 410.4(B)(1) of the 2004 control of electric utilities for the
consistent with Subpart S in the future,
edition of NFPA 70E rather than Part I, purpose of communication or metering;
it is not possible to do so as part of this
Chapter 2, Section 2.4 of the 2000 or for the generation, control,
final rule.
edition of NFPA 70E. (See the detailed 4. OSHA should update the safety- transformation, transmission, and
explanation, later in the preamble, related work practice requirements in distribution of electric energy. These
discussing the rationale for this Subpart S at the same time this rule is exempted installations must be located
provision, which requires a written being promulgated. One commenter in buildings used exclusively by
assured equipment grounding conductor recommended that OSHA revise its utilities for such purposes or located
program where ground-fault circuit- electrical safety-related work practice outdoors on property owned or leased
interrupters are not available.) In these standard in Subpart S based on the 5 This exception was incorporated into the
specific cases, the rulemaking record corresponding requirements in NFPA current OSHA standard to be consistent with
supports OSHA’s using the language 70E (Ex. 4–5). He argued that language used in the NEC and NFPA 70E. However,
from the relevant provision in NFPA electricians encounter exposed it should be noted that OSHA does not have
70E–2004 and from the 2002 NEC, on energized parts of electric circuits, jurisdiction over mines in general, regardless of
whether the mining activity takes place above
which the new NFPA 70E requirement which demonstrates the need for the ground or underground. Under the Mine Safety and
is based. This avoids the notice problem protective clothing and safe work Health Act (MSH Act) (30 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), the
discussed earlier. In addition, OSHA practices contained in NFPA 70E. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
will consider using later versions of OSHA agrees that the latest editions regulates safety and health in mines. For further
information, see the Interagency Agreement
NFPA 70E to update the electrical of NFPA 70E provide improved between MSHA and OSHA (http://www.osha.gov/
installation requirements adopted in protection to employees through better pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_
this final rule when the Agency electrical safety-related work practices. table=MOU&p_id=222).
by the utility or on public highways, plugged into the wiring of a service continue to apply in lieu of any
streets, roads, etc., or outdoors by station. corresponding requirements in Subpart
established rights on private property. In regard to ships, there has been S of Part 1910. Conversely, where there
These exempted installations present some confusion about whether the is no specific electrical installation
special design considerations that are ‘‘exemption’’ applies to all wiring or requirement for shipyard employment
not adequately addressed in Subpart S. electrical installations brought on board in Part 1915, Subpart S of Part 1910
For example, electric power a vessel during construction, repair, or applies.
transmission and distribution ship scrapping even when the wiring is As noted earlier, Subpart S does not
installations are typically installed supplied by shore-based electric cover installations in ships, but it does
where unqualified persons will not have power—or whether it only applies to the cover installations used on ships if the
access to them, and the only employees ship’s own wiring. OSHA is hereby installation is shore-based (that is, not
working on them are highly trained and clarifying the application of the part of the vessel’s original, internal
skilled. Additionally, public safety exemptions. electrical system). Thus, final
considerations demand that these The ‘‘exempted’’ types of installations § 1910.303(g)(2) (guarding live parts)
installations be capable of quick repair in both the existing and final standards applies to the shore-based wiring of the
when weather or equipment failure are identical to those ‘‘exempted’’ by the shipyard and to any wiring taken onto
disrupts electrical service. The National NEC and NFPA 70E, which form the the ship when it is supplied by shore-
Electrical Safety Code (ANSI/IEEE C2), basis of both standards. Installations based wiring. It does not apply to the
which is developed by experts in covered under the existing standard ship’s permanent wiring. The final rule
electric power generation, transmission, continue to be covered under the final does not change this coverage.
and distribution, contains design and standard. For example, in longshoring
operations and related employments, C. Grandfather Clause
installation requirements applicable to
electric power generation, transmission, this final rule applies to electrical The final rule, as does the current
and distribution systems. Section installations aboard vessels only if they standard, exempts older electrical
1910.269 contains OSHA’s standard for are shore-based as stated in installations from meeting some of the
the maintenance of electric power § 1918.1(b)(3). Electrical installations in provisions of the Design Safety
generation, transmission, and marine terminals are also covered under Standards for Electrical Systems (that is,
distribution installations. While it Subpart S, as noted in § 1917.1(a)(2)(iv). §§ 1910.302 through 1910.308). The
consists mostly of work-practice (The marine terminals standard in Part extent to which OSHA’s electrical
requirements, it does contain several 1917 applies to the loading, unloading, installation standard applies depends
installation requirements. For example, movement or other handling of cargo, on the date the installation was made.
§ 1910.269(u)(4) and (v)(4) cover ship’s stores or gear within the terminal Older installations must meet fewer
guarding of rooms containing electric or into or out of any land carrier, requirements than newer ones. The
supply equipment in electric power holding or consolidation area, and any grandfathering of older installations,
generating stations and substations, other activity within and associated contained in paragraph (b) of final
respectively. with the overall operation and function § 1910.302, is patterned after the current
Installations in ships, watercraft, of the terminal. This includes the use standard’s grandfather provisions in
railway rolling stock, aircraft, or and routine maintenance of facilities existing § 1910.302(b). Most of the new
automotive vehicles (other than mobile and equipment and cargo transfer provisions contained in the final rule
homes and recreational vehicles) are accomplished with the use of shore- only apply prospectively, to
designed to be transportable.6 These based material handling devices. See installations made after the effective
transportability considerations make § 1917.1(a).) date of the final rule.
many of the design requirements in Section 1910.5 governs how the The following paragraphs explain
Subpart S irrelevant or infeasible. For general industry standards apply to final § 1910.302(b) in the following
example, attaching the grounded circuit shipyard employment. According to order: Paragraph (b)(1), requirements
conductor and the equipment grounding § 1910.5(c), the general standards in Part applicable to all installations; paragraph
conductor to a permanent grounding 1910 apply to shipyard employment to (b)(4), requirements applicable only to
electrode on a transportable wiring the extent that no industry-specific installations made after the effective
system is generally not feasible. Thus, standard applies to the ‘‘same condition, date of the revised standard; paragraph
some of the provisions in final practice, means, method, operation, or (b)(3), requirements applicable only to
§ 1910.304(g), which contains process.’’ Part 1915 contains few installations made after April 16, 1981;
requirements for grounding electrical requirements related to electrical safety. and paragraph (b)(2), requirements
systems, are inappropriate for the wiring Paragraph (b) of § 1915.93 contains four applicable only to installations made
of ships, watercraft, railway rolling such requirements, for grounding of after March 15, 1972.
stock, aircraft, or automotive vehicles. vessels, the safety of the vessel’s wiring, Requirements applicable to all
By contrast, however, wiring that is not overcurrent protection, and guarding of installations. Paragraph (b)(1) of final
a part of the wiring of the ship, infrared heat lamps. Section 1915.92 § 1910.302 contains a list of provisions
watercraft, railway rolling stock, contains provisions on temporary that would apply to all installations,
aircraft, or automotive vehicle would be electric lighting, and § 1915.132 regardless of when they were designed
covered by Subpart S, as appropriate. contains requirements on portable or installed. The few requirements in
For example, a portable electric drill electric tools. Section 1915.181 contains this short list are so essential to
carried into the cargo area of a truck electrical safety-related work practices employee safety that even the oldest
would be covered by Subpart S if it is for deenergizing electric circuits and electrical installations must be
protecting employees against contact modified, if necessary, to meet them.

6 Although the wiring of recreational vehicles and with live parts during electrical work. In The list is unchanged from the current
mobile homes is transportable, it is also designed addition, Part 1915 contains several standard, except for the addition of: a
to be attached to specially designed, permanently
installed power distribution outlets. This type of
other miscellaneous electrical safety- prohibition on using grounding
hybrid system must be designed for both permanent related work practices and electrical terminals and devices for purposes
and transportable uses. design requirements. These provisions other than grounding (in final
§ 1910.304(a)(3)); a documentation for many years, and most employers and edition of the NEC that recognizes the
requirement for hazardous locations inspection authorities are familiar with zone classification system (the 1999 and
made under the zone classification the boundaries for Class I, II, and III, 2002 editions). These editions of the
system (in final § 1910.307(b)); and Division 1 and 2 locations. An employee NEC explicitly require documentation of
requirements covering the zone servicing equipment in one of these hazardous locations. Thus, an employer
classification system (in final locations can obtain this information with an existing installation made under
§ 1910.307(g)). relatively easily even if the employer the zone classification system should
New provisions applicable to all has not documented the boundaries. already have the documentation
installations. Paragraph (a)(3) of Accordingly, OSHA believes that the required by final § 1910.307(b). For
§ 1910.304 prohibits the use of a benefit of documenting existing these reasons, OSHA is applying the
grounding terminal or grounding-type hazardous locations installed using the documentation requirement to all
device on a receptacle, cord connector, division classification system would be hazardous location installations made
or attachment plug for purposes other minimal. Therefore, for employers using under the zone classification system.
than grounding. OSHA’s reasons for the division system, OSHA is requiring This will provide employers,
adding this requirement to the list of documentation of boundaries only for employees, and OSHA with information
provisions applicable to all installations new installations made after the critical for determining which
is discussed later in this section of the effective date of the final standard. equipment is suitable in a given
preamble. Employers would not need to document hazardous location.
Paragraph (b) of final § 1910.307 existing division-classified systems. The new requirements pertaining to
contains a new requirement that On the other hand, the zone zone classification in final § 1910.307(g)
employers document areas designated classification system is relatively new. provide employers with an alternative
as hazardous (classified) locations. This Most employers are not familiar with installation method that the current
requirement would ensure that the this system and have little experience standard does not permit.7 Thus,
employer has records of the extent and determining how to draw the applying these provisions to older
classification of each such area. The boundaries between the three zones. installations would give employers
documentation will help employers to Relatively few NFPA or industry greater flexibility without imposing any
determine what type of equipment is standards provide specifications for new costs. Furthermore, to the extent
needed in these locations and will placing those boundaries. Furthermore, that employers are already using the
inform employees of the need for the existing OSHA electrical standard zone classification system, those
special care in the maintenance of the recognizes only installations made in employers are likely already meeting
electric equipment installed there. accordance with the division final § 1910.307(g), which is based on
OSHA has carefully considered the need classification system, not the zone provisions in the 1999 and 2002
to document these areas and has tried to classification system. Any existing editions of the NEC.
balance that need with the extensive installation made under the zone system Requirements applicable only to
burden that would be placed on is technically out of compliance with installations made after the effective
employers who would have to survey OSHA’s existing standard. However, date of the final rule. Paragraph (b)(4) of
and document their existing hazardous because the NEC represents standard final § 1910.302 makes the following
locations. industry practice, existing zone system provisions applicable only to
The current standard’s division installations will almost certainly have installations made or overhauled 8 after
classification system has been in place been installed in accordance with an the effective date of the final rule:
§ 1910.303(f)(4) ........................................................................................ Disconnecting means and circuits—Capable of accepting a lock.

§ 1910.303(f)(5) ........................................................................................ Disconnecting means and circuits—Marking for series combination rat-
ings.
§ 1910.303(g)(1)(iv) and (g)(1)(vii) ........................................................... 600 Volts, nominal, or less—Space about electric equipment.
§ 1910.303(h)(5)(vi) .................................................................................. Over 600 volts, nominal—Working space and guarding.
§ 1910.304(b)(1) ....................................................................................... Branch circuits—Identification of multiwire branch circuits.
§ 1910.304(b)(3)(i) .................................................................................... Branch circuits—Ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for per-
sonnel.
§ 1910.304(f)(2)(i)(A), (f)(2)(i)(B) (but not the introductory text to Overcurrent protection—Feeders and branch circuits for over 600 volts,
§ 1910.304(f)(2)(i)), and (f)(2)(iv)(A). nominal.
§ 1910.305(c)(3)(ii) .................................................................................... Switches—Connection of switches.
§ 1910.305(c)(5) ........................................................................................ Switches—Grounding.
§ 1910.306(a)(1)(ii) ................................................................................... Electric signs and outline lighting—Disconnecting means.
§ 1910.306(c)(4) ........................................................................................ Elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators, moving walks, wheelchair lifts, and
stairway chair lifts—Operation.
stairway chair lifts—Location.
stairway chair lifts—Identification and signs.
stairway chair lifts—Single-car and multicar installations.
§ 1910.306(j)(1)(iii) .................................................................................... Swimming pools, fountains, and similar installations—Receptacles.
§ 1910.306(k) ............................................................................................ Carnivals, circuses, fairs, and similar events.
§ 1910.308(a)(5)(v) and (a)(5)(vi)(B) ........................................................ Systems over 600 volts, nominal—Interrupting and isolating devices.
§ 1910.308(a)(7)(vi) .................................................................................. Systems over 600 volts, nominal—Tunnel installations.
§ 1910.308(b)(3) ....................................................................................... Emergency power systems—Signs.
7 See the discussion under the heading ‘‘Zone classification system and its differences from the 8 See the discussion of the term ‘‘overhaul’’ later
Classification’’ for an explanation of the zone current standard’s division classification system. in this section of the preamble.
§ 1910.308(c)(3) ........................................................................................ Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 remote control, signaling, and power-lim-
ited circuits—Separation from conductors of other circuits.
§ 1910.308(f) ............................................................................................. Solar photovoltaic systems.
These provisions are based on existing standard but cannot be requirements in existing § 1910.303(a)
requirements that have been added to considered totally ‘‘new’’ provisions. that equipment be approved and in
the NEC since the 1978 edition. OSHA Most of these ‘‘new’’ requirements were existing § 1910.303(b)(2) that equipment
has never required employers to comply actually contained in the 1971 NEC. be installed in accordance with any
with these requirements, and the Table 1 lists these ‘‘new’’ provisions and instructions included in its listing or
Agency believes that an increase in denotes their counterparts in the 1971 labeling. (Equipment that is not suitable
employee protection will result from NEC. From March 15, 1972, until April for installation in deteriorating
compliance with them in new 16, 1981, Subpart S incorporated the environments, such as wet or damp
installations. At the same time, 1971 NEC by reference in its entirety. locations, will include instructions
employers would incur minimal costs to Accordingly, OSHA required employers warning against such installation. These
achieve this increase in new to comply with every requirement in the instructions are required by the
installations. In local jurisdictions 1971 NEC for any new installation made
requiring compliance with the NEC, nationally recognized testing laboratory
between those dates and for any listing or labeling the product.)
there should be no additional costs replacement, modification, repair, or
involved, because the installations Even though OSHA no longer
rehabilitation made during that period.
would already conform to the new specifically incorporates the 1971 NEC
The current standard, which became
OSHA requirements. The Agency into Subpart S, the Agency believes that
effective on April 16, 1981, omitted
believes that even in other jurisdictions, employers’ installations actually do
the vast majority of installations already many of the detailed provisions of the
NEC because they were already comply with those requirements. The
comply with the latest edition of the vast majority of employers are following
NEC, because compliance with the latest addressed by the more general
requirements that were contained in the the entire NEC applicable to their
Code is standard industry practice. installations, as noted in the Economic
OSHA, however, does not believe that it OSHA standard. For example, OSHA
did not carry forward 1971 NEC Section Analysis section of this preamble.9 For
is reasonably necessary and appropriate these reasons, OSHA is not exempting
to require existing installations to 110–11, which required equipment to be
suitable for the environment if it is installations made after March 15, 1972,
conform to these provisions,
installed where the environment could from meeting any provision listed in
particularly given the cost and difficulty
associated with retrofitting older cause deterioration. However, the Table 1 and is not including any of
installations. requirement for equipment to be these provisions in final
There are many provisions in the final suitable for the location in which it was § 1910.302(b)(4) (the list of provisions
rule that are not contained in the installed is implicit in the more general that apply only to new installations).
TABLE 1.—‘‘NEW’’ PROVISIONS THAT WERE CONTAINED IN 1971 NEC 10

Equivalent 1971
Provision in the final standard Subject
NEC section
§ 1910.303(b)(3) ................................................................ 110–20 ............................... Insulation integrity.

(b)(4) .......................................................................... 110–9 ................................. Interrupting rating.
(b)(5) .......................................................................... 10–10 ................................. Circuit impedance and other characteristics.
(b)(6) .......................................................................... 110–11 ............................... Deteriorating agents.
(b)(7) .......................................................................... 110–12 ............................... Mechanical execution of work.
(b)(8) .......................................................................... 110–4(a) and (d) ................ Mounting and cooling of equipment.
110–12
110–13
(c)(1) .......................................................................... 110–14 ............................... Electrical connections, general.
§ 1910.304(b)(2) ................................................................ 210–21(b) ........................... Branch circuits, receptacles and cord connectors.
(b)(4) .......................................................................... 210–21 ............................... Branch circuits, outlet devices.
(b)(5) .......................................................................... 210–22 ............................... Branch circuits, cord connections.
(e)(1)(iii) ..................................................................... 230–70(c) ........................... Services, disconnecting means.
(f)(1)(ix) ...................................................................... 110–9 ................................. Overcurrent protection, 600 volts, nominal, or less, cir-
240–11 cuit breaker ratings.
(f)(2), except for (f)(2)(i)(A), (f)(2)(i)(B), and 240–5 ................................. Overcurrent protection, feeders and branch circuits over
(f)(2)(iv)(A). 240–11 600 volts, nominal.
240–15
§ 190.305(a)(4)(ii) .............................................................. 320–5 ................................. Open wiring on insulators, support.
(b)(1)(iii) ..................................................................... 370–7 ................................. Conductors entering cabinets, boxes, and fittings, se-
373–5 curing conductors.
(b)(2)(ii) ...................................................................... 370–15(b) ........................... Fixture canopy or pan installed in a combustible wall or
ceiling.
(e)(1) .......................................................................... 373–2 ................................. Airspace for enclosures installed in wet or damp loca-
384–5 tions.
(h)(3) .......................................................................... 710–6 ................................. Portable cables, grounding conductors.
9 All of the requirements in question appear in 10 These provisions have no direct counterpart in
some form in every edition of the NEC since 1972. existing Subpart S, but were in the 1971 National
Electrical Code.
TABLE 1.—‘‘NEW’’ PROVISIONS THAT WERE CONTAINED IN 1971 NEC 10—Continued

Equivalent 1971
Provision in the final standard Subject
NEC section
(j)(2)(i) ........................................................................ 410–52(d) ........................... Receptacles, cord connectors, and attachment plugs;
no exposed energized parts.
(j)(2)(iv) through (j)(2)(vii) .......................................... 410–54 ............................... Receptacles installed in wet or damp locations.
(j)(3)(ii) ....................................................................... 422–20 ............................... Appliances, disconnecting means.
(j)(3)(iii) ...................................................................... 422–30(a) ........................... Appliances, nameplates.
(j)(3)(iv) ...................................................................... 422–30(b) ........................... Appliances, marking to be visible after installation.
(j)(6)(ii)(A) .................................................................. 110–9 ................................. Capacitor switches.
110–10
460–8(c)(4)
(j)(6)(ii)(B) .................................................................. 460–8(c)(1) ......................... Capacitor disconnecting means.
§ 1910.306(c)(3) ................................................................ 620–51(a) ........................... Elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators, moving walks,
wheelchair lifts, and stairway chair lifts; type of dis-
connecting means.
(c)(10) ........................................................................ 620–72 ............................... Elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators, moving walks,
wheelchair lifts, and stairway chair lifts; motor control-
lers.
(d)(1) .......................................................................... 630–13 ............................... Arc welders, disconnecting means.
630–23
(g)(1)(iii) ..................................................................... 665–34 ............................... Induction and dielectric heating equipment, detachable
panels used for access to live parts.
(g)(1)(vi) ..................................................................... 665–8 ................................. Induction and dielectric heating equipment, ampere rat-
ing of disconnecting means.
(j)(4)(iii) ...................................................................... 680–20(a)(4) ....................... Swimming pools, fountains, and similar installations,
underwater fixtures facing upwards.
§ 1910.308(a)(2) ................................................................ 710–4 ................................. Systems over 600 volts, nominal; open installations of
braid-covered insulated conductors.
(a)(3)(i) ....................................................................... 710–6 ................................. Systems over 600 volts, nominal; insulation shielding
terminations.
(a)(4) .......................................................................... 710–8 ................................. Systems over 600 volts, nominal; moisture or mechan-
ical protection for metal-sheathed cables.
(a)(5)(i) ....................................................................... 710–21(a) ........................... Systems over 600 volts, nominal; interrupting and iso-
lating devices; guarding and indicating.
(a)(5)(ii) ...................................................................... 240–11(a) ........................... Systems over 600 volts, nominal; interrupting and iso-
710–21(b) lating devices; fuses.
(a)(5)(iii) and (a)(5)(iv) ............................................... 710–21(b) ........................... Systems over 600 volts, nominal; interrupting and iso-
lating devices; fused cutouts.
(a)(5)(vi), but not (a)(5)(vi)(B) .................................... 710–21(c) ........................... Systems over 600 volts, nominal; interrupting and iso-
lating devices; load interrupter switches.
(a)(5)(vii) .................................................................... 710–22 ............................... Systems over 600 volts, nominal; interrupting and iso-
lating devices; means for isolating equipment.
(b)(2) .......................................................................... 700–14 ............................... Emergency systems, emergency illumination.
In addition, OSHA is not including in requirements applying to temporarily installations that are used during
the list of new provisions in final installed equipment and wiring have maintenance, remodeling, or repair of
§ 1910.302(b)(4) any provision that been in the NEC since at least 1999 and, buildings, structures, or equipment or
merely provides an alternative means of in most cases, since before that. during similar activities. Temporary
compliance for an existing requirement. Employers should already be in wiring installations used for any of
For example, as noted earlier, final compliance with such requirements these purposes were likely to have been
§ 1910.307(g) provides alternative since any existing temporary installed well after 1999. An employer
requirements for installations in installations almost certainly were put who is complying with the 1999 or later
hazardous (classified) locations based into place well after 1999.12 For edition of the NEC will already be
on the zone classification system rather example, final § 1910.304(b)(3)(ii) complying with this provision of the
than the division classification system contains requirements for providing rule. Even employers who are not
that is required under the existing ground-fault circuit interrupter complying with recent versions of the
standard. Such requirements accept protection for temporary wiring NEC for temporary wiring installations
alternative installation techniques will face, in this example, only the
recognized as being equally protective wiring and equipment installed on a short-term minimal cost of providing ground-fault
by the NEC and NFPA 70E, and there is rather than a long-term or permanent basis. It
includes temporary wiring covered by proposed circuit interrupters; no changes would
no need to limit them to new § 1910.305(a)(2) and other equipment and wiring need to be made to any existing
installations. similarly installed on a short-term basis. permanent wiring, which might involve
OSHA also believes that there is no 12 The limit for temporary wiring used for
considerably more costs.

need to grandfather requirements that Christmas decorative lighting, carnivals, and similar
apply only to temporarily installed purposes is 90 days (§ 1910.305(a)(2)(i)(B)). For Requirements applicable only to
other purposes, such as remodeling and repair, the installations made after April 16, 1981.
equipment and wiring.11 The few new limit is the duration of the activity. However, OSHA
believes that it is highly unlikely that any particular
Paragraph (b)(3) of final § 1910.302 lists
11 For the purposes of this discussion, temporary activity covered by Subpart S has been requirements that apply only to
‘‘temporarily installed equipment or wiring’’ is on-going since 1999. installations made after April 16, 1981.
This paragraph carries forward requirements apply to installations to apply final § 1910.304(b)(3)(ii) only to
essentially the same list as is currently made during each of the periods installations made after the effective
in § 1910.302(b)(3). No provisions have addressed by the grandfather clause. date, it would apply as soon as a
been added to or removed from the list. Neither commenter proposed language receptacle outlet was installed (or
Requirements applicable only to that might accomplish this. reinstalled). OSHA does not believe that
installations made after March 15, 1972. While OSHA acknowledges that some there is a compelling reason to exempt
Paragraph (b)(2) of existing § 1910.302 commenters believe that this clause is the very few remaining temporary
requires all installations made after too complex, the Agency believes that receptacle outlets that may still be in
March 15, 1972, and every major the approach taken in the final standard place after the effective date. Therefore,
replacement, modification, repair, or is as simple as the Agency can make it. OSHA has not adopted the commenter’s
rehabilitation made after that date to However, OSHA will provide recommendation.
meet all the installation requirements in compliance assistance tools that will Mr. Pat Kimmet of CHS Inc. and Mr.
Subpart S except for those listed in help employers understand which Rick Leicht of NCRA were concerned
existing § 1910.302(b)(3). A note requirements are applicable to their that provisions listed in proposed
following existing § 1910.302(b)(2) particular electrical installations. For § 1910.302(b)(1), which were to apply to
indicates that ‘‘ ‘[m]ajor replacements, example, the Agency is considering all installations regardless of age, would
modifications, repairs, or providing on the OSHA Website a color- require employers to examine existing
rehabilitations’ include work similar to coded version depicting requirements installations for compliance and
that involved when a new building or with different applicability dates with possibly replace noncompliant
facility is built, a new wing is added, or different colors or a version that lets the equipment even when no significant
an entire floor is renovated.’’ reader input the date of the installation hazard exists (Ex. 4–25). They
Paragraph (b)(2) of final § 1910.302 and that hides inapplicable provisions. specifically objected to the inclusion of
will require all installations built or Such tools should enable employers to wire bending space (proposed
overhauled after March 15, 1972, to determine their compliance obligations § 1910.303(b)(1)(iii)) on the list. They
comply with all of the requirements of quickly and easily. In addition, for argued that this provision is a relatively
final §§ 1910.302 through 1910.308, questions about compliance with the recent addition to the NEC and that the
except as provided in final standard, employers can contact OSHA NEC has revised the wire bending space
§ 1910.302(b)(3) and (b)(4). As discussed through its toll-free telephone help line requirements periodically. They
earlier, these latter two paragraphs limit at 1–800–321–6742. Alternatively, believed that the proposal would have
the application of newer provisions of employers can contact the OSHA Area required employers to meet the wire
Subpart S to installations made during Office or State Plan office nearest them. bending space requirements in the 2000
later periods. Paragraph (b)(4) of final § 1910.302 edition of the NFPA 70E and the 2002
In § 1910.302(b)(2) in the final rule, lists § 1910.304(b)(3)(i) (proposed edition of the NEC.
OSHA is introducing the term § 1910.304(b)(4)(i)), which requires OSHA believes that an installation
‘‘overhaul’’ to include the types of ground-fault circuit interrupter that does not comply with the
activities that would trigger compliance protection for certain permanently provisions listed in final
with the otherwise grandfathered installed receptacle outlets, as a § 1910.302(b)(1) poses a significant
provisions of Subpart S for older provision that only applies to new hazard to employees. Furthermore, as
installations. One commenter noted earlier, almost all of the
installations. In § 1910.399 of the final
recommended that all of proposed provisions listed in that paragraph
rule, ‘‘overhaul’’ is defined as follows:
§ 1910.304(b)(4), which as noted applied to all installations regardless of
Overhaul means to perform a major previously contains requirements for age since March 15, 1972. Thus,
replacement, modification, repair, or ground-fault circuit interrupters on employers should already be in
rehabilitation similar to that involved when temporary receptacle outlets, apply only compliance with nearly all of the listed
a new building or facility is built, a new wing
is added, or an entire floor is renovated.
to new installations (Ex. 3–7). The provisions.
commenter noted that this provision is The new provisions related to the
This new term incorporates all the new and should only be applied to new zone classification system (including
elements of ‘‘major replacement, installations. the documentation requirement)
modification, or rehabilitation’’ in the As noted earlier, OSHA believes that provide for an alternative compliance
text of existing § 1910.302(b)(2) and in most employers are already complying method to that required by the existing
the note following that provision. OSHA with this provision. The National standard. The other new provision, the
believes that using and defining the Electrical Code has required ground- prohibition on using grounding
term ‘‘overhaul’’ in the final rule will fault circuit interrupters in a manner terminals and devices for purposes
simplify the standard without making similar to that in the final rule since the other than grounding, as noted earlier,
any substantive change to the way in 1996 edition of the NEC. In addition, the has been a long-standing NEC
which Subpart S applies to older final rule sets an effective date 180 days requirement. Thus, OSHA does not
installations. after publication of the final rule in the believe that very many existing
Comments on the grandfather clause. Federal Register. OSHA believes that installations are in violation of this new
OSHA received several comments on very few temporary installations that provision. Consequently, Mr. Kimmet’s
the grandfather clause proposed in were in place before publication of the and Mr. Leicht’s general concerns about
§ 1910.302(b) (Exs. 3–7, 4–25). One final rule will still be in place 6 months widespread noncompliance are
commenter was concerned about the later. There may be some projects using unfounded.
level of cross-referring an employer temporary wiring that last more than 6 With respect to their specific concern
would need to do to determine what months, particularly in shipyards. with the inclusion of proposed
standards are applicable to a given However, even there, OSHA believes § 1910.303(b)(1)(iii) in the list of
installation (Ex. 3–7). He recommended that temporary receptacle outlets will be provisions applicable to all
that a simpler approach be adopted or moved around, installed, uninstalled, installations, OSHA notes that wire
that OSHA develop guidance materials and reinstalled many times over the life bending space, as mentioned in this
to help employers determine which of the project. Even if the Agency were provision, is simply one of several
factors to be considered in judging attachment plug may not be used for for the control of hazardous energy
electrical equipment for safety. purposes other than grounding. sources (lockout-tagout). Energy
Paragraph (b)(1) of final § 1910.303 Mr. Bernie Ruffenach typified these isolating devices physically prevent the
reads, in part, as follows: commenters, reasoning as follows: transmission or release of energy. In the
(b) Examination, installation, and use of case of electric equipment,
The use of the grounding terminal(s) of any
equipment. (1) Examination. Electric device has never been permitted in any disconnecting means that meet the
equipment shall be free from recognized electrical standards, codes or other definition of energy isolating devices
hazards that are likely to cause death or recognized practices at any time. Typically, prevent the transmission of electric
serious physical harm to employees. Safety of the use of the grounding terminal for other energy so that the equipment cannot
equipment shall be determined using the than grounding purposes is due to improper start up and injure employees.
following considerations: wiring and occurs when an ungrounded (hot) Paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of the lockout-
* * * * * conductor is applied. The result is an
(iii) Wire-bending and connection space;
tagout standard reads as follows:
imminent danger electrocution hazard. [Ex.
* * * * * 4–17] After January 2, 1990, whenever
(viii) Other factors that contribute to the replacement or major repair, renovation or
OSHA agrees that using a grounding modification of a machine or equipment is
practical safeguarding of persons using or terminal or device for purposes other
likely to come in contact with the equipment. performed, and whenever new machines or
than grounding can present a hazard equipment are installed, energy isolating
Paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of final threatening imminent death or serious devices for such machine or equipment shall
§ 1910.303 does not require compliance injury. For example, using a grounding be designed to accept a lockout device.
with the minimum wire bending space terminal as the attachment point for a
requirements in the NEC. Rather, wire circuit conductor can energize the frame Paragraph (c) of final § 1910.302
bending space will be one of the of equipment used by employees. If an clarifies that the provision in the
relevant factors in judging the electrical employee was to touch such miswired lockout-tagout standard is in addition to
safety of equipment in accordance with equipment and a grounded surface at any requirements in Subpart S for
the introductory text of final the same time, he or she would receive disconnecting means to be capable of
§ 1910.303(b)(1). OSHA does not an electric shock and possibly die of being locked open. The requirements in
consider this a new requirement. The electrocution. As the commenters noted, Subpart S are intended for the
current standard contains the catchall compliance with this provision has been protection of servicing and maintenance
‘‘other factors’’ language in existing a long-standing common industry employees from electric shock, which is
§ 1910.303(b)(1)(vii). The Agency practice. Therefore, OSHA has adopted not covered by § 1910.147. The lockout-
construes wire bending space to be one the suggestion of these commenters and tagout standard on the other hand
of those ‘‘other factors’’ judged under has added § 1910.304(a)(3) to the list of addresses nonelectric-shock hazards
the existing standard. Thus, OSHA is provisions in final § 1910.302(b)(1) that related to servicing and maintaining
simply making explicit in the final rule are applicable to all installations. equipment. Thus, the requirements of
a factor employers were required to both standards are necessary to protect
consider under § 1910.303(b)(1)(vii) of D. Applicability of Requirements for employees from all servicing- and
the existing standard. If conductors are Disconnecting Means maintenance-related hazards.
installed so tightly into enclosures that Several provisions in the final OSHA received no comments on this
they overheat or that the insulation is standard require electrical provision in the proposal, and it is being
damaged, a serious safety hazard would disconnecting means to be capable of carried into the final rule without
exist. Such an installation would violate being locked in the open position under change.
the existing standard as well as the new certain conditions. For example, final E. Summary of Changes in §§ 1910.303
one. For these reasons, OSHA has not § 1910.306(a)(2)(i) requires the Through 1910.308
adopted Mr. Kimmet’s and Mr. Leicht’s disconnecting means for sign and
recommendation to remove outline lighting systems to be capable of The Distribution Table for Subpart S
§ 1910.303(b)(1)(iii) from the list of being locked in the open position if they lists all the provisions and sections from
provisions in final § 1910.302(b)(1) that are out of the line of sight from any §§ 1910.303 through 1910.308. This
apply to all installations. section that may be energized. These table summarizes changes being made to
Several commenters suggested that provisions ensure that employees the standard that involve grammatical
proposed § 1910.304(a)(3) be added to servicing or maintaining the electric edits, additions, removals, and
the list of requirements in circuits supplied by the disconnecting paragraph numbers. There are places in
§ 1910.302(b)(1) applicable to all means are protected against electric the standard where no substantial
installations (Exs. 4–13, 4–17, 4–18, 4– shock. change is made. Most of the changes are
21). Proposed § 1910.304(a)(3) read as Sometimes, these disconnecting editorial in nature. Substantive changes
follows: means also serve as energy isolating made to the existing standard are
A grounding terminal or grounding-type devices as defined in paragraph (b) of discussed in further detail following the
device on a receptacle, cord connector, or § 1910.147, OSHA’s existing standard Distribution Table.
DISTRIBUTION TABLE
OLD—section NEW—section Description of changes and rationale
See the note at the end of the table.

§ 1910.303 General ......................... § 1910.303 General.

1910.303(a) ..................................... 1910.303(a) ................................... No substantive change. A reference to the § 1910.399 definition of
‘‘approved’’ is added for clarification.
1910.303(b)(1), introductory text ..... 1910.303(b)(1), introductory text ... No substantive change.
1910.303(b)(1)(i) ............................. 1910.303(b)(1)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
DISTRIBUTION TABLE—Continued
1910.303(b)(1)(ii) ............................. 1910.303(b)(1)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.

1910.303(b)(1)(iii) .......................... **Adds wire-bending and connection space to the explicit list of things
to consider when judging equipment.
1910.303(b)(1)(iii) ............................ 1910.303(b)(1)(iv) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.303(b)(1)(iv) ............................ 1910.303(b)(1)(v) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.303(b)(1)(v) ............................ 1910.303(b)(1)(vi) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.303(b)(1)(vi) ............................ 1910.303(b)(1)(vii) ......................... No substantive change.
1910.303(b)(1)(vii) ........................... 1910.303(b)(1)(viii) ........................ No substantive change.
1910.303(b)(2) ................................. 1910.303(b)(2) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.303(b)(3) ............................... **Adds a requirement for completed wiring to be free from short cir-
cuits and grounds other than those required in the standard.
1910.303(b)(4) ............................... **Adds requirements for equipment intended to interrupt current to
have adequate interrupting ratings.
1910.303(b)(5) ............................... **Adds requirements for the coordination of overcurrent protection for
circuits and equipment.
1910.303(b)(6) ............................... **Adds a requirement for conductors and equipment to be identified
for the purpose when installed in an environment containing dete-
riorating agents.
1910.303(b)(7) ............................... **Adds requirements for installing electric equipment in a neat and
workmanlike manner.
1910.303(b)(8) ............................... **Adds requirements for equipment to be mounted securely and to
allow for proper cooling.
1910.303(c)(1) ............................... **Adds requirements to ensure that electrical connections are secure
and electrically safe.
1910.303(c)(2) ............................... **Adds requirements for connections at terminals and for the identi-
fication of terminals intended for connection to more than one con-
ductor or to aluminum.
1910.303(c) ..................................... 1910.303(c)(3)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.303(c)(3)(ii) ........................... **Adds a requirement that wire connectors or splicing means installed
on directly buried conductors be listed for such use.
1910.303(d) ..................................... 1910.303(d) ................................... No substantive change.
1910.303(e) ..................................... 1910.303(e) ................................... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.303(f) ...................................... 1910.303(f)(1), (f)(2), and (f)(3) ..... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.303(f)(4) ................................ Adds a requirement for disconnecting means required by Subpart S
to be capable of accepting a lock. This provision is added to make
the Subpart S requirements on disconnecting means consistent
with § 1910.147(c)(2)(iii), which requires energy isolating devices (a
generic term, which includes electrical disconnecting means) to be
designed to accept a lockout device.
1910.303(f)(5) ................................ **Adds marking requirements for series combination ratings of circuit
breakers or fuses.
1910.303(g)(1), introductory text ..... 1910.303(g)(1), introductory text ... No substantive change.
1910.303(g)(1)(i) ............................. 1910.303(g)(1)(i) Table S–1, **The final rule revises the language to clarify how wide and high the
Note 3. clear space must be. (See detailed explanation later in the pre-
amble).
1910.303(g)(1)(ii) ............................. 1910.303(g)(1)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.303(g)(1)(iii) ............................ 1910.303(g)(1)(iii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.303(g)(1)(iv) .......................... **Adds a requirement for a second entrance on equipment rated
1200 amperes under certain conditions.
1910.303(g)(1)(iv) ............................ 1910.303(g)(1)(i)(B) ....................... **Reduces the minimum width of the clear space to 762 mm.
1910.303(g)(1)(v) ............................ 1910.303(g)(1)(v) ........................... **Adds a prohibition against controlling illumination for working
spaces by automatic means only.
1910.303(g)(1)(vi) ............................ 1910.303(g)(1)(vi) .......................... **Increased the minimum height of the working space from 1.91m to
1.98m for new installations.
1910.303(g)(1)(vii) ......................... ** Adds requirements for switchboards, panelboards, and distribution
boards installed for the control of light and power circuits, and
motor control centers to be installed in dedicated space and to be
protected against damage.
1910.303(g)(2) ................................. 1910.303(g)(2) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.303(h)(1) ................................. 1910.303(h)(1) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.303(h)(2), introductory text ..... 1910.303(h)(2)(i) and (h)(2)(ii) ....... **The minimum height of fences restricting access to electrical instal-
lations over 600 V is reduced from 2.44 m to 2.13 m.
1910.303(h)(2)(i) and (h)(2)(ii) ........ 1910.303(h)(2)(iii), (h)(2)(iv), **1. The final rule organizes these requirements based on whether
(h)(2)(v), and (h)(5)(iii). the installations are indoors or outdoors. (The existing standard or-
ganizes them based on whether or not the installations are acces-
sible to unqualified employees).
2. Adds requirements intended to prevent tampering by the general
public.
3. Removes requirement to lock underground box covers weighing
more than 45.4 kg.
1910.303(h)(3), introductory text ..... 1910.303(h)(3) ............................... No substantive change.

1910.303(h)(3)(i) ............................. 1910.303(h)(5)(i) Table S–2, **The distances in Table S–2 for the depth of working space in front
Note 3. of electric equipment are increased for new installations to match
the distances in NFPA 70E–2000.
1910.303(h)(3)(ii) ............................. 1910.303(h)(5)(iv) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.303(h)(3)(iii) ............................ 1910.303(h)(5)(v) ........................... **The distances in Table S–3 for the elevations of unguarded live
parts are increased for new installations to match the distances in
NFPA 70E–2000.
1910.303(h)(4)(i) ............................. 1910.303(h)(4)(i) ............................ **The existing standard requires a second entrance to give access to
the working space about switchboards and control panels over 600
V if the equipment exceeds 1.22 m in width if it is practical to in-
stall a second entrance. The final rule requires an entrance on
each end of switchboards and panelboards exceeding 1.83 m un-
less the working space permits a continuous and unobstructed way
of travel or the working space is doubled. In addition, the final rule
requires the lone entrance permitted under either of these excep-
tions to be at least the distance specified in Table S–2 from ex-
posed live parts.
1910.303(h)(4)(ii) ............................. 1910.303(h)(4)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.303(h)(5)(ii) ........................... **Adds requirements for equipment operating at 600 V or less in-
stalled in rooms or enclosures containing exposed live parts or ex-
posed wiring operating at more than 600 V.
1910.303(h)(5)(vi) .......................... **Adds requirements limiting the installation of pipes or ducts that are
foreign to electrical installation operating at more than 600 V.
§ 1910.304 Wiring design and pro- § 1910.304 Wiring design and
tection. protection.
1910.304(a)(1) ................................. 1910.304(a)(1) ............................... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.304(a)(2) ................................. 1910.304(a)(2) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.304(b)(1) ............................... **Adds requirements for the identification of multiwire branch circuits.
1910.304(b)(2)(i) ............................ **Adds requirements that receptacles installed on 15- and 20-ampere
circuits be of the grounding type and that grounding-type recep-
tacles be installed in circuits within their rating.
1910.304(b)(2)(ii) ........................... **Adds a requirement for grounding contacts on receptacles to be ef-
fectively grounded.
1910.304(b)(2)(iii) .......................... **Adds requirements on the methods used to ground receptacles and
cord connectors.
1910.304(b)(2)(iv) .......................... **Adds requirements on the replacement of receptacles.
1910.304(b)(2)(v) ........................... **Adds a requirement that receptacles installed on branch circuits
having different voltages, frequencies, or types of current be non-
interchangeable.
1910.304(b)(3) ............................... **Adds requirements for ground fault circuit interrupter protection.
(See the discussion of these requirements later in this section of
the preamble).
1910.304(b)(2) ................................. 1910.304(b)(4), introductory text ... No significant change.
1910.304(b)(4)(i) ............................ **Adds requirements for ratings of lampholders.
1910.304(b)(4)(ii) ........................... **Adds requirements for ratings of receptacles.
1910.304(b)(5) ............................... **Adds requirements for receptacles to be installed wherever cords
with attachment plugs are used.
1910.304(c), introductory text ......... 1910.304(c), introductory text ........ No significant change. (The requirements in existing paragraph (c)(5)
are placed in a separate paragraph (d)).
1910.304(c)(1) ................................. 1910.304(c)(1) ............................... **Adds a requirement for the separation of conductors on poles.
1910.304(c)(2) ................................. 1910.304(c)(2) ............................... Increases the minimum clearances for new installations of open con-
ductors and service drops to match those in NFPA 70E–2000.
1910.304(c)(3) ................................. 1910.304(c)(3)(i) ............................ No substantive change. (The final rule clarifies that paragraph (c)(2)
applies to platforms, projections, or surfaces from which runs of
open conductors can be reached).
1910.304(c)(3)(ii) ........................... **Adds restrictions for installing overhead service conductors near
building openings through which materials may be moved.
1910.304(c)(4) ................................. 1910.304(c)(4) ............................... **Adds an exception to the minimum clearance requirement for con-
ductors attached to the side of a building. (The final rule also clari-
fies that paragraph (c)(2) applies to roof surfaces that are subject
to pedestrian or vehicular traffic).
1910.304(c)(5) ................................. 1910.304(d) ................................... No substantive change.
1910.304(d)(1)(i) ............................. 1910.304(e)(1)(i) ............................ No substantive change.

1910.304(d)(1)(ii) ............................. 1910.304(e)(1)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.304(e)(1)(iii) .......................... **Adds a requirement for service disconnecting means to be suitable
for the prevailing conditions.
1910.304(d)(2) ................................. 1910.304(e)(2) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.304(e)(1), introductory text ..... 1910.304(f)(1), introductory text .... No substantive change.
1910.304(e)(1)(i) ............................. 1910.304(f)(1)(i) ............................. No substantive change.
1910.304(e)(1)(ii) ............................. 1910.304(f)(1)(ii) ............................ No substantive change.

1910.304(e)(1)(iii) ............................ 1910.304(f)(1)(iii) ........................... **The types of circuits that are allowed to have a single switch dis-
connect for multiple fuses are now specified in the standard.
1910.304(e)(1)(iv) ............................ 1910.304(f)(1)(iv) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.304(e)(1)(v) ............................ 1910.304(f)(1)(v) ............................ **Adds a requirement to clarify that handles of circuit breakers and
similar moving parts also need to be guarded so that they do not
injure employees.
1910.304(e)(1)(vi)(A) ....................... 1910.304(f)(1)(vi) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.304(e)(1)(vi)(B) ....................... 1910.304(f)(1)(vii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.304(e)(1)(vi)(C) ....................... 1910.304(f)(1)(viii) ......................... **Adds circuit breakers used on 277-volt fluorescent lighting circuits
to the types of breakers required to be marked ‘‘SWD.’’
1910.304(f)(1)(ix) ........................... **Adds a requirement to clarify ratings of circuit breakers.
1910.304(e)(2) ................................. 1910.304(f)(2) ................................ **Adds specific requirements on how to protect feeders and branch
circuits energized at more than 600 volts.
1910.304(f), introductory text .......... 1910.304(g), introductory text ....... No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(1), introductory text ...... 1910.304(g)(1), introductory text ... No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(1)(i) .............................. 1910.304(g)(1)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(1)(ii) .............................. 1910.304(g)(1)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(1)(iii) ............................. 1910.304(g)(1)(iii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(1)(iv) ............................. 1910.304(g)(1)(iv) .......................... No substantive change. (The specific voltage ratings in existing para-
graphs (g)(1)(iv)(B) and (g)(1)(iv)(C) are being removed. However,
this is not a substantive change as those are the voltages used in
the described systems).
1910.304(f)(1)(v) ............................. 1910.304(g)(1)(v) ........................... **Adds an exception to the requirement to ground systems for high-
impedance grounded systems of 480 V to 1000 V under certain
conditions.
1910.304(f)(2) .................................. 1910.304(g)(2) ............................... **No substantive change. (The standard adds descriptions of which
conductor is to be grounded for the different systems).
1910.304(g)(3) ............................... **Changes requirements for grounding portable and vehicle mounted
generators so that the requirements are equivalent to those in
OSHA’s Construction Standards (§ 1926.404(f)(3)). The sentence in
the construction standard reading: ‘‘No other [nonneutral] conductor
need be bonded to the generator frame’’ has been dropped from
the general industry version. This sentence is not regulatory in na-
ture, and its omission has no effect on the requirement.
1910.304(f)(3) .................................. 1910.304(g)(4) ............................... **No longer allows employers to use a cold water pipe as a source of
ground for installations made or modified after the effective date.
1910.304(f)(4) .................................. 1910.304(g)(5) ............................... **Adds a requirement that the path to ground be effective.
1910.304(f)(5)(i) .............................. 1910.304(g)(6)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(5)(ii) .............................. 1910.304(g)(6)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(5)(iii) ............................. 1910.304(g)(6)(iii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(5)(iv) ............................. 1910.304(g)(6)(iv) and (g)(6)(v) ..... **The exceptions for grounding fixed equipment operating at more
than 150 V are extended to all fixed electric equipment regardless
of voltage. Also, the final rule includes a new exception for double-
insulated equipment.
1910.304(f)(5)(v) ............................. 1910.304(g)(6)(vi) and (g)(6)(vii) ... **Adds the following equipment to the list of cord- and plug-con-
nected equipment required to be grounded: stationary and fixed
motor-operated tools and light industrial motor-operated tools.
1910.304(f)(5)(vi) ............................. 1910.304(g)(7) ............................... **Adds frames and tracks of electrically operated hoists to the list of
nonelectrical equipment required to be grounded.
1910.304(f)(6) .................................. 1910.304(g)(8) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(7)(i) .............................. 1910.304(g)(9), introductory text ... No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(7)(ii) .............................. 1910.304(g)(9)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.304(f)(7)(iii) ............................. 1910.304(g)(9)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.
§ 1910.305 Wiring methods, com- § 1910.305 Wiring methods,
ponents, and equipment for gen- components, and equipment for
eral use. general use.
1910.305(a), introductory text ......... 1910.305(a), introductory text ....... No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(1)(i) ............................. 1910.305(a)(1)(i) ............................ **Adds a requirement that equipment be bonded so as to provide
adequate fault-current-carrying capability. Also, clarifies that non-
conductive coatings need to be removed unless the fittings make
this unnecessary.
1910.305(a)(1)(ii) ........................... **Adds an exception to the bonding requirement for the reduction of
electrical noise.
1910.305(a)(1)(ii) ............................. 1910.305(a)(1)(iii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(2), introductory text ..... 1910.305(a)(2), introductory text ... No substantive change. Removes the provision allowing temporary
wiring to be of a class less than permanent wiring per the 2002
NEC. The change has no substantive effect because: (1) The term
‘‘a class less than’’ is not defined, and (2) temporary wiring is re-
quired to meet the same requirements regardless of the deleted
language. (Both the final rule and the existing standard contain the
following requirement: ‘‘Except as specifically modified in this para-
graph, all other requirements of this subpart for permanent wiring
shall apply to temporary wiring installations.’’).
1910.305(a)(2)(i), introductory text 1910.305(a)(2)(i), introductory text No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(2)(i)(A) ......................... 1910.305(a)(2)(i)(A) ....................... Removes demolition from the list of activities for which temporary wir-
ing is permitted. Demolition is a form of construction work, which is
not covered by the Subpart S installation requirements.
1910.305(a)(2)(i)(B) ......................... 1910.305(a)(2)(i)(C) ....................... **Adds emergencies to the list of activities for which temporary wiring
is permitted.
1910.305(a)(2)(i)(C) ........................ 1910.305(a)(2)(i)(B) ....................... No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(2)(ii) ........................... **Clarifies that temporary wiring must be removed when the project
or purpose for which it was used has been completed.
1910.305(a)(2)(ii) ............................. 1910.305(a)(2)(iii) .......................... **Adds ‘‘construction-like activities’’ to the list of permitted uses for
temporary electrical installations over 600 volts.
1910.305(a)(2)(iii)(A) ....................... 1910.305(a)(2)(iv) .......................... **Feeders may now only be run as single insulated conductors when
accessible to qualified employees only and used for experiments,
development work, or emergencies. (Individual requirements are
placed in separate paragraphs).
1910.305(a)(2)(iii)(B) ....................... 1910.305(a)(2)(v) ........................... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.305(a)(2)(iii)(C) ....................... 1910.305(a)(2)(vi) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(2)(iii)(D) ....................... 1910.305(a)(2)(vii) ......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(2)(iii)(E) ....................... 1910.305(a)(2)(viii) ........................ **Adds a requirement that disconnecting means for a multiwire circuit
simultaneously disconnect all ungrounded conductors of the circuit.
1910.305(a)(2)(iii)(F) ....................... 1910.305(a)(2)(ix) .......................... **This provision no longer allows installing fixtures or lampholders
more than 2.1 meters above the working surface as a means of
guarding. Also, the final rule adds a requirement for grounding
metal-case sockets.
1910.305(a)(2)(iii)(G) ....................... 1910.305(a)(2)(x) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(2)(xi) .......................... **Adds requirements for cable assemblies and flexible cords and ca-
bles to be adequately supported.
1910.305(a)(3)(i)(a) ......................... 1910.305(a)(3)(i) ............................ No substantive change. (Some raceway and cable types that were in-
cluded in generic terms have been explicitly added to the list of
wiring methods acceptable in cable trays).
1910.305(a)(3)(i)(b) ......................... 1910.305(a)(3)(ii) ........................... **Adds several types of cables and single insulated conductors to the
list of types permitted in industrial establishments.
1910.305(a)(3)(iii) .......................... **Adds a requirement limiting the use of metallic cable trays as an
equipment grounding conductor.
1910.305(a)(3)(i)(c) ......................... 1910.305(a)(3)(iv) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(3)(ii) ............................. 1910.305(a)(3)(v) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(4)(i) ............................. 1910.305(a)(4)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(4)(ii) ............................. 1910.305(a)(4)(ii) ........................... **Adds specific support requirements and limits the application of
these requirements to conductors smaller than No. 8.
1910.305(a)(4)(iii) ............................ 1910.305(a)(4)(iii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(4)(iv) ............................ 1910.305(a)(4)(iv) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(a)(4)(v) ............................ 1910.305(a)(4)(v) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.305(b)(1) ................................. 1910.305(b)(1)(i) and (b)(1)(ii) ....... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.305(b)(1)(iii) .......................... **Adds requirements for supporting cables entering cabinets, cutout
boxes, and meter sockets.
1910.305(b)(2) ................................. 1910.305(b)(2)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.305(b)(2)(ii) ........................... **Adds a requirement for any exposed edge of a combustible ceiling
finish at a fixture canopy or pan to be covered with noncombustible
material.
1910.305(b)(3) ................................. 1910.305(b)(3) ............................... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.305(c)(1) ................................. 1910.305(c)(1), (c)(2), and (c)(3)(i) No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.305(c)(3)(ii) ........................... **Adds a requirement for load terminals on switches to be deener-
gized when the switches are open except under limited cir-
cumstances.
1910.305(c)(4) ............................... **Adds a specific requirement for flush-mounted switches to have
faceplates that completely cover the opening and that seat against
the finished surface.
1910.305(c)(2) ................................. 1910.305(c)(5) ............................... **Adds a requirement to ground faceplates for snap switches.
1910.305(d) ..................................... 1910.305(d) ................................... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.305(e)(1) ................................. 1910.305(e)(1) ............................... **Adds a requirement for metallic cabinets, cutout boxes, fittings,
boxes, and panelboard enclosures installed in damp or wet loca-
tions to have an air space between the enclosure and the mount-
ing surface.
1910.305(e)(2) ................................. 1910.305)(e)(2) .............................. No substantive change.
1910.305(f) ...................................... 1910.305(f) .................................... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.305(g)(1)(i) ............................. 1910.305(g)(1)(i) and (g)(1)(ii) ....... **Adds the following to the types of connections permitted for flexible
cords and cables: Portable and mobile signs and connection of
moving parts. The final rule also clarifies that flexible cords and ca-
bles may be used for temporary wiring as permitted in final
§ 1910.305(a)(2).
1910.305(g)(1)(ii) ............................. 1910.305(g)(1)(iii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(g)(1)(iii) ............................ 1910.305(g)(1)(iv) .......................... No substantive change. (Clarifies that flexible cords and cables may
not be installed inside raceways).
1910.305(g)(1)(iv) ............................ 1910.305(g)(1)(v) ........................... **Permits additional cord types to be used in show windows and
show cases.
1910.305(g)(2)(i) ............................. 1910.305(g)(2)(i) ............................ **Adds new types of cords to the list of those that must be marked
with their type designation.
1910.305(g)(2)(ii) ............................. 1910.305(g)(2)(ii) ........................... **Changes the minimum size of hard service and junior hard service
cords that may be spliced from No. 12 to 14.
1910.305(g)(2)(iii) ............................ 1910.305(g)(2)(iii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(h) ..................................... 1910.305(h), introductory text, **Permits the minimum size of the insulated ground-check conductor
(h)(1), (h)(2), (h)(3), (h)(6), of Type G–GC cables to be No. 10 rather than No. 8. (Individual
(h)(7), and (h)(8). requirements are placed in separate paragraphs).
1910.305(h)(4) ............................... **Adds a requirement for shields to be grounded.
1910.305(h)(5) ............................... **Adds minimum bending radii requirements for portable cables.
1910.305(i)(1) .................................. 1910.305(i)(1) ................................ No substantive change.
1910.305(i)(3) .................................. 1910.305(i)(3) ................................ **Also permits fixture wire to be used in fire alarm circuits.
1910.305(j)(1)(i) ............................... 1910.305(j)(1)(i) ............................. No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(1)(ii) .............................. 1910.305(j)(1)(ii) ............................ No substantive change. (Clarifies that metal-shell paper-lined
lampholders may not be used for handlamps).
1910.305(j)(1)(iii) ............................. 1910.305(j)(1)(iii) ........................... **Adds a requirement that the grounded circuit conductor, where
present, be connected to the screw shell.
1910.305(j)(1)(iv) ............................. 1910.305(j)(1)(iv) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(2)(i) ............................. **Adds requirements to ensure that attachment plugs and connectors
have no exposed live parts.
1910.305(j)(2)(i) ............................... 1910.305(j)(2)(ii) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(2)(iii) ........................... **Clarifies that nongrounding-type receptacles may not be used with
grounding-type attachment plugs.
1910.305(j)(2)(ii) .............................. 1910.305(j)(2)(iv) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(2)(v), (j)(2)(vi), and **Adds requirements for receptacles outdoors to be installed in
(j)(2)(vii). weatherproof enclosures appropriate for the use of the receptacle
and for the location.
1910.305(j)(3)(ii) .............................. 1910.305(j)(3)(ii) ............................ **Adds a requirement to group and identify disconnecting means for
appliances supplied by more than one source.
1910.305(j)(3)(iii) ............................. 1910.305(j)(3)(iii) ........................... **Adds requirements for marking frequency and required external
overload protection for appliances.
1910.305(j)(3)(iv) ........................... **Clarifies that markings must be visible or easily accessible after in-
stallation.
1910.305(j)(4), introductory text ...... 1910.305(j)(4), introductory text .... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(4)(ii)(A) ......................... 1910.305(j)(4)(ii) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(4)(ii)(B) ......................... 1910.305(j)(4)(iii) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(4)(ii)(C) ......................... ........................................................ Removed. All disconnecting means must be capable of being locked
in the open position by §§ 1910.302(c) and 1910.303(f)(4).
1910.305(j)(4)(ii)(D) ......................... 1910.305(j)(4)(iv) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(4)(ii)(E) ......................... 1910.305(j)(4)(v) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(4)(ii)(F) ......................... 1910.305(j)(4)(vi) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(4)(iii) ............................. 1910.305(j)(4)(vii) .......................... No substantive change.

1910.305(j)(4)(iv)(A) ........................ ........................................................ Removed. Covered by § 1910.303(g)(2), (h)(2), and (h)(4)(iii).
1910.305(j)(4)(iv)(B) ........................ 1910.305(j)(4)(viii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(5)(ii) .............................. 1910.305(j)(5)(ii) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(5)(iii) ............................. 1910.305(j)(5)(iii) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(5)(iv) ............................. 1910.305(j)(5)(iv) ........................... No substantive change. (Oil-insulated transformers installed indoors
are presumed to present a hazard to employees since a trans-
former failure will lead to a fire within the building unless the trans-
former is installed in a vault).
1910.305(j)(5)(v) .............................. 1910.305(j)(5)(v) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(5)(vi) ............................. 1910.305(j)(5)(vi) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(5)(vii) ............................ 1910.305(j)(5)(vii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(5)(viii) ........................... 1910.305(j)(5)(viii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(6)(ii), introductory text .. 1910.305(j)(6)(ii), introductory text No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(6)(ii)(A) and (j)(6)(ii)(B) **Adds requirements to provide disconnecting means of adequate ca-
pacity for capacitors operating at more than 600 V.
1910.305(j)(6)(ii)(A) ......................... 1910.305(j)(6)(ii)(C) ....................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(6)(ii)(B) ......................... 1910.305(j)(6)(ii)(D) ....................... No substantive change.
1910.305(j)(7) .................................. 1910.305(j)(7) ................................ No substantive change.
§ 1910.306 Specific purpose equip- § 1910.306 Specific purpose
ment and installations. equipment and installations.
1910.306(a)(1) ................................. 1910.306(a)(1)(i), (a)(2)(i), and **Reorganized and clarified the requirements for disconnecting
(a)(2)(ii). means for signs. The final rule does not apply these requirements
to exit signs.
1910.306(a)(1)(ii) ........................... **Adds a requirement for the disconnects for signs located within
fountains to be at least 1.52 m from the fountain wall.
1910.306(a)(2) ................................. 1910.306(a)(2)(iii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.306(b), introductory text ......... 1910.306(b), introductory text ....... No substantive change.
1910.306(b)(1)(i) ............................. 1910.306(b)(1) ............................... **Adds specific requirements for the type and location of dis-
connecting means for runway conductors.
1910.306(b)(1)(ii) ............................. 1910.306(b)(2) ............................... No substantive change. (The final rule reorganizes these require-
ments).
1910.306(c) ..................................... 1910.306(c), introductory text ........ **This paragraph now covers wheelchair lifts, and stairway chair lifts.
1910.306(c)(1) ................................. 1910.306(c)(1) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.306(c)(3) ............................... **Adds requirements for the type of disconnecting means.
1910.306(c)(4) ............................... **Adds requirements for the operation of disconnecting means.
1910.306(c)(5) ............................... **Adds requirements for the location of disconnecting means.
1910.306(c)(6) ............................... **Adds requirements for the identification of disconnecting means.
1910.306(c)(7) ............................... **Adds requirements for disconnecting means for single car and
multicar installations supplied by more than one source.
1910.306(c)(9) ............................... **Adds requirements for warning signs for interconnected multicar
controllers.
1910.306(c)(10) ............................. **Adds exceptions related to the location of motor controllers.
1910.306(d)(1) ................................. 1910.306(d)(1) ............................... **Adds requirements for the type and rating of the disconnecting
means.
1910.306(d)(2) ................................. 1910.306(d)(2) ............................... Clarifies that a supply circuit switch may be used as a disconnecting
means if the circuit supplies only one welder.
1910.306(e) ..................................... 1910.306(e) ................................... **Adds a requirement to group the disconnecting means for the
HVAC systems serving information technology rooms with the dis-
connecting means for the information technology equipment. The
final rule exempts integrated electrical systems covered by
§ 1910.308(g). (The existing standard refers to this equipment as
data processing equipment).
1910.306(f), introductory text .......... 1910.306(f), introductory text ........ **Adds coverage of X-rays for dental or medical use.
1910.306(f)(1)(i) .............................. 1910.306(f)(1)(i) ............................. No substantive change.
1910.306(f)(1)(ii) .............................. 1910.306(f)(1)(ii) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.306(f)(2)(i) .............................. 1910.306(f)(2)(i) ............................. No substantive change.
1910.306(f)(2)(ii) .............................. 1910.306(f)(2)(ii) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.306(g)(1) ................................. 1910.306(g), introductory text ....... No substantive change.
1910.306(g)(2)(i) ............................. 1910.306(g)(1)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.306(g)(2)(ii) ............................. 1910.306(g)(1)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.306(g)(2)(iii) ............................ 1910.306(g)(1)(iii) .......................... **Adds a requirement for the installation of doors or detachable pan-
els to provide access to internal parts. Adds a requirement that de-
tachable panels not be readily removable.
1910.306(g)(2)(iv) ............................ 1910.306(g)(1)(iv) .......................... No substantive change.

1910.306(g)(2)(v) ............................ 1910.306(g)(1)(v) ........................... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.306(g)(2)(vi) ............................ 1910.306(g)(1)(vi) .......................... **Adds a requirement to ensure adequate rating of disconnecting
means. The final rule also clarifies when the supply circuit dis-
connecting means may be used as the disconnecting means for in-
duction and dielectric heating equipment.
1910.306(g)(3) ................................. 1910.306(g)(2) ............................... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.306(h)(1) ................................. 1910.306(h), introductory text ....... No substantive change.
1910.306(h)(2) ................................. 1910.399 ........................................ No substantive change.
1910.306(h)(4)(i) and (h)(4)(ii) ........ 1910.306(h)(2) ............................... No substantive change. (The two provisions are combined into one
paragraph).
1910.306(h)(5)(i) ............................. 1910.306(h)(3)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.306(h)(6)(i) ............................. 1910.306(h)(4)(i) ............................ **Adds requirements limiting primary and secondary voltage on iso-
lating transformers supplying receptacles for ungrounded cord- and
plug-connected equipment. Also, adds requirement for overcurrent
protection for circuits supplied by these transformers.
1910.306(h)(6)(iii) ............................ 1910.306(h)(4)(iii) .......................... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.306(h)(7)(i) and (h)(7)(ii) ........ 1910.306(h)(5)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.306(h)(7)(iii) ............................ 1910.306(h)(5)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.306(h)(7)(iv) ............................ 1910.306(h)(5)(iii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.306(i)(2) .................................. 1910.306(i)(2) ................................ **Allows the disconnecting means for a center pivot irrigation ma-
chine to be located not more than 15.2 m (50 ft) from the machine
if the disconnecting means is visible from the machine. (Individual
requirements are placed in separate paragraphs).
1910.306(j)(1) .................................. 1910.306(j), introductory text ......... **Clarifies that hydro-massage bathtubs are covered by this para-
graph.
1910.306(j)(1)(ii) ............................ **Extends the boundary within which receptacles require ground-fault
circuit interrupter protection from 4.57 m (15 ft) to 6.08 m (20 ft) for
new installations.
1910.306(j)(1)(iii) ........................... **Adds requirements for the installation of at least one receptacle
near permanently installed pools at dwelling units.
1910.306(j)(2)(ii)(A) ......................... 1910.306(j)(2)(i) ............................. **Clarifies that ceiling suspended (paddle) fans are covered by this
requirement.
1910.306(j)(2)(ii)(B) ......................... 1910.306(j)(2)(ii) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.306(j)(4)(ii) .............................. 1910.306(j)(4)(ii) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.306(j)(4)(iii) ........................... **Adds a requirement to guard lighting fixtures facing upward.
1910.306(k) .................................... **Adds requirements for carnivals, circuses, fairs, and similar events.
§ 1910.307 Hazardous (classified) § 1910.307 Hazardous (classified)
locations. locations.
1910.307(a) ..................................... 1910.307(a) ................................... **Adds the Zone classification system for Class I locations. (See de-
tailed discussion later in this section of the preamble).
1910.307(b) ................................... **Adds documentation requirements for hazardous locations classi-
fied using either the division or zone classification system. (See de-
tailed discussion later in this section of the preamble).
1910.307(b), introductory text ......... 1910.307(c), introductory text ........ No substantive change.
1910.307(b)(1) ................................. 1910.307(c)(1) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.307(b)(2)(i) ............................. 1910.307(c)(2)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.307(b)(2)(ii), introductory text 1910.307(c)(2)(ii), introductory text No substantive change.
1910.307(b)(2)(ii)(A) ........................ 1910.307(c)(2)(ii)(A) ...................... No substantive change.
1910.307(b)(2)(ii)(B) ........................ 1910.307(c)(2)(ii)(B) ...................... **Also permits fixtures approved for Class II, Division 2 locations to
omit the group marking.
1910.307(b)(2)(ii)(C) ........................ 1910.307(c)(2)(ii)(C) ...................... No substantive change.
1910.307(b)(2)(ii)(D) ........................ 1910.307(c)(2)(ii)(D) ...................... No substantive change.
1910.307(c)(2)(ii)(E) ...................... **Adds a requirement that electric equipment suitable for an ambient
temperature exceeding 40 °C (104 °F) be marked with the max-
imum ambient temperature.
1910.307(b)(3) ................................. 1910.307(c)(3) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.307(b)(3), Note ....................... 1910.307(c)(3), Note ..................... The last sentence of the note is removed to make it clear that the
OSHA standard does not incorporate the National Electrical Code

by reference. The NEC continues to be a guideline that employers
may reference in determining the type and design of equipment
and installations that will meet the OSHA standard.
1910.307(c) ..................................... 1910.307(d) ................................... No substantive change.
1910.307(d) ..................................... 1910.307(e) ................................... No substantive change.
1910.307(f) .................................... **The final rule adds a list of specific protective techniques for elec-
trical installations in hazardous locations classified under the divi-
sion classification system.
1910.307(g) ................................... **Adds the zone classification system as an alternative method of in-
stalling electric equipment in hazardous locations. This paragraph
sets the protective techniques and other requirements necessary
for safe installation of electric equipment in hazardous locations
classified under the zone classification system. (See detailed dis-
cussion later in this section of the preamble).
§ 1910.308 Special systems ........... § 1910.308 Special systems.
1910.308(a), introductory text ......... 1910.308(a), introductory text ....... No substantive change.
1910.308(a)(1)(i) ............................. 1910.308(a)(1)(i) and (a)(3)(ii) ....... **Adds the following wiring methods to those acceptable for installa-
tions operating at more than 600 V: Electrical metallic tubing, rigid
nonmetallic conduit, busways, and cable bus. The proposal also re-
moves the specific requirement to support cables having a bare
lead sheath or a braided outer covering in a manner to prevent
damage to the braid or sheath. This hazard is covered by
§ 1910.303(b)(1) and (b)(8)(i) and new § 1910.308(a)(4).
1910.308(a)(1)(ii) ............................. 1910.308(a)(1)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.
1910.308(a)(2) and (a)(3)(i) ........... ** Adds requirements to ensure that high-voltage cables can ade-
quately handle the voltage stresses placed upon them and to en-
sure that any coverings are flame retardant.
1910.308(a)(4) ............................... **Adds requirements for the protection of high-voltage cables against
moisture and physical damage where the cable conductors emerge
from a metal sheath.
1910.308(a)(2)(i) ............................. 1910.308(a)(5)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.308(a)(5)(ii) ........................... **Adds requirements for fuses to protect each ungrounded conductor,
for adequate ratings of fuses installed in parallel, and for the pro-
tection of employees from power fuses of the vented type.
1910.308(a)(2)(ii) ............................. 1910.308(a)(5)(iii) .......................... **Clarifies that distribution cutouts are not suitable for installation in
buildings or transformer vaults.
1910.308(a)(5)(iv) .......................... **Adds requirements for fused cutouts to either be capable of inter-
rupting load current or be supplemented by a means of interrupting
load current. In addition, a warning sign would be required for
fused cutouts that cannot interrupt load current.
1910.308(a)(5)(v) ........................... **Adds a requirement for guarding nonshielded cables and energized
parts of oil-filled cutouts.
1910.308(a)(5)(vi) .......................... **Adds requirements to ensure that load interrupting switches will be
protected against interrupting fault current and to provide for warn-
ing signs for backfed switches.
1910.308(a)(2)(iii) ............................ 1910.308(a)(5)(vii) ......................... No substantive change.
1910.308(a)(4)(i) ............................. 1910.308(a)(7), introductory text ... No substantive change.
1910.308(a)(4)(ii) ............................. 1910.308(a)(7)(i) and (a)(7)(iii) ...... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.308(a)(7)(ii) ........................... **Clarifies that multiconductor portable cable may supply mobile
equipment.
1910.308(a)(4)(iii) ............................ 1910.308(a)(7)(iv) and (a)(7)(v) ..... No substantive change. (Individual requirements are placed in sepa-
rate paragraphs).
1910.308(a)(7)(vi) .......................... **Limits the conditions under which switch or contactor enclosures
may be used as junction boxes or raceways.
1910.308(a)(4)(iv) ............................ 1910.308(a)(7)(vii) ......................... No substantive change.
1910.308(a)(4)(v) ............................ 1910.308(a)(7)(viii) ........................ No substantive change.
1910.308(b)(1) ................................. 1910.308(b), introductory text ....... No substantive change.
1910.308(b)(3) ................................. 1910.308(b)(2) ............................... **Clarifies that emergency illumination includes all required means of
egress lighting, illuminated exit signs, and all other lights necessary
to provide required illumination.
1910.308(b)(3) ............................... **Adds requirements to provide signs indicating the presence and lo-
cation of on-site emergency power sources under certain condi-
tions.
1910.308(c)(1), introductory text ..... 1910.308(c)(1), introductory text ... No substantive change.
1910.308(c)(1)(i), (c)(1)(ii), and 1910.308(c)(1)(i), (c)(1)(ii), and **Clarifies the power limitations of Class 1, 2, and 3 remote control,
(c)(1)(iii). (c)(1)(iii). signaling, and power-limited circuits based on equipment listing.
1910.308(c)(3) ............................... **Adds requirements for the separation of cables and conductors of
Class 2 and Class 3 circuits from cables and conductors of other
types of circuits.
1910.308(d)(1) ................................. 1910.308(d)(1) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.308(d)(2), introductory text ..... 1910.308(d)(2), introductory text ... No substantive change.
1910.308(d)(2)(i) ............................. 1910.308(d)(2)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.308(d)(2)(ii) ............................. 1910.308(d)(2)(ii) ........................... **Adds a requirement for power-limited fire alarm circuit power
sources to be listed and marked as such.
1910.308(d)(3) ................................. 1910.308(d)(3)(i) ............................ No substantive change.
1910.308(d)(4) ................................. 1910.308(d)(3)(ii), (d)(3)(iii), and **Clarifies the requirements for installing power-limited fire-protective
(d)(3)(iv). signaling circuits with other types of circuits. (Individual require-
ments are placed in separate paragraphs).
1910.308(d)(5) ................................. 1910.308(d)(4) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.308(e)(1) ................................. 1910.308(e), introductory text ....... No substantive change.
1910.308(e)(2) ................................. 1910.308(e)(1) ............................... **Clarifies the requirement for listed primary protectors to make it
clear that circuits confined within a block do not need protectors.
1910.308(e)(3)(i) ............................. 1910.308(e)(2)(i) and (e)(2)(ii) ....... No substantive change.
1910.308(e)(3)(ii) ............................. 1910.308(e)(2)(iii) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.308(e)(3)(iii) ............................ 1910.308(e)(2)(iv) .......................... No substantive change.
1910.308(e)(4) ................................. 1910.308(e)(3) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.308(e)(5) ................................. 1910.308(e)(4) ............................... No substantive change.
1910.308(f) .................................... **Adds requirements to separate conductors of solar photovoltaic
systems from conductors of other systems and to provide a dis-
connecting means for solar photovoltaic systems.
1910.308(g) ................................... **Adds an exception to the provisions on the location of overcurrent
protective devices for integrated electrical systems.
Note to table:
**These new and revised provisions are included in the 2000 and 2004 editions of NFPA 70E standard. The NFPA 70E Committee believes
that these provisions, which were taken from the 1999 and 2002 NEC, respectively, are essential to employee safety. OSHA agrees with the
consensus of NFPA’s expert opinion that these requirements are reasonably necessary to protect employees and has included them in the final
rule. On occasion, OSHA has rewritten the provision to lend greater clarity to its requirements. However, these editorial changes to the language
of NFPA 70E do not represent substantive differences. NFPA’s handling of these provisions and the rationale underpinning them is a matter of
public record for the NEC and NFPA 70E and is part of the record for this rulemaking (Exs. 2–9 through 2–18). OSHA agrees with the rationale
in this record as it pertains to the new and revised provisions the Agency is adopting.
F. General Requirements (§ 1910.303) the employer to maintain sufficient parts and grounded parts or two circuit
Paragraph (b) of proposed § 1910.303 access and working space about electric parts energized at different potentials
contained a general requirement for equipment to permit ready and safe simultaneously. The specific
electric equipment to be free of operation and maintenance of dimensions required by paragraph
recognized hazards likely to cause death equipment. This paragraph would have (g)(1)(i) apply only to equipment likely
or serious physical harm to employees. required the access and working space to require examination, adjustment,
This provision also contained criteria to meet certain minimum dimensions. servicing, or maintenance while it is
for judging the safety of electric One commenter expressed concern energized. As long as the employer
equipment. One of the criteria was regarding the physical space about implements, communicates, and
suitability for installation and use in electric equipment on ships (Ex. 3–7). enforces a policy to ensure that the
accordance with Subpart S, and a note This commenter argued that, in equipment is deenergized before
following paragraph (b)(1)(i) indicated shipbuilding and repair, the limited employees engage in any of these tasks
that listing or labeling by a nationally space on a ship is a design concern for that might expose them to contact with
recognized testing laboratory could be shore-based equipment. He stated that energized parts, paragraph (g)(1)(i) does
evidence of suitability. some shore-based electric equipment is not apply, and the equipment need not
The National Multihousing Council placed in locations that ensure safe provide the specific amount of working
recommended adding a second note to access to disconnect switches in the space required by that provision. In the
this paragraph to indicate that nothing event of an emergency or routine commenter’s case, the employer not
in this provision was to be taken as a connection of other equipment and that only deenergizes the equipment but
directive that limits a local jurisdiction’s the working space in these locations can removes it from the space in question
authority to amend the adopted be limited. However, he stated that his altogether, thus providing an additional
electrical code (Ex. 4–20). company deenergizes and removes measure of safety. On the other hand, if
Local electrical inspection authorities shore-based equipment before servicing the equipment were not deenergized,
have jurisdiction over public safety as or maintenance. then employees would not be able to
well as employee safety and this OSHA believes that this commenter’s work on the equipment safely.
jurisdiction is not preempted by OSHA installation complies with final Table S–3 and § 1910.303(h)(5)(v) in
standards. OSHA does not believe that § 1910.303(g). The introductory text to the proposed rule would have required
a note to the standard is necessary to paragraph (g)(1) contains the general a minimum elevation of 2.8 m (9.0 ft) for
clarify this authority. Indeed, the requirement that sufficient access and unguarded live parts operating at 601 to
recommended note might serve to working space shall be provided and 7500 V and located above working
confuse employers and employees, maintained about all electric equipment space. A note following proposed Table
leading them to believe that OSHA to permit ready and safe operation and S–3 permitted the minimum elevation
might enforce those local requirements. maintenance of such equipment. These to be 2.6 m (8.5 ft) for installations built
Therefore, § 1910.303(b)(1)(i) in the final provisions ensure that employees before the effective date of the final
standard does not include such a note. maintaining electric equipment while it standard. However, Table S–3 in the
In paragraph (g) of proposed is energized have enough room to work existing standard provides for a
§ 1910.303, OSHA would have required without danger of contacting energized minimum elevation of 2.4 m (8.0 ft) for
installations built before April 16, 1981, conductors with insulation of different from 9 to 25 milliamperes. The passage
if the voltage is in the range of 601 to colors for each system and post a legend of still higher currents, from 75
6600 V. OSHA unintentionally omitted identifying which colors are used with milliamperes to 4 amperes, can produce
this exception for older installations which systems at each panelboard. The ventricular fibrillation of the heart; and,
from the footnote to Table S–3 in the color-coded conductors for each circuit finally, immediate cardiac arrest at over
proposal. The Agency does not intend are visible at each pull and junction 4 amperes. These injuries occur when
for installations made before April 16, box, which are locations where the employees contact electrically energized
1981, to be modified to provide an conductors are accessible; thus, the parts. Typically, the frame of a tool
additional 0.2 m (0.5 ft) of elevation. employees can determine the voltage on becomes accidentally energized because
Therefore, the Agency is carrying a circuit and at utilization equipment or of an electrical fault (known as a ground
forward the language from the existing devices such as motors or receptacle fault) that provides a conductive path to
standard allowing for the reduced outlets by referring to the legend at the the tool casing. For instance, with a
minimum elevation for those older panelboard supplying the circuit. Final grounded electric supply system, when
installations. § 1910.304(b)(1) requires the legend to the employee contacts the tool casing,
be posted at the panelboard for each the fault current takes a path through
G. Branch Circuits—Identification of
branch circuit, not at the pull and the employee to an electrically
Multiwire Branch Circuits
junction boxes. grounded object. The amount of current
Identification requirements. The requirements proposed in that flows through an employee
Paragraph (b)(1) of final § 1910.304 adds § 1910.304(b)(1) and (b)(3) for depends, primarily, upon the resistance
requirements for identification of ungrounded conductors of systems of of the fault path within the tool, the
multiwire branch circuits. The rule different voltages to be identified were resistance of the path through the
requires that all ungrounded conductors very similar. Proposed paragraph (b)(1) employee’s body, and the resistance of
of multiwire branch circuits in a would have required identification of the paths, both line side and ground
building be identified, where accessible, multiwire branch circuits 14 only, side, from the employee back to the
by phase and system where more than whereas paragraph (b)(3) would have electric power supply. Moisture in the
one nominal voltage system exists. It required identification regardless of atmosphere can contribute to the
goes on to add that the identification whether a circuit was a multiwire electrical fault by enhancing both the
means shall be permanently posted at circuit. Paragraph (b)(1) was taken from conductive path within the tool and the
each branch circuit panelboard. For NFPA 70E–2000 Section 2–2.1, and external ground path back to the electric
example, the identification means can paragraph (b)(3) was taken from NFPA power supply. Dry skin can have a
be color coding, marking tape, or 70E–2000 Section 2–2.3 (Ex. 2–2). In resistance range of anywhere from about
tagging. addition, both NFPA sections are taken 500 to 500,000 ohms and wet skin can
For instance, a building served by from 1999 NEC Section 210–4(d). have a resistance range of about 200 to
both 208Y/120-volt and 480Y/277-volt Proposed paragraph (b)(3) inadvertently 20,000, depending on several factors,
multiwire branch circuits must use a omitted language from the NFPA such as the physical characteristics and
wiring identification means. One standard (Section 2–2.3) restricting its mass of the employee. More current will
method of meeting final § 1910.304(b)(1) application to multiwire circuits. flow if the employee is perspiring or
would be to use a color-coded scheme Although no one submitted comments becomes wet because of environmental
with brown, orange, and yellow on this problem, OSHA has decided to conditions. If the current is high
insulation for the 480-volt system’s correct this error by not carrying enough, the employee will suffer a
phase conductors and black, red, and proposed § 1910.304(b)(3) into the final ground-fault electrocution.
blue insulation for the 208-volt system’s rule. One method of protection against
phase conductors. A legend, which may injuries from electric shock is the
include other information such as the H. Branch Circuits—Ground-Fault
ground-fault circuit-interrupter (GFCI).
panelboard identification, must be Circuit-Interrupters for Employees
This device continually monitors the
permanently affixed at each branch Introduction. Each year many current flow to and from electric
circuit panelboard to identify the employees suffer electric shocks while equipment. If the current going out to
respective phase and system color- using portable electric tools and the protected equipment differs by
coding scheme. equipment. The nature of the injuries approximately 0.005 amperes (5-
One commenter requested ranges from minor burns to milliamperes) from the current
clarification of the term ‘‘where electrocution. Electric shocks produced returning, then the GFCI will deenergize
accessible’’ used in § 1910.304(b)(1) of by alternating currents (ac) at power line the equipment within as little as 25
the proposed rule (Ex. 4–14). He frequency passing through the body of milliseconds, quickly enough to prevent
questioned whether the identification an average adult from hand to foot for electrocution.
means must be posted at each pull and 1 second can cause various effects, GFCI requirements. Paragraph (b)(3) of
junction box. He suggested allowing a starting from a condition of being barely final § 1910.304 sets new requirements
color-coding scheme identified in the perceptible at 1 milliampere to loss of for ground-fault circuit-interrupter
employer’s written electrical safety voluntary muscular control for currents protection of receptacles and cord
program. connectors used in general industry.
OSHA believes that the typical means identified by phase and system. This means of Paragraph (b)(3)(i) requires ground-fault
of complying with this provision, which identification shall be permitted to be by separate circuit protection for all 125-volt, single-
was ultimately taken from 1999 NEC color coding, marking tape, tagging, or other
approved means and shall be permanently posted
phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles
Section 210–4(d),13 will be to use at each branch-circuit panelboard. installed in bathrooms and on rooftops.
14 A multiwire branch circuit is a branch circuit As noted earlier, this provision only
13 Section 210–4(d) of the 1999 NEC reads as
that consists of two or more ungrounded conductors applies to installations made after the
follows: that have a voltage between them and a grounded effective date of the final rule. Cord sets
(d) Identification of Ungrounded Conductors. conductor that has equal voltage between it and
Where more than one nominal voltage system exists each ungrounded conductor of the circuit and that
and cord- and plug-connected
in a building, each ungrounded conductor of a is connected to the neutral or grounded conductor equipment in these locations can get
multiwire branch circuit, where accessible, shall be of the system. wet and expose employees to severe
ground-fault hazards. The NFPA 70E volt, three-phase receptacles). It better protection for employees. The
Technical Committee believes, and protects employees from ground-fault construction standard’s assured
OSHA agrees, that using 125-volt, 15- hazards than the construction rule equipment grounding conductor
and 20-ampere cord- and plug- because it covers other equipment that program demands constant vigilance on
connected equipment in these locations is just as subject to damage as 120-volt, the part of employees to provide them
exposes employees to great enough risk single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere with the same level of protection as
of ground-fault electrocution (as noted equipment and that is more prevalent GFCIs. Under that program, employers
earlier) to warrant the protection today than when the construction rule must perform rigorous inspections and
afforded by GFCIs.15 was promulgated over 28 years ago. tests of cord sets and cord- and plug-
Paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of final § 1910.304 The Agency had proposed not to connected equipment generally at 3-
requires GFCI protection for all permit the NFPA 70E ‘‘Assured month intervals and employees must
receptacle outlets on temporary wiring Grounding Program’’ as an alternative to inspect them daily. In contrast, GFCIs
installations that are used during GFCIs in this rule. NFPA 70E’s Assured constantly monitor the circuit for
maintenance, remodeling, or repair of Grounding Program, differs in several ground faults and open the circuit when
buildings, structures, or equipment, or important respects from the assured ground-fault current becomes excessive
during similar construction-like equipment grounding conductor without the need for either the employer
activities.16 Such activities include program in OSHA’s construction or the employee to take action. Because
cleanup, disaster remediation, and standards (§ 1926.404(b)(1)). For three fourths of all electrical accidents
restoration of large electrical example, NFPA 70E permits the are caused by poor work practices (55
installations. Assured Grounding Program as an FR 31986), OSHA believes that GFCIs
OSHA currently requires GFCI alternative to GFCI protection for are a more reliable method of protecting
protection for 120-volt, single-phase, 15- personnel (1) for 125-volt, single-phase, employees.
and 20-ampere temporary receptacle 15- and 20-ampere receptacle outlets in
OSHA received several comments
outlets used on construction sites industrial establishments only, with
generally supportive of the proposed
(§ 1926.404(b)(1)). In the 28 years that conditions of maintenance and
requirement for GFCIs for 125-volt,
this requirement has been in effect, the supervision that ensure that only
single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere
Agency estimates that between about qualified personnel are involved, and
receptacles installed in bathrooms or on
650 and 1,100 lives have been saved (2) for receptacle outlets rated other
rooftops and for all 125-volt, single-
because of it.17 Temporary wiring than 125 volts, single-phase, 15, 20, or
30 amperes. The OSHA construction phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere
associated with construction-like
rule recognizes an assured equipment receptacle outlets that are not part of the
activities in general industry exposes
grounding conductor program as an permanent wiring of the building or
employees to the same ground-fault
alternative to GFCIs without restriction. structure and that are in use by
hazards as those associated with
Additionally, under its Assured personnel (Exs. 3–5, 3–6, 3–10, 4–9, 4–
temporary receptacle outlets on
Grounding Program, NFPA 70E requires 23, 4–24). For example, the American
construction sites. In
electric equipment to be tested only Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE)
§ 1910.304(b)(3)(ii), OSHA is extending
when there is evidence of damage. This supported the new requirements for
the ground-fault protection requirement
is in contrast to the assured equipment GFCI protection of receptacles and cord
to temporary receptacles used in
grounding conductor program required connectors and for temporary wiring
construction-like activities performed in
by OSHA’s construction standard, installations, stating that this is an
general industry. At the same time, this
which requires electric equipment to be important aspect of the rule (Ex. 3–5).
final rule extends protection to
tested after any incident that can ASSE stated that this requirement will
temporary wiring receptacles of higher
reasonably be suspected to have caused greatly contribute to the rule’s
voltage and current ratings (such as 125-
damage. effectiveness in saving lives and it is
volt, single-phase, 30-ampere and 480-
During the development of the also consistent with OSHA’s current
15 Part I 2–2.4.1 of NFPA 70E, 2000 edition, proposal, OSHA had considered requirements in 29 CFR Part 1926 for
requires GFCI protection for all 120-volt, single- including NFPA 70E’s Assured construction sites. Another commenter
phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles installed in Grounding Program or the construction supported OSHA’s statement in the
bathrooms and on rooftops for other than dwelling proposal that GFCIs for temporary
units.
standard’s assured equipment
16 See also the discussion of the term grounding conductor program wiring installations have been required
‘‘construction-like activities’’ under the summary requirements as alternatives to GFCIs, in the NEC for many years and that the
and explanation of final § 1910.305(a)(2), later in but rejected them. In the preamble to the requirement overall does not impose
this section of the preamble. It should be noted that proposal, OSHA gave the following any hardships on employers (Ex. 5–2).
the discussion of the term ‘‘construction-like One of the commenters agreed that
activities’’ is intended for application only to the
reasons for rejecting NFPA’s Assured
use of this term in Subpart S. Grounding Program: (1) The differences GFCIs provide continuous protection for
17 In the preamble to the final rule adopting a between the general industry and employees (Ex. 4–9). A comment (Ex. 4–
requirement for GFCIs on construction sites, OSHA construction requirements would have 24) from the National Electrical
estimated that there were between 30 and 45 deaths been too confusing for employers who Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
per year caused by 120-volt ground faults on
construction sites, and the Agency determined that are subject to both standards, and (2) the stated that GFCIs provide better
nearly all of those deaths could be prevented by the NFPA alternative would offer less protection for employees and a safer
use of GFCI protection or an assured grounding protection for employees than the workplace than the alternate assured
program (41 FR 55701, December 21, 1976). OSHA assured equipment grounding conductor equipment grounding conductor
fatality investigation data indicate that 46 deaths
involving 120-volt ground-faults in temporary
program in OSHA’s construction program included in OSHA’s
wiring occurred over the years 1990 to 1996 (the standard. Additionally, OSHA reasoned construction standard. NEMA added
latest year for which data are complete). This is a in the proposal that requiring GFCIs that GFCIs provide continuous
death rate of only 6.6 per year. Thus, OSHA alone, without even the construction protection whereas the assured
believes that the rule has saved between 23 and 39
lives per year or, over the 28 years the rule has been
standard’s assured equipment equipment grounding conductor
in effect, a total of between about 650 and 1,100 grounding conductor program as an program requires monthly inspection.
lives. alternative, would provide better NEMA recommended that the assured
equipment grounding program not be Nothing in the record has convinced protection whenever these devices are
added as an alternative to GFCIs in the the Agency that its preliminary available at the branch-circuit rating
general industry electrical installation conclusion that GFCIs are more effective involved. The Agency anticipates that
standard. protection than the assured equipment approved 1-, 2-, and 3-pole GFCIs for
Other commenters opposed OSHA’s grounding conductor program is branch-circuits with ratings above 125
proposal not to include the assured incorrect. In fact, the 2002 NEC, which volts and 30 amperes will become
grounding program as an alternative to permits its assured equipment available in the future. Employers will
GFCIs (Exs. 3–3, 3–6, 3–10, 4–11, 4–14, grounding conductor program as an need to use those new devices for any
4–19, 4–23). Some of them hinted that alternative to GFCIs only in very limited temporary wiring installed after they do
GFCI-type receptacles and circuit circumstances,18 indicates that NFPA become available. OSHA will continue
breakers at voltages above 125 volts, 15, has reached the same conclusion. OSHA to monitor developments in this area
20, and 30 amperes may require disagrees with the commenters’ and inform employers as appropriate of
constant attention because of nuisance assertion that the assured equipment the availability of GFCIs.
tripping (Exs. 3–6, 3–10, 4–11, 4–19, 4– grounding conductor program provides Certain equipment designs cause
23). They added that it is possible and protection equivalent to GFCIs. Thus, tripping of GFCIs. For example, some
likely that construction-type portable the Agency has determined based on the motors, due to design or application,
equipment used in industry will trip record that GFCIs are a more effective have higher leakage current to ground
GFCIs during normal operation. For means of protecting employees than the than a GFCI will allow. In other cases,
example, Mike Johnson of International assured equipment grounding conductor GFCI tripping can result in undesired
Paper argued that portable welding program. consequences. For example, the NEC
units for the repair of major pieces of The Agency cannot determine requires GFCI-protected receptacles in
equipment such as industrial boilers whether the commenters concerns about garages at residences but allows for a
and other massive pieces of equipment tripping caused by capacitive charging non-GFCI receptacle for large appliances
pose a real concern (Ex. 3–6). He noted currents between the circuit conductors such as a food freezer. If the GFCI trips,
that the cord sets on such portable and the equipment grounding conductor the food in the freezer will spoil. An
equipment are typically heavier and less at voltages over 125 volts are valid. For NEC exception to GFCI protection for
prone to damage than cords furnished multiphase circuits, capacitive currents temporary installations recognizes the
with 125-volt equipment. He further should balance out across the phases. incompatibility of these types of
noted his experience with tripping of Even on single-phase circuits, equipment on a GFCI-protected circuit
employers should be able to control and allows the assured equipment
GFCIs during the normal use of
leakage and capacitive currents by grounding conductor program in place
hermetic compressors, which are used
limiting the length of the conductors of GFCIs under certain circumstances.
for temporary cooling of personnel.
between the GFCI and the utilization Another NEC exception allows the
Some of those objecting to the omission
equipment. assured equipment grounding conductor
of the assured equipment grounding
However, OSHA recognizes the program for temporary installations
conductor program alternative argued
limited availability of GFCIs for circuits where a greater hazard exists if power
that to avoid nuisance tripping on
operating at voltages above 125 volts to is interrupted by a GFCI. For example,
circuits of more than 125 volts, they
ground. Consequently, it would be very a motor for a ventilation fan used to
would be forced to keep circuits very
difficult, if not impossible, for exhaust toxins in the atmosphere may
short beyond the location of the GFCI not be compatible with GFCI protection.
employers to comply with a
protection (Exs. 4–11, 4–19). Another Loss of the fan because of tripping by a
requirement for GFCI protection for all
commenter, Alcoa, supported the use of GFCI can pose a risk to employee health
branch-circuit ratings. For this reason,
GFCI protection for all temporary 125- and safety. However, OSHA believes
OSHA has decided to permit an assured
volt, single-phase wiring, including the that even this type of equipment should
equipment grounding conductor
use of extension cord sets, but did not not be subject to the risks associated
program as an alternative to GFCIs when
support the use of GFCI protection on with temporary cord- and plug-
approved GFCIs are unavailable for the
480-volt, three-phase extension cord connected wiring. The Agency believes
voltage and current rating of the circuit
sets or 480-volt temporary wiring (Ex. that hard-wired methods, which avoid
involved. However, the final rule does
4–14). Finally, some commenters argued the use of a plug-receptacle
require employers to provide GFCI
that the lack of commercially available combination, afford better protection of
GFCIs at voltages higher than 125 volts 18 NEC Section 527.6 requires electric shock or employees relying on such critical
makes it impossible to comply with electrocution protection for personnel using equipment. Because the GFCI
§ 1910.304(b)(4)(ii) as proposed (Exs. 4– temporary wiring during activities such as requirement applies only to receptacle
11, 4–19, 4–23). construction, remodeling, maintenance, repair,
demolition, and the like. GFCI protection or a outlets, employers can avoid having to
These commenters gave three reasons written assured equipment grounding conductor install GFCIs by wiring the equipment
why the Agency should permit an program must be used to provide this protection. directly to the circuit conductors at an
assured equipment grounding conductor All 125-volt, single-phase 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere outlet or panelboard.
program as an alternative to GFCIs, receptacle outlets must have GFCI protection except
that in industrial establishments only, where only
Many of the commenters supporting
particularly at voltages higher than 125 qualified personnel perform maintenance, the the assured grounding alternative
volts: (1) Because, they asserted, the assured equipment grounding conductor program is recommended that the Agency include
assured equipment grounding conductor permitted for specific situations. The limitations of an assured equipment grounding
program is equally effective; (2) because the exception in industrial establishments only are
for situations in which: (1) Qualified personnel are
conductor program consistent with
of tripping caused by (a) the inherently using equipment that is not compatible, by design, OSHA’s existing requirements in 29
high leakage current for some electric with GFCI protection or (2) a greater hazard exists CFR 1926.404(b)(1)(iii) as an alternative
equipment or (b) the capacitive leakage if power was interrupted by GFCI protection. to using GFCIs for protection of
on long circuits of voltages over 125 For receptacle outlets other than those rated 125 personnel (Exs. 3–3, 3–5, 3–6). For
volts, single phase 15, 20, and 30 amperes,
volts; and (3) because GFCIs are not personnel protection must be provided by either
example, ASSE recommended that
available for all branch-circuit voltage GFCI protection or a written assured equipment OSHA work at harmonizing this
and current ratings. grounding conductor program. program with the assured equipment
grounding conductor program permitted The assured equipment grounding phase system and its circuit conductors are
under OSHA’s construction standards conductor program in this final rule also insulated from the generator frame and all
(Ex. 3–5). ASSE did concur that OSHA’s requires one or more competent persons other grounded surfaces. [41 FR 55702,
testing program in the construction for implementation. Consequently, the December 21, 1976]
standard, which requires testing after Agency is bringing the definition of The NEC used to require only neutral
any incident that can reasonably be ‘‘competent person’’ from OSHA’s conductors to be bonded to the
suspected to have caused damage, is construction standards into final generator frame. (See, for example, 1981
preferable to the approach taken in § 1910.399. NEC Section 250–6.) The NEC now
NFPA 70E. OSHA received numerous comments requires single-phase, two-wire circuits
OSHA agrees with these commenters concerning proposed to have one circuit conductor bonded to
that any assured equipment grounding § 1910.304(b)(4)(ii)(A). The pertinent the generator frame. (See Sections 250–
conductor program in the general part of this proposed provision read, 26 and 250–34(c) of the 1999 NEC and
industry standards must be consistent ‘‘receptacles on a 2-wire, single-phase Sections 250.26 and 250.34(C) of the
with the corresponding construction portable or vehicle-mounted generator 2002 NEC.) Thus, the NEC no longer
standard in § 1926.404(b)(1)(iii). The rated not more than 5 kW, where the permits generators to be wired so as to
Agency maintains that the assured circuit conductors of the generator are meet the conditions in the proposed
equipment grounding conductor insulated from the generator frame and exemption. That is, because one of the
program in the existing construction all other grounded surfaces, are circuit conductors must be bonded to
standards is more protective than permitted without ground-fault circuit- the generator frame, the conductors
NFPA’s assured grounding program. interrupter protection for personnel.’’ cannot be ‘‘insulated from the generator
OSHA’s construction standard requires This exemption from the GFCI frame’’ as required by the exemption.
testing of all cord sets and receptacles requirement was taken from NFPA 70E– In addition, connecting one conductor
whenever it can reasonably be 2000. on a single-phase, two-wire generator to
suspected that an incident may have Several commenters recommended the generator frame facilitates the
caused damage to the equipment, removing this exemption (Exs. 4–13, 4– operation of a GFCI when a ground fault
whereas the NFPA standard requires 15, 4–17, 4–18, 4–21). These occurs. Even though the generator frame
testing only if an incident produces commenters stated that this exemption is not required to be grounded, it
evidence of damage. The purpose of the has been removed from the most recent frequently is, through direct contact
assured equipment grounding conductor editions of the NEC and NFPA 70E. with ground or through grounding-type
program is designed to detect and They argued that there was never any equipment, which has its equipment
correct damage to the equipment technical justification for this provision grounding conductor connected to the
grounding conductor particularly when and, thus, its inclusion in the OSHA generator frame. Bonding one of the
it is unseen. Demanding evidence of standard is unjustified. circuit conductors to the generator
damage, as NFPA does, partially thwarts OSHA agrees with these comments frame provides a path outside the circuit
that purpose. Therefore, the Agency has and has decided to remove this conductors for ground-fault current to
brought the assured equipment exemption to better align the final rule flow. Such current will be detected by
grounding conductor program from with the consensus standards. The a GFCI. If the circuit conductors are
§ 1926.404(b)(1)(iii) into this revision of proposed exemption from the GFCI insulated from the generator frame, it is
the general industry electrical requirement for portable and vehicle- more likely that any ground fault
installation standard. The final rule mounted generators was based on 1999 current will return through the circuit
requires employers to use the assured NEC Section 305–6(a), Exception 1. The conductors and go undetected by a
equipment grounding conductor exemption in the 1999 NEC and the GFCI.20
program whenever approved GFCIs are exemption in proposed For these reasons, OSHA has
not available. § 1910.304(b)(4)(ii)(A) were the same as determined that the exemption from the
Although the assured equipment the exemption for portable and vehicle- GFCI requirement for single-phase
grounding conductor program in the mounted generators in OSHA’s generators is not warranted and has
final rule is consistent with the one in construction requirement for ground- revised final § 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A)
the construction standard, the final rule,
fault circuit-interrupters (proposed § 1910.304(b)(4)(ii)(A))
unlike the construction standard, does
(§ 1926.404(b)(1)(ii)). In promulgating accordingly. In addition, the evidence in
not always permit it to be used as an
the construction standard, OSHA gave the record indicates that it is also
alternative to GFCIs. The determination
the following rationale for exempting necessary to revise the generator
that GFCIs are a preferable form of
these generators from the requirement grounding requirements in final
protection and not to permit the assured
for GFCI protection: § 1910.304(g)(2) and (g)(3)(iii) to match
equipment grounding conductor in all
On generators whose supply wires are not Sections 250.26 and 250.34(C) of the
circumstances is based on the public
required to be grounded, and are in fact not 2002 NEC, respectively. (See the
record of this rulemaking. The final rule
grounded, the return path for a ground-fault summary and explanation of these
applies only to general industry and not
current to flow is not completed and the provisions later in this section of the
to construction. OSHA will not enforce hazard which a GFCI would protect against preamble.) Removing the exception
this rule for construction work; is not present. Consequently, the rule as from final § 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A)
however, employers are encouraged to promulgated in [§ 1926.404(b)(1)(ii)] does not without revising the generator
use GFCIs in accordance with the require the use of GFCI’s on portable or grounding provisions would result in a
general industry standard even when vehicle-mounted generators of 5kW capacity
or less if its output is a two-wire, single-
requirement for GFCIs when they would
the construction standard applies.
The assured equipment grounding not work as intended to protect

conductor program in the construction Competent person means one who is capable of employees. Incorporating the NEC
standard relies on the definition of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the
surroundings or working conditions which are 20 For a ground fault to occur on an ungrounded
‘‘competent person’’ in § 1926.32(f).19 unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, circuit, two faults must be present. If both faults are
and who has authorization to take prompt on the load side of the GFCI, then any leakage
19 Paragraph (f) of § 1926.32 reads as follows: corrective measures to eliminate them. current will go undetected.
provisions on generator grounding will personnel. Consequently, the proposed An ac system that is connected for
work in concert with the GFCI rule does not require access by every ungrounded operation is a system that
provisions to ensure that employees are employee, and there is no need to revise is connected to ground via the
adequately protected from ground the language of the rule. capacitance of the insulating medium,
faults. be it air, rubber or thermoplastic
J. Grounding
OSHA proposed Note 2 to insulation. The capacitance-to-ground
§ 1910.304(b)(4)(ii)(A) to read as Proposed § 1910.304(g)(1) listed varies resulting in system operating
follows: systems that would have been required problems. The line-to-ground voltage is
Cord sets and devices incorporating listed
to be grounded. Proposed paragraphs not constant. Such erratic voltage makes
ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for (g)(1)(iv) and (g)(1)(v) governed ungrounded systems difficult to
personnel are acceptable forms of protection. grounded and ungrounded ac systems of troubleshoot.
50 to 1000 volts. These two paragraphs OSHA views these conditions as
Several commenters suggested that were substantively the same as hazardous to employees working near
the note be reworded to recognize paragraphs (f)(1)(iv) and (f)(1)(v) of the power system. A hazard of this type
portable GFCI protection only when it is existing § 1910.304, except that in the of installation is the possibility for the
placed at the end closest to the source existing rule ac circuits of 480 to 1000 frame of a piece of equipment to become
of power (Exs. 4–13, 4–15, 4–17, 4–18, volts are permitted to use a high- energized at some voltage above ground.
4–21). They argued that GFCI protection impedance grounded neutral in lieu of A shock hazard exists if an employee
should be provided for the entire cord a neutral with a direct connection to the simultaneously touches the equipment
set and that the only way to do so is to grounding electrode. and a grounded object such as a
put the GFCI at the source of power.21 In a joint comment, CHS Inc., and the handrail.
OSHA agrees with these commenters National Cooperative Refinery In general, the NEC and the IAEI
and has revised the note to read: Association (NCRA) expressed concern Soares Book on Grounding cite very
Cord sets and devices incorporating the about these provisions (Ex. 4–25). These similar if not the same
required ground-fault circuit-interrupter that two companies requested that the recommendations for grounding of
are connected to the receptacle closest to the Agency consider permitting the electrical systems, and the final rule
source of power are acceptable forms of operation of three-phase ungrounded parallels these requirements. In fact,
protection. contrary to the suggestions made by the
delta systems that have been utilized for
This language, which was similar to many years by the refining industry and commenters, the provisions in question
that recommended by these others for electrical systems. They are entirely consistent with the IAEI
commenters, will provide the most argued that these systems became Soares Book on Grounding. Paragraph
effective protection for employees using popular in the early 20th century (g)(1)(iv) of final § 1910.304 requires
temporary wiring. Employers using because of the need to operate loads delta systems of 50 to 1000 volts 23 to be
portable GFCIs to comply with final without interruption because of the grounded only if:
§ 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A) must install them operation of overcurrent protection (1) They can be grounded so that the
at the first receptacle on the circuit (the devices on a short circuit. The comment maximum voltage to ground on the
end closest to the source of power). This referenced Soares Book on Grounding ungrounded conductors does not exceed
will protect employees from faults in all published by the International 150 volts (that is, a delta system with a
downstream cord sets and equipment. Association of Electrical Inspectors. phase-to-phase voltage of 150 volts or
Quoting this book, the commenter stated less),
I. Accessibility of Overcurrent Devices (2) The system is a three-phase, four-
that the reason to operate a system in
Proposed § 1910.304(f)(1)(iv) this manner is to ‘‘obtain an additional wire delta circuit in which the midpoint
addressed the location of overcurrent degree of service continuity. Since the of one phase is used as a circuit
devices. The first sentence of this system is ungrounded, the occurrence of conductor, or
provision would have required the first ground fault (as distinguished (3) A service conductor is
overcurrent devices to be accessible ‘‘to from a short circuit) on the system will uninsulated.
each employee or authorized building not cause an overcurrent protective OSHA believes that few delta systems
management personnel.’’ device to open.’’ CHS and NCRA further meet any of these conditions, in which
OSHA received a request to insert the noted that these ungrounded systems case the final rule does not require them
word ‘‘qualified’’ before ‘‘employee’’ in are used with ground detection to be grounded. Even if one of those
that provision (Ex. 4–22). The equipment and that trained electrical conditions is met, the circuit may
commenter was concerned that the maintenance personnel investigate and
provision would require every employee operating ungrounded three-phase ac systems as
repair problems without causing an follows:
at the workplace to have access to abrupt outage. Disadvantages of operating systems ungrounded
overcurrent devices. Electrical systems are grounded include but are not limited to the following:
This proposed provision is identical primarily to: 1. Power system overvoltages are not controlled.
to existing § 1910.304(e)(1)(iv) and is (1) Limit overvoltages caused by In some cases, these overvoltages are passed
consistent with § 240.24 of the 2002 through transformers into the premises wiring
lightning, line surges, or contact with system. Some common sources of overvoltages
NEC. The wording of this provision higher voltage systems; include: lightning, switching surges and contact
permits employers to restrict access to (2) Stabilize voltage to earth during with a high voltage system.
authorized building management normal operation; and 2. Transient overvoltages are not controlled,
(3) Facilitate the operation of which, over time, may result in insulation
degradation and failure.
21 The National Electrical Code Handbook for the
overcurrent devices protecting the
2002 NEC, in its explanation of the NEC 3. System voltages above ground are not
circuit. (See 1999 NEC Section 250– necessarily balanced or controlled.
requirements for GFCI protection for temporary
installations, identifies a GFCI device as being 2.) 22 4. Destructive arcing burnouts can result if a
designed for insertion at the line, or source, end of second fault occurs before the first fault is cleared.
a flexible cord set. The short style of cord set shown 22 Soares Book on Grounding, a recognized 23 Systems over 1000 volts are covered by final
in the Handbook lends itself to in-series connection reference on grounding to which CHS and NCRA § 1910.304(g)(9), to which CHS and NRCA did not
with single or multiple, series-connected, cord sets. referred, offers a list of known disadvantages of object.
operate using a high-impedance extensions of existing branch circuits simple contact with the piping system. [Ex.
grounded neutral system as permitted that do not have an equipment 4–13]
by final § 1910.304(g)(1)(v)(E). Such grounding conductor, grounding-type
systems provide higher system receptacles may be grounded to a OSHA agrees with these comments. It
reliability in a manner similar to grounded cold water pipe near the is important for the equipment
ungrounded systems in that a single equipment.’’ grounding conductor to be reliable and
ground fault triggers alarms on ground- OSHA received several comments on of low impedance. Water pipes are
detection equipment instead of causing the use of cold water pipes for neither. In addition, as noted by this
the circuit protective devices to equipment grounding connections (Exs. commenter, employees working on
deenergize the circuit. However, these 4–4, 4–13, 4–15, 4–17, water pipes used in this manner can be
systems provide better protection 4–18, 4–21). For example, Mr. Brooke exposed to hazardous differences in
against ground faults and overvoltages Stauffer of the National Electrical electrical potential across an open pipe.
than do ungrounded systems. Contractors Association (NECA) On the other hand, OSHA has allowed
Finally, the provisions to which CHS recommended deleting this requirement grounded cold water pipes to be used
and NCRA refer are not new from the standard, arguing that this for grounding branch circuit extensions
requirements. They are in the existing method of grounding is not permitted in since 1972. (See, for example, existing
OSHA electrical standard and have been the 2002 NEC (Ex. 3–2). He noted that § 1910.304(f)(3)(iii).24) Since there have
enforced by the Agency since 1972. Section 250.52 of the NEC states that an been very few reported accidents, the
For all of these reasons, OSHA interior metal water pipe more than 1.52 Agency does not believe that the risk to
believes that grounded systems are a meters (5 feet) from the point of employees, not to mention the
much more reliable method of entrance of the water pipe into the substantial cost to employers, of
protecting employees than ungrounded building is no longer allowed to serve as rerunning these branch circuit
systems and has retained part of the grounding electrode system. extensions is worth the reduction in risk
§ 1910.304(g)(1)(iv) and (g)(1)(v) as Other comments stated that using an associated with the continued use of
proposed. isolated equipment grounding water pipes for grounding purposes. To
For the reasons presented under the conductor such as a cold water pipe redo a branch circuit extension, an
summary and explanation of final may increase the risk of reactance along employee would need to deenergize the
§ 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A) (proposed the equipment grounding conductor existing circuit and run new conductors
§ 1910.304(b)(4)(ii)(A)), earlier in this when an ac fault is involved (Exs. 4–4, back to a point where an acceptable
section of the preamble, OSHA is 4–13, 4–15, 4–17, 4–18, 4–21). For connection to the ground is available.
revising the grounding requirements in example, one commenter stated that (Section 250.130(C) of the 2002 NEC
Subpart S for consistency with 2002 using a water pipe to ground equipment lists acceptable grounding points.) The
NEC Sections 250.26 and 250.34(C). violates 2002 NEC Section 300.3(B), risk of inadvertently contacting an
This revision is in two parts: A new energized part during the recircuiting
which requires all circuit conductors to
provision (final § 1910.304(g)(2)) and a process is likely to be at least as high as
be grouped together so magnetic fields
revised provision (final the risk of electric shock caused by
are offset and reluctance is minimized
§ 1910.304(g)(3)(iii), proposed using the water pipe as an equipment
(Exs. 4–13, 4–15). He further argued that
§ 1910.304(g)(2)(iii)). Final grounding conductor. Also, it may not
plastic pipe makes water pipes an
§ 1910.304(g)(2), which had no be known which branch circuit
unreliable ground and that using water
counterpart in the proposal, adopts receptacles are grounded to a water
pipes to ground electric equipment can
requirements from 2002 NEC Section pipe; thus, employees may be
pose hazards to employees working on
250.26 specifying which conductor in introduced to hazards in the process of
the piping system, as follows:
an ac system must be grounded. This tracing the existing wiring installation.
new provision complements final Water pipes cannot be counted upon to Consequently, the final rule allows
§ 1910.303(g)(1), which specifies which serve the same function as an equipment
grounding conductor, which is to prevent
using a grounded cold water pipe as the
systems must be grounded. These two equipment grounding conductor on
electrocution due to malfunctioning
provisions ensure that the voltage to equipment on the branch circuit by allowing branch circuit extensions only in
ground on ungrounded conductors is large amounts of current to flow and trip the existing installations. The final rule
minimized. It should be noted that final overcurrent device. The use of water pipes as would also require such equipment
§ 1910.304(g)(2) requires a system equipment grounding conductors is actually grounding connections to be replaced
conductor to be grounded only when more likely to cause an electrocution in the any time work is performed on the
that system is required to be grounded event that a plumber, pipe-fitter or similar branch circuit. In such cases, the circuit
by § 1910.304(g)(1). professional working on the water piping
system would break a pipe connection
would need to be deenergized anyway,
Paragraph (g)(3)(iii) of final § 1910.304 and there would be no increased risk
is revised to match 2002 NEC Section involved in a fault, thereby exposing
themselves to the full lethal circuit voltage during the installation of a new
250.34(C). The revised provision and providing a path for current to flow. equipment grounding conductor.
requires that any system conductor Unlike electrical workers working on branch
required to be grounded by final Proposed § 1910.304(g)(4) (final
circuits, there are no specific requirements
§ 1910.304(g)(2) be bonded to the for plumbers, pipe-fitters or similar
§ 1910.304(g)(5)) would have required
generator frame, which serves as the professionals to deenergize and lock out the path to ground from circuits,
grounding electrode for the system. This electrical circuits in order to work on equipment, and enclosures to be
requirement ensures that systems fed by plumbing systems, nor should there be one. permanent and continuous. The
portable and vehicle-mounted The advent of current technology and language in this proposed provision is
practice of using nonmetallic pipe in all or identical to existing § 1910.304(f)(4).

generators are wired consistently with part of a plumbing system would cause
service-supplied systems and provide a metallic parts of equipment or sections of the 24 The existing standard permits the use of a
level of safety equal to that of service- water piping to become energized if a tool or grounded cold water pipe as an equipment
supplied systems. equipment were to malfunction and expose grounding only for extensions of branch circuits
Proposed § 1910.304(g)(3)(iii) (final anyone (plumber, pipe-fitter, general plant that do not have an equipment grounding
§ 1910.304(g)(4)(iii)) stated, ‘‘On employee) to an electrocution hazard from conductor.
Several commenters recommended (g)(8)(ii), and (g)(8)(iii), 1910.305(c)(5), (46 FR 4034, 4046, January 16, 1981).
adding the word ‘‘effective’’ in the and 1910.308(a)(6)(ii), (a)(7)(viii), However, at that time, the Agency also
requirement to ensure that the (e)(4)(ii), and (e)(4)(iii). OSHA believes decided not to apply this prohibition
grounding path of the conductor is that the definition adopted in the final retroactively, reasoning as follows:
successful in providing a permanent rule accurately describes the intent of
[F]rom the standpoint of employee safety,
and continuous path to ground (Exs. 4– that term for all of these requirements.
installations where electric equipment is
4, 4–13, 4–15, 4–17, 4–18, 4–21). These The adopted definition merely makes
secured to, and in metallic contact with, the
commenters noted that the NEC has explicit what was implicit in the
grounded structural frame of a building are
requirements on effective grounding and proposal. essentially free of electrical shock hazards.
has had these requirements in the code Paragraph (g)(7)(ii) of proposed
This condition occurs because the electric
for many years and that the proposed § 1910.304 (final § 1910.304(g)(8)(ii) and
equipment enclosures and the metal building
rule was inconsistent with the NEC, (g)(8)(iii)) would have recognized
frame will be approximately at the same
NFPA 70E, and other OSHA several methods of grounding electric potential if a ground fault occurs and will
requirements. For example, Mr. Douglas equipment by means other than direct provide a measure of employee safety. [46 FR
Baxter stated: connection to an equipment grounding 4046]
conductor. This provision would have
Equipment grounding is important enough
for OSHA to require it to be effective as permitted, for installations made before In that rulemaking, OSHA agreed with
stated in the proposal at these locations: April 16, 1981, only, electric equipment comments that it would be impractical
Page 17817–1910.304(b)(2)(ii) ‘‘Receptacles to be considered effectively grounded if to require changes to installations that
and cord connectors having grounding it was secured to, and in metallic had been permitted by the NEC for
contacts shall have those contacts effectively contact with, the grounded structural many years before 1978.
grounded.’’ metal frame of a building. This
Page 17823–1910.305(c)(5) ‘‘Grounding. OSHA believes that this rationale
paragraph is the same as existing
Snap switches, including dimmer switches, continues to apply today. Nothing in the
§ 1910.304(f)(6)(ii).
shall be effectively grounded and shall Several commenters requested that record has convinced the Agency that
provide a means to ground metal faceplates.’’ the conclusion drawn in the existing
It is unclear as to why OSHA believes that
OSHA totally remove the structural
metal frame of a building as an standard in 1981 is incorrect. Also, the
electrical circuits and equipment (which Agency does not believe that the
would be referenced under 1910.304(g)(4)) acceptable grounding method (Exs. 3–2,
somehow will not present an electrocution 4–13, 4–15, 4–18, 4–21). For example, substantial cost to employers of
hazard if not effectively grounded unlike NECA believed that this grounding changing these grounding connections
receptacles or snap switches. technique is obsolete and unsafe (Ex. is worth the slight possible reduction in
Particularly noteworthy to underscore is 3–2). NECA noted that 2002 NEC risk associated with moving from the
the fact that as written in the proposal, Section 250.136(A) states: ‘‘The use of the structural metal frame of a
1910.304(g)(4) is not consistent with the 2004 structural metal frame of a building building to a separate equipment
(current) edition of NFPA 70E, nor is it grounding conductor. In addition, in
consistent with any edition since the original
shall not be used as the required
equipment grounding conductor for ac actual practice, such a change might not
1979 Edition. The proposal should read the
same as the 2000 edition of NFPA 70E, as equipment.’’ Other commenters argued lead to an overall reduction in risk at
shown above. [Ex. 4–17] that this allowance is incongruent with all. To reconfigure a branch circuit and
the 2004 and prior editions of NFPA run new conductors back to a point
OSHA believes that the effectiveness
70E (Exs. 4–13, 4–15, 4–18, 4–21). For where an acceptable connection to the
of grounding is important and will save
example, Mr. Michael Kovacic stated ground is available,25 an employee
lives when done properly. Therefore,
that this has been prohibited for ac would need to deenergize the existing
the final rule, in § 1910.304(g)(5),
circuits since the 1978 edition of the circuits connected. An employee could
requires the equipment grounding
NEC. He presented the reason for this as inadvertently contact an energized part
conductor to be permanent, continuous,
follows: during the recircuiting process.
and effective.
The 2002 edition of NEC defines This requirement [in proposed paragraph Consequently, the final rule in
‘‘effectively grounded’’ in Article 100 as: (g)(7)(i) for equipment grounded by an § 1910.304(g)(8)(iii) continues to allow
equipment grounding conductor that is the use of the grounded structural metal
Intentionally connected to earth through a contained within the same raceway, cable, or
ground connection or connections of cord, or runs with or encloses the circuit
frame of a building as the equipment
sufficiently low impedance and having conductors] is to keep conductors grouped grounding conductor for equipment
sufficient current-carrying capacity to close together so magnetic fields generated by secured to, and in metallic contact with,
prevent the buildup of voltages that may the flow of ac electricity, which reacts with the metal frame only for installations
result in undue hazards to connected the circuit conductors, will cancel each other made before April 16, 1981. However,
equipment or to persons. out, thereby minimizing the total circuit unlike the existing standard, the final
This same definition appears in Part impedance for safety reasons (preventing rule requires such grounds to be
electrocution in the event of a breakdown or
I of the 2000 edition of NFPA 70E. fault in the equipment by rapid operation of replaced any time work is performed on
OSHA proposed a similar definition of the overcurrent device). In the case of dc the branch circuit. In such cases, the
‘‘effectively grounded,’’ which would circuits, there are no pulsating magnetic circuit needs to be deenergized anyway,
have applied to voltages over 600 volts, fields and consequently no circuit reactance, and there would be no increased risk
nominal. To clarify the final standard which increases the circuit impedance to during the installation of a new
and to maintain consistency with the negatively affect the grounding path of equipment grounding conductor.
NEC and NFPA 70E, OSHA is adopting equipment. [Ex. 4–18] Additionally, the costs of installing an
the NEC definition of ‘‘effectively OSHA agrees with these comments. In acceptable equipment grounding
grounded’’ in § 1910.399 and is fact, the Agency provided similar conductor in such cases would be
applying that definition in the final rule rationale in prohibiting the use of the minimized.
to all voltages. The term ‘‘effectively metal structure of a building for
grounded’’ (or the equivalent) is used in grounding electric equipment when it 25 Section 250.130(C) of the 2002 NEC lists
final §§ 1910.304(b)(2)(ii), (g)(5), adopted the existing standard in 1981 acceptable grounding methods.
K. Equipment for General Use activity falls under OSHA’s construction not address this issue, and Dow could not
(§ 1910.305) standards. As noted earlier, identify any previous OSHA interpretation of
construction-like activities also include its existing requirements which reached the
Paragraph (a)(2) of proposed conclusion articulated in proposed
§ 1910.305 would have applied to cleanup, disaster remediation, and
restoration of large electrical § 1910.305(j)(2)(iii).
temporary wiring installations. Accordingly, OSHA should include this
According to proposed installations.26
requirement (and all others that are new to
§ 1910.305(a)(2)(iii), temporary Proposed § 1910.305(a)(3)(v) would
Subpart S) in section 1910.302(b)(4),
installations over 600 volts would only have permitted nonmetallic cable trays requirements applicable only to installations
be permitted for periods of tests, to be installed only in corrosive areas made after the effective date of the final rule.
experiments, or emergencies. and in areas requiring voltage isolation. [Ex. 4–16]
Northrop Grumman-Newport News Two commenters objected to this
objected to this restriction on the use of provision (Exs. 3–8, 4–16, 4–22). Mr. The NEC has required receptacles to
temporary wiring of more than 600 volts Mark Spence, representing Dow be of the grounding type for decades.
(Ex. 3–7). It noted that employers Chemical Company (Exs. 3–8, 4–16), The 1972 NEC, which was adopted by
performing shipbuilding and ship repair noted that the corresponding provision reference in Subpart S from March 15,
use temporary wiring to provide power in the NEC, section 392.3(E), reads as 1972, until April 16, 1981, contained
to the ships that arrive at the shipyard, follows: many requirements for grounding-type
stating: In addition to the uses permitted elsewhere receptacles. For example, Section 210–
in Article 392, nonmetallic cable tray shall be 21(b) of the 1971 NEC required all
During construction and major overhaul of permitted in corrosive areas and in areas receptacles on 15- and 20-ampere
a vessel, ship and shore-based electrical requiring voltage isolation. branch circuits to be of the grounding
installations may be interconnected. For
instance, permanent ship electrical systems He pointed out that section 392.3 type. That section also requires
will typically be powered by temporary shore specifically permits cable tray systems grounding-type receptacles to be used as
power whenever a ship is not at sea. Ships to be installed as support systems for replacements for existing nongrounding-
are specifically designed in this manner. [Ex. services, feeders, branch circuits, type receptacles unless it was
3–7–1] communications circuits, control impractical to reach a source of ground.
It noted further that the ships must circuits, and signaling circuits. Thus, he Thus, the vast majority of receptacles
have their normal power source shut concluded that the NEC does not restrict installed since 1972 are of the
down and use the power source from the use of nonmetallic cable trays as grounding type. In addition, equipment
connection points within the shipyards, OSHA’s proposal did. supplied with an equipment grounding
which can be more than 600 volts. It OSHA agrees with Mr. Spence’s conductor is intended to have that
stated that flexible cords and cables are comments and has not carried proposed conductor properly connected to
used to supply power to these ships for § 1910.305(a)(3)(v) into the final rule. ground. Using an adapter with such
repair and maintenance and that they This action removes the proposed equipment is prohibited by existing
are temporary wiring installations. restriction on the use of nonmetallic § 1910.334(a)(3)(iii) if the adapter
Paragraph (a)(2) of proposed cable trays. Under the final rule, interrupts the equipment grounding
§ 1910.305 was taken from Article 305 nonmetallic cable trays can be used conductor. Connecting or altering an
of the 1999 NEC and section 3–1.2 in wherever metallic cable trays may be attachment plug in a manner that
Part I of NFPA 70E–2000. Both of these used. prevents proper connection of the
standards permit temporary wiring of Mr. Spence also objected to the equipment grounding conductor is
more than 600 volts to be used for application of proposed prohibited by existing
construction in addition to the uses § 1910.305(j)(2)(iii) to all installations § 1910.334(a)(3)(ii). Consequently,
permitted in the OSHA proposal. The made after March 15, 1972 (Exs. 3–8, 4– OSHA’s current standards essentially
Agency did not include ‘‘construction’’ 16). This provision would have prohibit connecting grounding-type
as a permitted use in the proposal (or, prohibited nongrounding-type attachment plugs to nongrounding-type
for that matter, in the existing standard) receptacles from being used for receptacles. For these reasons, OSHA is
because construction work is covered by grounding-type attachment plugs. He carrying proposed § 1910.305(j)(2)(iii)
the construction standards in 29 CFR stated that Dow Chemical was forward unchanged into the final rule.
Part 1926. However, Northrop concerned that this provision could Proposed § 1910.305(j)(2)(v) would
Grumman-Newport News’s comments pose problems with existing buildings have required a receptacle installed
show that certain types of construction- with two-wire receptacles. He reasoned outdoors in a location protected from
like activities occur in general industry as follows: the weather to have an enclosure that is
and maritime. The Agency believes that This [proposed provision] is adapted weatherproof when the receptacle is
the NEC and NFPA 70E intend to permit from NFPA 70E § 420.10(C)(2), which covered. A note following that provision
high-voltage temporary wiring states: indicated that a receptacle is considered
installations used for purposes like Non-grounding-type receptacles and to be in a location protected from the
those described in the Northrop connectors shall not accept grounding-type weather where it is located under roofed
Grumman-Newport News comments. attachment plugs. open porches, canopies, marquees, or
Thus, to permit this type of temporary * * * * * the like and where it will not be
installation and to improve consistency OSHA apparently considers that this subjected to a beating rain or water
with the NEC and NFPA 70E, OSHA has proposed requirement is implicit in the runoff. OSHA received several
added ‘‘construction-like activities’’ to existing Subpart S. The preamble to the comments on the language in the note
the list of permitted uses for high- proposed rule refers to this provision as a (Exs. 3–2, 4–13, 4–17, 4–18, 4–21).
‘‘clarification’’ (69 Fed. Reg. at 17788).
voltage temporary wiring in final These commenters argued that the word
However, the text of existing Subpart S does
§ 1910.305(a)(2)(iii). OSHA intends this ‘‘beating’’ is not defined making this
term to include such construction-like 26 It should be noted that the discussion of the provision difficult to enforce. They
activities as ship building and ship term ‘‘construction-like activities’’ applies only to recommended that OSHA remove this
repair without regard to whether the the use of this term in Subpart S. word from the note.
The Agency is retaining the term overload protection was also contained L. Specific Purpose Equipment and
‘‘beating rain’’ in the final rule. The in section 422–30(a) of the 1971 NEC. In Installations—§ 1910.306
language in the note to final addition, the existing OSHA standard in Proposed § 1910.306(e) read as
§ 1910.305(j)(2)(v) mirrors that in § 1910.303(e) requires electric follows:
section 406.8(A) of the 2002 NEC, which equipment to be marked with voltage,
uses the same term in describing A means shall be provided to disconnect
current, wattage, or other ratings as
power to all electronic equipment in an
‘‘locations protected from the weather.’’ necessary. The ratings required by the information technology equipment room.
More importantly, OSHA has NEC are necessary for the safety of any There shall also be a similar means to
determined that the word ‘‘beating’’ as employee installing or using affected disconnect the power to all dedicated
used in the note is critical to the appliances. Thus, the marking heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
meaning of the note itself. Paragraph provisions proposed in (HVAC) systems serving the room and to
(j)(2)(v) in final § 1910.305 is intended § 1910.305(j)(3)(iii) are not new. The cause all required fire/smoke dampers to
to require weatherproof enclosures to existing rule requires the markings close. The control for these disconnecting
ensure that water does not enter or means shall be grouped and identified and
implicitly. The final rule simply makes shall be readily accessible at the principal
accumulate within the enclosure.27 If the requirement explicit. Therefore, exit doors. A single means to control both the
rain can strike the receptacle face OSHA has not added that paragraph to electronic equipment and HVAC system is
directly, water will almost certainly the list of requirements applicable only permitted.
enter and accumulate within the to new installations given in final This proposed provision is equivalent
enclosure. Thus, the term ‘‘beating rain’’ § 1910.302(b)(4). to existing § 1910.306(e), which requires
as used in the note means a rain that
Proposed § 1910.305(j)(4)(ii) would data processing systems to have
directly contacts the receptacle face.
have required that each motor controller disconnecting means for electronic
This interpretation is consistent with
be provided with an individual equipment in data processing or
the definition of ‘‘damp location’’ in the
disconnecting means within sight of the computer rooms and for the air
final rule.28
Proposed § 1910.305(j)(3)(iii) would controller. However, this provision conditioning system serving the area.
would have permitted a single Several commenters noted that the
have required each electric appliance to
disconnecting means to be located 2002 edition of the NEC provided an
be provided with a nameplate with the
adjacent to a group of coordinated exception to this requirement for
identifying name and the rating in volts
controllers mounted adjacent to each integrated systems (Exs. 3–8, 4–11, 4–
and amperes, or in volts and watts. This
other on a multi-motor continuous 16, 4–19). Typifying these comments,
provision also would have required the
process machine. In addition, the the Dow Chemical Company argued as
marking to include frequency ratings if
proposed rule would have permitted the follows:
the appliance is to be used on specific
frequencies. Finally, if motor overload controller disconnecting means for Using disconnects for information
protection external to the appliance is motor branch circuits over 600 volts, technology systems that are part of integrated
necessary, this paragraph would have nominal, to be out of sight of the electrical systems may be an unsafe practice,
controller, if the controller was marked since an orderly shutdown of such systems
required the appliance to be so marked. may be necessary for safety. Accordingly,
Dow Chemical Company argued that with a warning label giving the location
and identification of the disconnecting OSHA should amend its proposal to include
the requirements to mark appliances the NEC exception for integrated electrical
when external overload protection is means to be locked in the open position.
systems. [Ex. 4–16]
needed and when the appliance must be Mr. Mark Spence of Dow Chemical
OSHA agrees with these commenters
used on specific frequencies were new requested that the standard allow
that providing ready disconnecting
requirements that should be made disconnecting means for motor
means for integrated electrical systems
applicable only to new installations controllers of 600 volts, nominal, or less
can pose greater hazards for employees
built after the publication of the final to be out of sight of the controller
than having the data processing and air
rule (Exs. 3–8, 4–16). Dow noted that location if the disconnecting means is
conditioning systems shut down as part
the counterpart in the existing standard, capable of being locked out (Exs. 3–8, 4–
of an orderly process. Integrated
§ 1910.305(j)(3)(iii), requires the 16). He pointed to an exception to
electrical systems, which are covered by
marking to include only the rating in section 430.102(B) of the 2002 NEC,
final § 1910.308(g) provide for
volts and amperes or volts and watts. which, under certain conditions,
deenergizing of electric equipment in an
They recommended that proposed permits disconnecting means to be
orderly fashion to prevent hazards to
§ 1910.305(j)(3)(iii) be included in the located out of sight of the motor when
people and damage to equipment. For
list of requirements applicable only to the disconnecting means is capable of
example, in certain chemical processes,
installations made after the effective being locked in the open position.
a cooling system is needed to maintain
date of the final standard. OSHA has not adopted Dow’s control over the chemical process.
The requirement for appliances to be recommendation. The proposed rule Deenergizing the cooling system for this
marked with any necessary frequency requires disconnecting means to be process while the chemical reaction
ratings was contained in section 422– located within sight of the motor continues can lead to catastrophic
30(a) of the 1971 NEC. The requirement controller location whereas the NEC failure of containment vessels, which
for marking of the need for external exception permits the disconnecting lead to extensive property damage and
27 See final § 1910.305(j)(1)(iv) for fixtures, which
means to be out of sight of the motor, employee injuries. Consequently, OSHA
contains a corresponding requirement for fixtures
not the controller. The requirement in is including an exception to final
installed in wet or damp locations. 2002 NEC section 430.102(A) for the § 1910.306(e) for integrated electrical
28 The definition of ‘‘damp location’’ reads as disconnecting means to be within sight systems covered by § 1910.308(g).
follows: of the controller location still exists.
Partially protected locations under canopies, Thus, proposed § 1910.305(j)(4)(ii) is M. Carnivals, Circuses, Fairs, and
marquees, roofed open porches, and like locations,
consistent with the 2002 NEC, and Similar Events
and interior locations subject to moderate degrees
of moisture, such as some basements, some barns, OSHA is carrying it forward, Proposed § 1910.306(k) contained
and some cold-storage warehouses. unchanged, into the final rule. new requirements for carnivals,
circuses, exhibitions, fairs, traveling dusts or fibers that may be present. As noted earlier, OSHA is requiring
attractions, and similar events. No These locations are designated in the employers to document the designation
comments were received concerning NEC and existing § 1910.307 as one of of hazardous locations within their
these provisions, and OSHA is carrying six types: Class I, Division 1; Class I, facilities in final § 1910.307(b). The
them forward into the final rule Division 2; Class II, Division 1; Class II, documentation must denote the
unchanged. The requirements in final Division 2; Class III, Division 1; and boundaries of each division or zone so
§ 1910.306(k), which are based on Class III, Division 2. This system is that employees who install, inspect,
corresponding requirements in NFPA called the ‘‘division classification maintain, or operate equipment in these
70E, cover the installation of portable system,’’ or the ‘‘division system.’’ The areas will be able to determine whether
wiring and equipment for these NEC first addressed this system in 1920. the equipment is safe for the location.
temporary attractions. From 1991 to The OSHA website has a short but As noted earlier, OSHA is requiring
2002, OSHA received reports of 46 informative paper on this topic, which documentation for the division system
serious accidents 29 associated with is available at http://www.osha.gov/doc/ only for new installations that use that
carnivals, circuses, exhibitions, fairs, outreachtraining/htmlfiles/hazloc.html. system. The document requirement does
and similar events (Ex. 2–7). Eleven of The 2000 edition of NFPA 70E apply, however, to all installations
these accidents, resulting in 10 fatalities incorporates an alternative system (in made under the zone system.
and 5 injuries, involved electric shock. addition to the division classification Several commenters supported the
Eight of those 11 cases (8 fatalities and system) for installing electric equipment proposed requirement for documenting
1 injury) involved electric wiring and in Class I locations. (Class II locations installations (Exs. 3–5, 3–9, 5–2). For
equipment covered by the installation continue under the division system.) example, NIOSH stated:
requirements in Subpart S. OSHA This system is called the ‘‘zone
An important addition to the proposed
believes that the new electrical classification system,’’ or the ‘‘zone standard is the new requirement for
requirements for these events will system.’’ The zone system designates employers to document the designation of
prevent similar accidents in the future. three classifications: Class I, Zone 0; hazardous locations within their facilities,
In paragraph (k) of final § 1910.306, Class I, Zone 1; and Class I, Zone 2. The thus allowing workers who install, inspect,
OSHA is requiring mechanical zone system is based on various maintain, or operate equipment in these areas
European standards that were to identify the correct equipment or system
protection of electric equipment components to be used to ensure worker
(paragraph (k)(1)) and of wiring methods developed by the International
safety. This requirement would also ensure
in and around rides, concessions, or Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).30 A that the employer maintain a record of the
other units subject to physical damage modified version of this system was first boundaries of each hazardous location and
(paragraph (k)(2)). Inside tents and adopted into the NEC in the 1996 its classification either under the current
concession stands, the electrical wiring edition. Although the zone and division division system or the proposed zone system.
for temporary lighting must be secured classification systems differ in concept, [Ex. 3–9–1]
and protected from physical damage individual equipment can be approved One commenter objected to the
(paragraph (k)(3)). In paragraph (k)(4), for use under both systems when the documentation requirement to the
the final rule sets requirements for equipment incorporates protective extent that it would apply to
portable distribution and termination techniques for both systems (as shipbuilding and ship repair (Ex. 3–7).
boxes. These new provisions will determined by the nationally recognized The commenter argued as follows:
provide more electrical safety for testing laboratory that lists or labels the
equipment). Based on the successful use [Proposed § 1910.307] requires
employees working in and around this documentation of each hazardous location,
equipment. of the zone system in European followed by design and installation of
Under final § 1910.306(k)(5), the countries for many years and the equipment meeting certain requirements. The
disconnecting means must be readily acceptance of the zone system by the standard does not appear to consider mobile
accessible to the operator; that is, the NEC and international standards, OSHA operations and the difficulty in maintaining
fused disconnect switch or circuit believes that an installation conforming documentation for an interim operation. For
breaker must be located within sight to requirements for this system is as safe instance, in shipbuilding and repair, ship
as one conforming to requirements for modules and compartments must be spray
and within 1.83 meters (6 feet) of the
the division system. painted. Therefore, at the time the
operator for concession stands and compartment is being painted, it may meet
rides. This provision provides The zone system incorporated in the
the definition of a Class I, Division 2 area.
protection by enabling the operator to final rule is an alternative method to the There are over 3,000 compartments on an
stop the equipment in an emergency. division system; employers may use aircraft carrier that will be spraypainted at
The disconnecting means must also be either system for installations of electric least twice during the course of construction.
lockable if it is exposed to unqualified equipment in Class I hazardous It is not feasible or realistic to expect
persons, to prevent such persons from locations. OSHA will recognize the use shipyards to maintain a list of precisely
of the zone system under § 1910.307 and which compartments are being spraypainted
operating it.
any other OSHA standard that on any particular day. Furthermore, it
N. Zone Classification references § 1910.307.31 provides no added protection since controls
are already established as required by 29 CFR
Introduction. Existing § 1910.307 1915, Subpart B. Subpart B—Confined and
30 The IEC prepares and publishes international
contains OSHA’s electrical safety Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous
standards for all electrical, electronic and related
requirements for locations that can be technologies. This global organization is made up Atmospheres, including 1915.13 (Cleaning
hazardous because of the presence of of members from more than 60 participating and Other Cold Work), specifies the required
flammable or combustible substances. countries, including the U.S.
Hazardous locations are classified 31 Several OSHA general industry standards Agency is not revising any of these other general
according to the properties of flammable outside Subpart S require electric equipment to industry standards to specifically accept
meet the Subpart S requirements for Class I, installations meeting the Subpart S zone system
vapors, liquids or gases, or combustible Division 1 or 2 locations. For example, requirements, OSHA will consider any
§ 1910.103(b)(3)(ii)(e) requires electric equipment nonconformance by an installation that the
29 These accidents were investigated by OSHA installed in separate buildings housing gaseous employer can demonstrate is properly classified
generally in response to employer reports of a hydrogen systems to meet the Subpart S provisions and installed under the Subpart S zone system
fatality or three or more hospitalized injuries. for Class I, Division 2 locations. Although the requirements as a de minimis violation.
controls for spraypainting and other cold documentation requirements in final labeling by a nationally recognized
work, including when explosion proof, self- § 1910.307. testing laboratory and through the
contained lamps or other electric equipment Changes to OSHA’s existing reference to the NEC in the note
must be approved and used. Based on our requirements for the division following existing § 1910.307(c)(3).)
evaluation that current shipyard standards in
classification system. The term OSHA received one comment
Subpart B, 1915 provide equal or greater
protection and the infeasibility of ‘‘hazardous concentrations’’ is currently recommending the adoption of
documenting mobile operations, we request used in various definitions of specific additional protection techniques for the
that OSHA clarify in the applicability section hazardous locations in § 1910.399. For division system (Ex. 4–22). This
or in the preamble to the final rule that example, § 1910.399 defines ‘‘Class I, commenter recommended including
Subpart B is applicable to the shipbuilding Division 1,’’ in part, as follows: protection techniques listed in Section
and repair industry in lieu of 1910.307. [Ex. 500.7 of the 2002 NEC, including
A Class I, Division 1 location is a location:
3–7–1] nonincendive, hermetically sealed, and
(a) in which hazardous concentrations of
OSHA does not agree that areas being flammable gases or vapors may exist under combustible gas detection protection
spraypainted on a temporary basis are normal operating conditions * * * techniques.
Class I locations. The areas described by The final standard replaces the term Paragraph (f)(5) of proposed
the commenter are normally ‘‘hazardous concentrations’’ with § 1910.307 (final § 1910.307(f)(10))
nonhazardous locations that are made ‘‘ignitable concentrations’’ in each of the recognized protection techniques not
hazardous through the temporary definitions of Class I locations in specifically listed in the preceding four
introduction of flammable gases and § 1910.399. This change reflects changes paragraphs as long as the technique in
vapors; thus, they would not be already incorporated into the NEC (both question met proposed § 1910.307(c).
considered a hazardous location. (See the 1999 and 2002 editions) and the Because the techniques mentioned by
55 FR 32008.) In most general industry 2000 edition of NFPA 70E to make the the commenter meet the 2002 NEC
applications, § 1910.334(d) applies to definitions more specific about the requirements for Class I hazardous
the temporary or occasional use of hazard being addressed. The changes, locations, those techniques would have
flammable materials. In the which OSHA does not consider to be been recognized under proposed
commenter’s specific case, the shipyard substantive, make these definitions § 1910.307(f)(5). However, to clarify the
employment standards in Subpart B of clearer in addition to making the OSHA standard, OSHA has included all the
29 CFR Part 1915 apply, as the standard consistent with the latest protective techniques listed in Section
commenter noted (Ex. 3–7–1).32 editions of NEC and NFPA 70E. 500.7 of the 2002 NEC in final
Consequently, the employer is not OSHA is also adding a new paragraph § 1910.307(f).
(f) to final § 1910.307 that lists specific Brief background and description of
required to document these locations
protection techniques under the the zone system. The zone system
unless the painting is done in a location
division system. Neither the current stemmed from the independent efforts
that is hazardous when the spray
Subpart S nor NFPA 70E explicitly list of countries in Europe and elsewhere to
painting operation is not being
particular protection techniques that develop an area classification system to
performed.
can be used in the division address safety in locations containing
ORC Worldwide recommended that hazardous substances. The IEC
OSHA clarify what employers must classification system; however, the NEC
does provide specific protection formalized these efforts into the zone
include in their documentation of system, which is now used to classify
hazardous locations in a nonmandatory techniques for installations made under
the division classification system in the majority of the world’s hazardous
appendix. As noted earlier, final location systems.33
§ 1910.307(b) requires documentation various requirements throughout the
Article 505 of the 1996 NEC included
that denotes the boundaries of each Articles covering hazardous locations.
requirements for the U.S. version of the
division or zone. The documentation OSHA has listed these techniques in
zone system for the first time. The 2000
may be in the form of drawings that one paragraph in the final rule to make
edition of NFPA 70E includes
visually depict the boundaries or in text the standard easier to use and to provide
requirements for the zone system based
that precisely describes the extent of parallel requirements for both the
on the 1999 version of the NEC. OSHA
each hazardous location. Examples of division classification system and the
is adopting zone system rules that are
acceptable documentation are contained zone classification system, which is
based on these NFPA 70E provisions.
in the NEC (see, for example, Figure addressed in final § 1910.307(g).
This will permit electric equipment
514.3, showing the extent of Class I, Protective techniques other than those
approved for use in hazardous locations
Division 1 and 2 locations surrounding listed in final paragraph (f) are
to be used in U.S. workplaces, under
motor fuel dispensers, commonly acceptable if the equipment is: (1)
either the division or zone system.
known as gasoline pumps) and in Intrinsically safe as specified in
Major differences between the
several national consensus standards § 1910.307(c)(1); (2) approved for the
division classification system and the
included in Appendix A to Subpart S specific hazardous location as specified
zone classification system. The zone
(see, for example, ANSI/API RP 505– in § 1910.307(c)(2); or (3) of a type and
system can best be described by
1997, Recommended Practice for design that the employer demonstrates
comparing it with the division system.
Classification of Locations for Electrical is safe for the specific hazardous
Both systems characterize locations by
Installations at Petroleum Facilities location as specified in § 1910.307(c)(3).
the likelihood and circumstances under
Classified as Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, or New paragraph (f) is intended to clarify
which flammable gases or vapors exist.
Zone 2). Because these standards are the existing OSHA requirements for
already listed in Appendix A, OSHA hazardous locations by explicitly listing 33 Brenon, M., Kelly, P., McManama, K.,
does not believe it is necessary to the types of protective techniques that Klausmeyer, U., Shao, W., Smith, P., ‘‘The Impact
include a separate appendix on the can be used under the division of the IECEx Scheme on the Global Availability of
classification system. (The protection Explosion Protected Apparatus,’’ Record of
Conference Papers of the 1999 Petroleum and
32 Other provisions that may be applicable in techniques are required implicitly under Chemical Industry Technical Conference,
shipyard employment include §§ 1915.35 and the existing standard through the September 13–15, 1999, Paper No. PCIC–99–07, pp.
1915.36. requirements for approval and listing or 99–109.
The systems both define the types of acceptable for each division and zone (MESG) 35 or its minimum igniting
gases or vapors that may exist and are listed in Table 3, and the remainder current ratio (MIC ratio).36 These values
categorize them under a number of of this paragraph discusses the are established under standard
groups. Each system specifies an differences in maximum allowable experimental conditions for each gas
allowable range of operating temperature. According to the NEC, and vapor.
temperature, and corresponding equipment is acceptable for a hazardous The 1999 NEC indicates two factors
requirements, for electric equipment location only if its surface temperatures that may affect MESG and MIC values:
used in a particular division or zone. will not approach the ignition (1) Lower ambient temperatures (lower
In contrast to the division system, temperature, or more specifically the than minus 25 °C or minus 13 °F), and
however, the zone system is only used autoignition temperature, of the (2) oxygen enriched atmospheres. The
to classify areas that are hazardous particular gases and vapors that might 1999 NEC Handbook states that the
because of the presence of flammable be present in that location. There are 14 latter factor can drastically change the
gases or vapors (Class I locations). The temperature limits, and corresponding explosion characteristics of materials.
division system must be used to classify identification codes, under the division Such an atmosphere lowers the
areas that may contain combustible system. Each limit specifies the minimum ignition energy, increases the
dusts or easily ignitable fibers or flyings maximum surface temperature for explosion pressure, and can reduce the
(Class II and III locations, respectively). equipment labeled with the matching maximum experimental safe gap. These
The zone system defines three types code. There are six such temperature factors would make it unsafe to use
of Class I locations (Zones 0, 1, and 2) limits and corresponding identification otherwise approved ‘‘intrinsically safe’’
rather than two locations under the codes under the zone system. The six and ‘‘explosion-proof’’ equipment,
division system (Divisions 1 and 2). zone system limits correspond directly unless the equipment has been tested
Zones 0 and 1 equate to Division 1, to 6 of the 14 division system for the specific conditions involved.
whereas Zone 2 equates to Division 2. temperature limits. However, as shown Employers must ensure that the
In a Class I, Division 1 location, in Table 2, the remaining eight division equipment approval is valid for the
flammable gases or vapors are or may be temperature limits have values actual conditions present where the
present in the air in ignitable intermediate to the six zone system equipment is installed. This is required
concentrations. In a Class I, Zone 1 temperature limits. For example, the generally for all electric equipment.
location, ignitable concentrations of division system has 4 intermediate However, it is essential in hazardous
flammable gases or vapors are not temperature limits, 215 °C, 230 °C, 260 locations because of the dire
always present, but such concentrations °C, and 280 °C (T2D, T2C, T2B, and consequences that may result.
may exist periodically even under T2A, respectively), between the zone Rationale for adopting the zone
normal conditions. By contrast, in a system’s temperature limits of 200 °C system requirements. As stated earlier,
Class I, Zone 0 location, such gases or the zone system has been accepted in
(T3) and 300 °C (T2). Equipment
vapors are present either continuously many countries. Such international
approved for one of these intermediate
or for long periods. (See Table 2.) Thus, acceptance has meant that U.S.
values may be used under the zone
a Class I, Zone 0 location is, in essence, manufacturers of electric equipment
system only for the higher (in
a worst-case Class I, Division 1 location. suitable for installation in hazardous
Each system classifies flammable temperature) of the two closest zone
locations have had to ensure that their
gases and vapors into a number of system values. For example, equipment
equipment met the zone system
groups. The division system has four marked T2A under the division system,
requirements if they wished to sell such
such groups, designated A, B, C, and D, which has a maximum surface
equipment in zone-system countries in
with group A containing the most temperature of 280 °C, could only be
addition to meeting the U.S. division
volatile substances, and groups B, C, used in locations where the ignition system requirements. Also, U.S.
and D containing gases or vapors that temperature of the substance is greater employers that had hazardous locations
are progressively less volatile. The zone than or equal to the T2 value, which is in their workplaces have sought to use
system has three such groups, 300 °C. In essence, T2A equipment equipment approved for use only in
designated IIA, IIB, and IIC, with group becomes derated to T2 equipment when zone-classified locations in this country.
IIC containing the most volatile gases, it is installed using the zone This, in turn, led NFPA to incorporate
and groups IIA and II B containing gases classification system. It could not be the zone system in the NEC starting in
or vapors that are progressively less used in zone-classified locations where the 1996 edition.
volatile. Substances classified under the ignition temperature of the OSHA has determined that employees
groups A and B in the division system substance is less than or equal to the T3 can be protected from the hazards of
generally fall under group IIC of the value, which is 200 °C, because the explosion in Class I hazardous locations
zone system. However, some differences equipment could become hot enough to by the installation of electric equipment
exist between the groups in the two cause ignition. following the latest NEC requirements
systems. Thus, regardless of the More details on the differences in gas for the zone classification system
classification system being used, groups. In the 1999 NEC, the definitions (Article 505 of the 2002 NEC).
equipment intended for use in a Class for each of the division system gas and Therefore, the Agency is incorporating
I hazardous location must indicate the vapor groups, except Group A,34 were
groups for which it is approved, as changed to make them comparable to 35 The MESG is the maximum clearance between
required by final § 1910.307(c)(2)(ii) and the definitions of the zone system two parallel metal surfaces that has been found,
under specified test conditions, to prevent an
(g)(5)(ii). Table 2 summarizes the groups. A gas or vapor is classified in explosion in a test chamber from being propagated
similarities and differences between the the division system’s Group B, C, or D to a secondary chamber containing the same gas or
two systems. or the zone systems Group IIC, IIB, or vapor at the same concentration.
The other major differences concern IIA based on the gas’s or vapor’s 36 The MIC ratio is the ratio of the minimum
the allowable protection schemes and maximum experimental safe gap current required from an inductive spark discharge
to ignite the most easily ignitable mixture of a gas
the maximum allowable surface or vapor, divided by the minimum current required
temperature of equipment under each 34 Acetylene is the only Group A gas under the from an inductive spark discharge to ignite methane
system. The protection schemes division system. under the same test conditions.
the zone system in this revision of the OSHA received two comments on this acceptable class and division marking or
electrical installation requirements in proposed provision (Exs. 4–11, 4–19). with relevant class and zone markings.
Subpart S. Under the final standard, These comments recommended that Based on the 2002 NEC requirements for
employers are able to comply with OSHA modify proposed paragraph (g)(3) installing and marking electric
either the zone classification system or to include Exception 4 to Section equipment in installations made under
the division system for Class 1 505.20(C) of the 2002 NEC, which states: the zone classification system, OSHA
hazardous locations. ‘‘In Class I, Zone 2 locations, the has determined that it is unnecessary for
New § 1910.307(g) and related installation of open or nonexplosion- certain types of equipment to be marked
definitions. In the final rule, OSHA is proof or nonflame-proof enclosed as required by final § 1910.307(g)(5).
adding a new paragraph (g) to final motors, such as squirrel-cage induction Therefore, in paragraph (g)(5)(ii)(C), the
§ 1910.307 that covers the zone motors without brushes, switching Agency has added an exception to final
classification system. This new mechanisms, or similar arc-producing paragraph (g)(5) for electric equipment
paragraph addresses the following devices that are not identified for use in that the employer demonstrates will
topics related to the zone classification a Class I, Zone 2 location shall be provide protection from the hazards
system: scope; location and general permitted.’’ They argued that the 2002 arising from the flammability for the gas
requirements; protection techniques; NEC does not require these types of or vapor and zone of location involved
special precaution; and listing and motors to use one of the listed and will be recognized by employees as
marking. A brief description of the protection types. providing such protection. Employers
contents of each paragraph follows. OSHA disagrees with these may point to the NEC as evidence that
Paragraph (g)(1) permits employers to comments. The exception to which the equipment is safe.
use the zone classification system as an these commenters pointed is to a Paragraph (g)(4) of final § 1910.307
alternative to the division classification requirement that equipment in Class I, sets special precautions that must be
system. As explained in paragraph Zone 2 locations be specifically listed taken with respect to hazardous
(a)(4), the requirements in final and marked as suitable for the location. locations classified under the zone
§ 1910.307 that are specific to (See 2002 NEC Section 505.20(C).) Final system. First, the classification of areas
installations built under the division § 1910.307(g)(3), however, is based on and the selection of equipment and
classification do not apply to 1999 NEC Section 505–4, which wiring must be under the supervision of
installations built under the zone corresponds to 2002 NEC Section 505.8. a qualified registered professional
classification system. Thus, paragraph The types of motors mentioned by the engineer. This provision is contained in
(c), electrical installations; paragraph commenters fall under protection NFPA 70E–2000 and in the 1999 NEC.
(d), conduits; paragraph (e), equipment technique ‘‘n’’ (known as ‘‘type of Because the zone system has been
in Division 2 locations; and paragraph protection’’). This protection technique permitted in the U.S. only since 1997,38
(f), protection techniques do not apply is defined in Section 505.2 of the 2002 employers and installers in this country
to installations built under the zone NEC as ‘‘Type of protection where have had relatively little experience
system. Paragraph (g) contains electrical equipment, in normal with installations made using the zone
counterparts to each of these operation, is not capable of igniting a classification system. The technical
requirements. surrounding explosive gas atmosphere committees that developed NFPA 70E
Paragraphs (g)(2)(i) and (g)(2)(ii) and a fault capable of causing ignition and the NEC have determined that, for
describe how hazardous locations are is not likely to occur.’’ A nonexplosion- the zone system, it is essential for
classified under the zone system. The proof motor without arc producing competent persons to classify the
employer must consider each individual devices must also have a surface hazardous locations and select
room, section, or area separately and temperature under normal operating equipment for those locations. OSHA
must designate locations according to conditions that will be lower than the agrees with the consensus
the specific properties of the flammable ignition temperature of the gas or vapor determination by these committees,
gases, liquids, or vapors that might be involved to be safe in a Class I, Zone 2 which are composed of members (such
present. The same requirements apply location. By definition, these are as NRTLs, electric equipment
to the division system. (See final locations that are subject, albeit manufacturers, electrical contractors,
§ 1910.307(a).) infrequently, to the introduction of and affected employee organizations)
Paragraphs (g)(2)(iii) and (g)(2)(iv) hazardous quantities of flammable gases with expertise in electrical safety in
require that conduit threads be of or vapors. If the surface temperature of hazardous locations.
certain types and that connections be the motor is too high, an explosion Some commenters objected to the
made wrench tight. These provisions could result in those unusual but requirement that the classification of
ensure that there is no arcing across foreseeable situations involving areas and selection of equipment and
conduit connections in the event that hazardous accumulations of flammable wiring methods be under the
they have to carry fault current. gases or vapors. Thus, OSHA concludes supervision of a qualified registered
Paragraph (d) contains similar that motors addressed by the NEC professional engineer (Exs. 3–5, 3–8, 4–
requirements for division system exception must still meet the criteria 16). ASSE argued that qualified
installations. imposed by protection technique ‘‘n.’’ electricians and safety professionals
Paragraph (g)(3) of final § 1910.307 On the other hand, it appears that should be permitted to classify areas
presents the protection techniques that such motors are acceptable under the
are acceptable in zone-classified 2002 NEC even though they are not 38 As noted earlier, the zone system was first
hazardous locations. Electric equipment incorporated into the NEC in the 1996 edition. This
marked with any protection edition was adopted by various governmental
in these locations must incorporate at technique.37 Proposed § 1910.307(g)(5) jurisdictions beginning in 1997. Installations made
least one of these protection techniques, would have required all equipment using the zone system were not permitted by these
and the equipment must be approved installed under the zone classification jurisdictions before then. In addition, the existing
for the specific hazardous location. The OSHA standard does not permit classifying
system to be marked either with an hazardous locations under the zone system, and
protection techniques listed in final employers have not been certain that installations
§ 1910.307(g)(3) have been taken 37 The marking requirement is contained in made using the zone classification systems would
directly from NFPA 70E–2000. Section 505.9(C) of the 2002 NEC. be acceptable to OSHA.
and select equipment and wiring requirements for installations made provisions are also taken from NFPA
methods for installations made under under the division classification system, 70E–2000.
the zone classification system (Ex. 3–5). on the other hand, are far more detailed Several commenters pointed out an
They further stated that not all and are more specification oriented. error in a metric conversion in the note
professional engineers possess the Because the division system has been in to proposed § 1910.307(g)(4) (Exs. 4–13,
electrical background to qualify for existence in this country for so long, 4–15, 4–18, 4–21). The proposed note
these tasks. Dow Chemical Company because electricians and safety listed ¥13 °F as the English unit
urged the Agency to permit any professionals have had decades to equivalent to ¥20 °C. The correct
qualified person to classify areas and become familiar with it, and because (as English value is ¥4 °F. The Agency has
select equipment for zone-classified noted earlier) many consensus made this correction in the final rule.
locations. They pointed to the action the standards specifically delineate the
NFPA took in adopting new Article 506 boundaries of locations classified under Paragraph (g)(5) of final § 1910.307
for the next edition of the NEC (the 2005 the division system, it is much easier for contains requirements for marking
NEC). Dow stated that this new article an electrician or a safety professional equipment that is approved for
contains § 506.6, which reads as with a strong electrical background to hazardous locations classified under the
follows: properly classify a hazardous location zone system. These provisions are
under the division classification system. comparable to the corresponding
Classification of areas, engineering and
Furthermore, because the NEC division- marking requirements under the
design, selection of equipment and wiring
methods, installation, and inspection shall be system requirements are so detailed, it division system, but reflect the need to
performed by qualified persons [Ex. 3–8]. is easy for an electrician or a safety provide information necessary for safely
professional to select equipment installing equipment in a zone-classified
Thus, Dow argues that NFPA has location. As noted earlier, paragraph
endorsed using qualified persons not appropriate for such a location. It is
considerably more difficult to perform (g)(5)(ii)(C) contains an exception for
just qualified registered professional
those same duties under the zone equipment that the employer
engineers to make these determinations.
OSHA does not agree with the classification system. It should be noted demonstrates will provide protection
rationale put forth by ASSE and Dow. that the 2005 edition of the NEC was not from the hazards arising from the
The NEC design requirements for available while the rulemaking record flammability of the vapors, liquids, or
installations made under the zone was open. However, the new article in gasses involved and that will be
classification system are general, the 2005 NEC cited by Dow does not recognized as such by employees.
performance-oriented provisions that apply to Class I locations, which are Equivalence of systems and permitted
demand sound engineering judgment on locations made hazardous because of protection techniques. Table 2 shows
the part of persons responsible for the presence of flammable gases or the general equivalence between the two
designing the installation. Paragraph vapors, but to Class II and III classification systems. It should be
(g)(4) of final § 1910.307 requires the locations,40 which are locations made noted, however, that a given area
services of a qualified registered hazardous because of the presence of classified under one system is not
professional engineer to ensure that the combustible dust, fibers, and flyings. permitted to overlap an area classified
person primarily responsible for the Class II and III locations are not as under the other system. For example,
design of the installation is particularly hazardous as Class I locations and do although Division 2 and Zone 2 are
suited to the task. A registered not warrant the same degree of caution. basically equivalent classifications,
professional engineer who does not For these reasons, OSHA is carrying under the final standard a Zone 2
have an understanding of the § 1910.307(g)(4) into the final rule location is permitted to touch a Division
construction and operation of the unchanged. 2 location, but the two locations are not
equipment and the hazards involved in Paragraph (g)(4) also indicates when it permitted to overlap. This ensures that
zone-classified locations would not is safe to have locations classified using equipment installed and maintenance
meet the criteria spelled out in final the division system on the same performed in these locations are
§ 1910.307(g)(4) and in the definition of premises as locations classified under appropriate for the conditions in each
‘‘qualified person.’’ 39 The NEC the zone system and vice versa. These location.41
TABLE 2.—EQUIVALENCE OF HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) LOCATION SYSTEMS, CLASS I LOCATIONS ONLY 1 2

Category Division system Zone system
Locations ........................................................... Division 1 .......................................................... Zone 0, Zone 1.

Division 2 .......................................................... Zone 2.
Gas Groups (see Table 3 since systems are A, B ................................................................... IIC (not fully equivalent to Groups A and B).
not fully equivalent).
C ....................................................................... IIB (not fully equivalent to Group C).
D ....................................................................... IIA (not fully equivalent to Group D).
Temperature Codes ........................................... T1 (≤450 °C) ..................................................... T1 (≤450 °C).
T2 (≤300 °C) ..................................................... T2 (≤300 °C).
T2A, T2B, T2C, T2D (≤280, ≤260, ≤230, ≤215 T2 (effectively).3
°C).
T3 (≤200 °C) ..................................................... T3 (≤200 °C).
T3A, T3B, T3C (≤180, ≤165, ≤160 °C) ............ T3 (effectively).3
39 The definition of ‘‘qualified person’’ in final 40 Under the zone classification system, these what types of equipment are acceptable in each of
§ 1910.399 reads as follows: ‘‘One who has received locations are categorized simply as Zone 20, 21, and those locations. See, for example, the earlier
training in and has demonstrated skills and 22 locations, with no reference to the class of the discussion on maximum allowable surface
knowledge in the construction and operation of the location. temperatures.
electric equipment and installations and the 41 Division 2 and Zone 2 are basically equivalent
hazards involved.’’ classifications, but there are some differences in
TABLE 2.—EQUIVALENCE OF HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) LOCATION SYSTEMS, CLASS I LOCATIONS ONLY 1 2—Continued
Category Division system Zone system
T4 (≤135 °C) ..................................................... T4 (≤135 °C).

T4A (≤120 °C) .................................................. T4 (effectively).3
T5 (≤100 °C) ..................................................... T5 (≤100 °C).
T6 (≤85 °C) ....................................................... T6 (≤85 °C).
Notes to Table 2:
1 Use of the equivalence shown in the table above must be done only as permitted by § 1910.307.
2 The zone classification system described in this preamble does not cover Class II or Class III locations.
3 See the discussion of maximum allowable surface temperatures earlier in the preamble.
Table 3 describes which protection

techniques may be used in which
classified locations.
TABLE 3.—PERMITTED PROTECTION TECHNIQUES (DESIGN CRITERIA) IN CLASS I LOCATIONS

Zone 0:
—intrinsically safe ‘‘ia’’.
—Class I, Division 1 intrinsically safe.
Division 1: Zone 1:
—explosion-proof. —flameproof ‘‘d’’.
—purged and pressurized (Type X or Y). —purged and pressurized.
—intrinsically safe. —intrinsically safe ‘‘ib’’.
—oil immersion ‘‘o’’.
—increased safety ‘‘e’’.
—encapsulation ‘‘m’’.
—powder filling ‘‘q’’.
—any Class I, Division 1 method.
—any Class I, Zone 0 method.
Division 2: Zone 2:
—purged and pressurized (Type Z). —non-sparking ‘‘nA’’.
—intrinsically safe. —protected sparking ‘‘nC’’.
—nonincendive. —restricted breathing ‘‘nR’’.
—oil immersion. —any Class I, Division 1 or 2 method.
—hermetically sealed. —any Class I, Zone 0 or 1 method.
—any Class I, Zone 0 or 1 method.
—any Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, or Zone 2 method.
Listing and labeling by NRTLs. NRTLs to meet OSHA standards that OSHA’s existing requirements for
Paragraph (a) of final § 1910.303 require testing and certification. NRTLs hazardous locations in Subpart S only
continues the existing requirement that test and certify equipment to address locations classified under the
all electric equipment be approved. demonstrate conformance to appropriate division system, and NRTLs perform
While OSHA believes that approval is test standards. Many of these test testing based on that system. However,
necessary for all electric equipment, the standards cover equipment used in test standards currently used by NRTLs
need for third-party approval of electric hazardous locations. to test equipment in hazardous locations
equipment in hazardous locations is classified by division are not
particularly crucial. The techniques for
42 Equipment that is of a type that no nationally automatically appropriate for testing
recognized testing laboratory accepts as being safe such equipment for use under the zone
ensuring safety in hazardous locations can achieve approval through acceptance by a
require careful manufacturing and Federal, State, or local authority having jurisdiction system. These current test standards are
testing of products because tolerances over the safety of electrical installations. Custom- based on protective techniques used for
are tight and the margin for error is slim.
made equipment can gain approval through testing equipment designed for use under the
by the equipment manufacturer. However, these division system and do not contain
Thus, OSHA’s general industry two modes of approval are rare for equipment
electrical installation standard has installed in hazardous locations. Federal, State, and
local authorities generally look to NRTLs for the combustibility and flammability of vapors,
always called for equipment approval, equipment approval, and this is even more true for liquids, gases, dusts, or fibers. This condition exists
which generally requires listing or equipment installed in hazardous locations. This only in limited circumstances as demonstrated by
labeling by a nationally recognized type of equipment must be tested to ensure that it the 2002 NEC, which permits only certain types of
testing laboratory (NRTL) of equipment is safe, and these authorities generally do not have general-purpose equipment in hazardous locations
the capability to do electrical testing. Custom-made and then only under limited conditions. For
installed in hazardous locations.42 equipment, by its nature, is very rare. example, Section 501.8(B) of the 2002 NEC permits
Under 29 CFR 1910.7, OSHA recognizes Existing § 1910.307(b) also recognizes equipment nonexplosionproof enclosed motors in Class I,
testing organizations that are capable of that is ‘‘safe for the hazardous (classified) location.’’ Division 2 locations if they have no brushes,
This provision permits equipment that is approved switching mechanisms, or similar arc-producing
performing third-party testing for safety for installation in nonhazardous locations if the devices and if exposed motor surfaces do not
and designates them as NRTLs. employer demonstrates that the equipment will exceed 80 percent of the ignition temperature of the
Employers may use products listed by provide protection from the hazards arising from gas or vapor involved.
criteria for protective techniques used in S requirements for installations made commenters that the proposal could
the zone system. Electric equipment that under the division system and (2) the have unnecessarily restricted the
has been approved by an NRTL for use extent to which the employer’s installation of Class 2 and Class 3
in division-classified hazardous designation of Class I, Zone 0, 1, and 2 circuits. On the other hand, adopting
locations may be capable of igniting locations is consistent with sound the specific language in the NEC (either
flammable gases or vapors when used engineering practices, as evidenced by the 1999 edition or the 2002 edition,
inappropriately in zone-classified national consensus and industry which converted the exception into
locations. Such hazardous equipment standards. separate rules) would make the OSHA
can cause a catastrophic explosion and standard too detailed and specification
O. Remote Control, Signaling, Power-
the deaths of and injuries to many oriented. To address API’s and Dow’s
Limited, and Fire Alarm Circuits
employees. In recognizing laboratories concerns, OSHA has decided to
under § 1910.7 to test products designed Proposed § 1910.308(c) addressed incorporate the exceptions in 1999 NEC
for installation in zone-classified Class 1, 2, and 3 remote control, Section 725–54(a)(1) in performance
locations, OSHA will ensure that the signaling, and power-limited circuits. terms. Final § 1910.308(c)(3) thus reads
proper test standards are used and look The American Petroleum Institute (API) as follows:
closely at the capability of the and Dow Chemical Company noted that
Section 725.55 of the 2002 NEC Cables and conductors of Class 2 and Class
laboratory to perform testing under 3 circuits may not be placed in any cable,
those standards. specifically permits many types of cable tray, compartment, enclosure, manhole,
Effects and changes to other Part 1910 installations that are not listed in outlet box, device box, raceway, or similar
standards (§§ 1910.103, 1910.106, OSHA’s proposal (Exs. 3–8, 4–11). They fitting with conductors of electric light,
1910.107, 1910.110, 1910.178, and recommended that the OSHA standard power, Class 1, nonpower-limited fire alarm
1910.253). A number of other OSHA also list permitted uses for these types circuits, and medium power network-
standards under 29 CFR Part 1910 of circuits for consistency with the NEC. powered broadband communications cables
The provision in the 2002 NEC to unless a barrier or other equivalent form of
contain references to or requirements protection against contact is employed.
related to § 1910.307. Some of these which API and Dow referred (Section
[Emphasis added.]
standards refer only to hazardous 725.55) does not actually list permitted
locations classified under the division uses. Rather, this provision contains Employers can look to the NEC to
system. The standards particularly requirements for separating different help determine acceptable methods of
affected are as follows: classes of circuits, with the method of separating Class 2 and Class 3 circuits
§ 1910.103(b)(3)(ii)(e) and (b)(3)(iii)(e), separation differing in some respect for from electric light, power, Class 1, and
(c)(1)(ix)(a), and (c)(1)(ix)(b); the various types of installations.43 For nonpower-limited fire alarm circuit
§ 1910.106(d)(4)(iii), (e)(7)(i)(b), example, Section 725.55(B) states, conductors and from medium power
(e)(7)(i)(c), (e)(7)(i)(d), (g)(1)(i)(g), ‘‘Class 2 and Class 3 circuits shall be network-powered broadband
(g)(4)(iii)(a), (h)(7)(iii)(b), and permitted to be installed together with communications cables.
(h)(7)(iii)(c); Class 1, non-power-limited fire alarm OSHA received a similar comment on
§ 1910.107(c)(6), (c)(8), (j)(4)(iv); and medium power network-powered proposed § 1910.308(d)(3)
§ 1910.110(b)(17)(v); broadband communications circuits recommending that the provision
§ 1910.178(c)(2)(iv) and (q)(2); and where they are separated by a barrier mention all the permitted uses for fire
§ 1910.253(f)(4)(iv)(B) and (f)(6)(v). [emphasis added].’’ alarm circuits listed in 2002 NEC
OSHA is not modifying any of these Proposed § 1910.308(c), which was Section 760.55 (Ex. 4–22). The Agency
standards in this rulemaking. Several of nearly identical to Section 6.3.1.3.1.1 of has rejected this recommendation for
these requirements call for designating NFPA 70E–2000, read as follows: the same reasons it rejected the
particular locations as Class I, Division Cables and conductors of Class 2 and Class recommendation concerning remote
1 or Division 2 locations, and OSHA 3 circuits may not be placed in any cable, control, signaling, and power-limited
believes that revising them would not be cable tray, compartment, enclosure, manhole, circuits.
straightforward and would be too outlet box, device box, raceway, or similar Dow Chemical Company objected to
complicated to do in this rulemaking. fitting with conductors of electric light, proposed § 1910.308(d)(3)(iii) (Exs. 3–8,
For example, § 1910.103(c)(1)(ix)(a) power, Class 1, nonpowerlimited fire alarm 4–16). They stated their objections as
requires electric wiring and equipment circuits, and medium power network- follows:
powered broadband communications cables.
‘‘located within 3 feet of a point where The current provision, section
connections are regularly made and This provision in the proposal and the 1910.308(d)(4), has a 2-inch requirement for
disconnected, shall be in accordance corresponding one in NFPA 70E were separation of power-limited conductor
with Subpart S of this Part, for Class I, taken from 1999 NEC Section 725– locations with an option for alternative
Group B, Division 1 locations.’’ Under 54(a)(1), which contains the same basic protections (emphasis added):
the zone system, this location would requirement, but which also contains Power-limited conductor location. Where
likely be partly a Zone 0 location and six exceptions to this general rule. All open conductors are installed, power-limited
the exceptions permit cables and fire protective signaling circuits shall be
partly a Zone 1 location. Thus, this separated at least 2 inches from conductors
requirement cannot be revised by a conductors of Class 2 and Class 3 of any light, power, Class 1, and non-power-
straightforward substitution of ‘‘Zone’’ circuits to be placed in one of the listed limited fire protective signaling circuits
for ‘‘Division.’’ Similar problems exist enclosures with a higher powered unless a special and equally protective
in revising the other requirements. circuit as long as an extra barrier of one method of conductor separation is employed.
OSHA will make a case-by-case form or another is installed to separate The proposed revision of that 2-inch
determination of whether a particular the two different classes of circuits. requirement does not have that option:
installation under the zone Consequently, OSHA agrees with the

Power-limited fire alarm circuit conductors
classification system meets the criteria shall be separated at least 50.8 mm (2 in.)
43 The title of § 725.55 of the 2002 NEC is
for a de minimis violation based on: (1) from conductors of any electric light, power,
‘‘Separation from Electric Light, Power, Class 1,
Evidence the employer provides to Non-Power-Limited Fire Alarm Circuit Conductors, Class 1, nonpower-limited fire alarm, or
show that the installation is as safe as and Medium Power Network-Powered Broadband medium power network-powered broadband
it would be if it complied with Subpart Communications Cables.’’ communications circuits.
The preamble characterizes this from existing § 1910.308(d)(4) as § 1910.302. Existing § 1910.301(a) reads
change as a clarification of existing highlighted in Dow’s comments, to final as follows:
requirements (69 FR at 17792). This is § 1910.308(d)(3)(iii) to permit additional Design safety standards for electrical
not a clarification, however, but a means of protecting fire protective systems. These regulations are contained in
limitation. signaling circuit conductors from §§ 1910.302 through 1910.330. Sections
As a significant change, at a minimum contact with conductors of other 1910.302 through 1910.308 contain design
this provision should be applicable only circuits. The final rule, with the revision safety standards for electric utilization
to installations after the effective date of emphasized, reads as follows: systems. Included in this category are all
the final rule under § 1910.302(b)(4). electric equipment and installations used to
Power-limited fire alarm circuit conductors provide electric power and light for
The proposed rule lists all of shall be separated at least 50.8 mm (2 in.) employee workplaces. Sections 1910.309
§ 1910.308(d) as being triggered in from conductors of any electric light, power, through 1910.330 are reserved for possible
installations made after April 16, 1981, Class 1, nonpower-limited fire alarm, or future design safety standards for other
per proposed § 1910.302(b)(3). medium power network-powered broadband electrical systems.
Further, this deletion of the option for communications circuits unless a special and
equally protective method of conductor The introductory text of § 1910.302
using equally protective methods is not
separation is employed. reads as follows:
justified and should not be adopted.
NEC § 800.52(A)(2) provides that option P. Definitions Sections 1910.302 through 1910.308
today with two exceptions. That The definitions for Subpart S are contain design safety standards for electric
provision reads: located in § 1910.399. The changes to utilization systems.
Other Applications. Communications wires these definitions from the existing These two provisions are intended as
and cables shall be separated at least 50 mm standard reflect the provisions of the introductory text providing a general
(2 in.) from conductors of any electric light, 2002 NEC and NFPA 70E–2000. Table 4 discussion of the contents of the
power, Class 1, non-power-limited fire alarm, (located at the end of section I. P. of the
or medium power network-powered
standard. The precise scope of
preamble) summarizes the changes to §§ 1910.302 through 1910.308 is
broadband communications circuits.
Exception No. 1: Where either (1) all of the
the definitions. presented in final § 1910.302(a).
conductors of the electric light, power, Class OSHA is removing several definitions However, OSHA is concerned that some
1, non-power-limited fire alarm, and medium from the standard. ‘‘Special employers and employees could
power network-powered broadband permission,’’ ‘‘permanently installed incorrectly interpret the use of the term
communications circuits are in a raceway or swimming pools, wading and ‘‘utilization systems’’ and its definition
in metal-sheathed, metal-clad, nonmetallic- therapeutic pools,’’ and ‘‘storable as narrowing the scope of §§ 1910.303
sheathed, Type AC, or Type UF cables, or (2) swimming and wading pools’’ are through 1910.308. The term ‘‘utilization
all of the conductors of communications removed because these terms are not
circuits are encased in raceway.
system’’ in the introduction to Subpart
used in final Subpart S. Lastly, the S is intended as a shorthand way of
Exception No. 2. Where the
definitions of ‘‘electric sign’’ and ‘‘may’’ referring to the systems covered by
communications wires and cables are
permanently separated from the conductors are removed. The existing Subpart S Subpart S generally and §§ 1910.303
of electric light, power, Class 1, non-power- definitions of these terms are not through 1910.308 specifically.
limited fire alarm, and medium power substantially different from the Removing the definition from the
network-powered broadband commonly accepted dictionary standard should clarify that the
communications circuits by a continuous and definitions. The definition of ‘‘electric language used in the introduction to
firmly fixed nonconductor, such as porcelain sign’’ may appear different from the Subpart S is not intended to alter the
tubes or flexible tubing, in addition to the dictionary definition; however, the
insulation on the wire. [Ex. 3–8]
scope of §§ 1910.302 through 1910.308,
information in the existing definition as given in § 1910.302(a).
Dow further noted that NFPA adds nothing substantive within the
OSHA is adding 13 definitions to
provides similar exceptions to the context of the standard. Thus, their
§ 1910.399. (See Table 4.) These
corresponding provision in that removal does not change the meaning of
definitions, all but one of which are
standard. They concluded their the standard.
The final rule redefines the term based on NFPA 70E–2000 and the 2002
comments as follows: NEC, will help clarify the requirements
‘‘identified.’’ The existing definition of
The availability of such options is in Subpart S. Other modifications made
important because computer rooms, control ‘‘identified’’ applies to the use of this
term in reference to a conductor or its to the definitions are grammatical in
rooms, and communications closets may nature, and no substantive change is
have mixed wiring under the floor that relies terminal. The final rule discontinues the
current standard’s use of the word being made in the meaning of the terms.
on the availability of those exceptions.
OSHA should not take away the options ‘‘identified’’ in this manner. The final A few terms warrant additional
present in the existing rule, particularly since rule does, however, define ‘‘identified’’ explanation: ‘‘Identified,’’ ‘‘labeled,’’
they are supported by both the NEC and to refer to equipment suitable for a and ‘‘listed.’’ The existing standard
NFPA 70E. [Ex. 3–8] specific purpose, function, use, requires certain electric equipment to be
OSHA agrees with Dow’s rationale. environment, or application. ‘‘approved for the purpose,’’ and current
The 2002 NEC and the 2000 and 2004 OSHA is also removing the definition § 1910.399 defines this term as follows:
editions of NFPA 70E recognize that it of ‘‘utilization systems.44’’ This term is Approved for a specific purpose,
is safe to install power-limited fire only used in existing § 1910.301(a), environment, or application described in a
protective signaling circuits within 50.8 which describes the content of particular standard requirement.
millimeters (2 inches) of power §§ 1910.302 through 1910.308, and in Suitability of equipment or materials for a
conductors when there is an additional the title and introductory text of existing specific purpose, environment or application
may be determined by a nationally
barrier between the two sets of recognized testing laboratory, inspection
44 In the proposed rule, OSHA listed the removal
conductors. Consequently, the Agency agency or other organization concerned with
of this definition in the preamble in a table listing
is adding the phrase ‘‘unless a special the summary of changes to the definitions. product evaluation as part of its listing and
and equally protective method of However, OSHA neglected to include the removal labeling program. (See ‘‘Labeled’’ or
conductor separation is employed,’’ of this definition in the proposed regulatory text. ‘‘Listed.’’)
In the final rule, OSHA is replacing test equipment for safety and label or (2) With respect to an installation or
the word ‘‘approved’’ in the phrase list it. It should be noted that the final equipment of a kind that no nationally
‘‘approved for the purpose,’’ with rule would continue the existing recognized testing laboratory accepts,
certifies, lists, labels, or determines to be
‘‘identified.’’ The final rule’s definition § 1910.399 definitions of ‘‘labeled’’ and safe, if it is inspected or tested by another
of ‘‘identified,’’ which is based on the ‘‘listed’’ without substantive change. Federal agency, or by a State, municipal, or
definition of this term in NFPA 70E– The Dow Chemical Company other local authority responsible for
2000,45 reads as follows: recommended that OSHA supplement enforcing occupational safety provisions of
Identified (as applied to equipment). the proposed definition of ‘‘identified’’ the National Electrical Code, and found in
Approved as suitable for the specific with language from Section 500.8(A)(1) compliance with the provisions of the
purpose, function, use, environment, of the 2002 NEC so that the definition National Electrical Code as applied in this
application, and so forth, where described in subpart; or
would read as follows: (3) With respect to custom-made
a particular requirement. Suitability of identified equipment for
Note to the definition of ‘‘identified:’’ Some equipment or related installations that are
the purpose shall be determined by any designed, fabricated for, and intended for use
examples of ways to determine suitability of
equipment for a specific purpose, of the following: by a particular customer, if it is determined
environment, or application include (1) Equipment listing or labeling; to be safe for its intended use by its
investigations by a nationally recognized (2) Evidence of equipment evaluation manufacturer on the basis of test data which
testing laboratory (through listing and from a qualified testing laboratory or the employer keeps and makes available for
labeling), inspection agency, or other inspection to the Assistant Secretary and his
inspection agency concerned with authorized representatives.
organization recognized under the definition product evaluation; or
of ‘‘acceptable.’’ Mr. Ron Nickson, representing the
(3) Evidence acceptable to the
The definition of ‘‘identified’’ as it authority having jurisdiction, such as a National Multi Housing Council and the
applies to equipment is intended to be manufacturer’s self-evaluation or an National Apartment Association,
equivalent to the existing definition of owner’s engineering judgment. [Ex. 3–8] recommended that OSHA add the
‘‘approved for the purpose.’’ 46 Dow Chemical believes that this International Code Council Electrical
In the final rule, OSHA uses the terms language would provide flexibility to Code (ICCEC), which is published by
‘‘listed’’ and ‘‘labeled’’ to refer to the employer when the equipment is not the International Code Council (ICC), to
electric equipment determined to be approved by a nationally recognized the second alternative in the definition
safe by a nationally recognized testing testing laboratory. of ‘‘acceptable’’ (Ex. 4–20). They believe
laboratory (NRTL). When equipment has As noted earlier, § 1910.303(a) that OSHA should accept evaluations
been listed and labeled, this means that requires electric equipment to be made by local authorities enforcing the
the equipment has been tested and approved, and the definitions of ICCEC as being equivalent to those
found safe for use by a nationally ‘‘approved’’ and ‘‘acceptable’’ set out made by authorities enforcing the NEC.
recognized testing laboratory. The what types of equipment OSHA will In support of their position, they stated:
laboratory marks the equipment with a accept in enforcing Subpart S.47 Dow’s The provisions in the ICCEC were
symbol identifying its trademark. The suggestion does not clarify these developed during the ICC code development
equipment is then considered by OSHA definitions. Instead, it seems to imply process to address and/or expand on issues
to be safe for its intended use. If the equivalence between the three listed not covered in the NEC. The ICC codes,
equipment is altered or used for other including the ICCEC, are the result of more
options. In comparison, OSHA’s than 90 years of code enforcement by local
purposes, then the equipment is not existing definition of ‘‘acceptable’’
acceptable under Subpart S. The building and fire officials. The ICCEC
clearly indicates a preference for listing, responds to issues that have come up during
laboratories typically require the labeling, or other approval by a the inspection and approval process or have
equipment to be marked with such nationally recognized testing laboratory. been brought to the attention of the ICC by
information as: The standards under At the same time, OSHA’s existing participants in the ICC code development
which the equipment has been tested; definitions provide flexibility for process. They have been reviewed by ICC
the current rating in amperes; and the employers when equipment is of a type Code development committees and voted
frequency. OSHA evaluates and into the code by the building and fire official
that no nationally recognized testing
recognizes ‘‘nationally recognized members of ICC. They form an important part
laboratory evaluates. OSHA believes of the electrical installation and inspection
testing laboratories’’ under § 1910.7 to that the proposed definitions of process to insure that electrical work is
45 Except for the note to the definition, the exact
‘‘identified,’’ ‘‘approved,’’ and installed in a safe manner to limit the
language was taken from the 2002 NEC. This
‘‘acceptable’’ are clear and provide possibility of injury to workers and others
version is clearer than the definition in NFPA 70E, sufficient flexibility to employers. involved in the construction process. [Ex. 4–
but the intent is the same. OSHA has clarified the Therefore, the Agency is carrying them 20]
note to indicate that acceptability of testing and forward into the final rule without The commenter acknowledged that
inspection agencies is given in the definition of
‘‘acceptable.’’
change. there are differences between the NEC
46 NFPA 70E–2000 uses the word ‘‘recognizable’’ The proposed definition of and the ICCEC. However, there is little
in lieu of ‘‘approved’’ in the definition of ‘‘acceptable’’ reads as follows: information in Mr. Nickson’s
‘‘identified.’’ It also contains a fine print note submission or elsewhere in the
following the definition indicating that suitability
An installation or equipment is acceptable
of equipment for a specific purpose, environment, to the Assistant Secretary of Labor, and rulemaking record that would enable
or application may be determined by a qualified approved within the meaning of this Subpart OSHA to judge whether an evaluation of
testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other S: an electrical installation made under the
organization concerned with product evaluation. (1) If it is accepted, or certified, or listed, ICCEC would be equivalent to one made
The revised and existing OSHA standards both or labeled, or otherwise determined to be safe
require all electric equipment to be approved, and
under the NEC. In addition, Mr. Nickson
by a nationally recognized testing laboratory does not present any evidence of how
this approval is the only mechanism for recognizing recognized pursuant to § 1910.7; or
equipment as suitable. The Agency believes that the many jurisdictions, if any at all, enforce
proposed definition of ‘‘identified’’ as applied to the ICCEC. Consequently, the Agency
equipment clarifies the intent of the standard and 47 OSHA proposed no substantive changes to the
is consistent with the existing standard’s provisions definitions of ‘‘approved’’ or ‘‘acceptable’’ or to the
has decided against adding the
that require electric equipment to be ‘‘approved for requirement in existing § 1910.303(a) that electric International Code Council Electrical
the purpose.’’ equipment be approved. Code to the definition of ‘‘acceptable.’’
However, if in enforcing Subpart S the what OSHA intends by the language in matches the other definitions in the
Agency determines that the underlying final § 1910.306(j). final rule and the NEC.
electrical standard, such as the ICCEC, Proposed § 1910.308(c)(1) contained In addition, the Agency has identified
being used by a particular local requirements governing the marking and two additional definitions that could be
authority is based on the NEC, then limitations on power of Class 1, 2, and clarified with the use of the
OSHA will consider accepting that 3 remote control, signaling, and power- corresponding 2002 NEC definitions:
authority’s determinations of electrical limited circuits. Some commenters ‘‘Health care facilities’’ and ‘‘mineral-
installation safety under the second recommended clarifying the standard by insulated, metal sheathed cable.’’
alternative given in the definition of moving those provisions to § 1910.399 The existing and proposed definitions
‘‘acceptable.’’ or by including a cross-reference to of ‘‘health care facilities’’ read as
OSHA received several comments § 1910.308(c)(1) within the definition follows:
suggesting the addition of a definition of section. Buildings or portions of buildings and
‘‘fountain’’ to clarify the use of this Paragraph (c)(1) of final § 1910.308 mobile homes that contain, but are not
word in proposed § 1910.306(j)(5) (Exs. sets mandatory limits on the power limited to, hospitals, nursing homes,
4–13, 4–15, 4–18, 4–21). Typifying these output for remote control, signaling, and extended care facilities, clinics, and medical
comments, Mr. Michael Kovacic argued power-limited circuits and sets and dental offices, whether fixed or mobile.
that the term ‘‘fountains’’ has been the requirements for marking the source of This is not a true definition. Rather,
source of considerable confusion and power for these circuits. These it provides examples of health care
misinterpretation for many years. He provisions are requirements, not facilities. The 2002 NEC definition of
stated that, although some apply the definitions. Consequently, the Agency this term, in § 517.2, reads as follows:
requirements on fountains in existing does not believe that it is appropriate to
move them to or refer to them in the Buildings or portions of buildings in which
§ 1910.306(j)(5) to drinking fountains medical, dental, psychiatric, nursing,
and water coolers, the NEC does not definition section. obstetrical, or surgical care are provided.
Some commenters identified Health care facilities include, but are not
intend to apply the requirements on
definitions in the proposed rule that limited to, hospitals, nursing homes, limited
fountains to drinking fountains. To
were inconsistent with the definitions care facilities, clinics, medical and dental
support his assertion, he pointed to
in the NFPA 70E–2004 (Exs. 4–11, 4– offices, and ambulatory care centers, whether
2002 NEC Section 680.2, which states
19). They identified as examples: permanent or moveable.
that the definition of ‘‘fountains’’ does
‘‘Armored cable’’ and ‘‘live parts.’’ 48 OSHA believes that this language will
not include drinking fountains. The
The commenters recommended that the clarify how that term is used and has
commenters recommend that OSHA definitions in § 1910.399 be consistent
either add the NEC definition of adopted the NEC definition in the final
with NFPA 70E and the NEC. rule.
‘‘fountains’’ to § 1910.399 or otherwise In comparing the proposed definition
clarify the application of The proposed definition of ‘‘mineral-
of ‘‘live parts’’ with the one in the 2002 insulated, metal sheathed cable’’ stated
§ 1910.306(j)(5). NEC (on which NFPA 70E–2004 is
OSHA agrees with these commenters that this was a type of cable with a
based), OSHA has found that the ‘‘continuous copper sheath.’’ The 2002
and has included the 2002 NEC definition in its proposal is only slightly
definition of ‘‘fountains’’ in final NEC states that the sheath may be of
different from that of NFPA.49 The alloy steel in addition to copper. For
§ 1910.399. intent of OSHA’s definition and the
The Agency has also retained the consistency with the 2002 NEC, OSHA
NEC definition is identical. To promote has revised the term ‘‘continuous
proposed definitions of ‘‘permanently consistency with the NEC and NFPA
installed swimming pools, wading and copper sheath’’ from the definition in
70E, the Agency has decided to adopt the proposal to ‘‘continuous copper or
therapeutic pools’’ and ‘‘storable the 2002 NEC language for this
swimming or wading pool.’’ The alloy steel sheath’’ in the final rule. This
definition in the final OSHA rule. will ensure that the OSHA standard
preamble indicated that the definitions The definition of ‘‘armored (Type AC)
of these terms were to be removed recognizes all the different types of
cable’’ in the proposal is identical to the
because the terms were not used in the approved mineral-insulated, metal
one in the 2002 NEC, though OSHA’s
proposed standard. However, the sheathed cables currently available.
proposed definition is worded as a
The proposed definition of ‘‘qualified
proposal did include definitions of complete sentence. The Agency has
person’’ read as follows:
these terms in the regulatory text. The reworded the definition in the final rule
introductory text to final § 1910.306(j) (along with similarly worded A person who is familiar with the
reads, in part, as follows: definitions 50) so that the format construction and operation of the equipment
and the hazards involved. [Notes omitted.]
This paragraph applies to electric wiring
for and equipment in or adjacent to all
48 These commenters also identified the OSHA received several comments on
definition of ‘‘qualified person’’ as being this definition (Exs. 4–11, 4–13, 4–15,
swimming, wading, therapeutic, and inconsistent with the NEC definition. This
decorative pools and fountains; hydro- comment is addressed later in this section of the
4–18, 4–19, 4–21). These commenters
massage bathtubs, whether permanently preamble. recommended that OSHA use the
installed or storable; and metallic auxiliary 49 The NEC definition of ‘‘live parts’’ is corresponding definition from the 2002
equipment, such as pumps, filters, and ‘‘energized conductive componenets.’’ OSHA’s NEC, which reads:
similar equipment. [Emphasis added.] proposed definition was ‘‘[E]lectric conductors,
buses, terminals, or components that are One who has the skills and knowledge
OSHA believes that defining the terms energized.’’ Since the word ‘‘components’’ includes related to the construction and operation of
‘‘permanently installed swimming conductors, buses, and terminals, there is no the electrical equipment and installations
substantive difference between the two definitions. and has received safety training on the
pools, wading and therapeutic pools’’ 50 The following definitions were similarly
and ‘‘storable swimming or wading hazards involved.

worded in the proposed rule: ‘‘Medium voltage
pool’’ will clarify the intent of final cable,’’ ‘‘metal-clad cable,’’ ‘‘mineral-insulated Some of these commenters asserted
§ 1910.306(j). Even though the terms are metal-sheathed cable,’’ ‘‘nonmetallic-sheathed that there is confusion in the electrical
cable,’’ ‘‘power and control tray cable,’’ ‘‘power-
not used precisely in the form used in limited tray cable,’’ ‘‘service-entrance cable,’’
safety industry over the use of this term
the definitions, it is clear from the ‘‘shielded nonmetallic-sheathed cable,’’ and (Exs. 4–13, 4–15, 4–18, 4–21). They also
regulatory text that those two terms are ‘‘wireways.’’ recommended including a note
regarding the type of training needed suggested definition is consistent with Agency is adopting the following
before an employee could meet the the training provisions, it does not definition of ‘‘qualified person:’’
definition. demand that the person have the One who has received training in and has
Paragraph (b)(3) of existing § 1910.332 knowledge and skills related to the demonstrated skills and knowledge in the
set specific training requirements that hazards posed by electrical installations construction and operation of electric
an employee must have to be considered that are to be imparted by the training. equipment and installations and the hazards
a ‘‘qualified person.’’ In fact, the first To capture the commenters’ intent and involved.
note to the proposed definition of retain the proposed definition’s The final rule also carries forward,
‘‘qualified person’’ pointed to that emphasis on acquired knowledge, the unchanged, the two notes to the
training requirement. Although the proposed definition.
TABLE 4.—SUMMARY OF CHANGES TO THE DEFINITIONS

Old definition New definition Rationale
Barrier ............................................ OSHA is adding this definition to § 1910.399 from NFPA 70E–2000.
Bathroom ....................................... OSHA is adding this definition to § 1910.399 from NFPA 70E–2000.
Class I, Zone 0 .............................. OSHA is adding this definition to § 1910.399 from NFPA 70E–2000 to
support the new section on Zone Classification in § 1910.307.
Competent person ......................... OSHA is adding this definition to § 1910.399 from § 1926.32. See dis-
cussion earlier in the preamble.
Electric sign ..................................... [Removed] ..................................... No substantive change. See the detailed explanation earlier in this
section of the preamble.
Energized ....................................... OSHA is adding this definition to § 1910.399 from NFPA 70E–2000.
Fountain ......................................... OSHA is adding this definition to § 1910.399 from NEC–2002. See
the detailed explanation earlier in this section of the preamble.
Health care facilities ........................ Health care facilities ...................... OSHA is removing the old definition and adding the new definition to
§ 1910.399 from NEC–2002. See the detailed explanation earlier in
this section of the preamble.
Identified .......................................... Identified ........................................ This term is used in a different manner in the proposed revision. The
new use and definition are taken from NFPA 70E–2000. See the
detailed explanation earlier in this section of the preamble.
Insulated ........................................ OSHA is adding this definition to § 1910.399 from NFPA 70E–2000.
Live parts ....................................... OSHA is adding this definition to § 1910.399 from NEC–2002.
May .................................................. [Removed] ..................................... No substantive change. The definition adds nothing to the dictionary
definition of this term.
Motor Control Center ..................... OSHA is adding this definition to § 1910.399 from NFPA 70E–2000.
Nonmetallic-sheathed cable ............ Nonmetallic-sheathed cable .......... OSHA is removing the old definition and adding the new definition to
§ 1910.399 from NEC–2002. See the detailed explanation earlier in
this section of the preamble.
Overhaul ........................................ OSHA is using this term in the standard in place of ‘‘major replace-
ment, modification, repair, or rehabilitation,’’ which is used in the
existing standard to delineate when an electrical installation must
meet new requirements in the standard. See the explanation of the
definition and related changes under the summary and explanation
of the grandfather clause earlier in this preamble.
Qualified person .............................. Qualified person ............................ OSHA is revising this definition. (See the summary and explanation
of the definition of ‘‘qualified person,’’ earlier in this section of the
preamble.)
Service point .................................. OSHA is adding this definition to § 1910.399 from NFPA 70E–2000.
Special permission .......................... [Removed] ..................................... This term is not used in Subpart S.
Utilization system ............................ [Removed] ..................................... This definition is being removed. See the detailed explanation earlier
in this section of the preamble.
Q. Appendices various national consensus standards.51 them to comply with the performance
These nonmandatory references can be standard in Subpart S. In addition,
Appendices B and C of the current used to assist employers who desire OSHA is removing various reference
Subpart S contain no material; they are additional information that will help standards from the appendix because
reserved for future use. OSHA is the documents are no longer in print
removing these two ‘‘empty’’ 51 The references in Appendix A in the final rule
and because the information can be
appendices because the Agency has no are to the latest revisions of the relevant documents,
found in other listed sources. The
except for references to the NEC and NFPA 70E. For
material to include there. following references are removed:

these two NFPA standards, OSHA has listed both
The existing Appendix A contains a the current versions (NFPA 70–2005 and 70E–2004)
and the versions on which the final rule is based ANSI B9.1–71 Safety Code for
list of references. OSHA is revising and
(NFPA 70–2002 and 70E–2000). The Agency has Mechanical Refrigeration;
updating the references in this appendix reviewed these documents and found them to
to reflect the most recent editions of provide suitable guidance to assist employers in ANSI B30.15–73 Safety Code for
complying with the OSHA standards. Mobile Hydraulic Cranes;
ANSI C33.27–74 Safety Standard for one of these documents refers to NEC with the performance-oriented
Outlet Boxes Fittings for Use in hazardous (classified) locations. The Subpart S, will make the standard more
Hazardous Locations, Class I, Groups other document addresses articulating flexible for employers maintaining these
A, B, C, and D, and Class II, Groups boom cranes. ANSI/ASME B30.22–2005 platforms but will retain the protection
E, F, and G; Articulating Boom Cranes was not currently afforded employees.53 In
ASTM D2155–66 Test Method for included in the proposal. However, the addition, employers will no longer need
Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Agency has reviewed this standard and to refer to the NEC to determine how to
Petroleum Products; has found useful information comply with OSHA’s standard for
IEEE 463–77 Standard for Electrical comparable to the other ANSI/ASME powered platforms. This change is
Safety Practices in Electrolytic Cell standards for other types of cranes (for deregulatory in nature and should not
Line Working Zones; example, ANSI/ASME B30.5–2004 result in significant costs to employers.
NFPA 56A–73 Standard for the Use of Mobile And Locomotive Cranes). OSHA received no comments in
Inhalation Anesthetics (Flammable, Consequently, the following references response to this proposed change.
Nonflammable); are added: Consequently, it is being carried
NFPA 56F–74 Standard for without change into the final rule.
ANSI/UL 913–2002 Intrinsically Safe
Nonflammable Medical Gas Systems;
NFPA 70C–74 Hazardous Locations Apparatus and Associated Apparatus VI. Final Economic and Regulatory
Classification; for Use in Class I, II, and III, Division Screening Analysis
NFPA 71–77 Standard for the 1, Hazardous (Classified) Locations;
ANSI/API RP 500–1998 (2002) A. Existing Versus Final Rule
Installation, Maintenance, and Use of
Central Station Signaling Systems; Recommended Practice for The final rule revises and updates the
NFPA 72A–75 Standard for the Classification of Locations for provisions contained in Sections
Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Electrical Installations at Petroleum 1910.302–1910.308 and 1910.399 of the
Local Protective Signaling Systems for Facilities Classified as Class I Division existing Subpart S electrical installation
Watchman, Fire Alarm, and 1 and Division 2; standard. The original version of
Supervisory Service; ANSI/API RP 505–1997 (2002) Subpart S, adopted under § 6(a) of the
NFPA 72B–75 Standard for the Recommended Practice for OSH Act, incorporated the 1971
Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Classification of Locations for National Electrical Code (NEC) by
Auxiliary Protective Signaling Electrical Installations at Petroleum reference. In 1981, OSHA replaced the
Systems for Fire Alarms Service; Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0, incorporation by reference with updated
NFPA 72C–75 Standards for Zone 1 and Zone 2; provisions based on the 1979 National
Installation, Maintenance, and Use of ANSI/ASME B30.22–2005 Articulating Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70E
Remote Station Protective Signaling Boom Cranes; and committee recommendations. The 1981
Systems; NFPA 820–2003 Standard for Fire version relied on the 1978 NEC. The
NFPA 72D–75 Standard for the Protection in Wastewater Treatment rulemaking will revise and update the
Installation, Maintenance and Use of and Collection Facilities. OSHA electrical installation standard to
Proprietary Protective Signaling Comments to the appendices. OSHA be consistent with most of the NFPA
Systems for Watchman, Fire Alarm, received a comment to reference other 70E recommendations developed in
and Supervisory Service; national consensus standards in 2000, which are based on the 1999 NEC,
NFPA 72E–74 Standard for Automatic Appendix A, like ANSI Z490.1 and and to update requirements for new
Fire Detectors; ANSI Z244.1, to help employers with electrical installations.
NFPA 74–75 Standard for Installation, new training requirements in electrical OSHA has conducted a detailed
Maintenance, and Use of Household installations (Ex. 3–5). These voluntary comparison of the existing and final
Fire Warning Equipment; consensus standards offer benefits in rules in order to determine the extent to
NFPA 76A–73 Standard for Essential guiding employers on establishing which the provisions of the final rule
Electrical Systems for Health Care appropriate training procedures for their will increase compliance costs. Table 7
Facilities; employees. The national consensus summarizes the changes associated with
NFPA 86A–73 Standard for Ovens and standards listed in Appendix A are the provisions of the final rule that have
Furnaces; Design, Location and there to be used as a guideline to help cost implications. OSHA’s comparative
Equipment; employers with implementing the analysis indicates that the changes in
NFPA 88B–73 Standard for Repair
requirements for electrical installation the final rule fall into four categories: (1)
Garages;
NFPA 325M–69 Fire-Hazard and safe work practices and procedures Changes in hardware specifications that
Properties of Flammable Liquids, in Subpart S. OSHA has reviewed both are consistent with NEC requirements;
Gases, and Volatile Solids; and standards and has added them to the list (2) changes in installation practices that
NFPA 493–75 Standard for of voluntary standards in the are consistent with current, normal and
Intrinsically Safe Apparatus for Use in appendices. customary installation practices
Class I Hazardous Locations and Its R. Powered Platforms for Building routinely followed by licensed
Associated Apparatus. Maintenance electricians; (3) clarifications of existing
OSHA is adding five national requirements that do not add additional
Mandatory Appendix D to § 1910.66, obligations and/or allow greater
consensus standards to the list.52 All but powered platforms for building flexibility for achieving compliance; and
52 OSHA had proposed to add an additional
maintenance, applies to powered (4) requirements that may require
national consensus standard to the list, ANSI/UL
platforms installed between August 28,
2279–1997, Electrical Equipment for Use in Class I, 1971, and July 23, 1990. Paragraphs 53 Employers who make minor modifications to
Zone 0, 1 and 2 Hazardous (Classified) Locations. (c)(22)(i) and (c)(22)(vii) in that these platforms would thus be required to follow
This standard is no longer active, because UL has appendix incorporate the 1971 NEC by Subpart S rather than the 1971 NEC. Newer
added zone-related provisions to other of its installations and major modifications of older
standards on equipment for hazardous locations.
reference. OSHA is referencing Subpart platforms are already required to meet Subpart S
Therefore, OSHA has not included this standard in S instead. The final rule, which would with respect to the platform’s electrical wiring and
Appendix A in the final rule. replace the highly specification-oriented equipment.
significant changes in electrical system Category 4 that were added or last changes in design or operating practice
and equipment installation practices. revised in the 1999 NEC. A number of rather than new equipment
The first three categories of changes these provisions represent changes in requirements, and as discussed earlier,
introduced by the final rule are not design and/or operating practices. are not expected to result in any
expected to result in any additional OSHA believes that with the incremental costs as long as there is
costs. Category 1 changes are not appropriate lead time (that is, sufficient sufficient delay in the effective date of
expected to increase costs because delay in the effective date of the final the final rule.
virtually all equipment manufacturers rule), these provisions should not result OSHA has examined other new
routinely follow current NEC in any incremental costs because these provisions for possible cost impacts.
requirements regarding hardware requirements can be reviewed and First, § 1910.302(b)(1) of the existing
specifications. Category 2 changes are considered, and the electrical and final rule identifies those provisions
not expected to result in any increase in installation practices altered as (that is, specific sections in the
compliance costs since virtually all necessary, prior to any work being standards) that all new and existing
licensed electricians routinely follow performed. For instance, the electrical system and equipment
NEC requirements for installing requirement in § 1910.303(f)(4) for installations must meet regardless of the
electrical systems and equipment. disconnecting means to be capable of installation date. For these provisions in
Category 3 changes do not add any new being locked in the open position can be the existing and final rule, there is no
installation or work practice met through selecting appropriate grandfathering of older, existing
requirements, but simply restate or equipment in the installation design electrical system and equipment
eliminate existing requirements. phase of a project. The feature required installations. However, OSHA has
Regarding Category 4, a number of by this provision is already available in concluded that § 1910.302(b)(1) imposes
changes indicated by the final rule new equipment. OSHA sees no no new, substantive Category 4
correspond to revisions to the NEC appreciable difference in cost between a requirements for existing electrical
made prior to 1999. Because these disconnecting means that is capable of systems and equipment installations.
changes have been in the NEC since the being locked in the open position and Further, while § 1910.302(b)(1) does add
previous edition (1996), they are one that is not. Other provisions, such new coverage from § 1910.307, only
believed to represent widespread as § 1910.303(g)(1)(vii), which requires documentation of hazardous locations is
current industry practice. Therefore, certain electric equipment to be a totally new requirement, and the
these changes are not expected to result installed in dedicated space, involve documentation for the division system
in increased compliance costs. facility layout that can be met with no only applies to installations made or
Moreover, construction requirements appreciable cost impact as long as the overhauled after the effective date. The
usually imposed by mortgage lenders requirement is taken into consideration rest of the new provisions in § 1910.307
and insurance carriers, as well as allow employers to continue using the
during the installation design phase of
installation practices routinely followed division system or to implement an
a project.54 The final rule provides
by licensed electricians (given their alternative zone system for classifying
employers with a 6-month delay in
formal training), are generally consistent hazardous locations containing
effective date, in part, so that they can
with the NEC requirements. In sum, flammable gases or vapors. They should
incorporate such considerations during
there is a subset of Category 4 changes not result in any additional costs unless
the design of new electrical
that can be assumed to be equivalent to employers voluntarily choose to
installations. (See section XII, Effective
the Category 2 changes described above. abandon their present division system
Date and Date of Application, later in
Only those Category 4 changes that in favor of the alternative zone system.
this preamble.)
represent additions or revisions in the Finally, there are new provisions not
1999 NEC (to the 1996 NEC) are In addition to the provisions
contained in the existing OSHA
expected to potentially result in any identified in § 1910.302(b)(4), there are
electrical installation standard that were
increase in compliance costs. also new provisions identified in
originally in the 1971 NEC and were
As noted, many Category 4 changes § 1910.302(b)(2) and (b)(3) of the final
enforced by OSHA between March 15,
are not expected to increase compliance rule that apply to: (1) Electrical system
1972, and April 16, 1981. The latest
costs. In order to avoid having and equipment installations (either first
version of NFPA 70E reincorporated
employers incur the costs of retrofitting time or major replacement, these provisions. (For a full explanation,
the existing electrical systems and modification, repair, or rehabilitation) see the discussion of final
equipment in their buildings and made after March 15, 1972; and (2) § 1910.302(b)(2), in section V, Summary
facilities, OSHA has identified (in electrical system and equipment and Explanation of the Final Standard,
§ 1910.302(b)(4)) the substantive new installations (either first time or major earlier in the preamble.) OSHA believes
provisions in the final rule, and then replacement, modification, repair, or that these provisions represent
excluded (grandfathered) all existing rehabilitation) made after April 16, widespread current industry practices,
electrical systems and equipment 1981, respectively. Reviewing the because they have been part of every
installations from having to comply provisions identified in § 1910.302(b)(2) version of the NEC since 1971,
with these new requirements. These and (b)(3) of the final rule, there are 13 including the 1999 and 2002 editions,
provisions will only apply to new new provisions (or sets of related and will not impose any additional cost.
installations (that is, electrical systems provisions) in Category 4 that were
and equipment installed for the first added or last revised in the 1999 NEC. B. Potentially Affected Establishments
time, as well as installations that Table 7 also lists those provisions with The electrical safety standard is based
represent a major replacement, cost implications. Again, a number of primarily upon the 2000 NFPA 70E
modification, repair, or rehabilitation of these 13 new provisions represent recommendations, which, in turn, are
an existing electrical system) made after based on the 1999 NEC. Consequently,
54 For example, a lighting fixture installed over a
the effective date of the standard. Of the companies that are installing electrical
panelboard must be more than 1.83 m above the
new provisions identified in floor. It should not cost significantly more to install
systems and equipment in their
§ 1910.302(b)(4), there are 14 provisions the fixture at such a height than it would to install facilities in locations where the 1999 (or
(or sets of related provisions) in it at a lower one. 2002) NEC is currently being followed
will not be further impacted by OSHA’s TABLE 5.—STATES WITH BUILDING OR cities (described above) that currently
rulemaking with respect to new FIRE CODES THAT MEET OR EX- follow the 1999 (or 2002) NEC.
installations. Further, given that there CEED THE 1999 NATIONAL ELEC- The remaining 12 States (or portions
are no new, substantive Category 4 of these States) that would likely be
TRICAL CODE—Continued
provisions in the rule that are affected by OSHA’s rulemaking can be
mandatory for all existing electrical Indiana separated into two subgroups: (1) States
system and equipment installations (see Kentucky or municipal jurisdictions that have
above discussion), these provisions will Maine adopted the 1996 version of the NEC;
not result in any economic impact for Maryland and (2) States that have not adopted any
existing installations, until they are Massachusetts statewide electrical code covering all
Michigan
replaced, repaired, and/or renovated. Minnesota non-government-owned buildings or
In order to estimate the number of Montana facilities (that is, private sector
employers potentially impacted by the Nebraska installations). For group 1, to the extent
rulemaking, OSHA has identified the New Hampshire that any of these jurisdictions adopt a
States and municipalities that currently New Jersey later version of the NEC before this final
mandate the 1999 (or 2002) National New Mexico rule goes into effect, annual compliance
Electrical Code (NEC), that currently New York costs will likely be lower than estimated
mandate using an earlier NEC, or that North Carolina below.
North Dakota
have no mandated statewide electrical Five States and three cities fall into
Ohio
code pertaining to new installations.55 Oklahoma the first of the two subgroups described
These states were identified using Oregon above. These include all locations in
information contained in the Directory Pennsylvania Louisiana and Virginia, as well as
of Building Codes and Regulations, by Rhode Island portions of Arizona, Iowa, and Nevada
City and State (National Conference of South Carolina (that is, all locations in these three
States on Building Codes and Standards, South Dakota States excluding the four large cities in
NCSBCS, 2002). In sum, 38 of the 50 Tennessee these States that have adopted the 1999
Utah
States have already passed mandatory NEC, as indicated in the list above). The
Vermont
minimum building or fire codes Washington three large cities in the first subgroup
specifying that new construction West Virginia include Baltimore, MD, Birmingham,
(including new electrical installations) Wisconsin AL (excluding hotels, schools, and
must meet or exceed the requirements of Wyoming movie theaters), and Washington, DC.
the 1999 (or 2002) National Electrical Employers in these locations may be
Code (NEC).56 Thus, OSHA assumes Moreover, 16 large cities in other affected to the extent that the 1999 NEC,
that employers in the covered industries States have also adopted the 1999 NEC. which is the basis for the rulemaking,
in all locations in these 38 States Therefore, employers in the covered differs from the 1996 NEC.
(except for Baltimore, MD) will be industries in these municipalities are Many of the new provisions in the
unaffected by OSHA’s rulemaking with also expected to be unaffected by final rule, including those in Category 4
respect to new installations. These OSHA’s rulemaking with respect to new that have potential cost implications for
States (with the particular NEC installations. These cities are listed in new electrical systems and equipment
indicated) are listed in Table 5: Table 6: installations, date back to the 1996 NEC
or to an NEC prior to 1996. Thus, for
TABLE 5.—STATES WITH BUILDING OR TABLE 6.—CITIES THAT HAVE ADOPT- these provisions, employers in locations
FIRE CODES THAT MEET OR EX- ED THE 1999 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL now requiring that the 1996 NEC be
CEED THE 1999 NATIONAL ELEC- CODE followed will not be affected by OSHA’s
TRICAL CODE rulemaking with respect to new
Austin, Texas installations.
Alaska Chicago, Illinois Seven States have not yet adopted any
Arkansas Dallas, Texas statewide electrical code that applies to
California Des Moines, Iowa all private sector employers. These
Colorado El Paso, Texas States include: Alabama (excluding
Connecticut Forth Worth, Texas hotels, schools, and movie theaters),
Delaware Honolulu, Hawaii
Hawaii, Illinois, Kansas, Mississippi,
Florida Houston, Texas
Jackson, Mississippi Missouri, and Texas. Employers in these
Georgia
Kansas City, Missouri States are expected to be the most
Idaho
Las Vegas, Nevada affected (of the three subgroups) by
55 In States with no mandated electrical code
Phoenix, Arizona OSHA’s rulemaking, since no Statewide
pertaining to new installations, OSHA’s existing San Antonio, Texas electrical code is currently required. For
standards, which are primarily based on the 1971 St. Louis, Missouri these seven States, OSHA’s existing
and 1978 NECs, are the governing rules. (In State Tucson, Arizona electrical installation standard, which is
Plan States, each State has adopted a standard that Wichita, Kansas
Federal OSHA has found to be at least as effective
primarily based on the 1971 and 1978
as the Federal standard. For all practical purposes, NECs, governs.57 Below the Statewide
Further, the State of Alabama has
this means that OSHA’s existing standard is the level, it is not clear to what extent local
governing standard unless the State has adopted a
adopted a limited mandatory minimum
jurisdictions have passed local electrical
more stringent standard.) code, which, in effect, requires that

ordinances that exceed the 1971 and
56 Maryland has adopted the 1999 NEC as a hotels, schools, and movie theaters
1978 NECs and are consistent with the
Mandatory Minimum Code, exempting Baltimore follow the 2002 NEC. Therefore, in this
from compliance. Generally when a state updates analysis, hotels, schools, and movie
these mandatory minimum requirements, the new 57 Note that of these seven States, Hawaii is the
requirements apply only to new facilities or theaters in Alabama have been included only State Plan State. Hawaii has adopted the
installations. with the group of 38 States and 16 large Federal standard.
1999 NEC. While it is likely that some Table 9 presents data from the Survey preventable under the revision to
local jurisdictions within these states of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Subpart S.
enforce the 1999 (or 2002) NEC, OSHA’s and the Census of Fatal Occupational OSHA found that there were at least
analysis treats these States as though Injuries on the number of work-related nine deaths in the seven States that
they are not in compliance with either injuries and deaths in private industry lacked a statewide electrical code
the 1999 or 2002 NEC for purposes of attributed to contact with electrical during 1990–1996, or an average of 1.3
analysis. As a consequence, the current for 1992–2004. While the deaths per year that could have been
estimated compliance costs are likely to numbers of injuries and deaths appear prevented with the use of a GFCI. Based
be overstated. to have declined, this decline has not on EPA’s estimate of a value of $6.1
Using data from the U.S. Department been consistent throughout the time for million for a statistical life, the
of Commerce’s 1997 County Business which data are available. Electrical- estimated 1.3 lives saved per year (that
Patterns database, OSHA has estimated related injuries increased between 1992 is, between 1 and 2 lives saved per year)
the total number of affected and 1994, then declined for 1995 to under the final rule would translate to
establishments and employment in 1997. For 1998 and 1999, injuries again an annual benefit of $7.9 million
those establishments for the 58 two-digit increased. Note that the percentage of (ranging from $6.1 million to $12.2
SICs covered by the general industry occupational injuries associated with million).60 As noted above, the
electrical safety installation standard.58 electrical hazards has remained monetized benefits understate total
In addition, the number of essentially constant throughout 1992 to benefits since they do not cover all
establishments and employment that are 2004. The number of deaths associated potentially preventable deaths.
already subject to the 1999 NEC, the with contact with electrical current Moreover, they do not account for any
1996 NEC, the 1990 NEC, and no declined in 1993, but rose during 1994 preventable nonfatal injuries.
statewide electrical code, are also and 1995. Deaths dropped in 1996, but In addition to quantifiable potential
estimated. For those cities (identified rose again in 1997 and 1998. As a benefits, this update to OSHA’s
above) that are currently following a percentage of total occupational electrical standards yields important
particular electrical code, OSHA has fatalities, death due to electrocution unquantified benefits. The revised
estimated the number of establishments appears to have remained constant or standard potentially reduces industry
and employment in these cities using, as declined slightly. However, contact with confusion and inefficiency associated
a surrogate, the data for the county in electrical current remains a significant with the current standard, which is out
which the cities are located. source of occupational fatality, of date with today’s technology. While
The data indicate that there are an accounting for 4.4 percent of total OSHA has a long-standing policy of
estimated 5.6 million establishments occupational fatalities in 2004. permitting employers to comply with
with 89.8 million employees in the more current versions of national
industries covered by the general For more than 30 years, electrical
hazards have been a target of OSHA consensus standards to the extent the
industry electrical safety installation
rules. This rule will help to further more current version is as protective as
standard. About 84.7 percent of the
reduce the number of deaths and the older version, this does not address
establishments, employing about 85.3
injuries associated with electrical all the concerns with the outdated
percent of the employees, are in States
accidents, and ensure that a downward standard. The older electrical standards
or cities that have adopted the 1999 (or
trend in these incidents is sustained. may not address the hazards associated
2002) NEC. Approximately 6.3 percent
with newer equipment and machinery,
of both the establishments and To determine the extent to which the
leaving employers unsure which
employees are in States or cities that standard may reduce the number of
requirements presently apply. For
have adopted the 1996 NEC. The deaths attributable to electrical
example, the final standard contains
remaining approximately 9.0 percent of accidents, OSHA examined its accident
requirements for electric equipment
the establishments, employing about 8.4 investigation reports for the States
installed in hazardous locations
percent of the employees, are in States without any statewide electrical code.59
classified under the zone classification
(excluding certain cities in these States) The most recent and complete reports
system, which is not addressed in the
that have not adopted a statewide cover 1990–1996, and provide detailed
existing standard. (See the summary and
electrical code applicable to private information on the cause of fatal
explanation of zone classification in
sector employers. Table 8 summarizes electrical accidents. The accident cause
section N. earlier in the preamble.) The
these findings. can be used to ascertain whether the
update to Subpart S will reduce or
C. Benefits death would have been prevented by
eliminate these problems.
compliance with the final rule. As an
Occupational fatalities associated initial screen, OSHA reviewed the D. Estimation of Compliance Costs
with electrical accidents remain a reports for accidents that could have
significant and ongoing problem. The OSHA adopted a conservative
been prevented through the use of a approach to estimating compliance
final rule would benefit employees by GFCI. While OSHA expects that other
reducing their exposure to electrical costs, and consequently, the estimates
provisions of the revised standard reported below are likely to overstate
hazards thereby reducing both fatal and potentially will reduce deaths due to
nonfatal injuries. actual compliance costs. In summary,
electrical accidents, this initial screen OSHA did not estimate any cost savings
focused on GFCI-related accidents since associated with the final rule, even
58 These 58 SICs include employers in shipyard
they are relatively easy to isolate using
employment, longshoring, and marine terminals.
Consistent with the preliminary analysis, OSHA in a key word search through all reports. 60 See EPA’s Guidelines for Preparing Economic
this final analysis has grouped affected industries Thus, the accident report analysis is Analyses, EPA 240–R–00–003, September 2000.
according to the 1987 Standard Industrial conservative in the sense that it likely Note that the $6.1 million is in 1999 dollars. If this
Classification System. For industry coding under understates the number of deaths figure is updated for inflation using the CPI as EPA
the North American Industry Classification System indicates is appropriate, the estimated 1.3 lives
(NAICS), see NAICS, Executive Office of the saved per year (between 1 and 2 lives saved per
President, Office of Management and Budget, 1997 59 Some cities within these States have adopted year) would translate to an annual benefit of $9.4
and 2002, or http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/ the 1999 (or later) NEC, and these cities were million (between $7.2 million and $14.4 million) in
naics.html. excluded when examining the accident report data. 2005 dollars.
though many new, potentially less establishments yields the number of particularly given the widespread use of
costly alternative compliance methods projects/establishments subject to each the 1999 and 2000 NEC.
are incorporated in the final rule. For provision annually without considering CHS, Inc. stated, ‘‘the proposed rule
example, as noted above, the rule will baseline levels of compliance. Table 11 could result in several unit start-ups/
permit electric equipment in Class I presents the estimated percentage of shutdowns at farmer-owned petroleum
hazardous locations to be installed projects/establishments that actually refineries’’ (Ex. 4–25). However, CHS
under the zone classification system, would be affected by each provision did not explain how the new provisions
which is not addressed in the existing annually. These estimates were based in this standard would require
standard. Because the hazardous on experience and technical knowledge additional outages to deenergize beyond
locations provision potentially reduces of electrical practices. those which could develop from
industry confusion and inefficiency Baseline levels of compliance compliance with the existing standard.
associated with the current standard, associated with each of the new Although OSHA received no new data
costs savings are likely. provisions also were considered. in response to the preliminary analysis,
For all provisions with the exception Baseline levels of compliance were OSHA has slightly revised its economic
of § 1910.304(b)(3)(ii) (GFCI protection estimated for each provision by model in order to make it more realistic
for temporary wiring installations), cost considering construction requirements and to reflect changes between the
estimates were developed on a project- imposed by mortgage lenders and proposed and final regulatory text. For
level basis. This involved obtaining data insurance carriers and installation example, in assigning compliance costs
on the number of construction and other practices routinely followed by licensed to § 1910.304(b)(3), Ground-fault circuit
major renovation, addition, and electricians (given their formal training). interrupter protection for personnel,
alteration projects performed annually (See the earlier discussion of categories OSHA’s final model predicts that a
in States and local jurisdictions that do of changes in the final rule.) These small percentage of projects will
not now mandate the 1999 NEC (or requirements and installation practices establish and implement an assured
equivalent).61 Table 10 summarizes the are generally consistent with the current grounding conductor program where
data on the number of projects NEC requirements. Moreover, it is ground-fault circuit interrupter
potentially impacted by the final rule. In expected that these requirements and protection is not available. An example
States and local jurisdictions that do not practices generally become more of a revision to the preliminary analysis
now mandate the 1999 NEC (or prevalent as the size of the that reflects real-world considerations is
equivalent), the data indicate that there establishment or project increases. Table the addition in the final analysis of an
were a total of 29,306 project starts in 12 presents the estimated percentages explicit cost for legible marking of
2001, consisting primarily (91 percent) for baseline compliance rates. These equipment to indicate that the
of small projects under $3 million. Less estimates were based on experience and equipment has been applied with a
than 0.5 percent of the projects were technical knowledge of electrical series combination rating, as required by
large projects over $25 million. practices. § 1910.303(f)(5), Marking for series
For § 1910.304(b)(3)(ii), compliance For each provision, estimates of labor combination ratings.
costs were estimated on an and material costs were developed on a In addition, the final rule contains
establishment-level rather than project- project level basis. Labor costs are based some new provisions that were not in
level basis. OSHA estimates that on an hourly wage rate of $20.44 for an the proposed rule or that were revised
approximately 861,400 establishments electrician in the construction sector from what was in the proposal. Three of
are in locations that either are currently (SICs 15–17 (NAICS 236–238)) to those provisions potentially require
following the 1996 NEC or have not perform the work (plus fringe benefits at modification of existing installations: (1)
adopted a statewide electrical code 37 percent).62 Costs for materials, which Final § 1910.304(a)(3), which prohibits a
applicable to private sector employers. consist of labels, GFCIs, conduits, grounding terminal or grounding-type
These employers potentially are connectors, and outlets, are based on device on a receptacle, cord connector,
impacted by the final rule. Costs per data in the Maintenance Direct Catalog or attachment plug from being used for
provision were computed according to of Lab Supply, Inc. (2001). Equipment purposes other than grounding, (2) final
establishment size: establishments with costs were annualized assuming the § 1910.304(g)(4)(iii), which no longer
fewer than 100 employees, useful life of the equipment is two years permits extensions of branch circuits to
establishments with 100–499 and an interest rate of 7 percent. Table be grounded by connection to a
employees, and establishments with 500 13 summarizes the key data and bases grounded cold water pipe, and (3) final
or more employees. for the cost estimates. § 1910.304(g)(8)(iii), which no longer
All potentially impacted projects/ OSHA received very few comments permits electric equipment to be
establishments would not necessarily be on the preliminary economic and grounded only by connection to the
affected by each and every provision, regulatory flexibility screening analysis. grounded structural metal frame of a
The National Petrochemical and building when any element of the
and some would not be affected at all in
Refiners Association (NPRA) stated in equipment’s branch circuit is replaced.
any given year. Thus, it was necessary
Ex. 3–2 that ‘‘the cost merely to read A prohibition against using grounding
to estimate the percentage of projects/
and comprehend the ruling, and to train terminals and grounding-type devices
establishments affected by each
personnel, will be at least in the tens of for purposes other than grounding is
provision annually. This percentage,
thousands of dollars per facility.’’ already contained in existing
when multiplied by the number of
However, NPRA provided no material to § 1910.304(a)(3). Under the current
potentially impacted projects/
substantiate this claim. OSHA believes standard, this provision applies to all
61 Data on new and other (major renovation,
that the final rule imposes no cost to electrical installations including major
addition, and alteration) construction projects comprehend or to train personnel, replacements, modifications, repairs, or
started annually between 1998 and 2001 are rehabilitations made after March 15,
compiled by F.W. Dodge (Schriver, 2002). While 62 The wage rate data are for 2000, taken from the
1972. In the final rule, OSHA is
construction projects serve as the basis for BLS (2001) 2000 National Occupational
estimating costs, construction is not covered by the Employment Statistics (OES) Survey. Fringe benefit
extending the application of this
final standard. Rather, it is the particular product rate data are from BLS (2000) Employer Costs for prohibition to installations made before
or output of the construction project that is covered. Employee Compensation, March. USDL: 00–186. that date. Wiring a receptacle, cord
connector, or attachment plug so that most have already corrected this Many employers recognized the safety
the grounding terminal or other condition, which is a violation of recent hazards and the operating anomalies of
grounding-type device is used for editions of the NEC 64. According to Karl grounding utilization equipment to the
purposes other than grounding (for M. Cunningham of Alcoa (Ex. 4–4), the structural metal framing of buildings.
example, by connecting a circuit permission to use a cold water pipe near Consequently, they have already
conductor to the grounding terminal) the equipment was clearly removed abandoned the practice. Therefore, it is
makes the electric equipment extremely from the NEC for many Code cycles, extremely unlikely that violations of
unsafe, posing an immediate threat of including the 2002, 1999, 1996, and this rule exist in significant numbers.
electrocution. In addition, such an 1993 editions. After all, this practice has been banned
incorrect wiring connection renders the Because the NEC has not allowed this for over a quarter of a century by the
equipment unusable, and it would practice for over 10 years, few NEC. OSHA has concluded that
likely have already been changed. employers use this provision in the requiring the installation of an
Consequently, it is extremely unlikely existing rule due to the known hazards. equipment grounding conductor instead
that violations of this rule exist in Therefore, it is unlikely that violations of allowing the structural metal frame of
significant numbers, and OSHA has of this rule exist in significant numbers. a building to serve as the equipment
concluded that applying this provision Even then, employers who are still grounding conductor for all
to all existing installations will have using cold water piping to ground modifications to existing installations
little if any economic impact. branch-circuit extensions are only will have no appreciable cost impacts.
Existing § 1910.304(f)(3)(iii) permits required to upgrade them when they are The final rule also includes a new
connecting the equipment grounding replacing one of the branch circuit provision, final § 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C),
terminal of grounding-type receptacles extension’s elements. The installation of that allows implementation of an
to a nearby grounded cold water pipe the equipment grounding conductors assured equipment grounding conductor
for extensions of existing branch circuits would be coincidental with the program during maintenance,
that do not have an equipment modification work; and, thus the cost of remodeling, or repair of buildings,
grounding conductor. In the final rule, compliance would be incidental. Hence, structures, or equipment or during
OSHA is requiring that, when any OSHA has concluded that requiring this similar construction-like activities when
element of this branch circuit is provision for all modifications made to GFCIs are not available. OSHA has
replaced, the entire circuit include an existing installations will impose no added costs for this provision in the
equipment grounding conductor that appreciable costs on employers. analysis, as explained below.
complies with all other provisions of A prohibition against maintaining the Final § 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(B) requires
paragraph (g) of § 1910.304.63 This grounded structural metal framing of a receptacles other than 125-volt, single-
change only affects a small percentage building for purposes of grounding phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere
of branch circuits extended after March electric equipment is contained in receptacles that are not part of the
15, 1972, the date the provision went existing § 1910.304(f)(6)(ii). This permanent wiring of the building or
into effect. The existing requirement provision currently applies only to structure and that are in use by
makes the equipment grounding path installations made after April 16, 1981. personnel to have ground-fault circuit-
dependent upon the metallic continuity In the final rule, § 1910.304(g)(8)(iii), interrupter protection for personnel.
of the cold water piping and upon the OSHA is also applying this prohibition OSHA recognizes that it may be
earth for the electric current’s return to installations made or designed before impossible for employers to comply
path back to the electric source. If a April 16, 1981, when any element of the with this requirement for GFCI
ground fault occurs at electric equipment’s branch circuit is replaced. protection for circuits operating at
utilization equipment (for example, a Metal frames of buildings provide a voltages above 125 volts to ground. For
portable cord-connected electric drill poor substitute for an equipment instance, portable electric welding units
with a grounding-type attachment plug) grounding conductor. Installations that for the repair of major pieces of
plugged into a grounding-type might have initially provided a equipment such as industrial boilers
receptacle and if the continuity of the permanent, continuous, and effective and other massive units of industrial
water pipe is interrupted by a section equipment grounding path fail to equipment generally require a 480-volt
plastic pipe or by another means, the function adequately as time passes. If a power connection rated 30 amperes or
electric equipment becomes extremely fault occurs in the electric equipment an more. At these ratings, GFCI protection
lethal, posing an immediate threat of extremely lethal condition exists, posing for personnel may not be feasible since
electrocution. Additionally, the practice an immediate threat of electrocution, it is not presently available for all
of using metallic water pipes as an since the return current path is through branch-circuit voltage and current
equipment grounding conductor poses the employee instead of the intended ratings. Therefore, the final rule permits
an electrocution hazard to plumbers, equipment grounding path. As brought an assured equipment grounding
pipe fitters, and other employees forth by one commenter (Ex. 4–18) and conductor (AEGC) program as an
working on the system who might stated in the preamble discussion for alternative.65
unknowingly interrupt a path of fault proposed § 1910.304(g)(7)(ii) (final Although OSHA believes that the
current flowing through the piping. The § 1910.304(g)(8)(ii) and (g)(8)(iii)), this AEGC program costs more to implement
return current path in both instances is practice has been prohibited for ac than GFCI protection for personnel
through the employee instead of circuits since the 1978 edition of the (equivalent to a unit cost of $110 instead
through a reliable equipment grounding NEC. Thus, this change only affects a of $55) it could reduce compliance costs
conductor. Employers have become small percentage of branch circuits for employers when compared to hard-
extended after March 15, 1972, the date
aware that using cold water plumbing 65 Final § 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C) requires the
for grounding is a poor practice and the provision went into effect and until
employer to establish and implement an assured
1979 when the NEC prohibition applied. equipment grounding conductor program covering
63 For example, 1910.304(g)(4)(iii) requires that cord sets, receptacles that are not a part of the
when any element of a branch circuit extension is 64 For example, a metallic cold water pipe is not building or structure, and equipment connected by
replaced, the entire branch circuit shall include an listed in Section 250.118 of the 2002 NEC as a type cord and plug that are available for use or used by
equipment grounding conductor. of equipment grounding conductor. employees on those receptacles.
wired methods.66 OSHA believes that temporary electric circuits can be absence of any legal obligation.68 Thus,
about five percent (one in twenty) of all protected by GFCIs. Over the entire most potentially affected parties already
temporary electric circuits may not be universe of employers affected by the are in compliance with the final rule,
serviceable with GFCI protection for final rule, the estimated total cost of which clearly demonstrates that it is
personnel at the higher current and using an AEGC program instead of technologically feasible. The costs of the
voltage ratings and would require the GFCIs is approximately $5,300. rule are also extremely low, as
AEGC program. The need to connect Table 14 presents the cost estimates discussed earlier in this section of the
electric equipment with ratings other for the final rule. The total annual preamble. These costs do not threaten
than 125 volts, single phase, 15, 20, and incremental compliance costs associated the long-term profitability or
30 amperes, or 250 volts, single phase, with the new provisions in the final competitive structure of affected
15 and 20 amperes 67 increases as the rule, for new electrical system and industries. Therefore, the final rule is
size of the project increases. Nearly all equipment installations, are estimated also economically feasible.
temporary power requirements for to be $9.6 million. The overwhelming F. Regulatory Flexibility Screening
smaller-sized projects, those with majority of costs, 84.4 percent, are Analysis and Regulatory Flexibility
contract values under $3 million, would associated with § 1910.304(b)(3)(ii), Certification
be serviceable with GFCI-protected Ground-fault circuit interrupter
receptacles or from nearby receptacles protection for personnel during In order to determine whether a
that are a part of the existing building temporary wiring installations. The total regulatory flexibility analysis is required
structure. Smaller projects tend to take cost for this requirement is based upon under the Regulatory Flexibility Act,
up minimal plant real estate. The work the following unit estimates and OSHA has evaluated the potential
area is sandwiched among other facility assumptions: economic impacts of this action on
equipment and is contained within the (1) GFCI power station or cord, initial small entities. Table 15 presents the
confines of the existing plant. Few, if cost = $55 (annualized cost = $30.42); data used in this analysis to determine
any, of these projects would have need whether this rule would have a
(2) the number of required units
for the higher-power or higher-voltage significant impact on a substantial
ranges from two for establishments with
equipment. Even if a project does need number of small entities.
less than 100 employees, to 10 for First, compliance costs were
such equipment, these facilities establishments with 100 to 499
typically have existing, permanently computed on a per establishment basis,
employees, to 50 for establishments which required consideration of the
wired electric power receptacles that are with more than 500 employees;
capable of supporting loads at higher number of establishments potentially
(3) the percentage of affected impacted. The analysis of County
voltage and current ratings. Such establishments ranges from 30 percent
receptacles are typically located Business Patterns data discussed above
for the smallest establishments to 100 indicated that approximately 861,400
throughout the plant on 30-meter, percent for the largest establishments
maximum, intervals allowing for easy establishments are in local jurisdictions
(Table 11); and in the 12 States that are either currently
connection of portable electric (4) baseline industry compliance of 50
equipment with 15-meter flexible cords. requiring compliance with the 1996
percent for the smallest establishments NEC or have not adopted a statewide
Consequently, OSHA estimates that the to 95 percent for the largest
number of smaller-sized projects that electrical code applicable to private
establishments (Table 12). sector employers. Regarding the
require the AEGC program is negligible. Some of the costs and exposures to
As many as half of all medium-sized documentation provisions for new
temporary wiring could potentially be installations in hazardous locations
projects, those ranging from $3 million incurred by employers performing
to $25 million, would potentially (§ 1910.307(b) in Table 14), only
construction work rather than general industries that handle flammable and/or
require the AEGC program. These industry work. Temporary wiring for
projects can include a sizable block of combustible liquids, vapors, gases,
construction work is already covered dusts, and/or fibers will be impacted.
real estate such that the cords on under Subpart K of Part 1926; and,
portable equipment will not reach OSHA identified these industries by
consequently, this analysis likely reviewing data on § 1910.307 citations
existing, permanently wired receptacles. overestimates the incremental costs
Nearly all major projects, those larger issued between October 2000 and
associated with the revisions to Subpart September 2001 (available on the OSHA
than $25 million and encompassing
S. website at http://www.osha.gov/
significant plant real estate, are likely to
use an AEGC program to comply with E. Technological and Economic oshstats/) and IMIS accident data from
the standard. Feasibility 1994 to 2001 indicating § 1910.307
OSHA estimates that, at projects that citations (OSHA, 2001). OSHA
As noted previously, the final rule estimated that approximately 441,400
would be required to use the AEGC incorporates the NFPA 70E
program, they would be needed for only establishments with hazardous locations
recommendations developed in 2000, are in local jurisdictions in the 12 States
about five percent of temporary electric which are based on the 1999 NEC. The
circuits. The remaining 95 percent of all that either are currently following the
NFPA 70E Committee has updated the 1996 NEC or have not adopted a
66 Employers have two alternatives when GFCI
document in accordance with revisions statewide electrical code applicable to
protection for personnel is required for receptacles to the NEC, which periodically private sector employers. These are the
that are not part of the permanent wiring of a recodifies acceptable electrical practices establishments potentially impacted by
building or structure: (1) Implement an assured as a national consensus standard. More the hazardous locations provision. The
equipment grounding conductor program or (2) than 80 percent of establishments
provide a hard-wired installation, in which the remaining provisions potentially affect
equipment is wired directly to the circuit covered by the final rule are located in
conductors, obviating the need for a receptacle areas that currently mandate adherence 68 As noted previously, construction requirements
outlet. to these recommendations or the 1999 imposed by mortgage lenders and insurance carriers
67 GFCI protective devices for personnel and installation practices followed by licensed
or more stringent version of the NEC.
protection may not readily available above 30 electricians (given their formal training) are reasons
amperes at 125 volts, above 20 amperes at 250 volts,
Moreover, the vast majority of to expect that some employers comply with the
or at higher voltages. employers comply with the NEC in the NEC in the absence of any legal obligation.
all 861,400 establishments in the 12 vapors, gases, dusts, and/or fibers, the based firm size standard was
States as noted above.69 total cost per establishment is estimated determined by first calculating an
OSHA assumed for purposes of to be $12.02. employment level, based on the
conducting the regulatory flexibility OSHA guidelines for determining the industry average annual receipts per
screening analysis, that small firms, on need for regulatory flexibility analysis employee, which would be sufficient to
average, will conduct the same type and require determining the regulatory costs produce a total sales amount per firm
size of projects as larger establishments. as a percentage of the revenues and consistent with the SBA sales-based
This is a conservative assumption, since profits of small entities. OSHA derived firm size standard.
it is more likely that smaller estimates of the profits and revenues
establishments will tend to perform using data from U.S. Census and Dun As shown in Table 15, at worst,
small sized, less costly projects. and Bradstreet. In defining a small compliance costs represent 0.005
Consequently, OSHA applied an average business, OSHA followed Small percent of the revenues (for SIC 72,
cost per establishment in analyzing the Business Administration (SBA) criteria Personal Services) and 0.15 percent of
effect on small entities. The average cost for each sector. For many of the affected profits (for SIC 56, Apparel and
per establishment was computed by industries, the SBA small business Accessory Stores). On average
dividing the total costs reported in criteria are determined directly by the (computed by weighting by number of
Table 14 by the number of affected number of employees. But for those establishments), compliance costs
establishments reported in Table 8. For industries where the SBA small constitute 0.002 percent of revenues and
Provisions 1 to 5 and 7, the cost per business criteria are not determined by 0.048 percent of profits. Based on this
establishment is $10.10 and for the number of employees (but rather by evaluation, OSHA certifies that this rule
Provision 6, the cost per establishment annual sales), the sales-based criteria will not have a significant economic
is $1.92. Thus, for industries that handle were converted to employment-based impact on a substantial number of small
flammable and/or combustible liquids, criteria. Specifically, an employment- entities.70
TABLE 7.—CHANGES TO THE EXISTING STANDARD WITH COST IMPLICATIONS

Provisions
Types of establishments/ Basis for esti- identified in the
Final rule 1 Comments on cost impact projects affected mating costs final rule
§ 1910.302(b)(4) 2
1910.303(f)(5) ................. Requires the purchase and installation of All Establishments .................. Projects ........... X
labels. All Projects.
1910.303(h)(5)(iii)(B) ...... Requires the purchase and installation of All Establishments .................. Projects ........... ....................................
signs. All Projects.
1910.304(b)(1) ................ Requires the purchase and installation of All Establishments .................. Projects ........... X
labels and identification of branch cir- All Projects.
cuits.
1910.304(b)(3)(i) ............ Requires the purchase and installation of All Establishments .................. Projects ........... ....................................
GFCI for bathrooms and rooftops. All Projects.
1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A) and Requires that each affected facility pur- All Establishments .................. Establishments ....................................
(b)(3)(ii)(B). chase GFCI equipment (power stations All Projects.
or extension.
1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C) ....... Requires that the facility establish and All Establishments .................. Establishments ....................................
implement an assured equipment All Projects.
grounding conductor program.
1910.306(c)(6) ................ Requires the purchase and installation of All Establishments .................. Projects ........... X
1910.306(j)(1)(iii) ............ Change in design impacts construction Real Estate Development and Projects ........... X
cost (near universal compliance as- Dwelling Projects.
sumed).
1910.306(k)(4)(iv) ........... Requires the purchase and installation of Carnivals, Circuses, Fairs, and Projects ........... X
labels. Similar Events.
1910.307(b) .................... Facility owner must develop documenta- Industrial Establishments ........ Projects ........... X
tion. All Projects.
1910.308(b)(3) ................ Requires the purchase and installation of All Establishments .................. Projects ........... X
1910.308(e)(1) ................ Change in facility design and additional All Establishments .................. Projects ........... ....................................
materials and installation cost. Large Projects.
1 Note: In the proposal, §§ 1910.303(e)(2)(ii) and 1910.308(a)(5)(vi)(B) and (d)(2)(ii) were mistakenly identified as paperwork requirements im-
posing a cost burden on employers. The costs for the labeling required by these provisions is borne by the manufacturers as usual and cus-
tomary. In addition, proposed § 1910.304(b)(3) has not been carried forward into the final rule. Consequently, this Final Economic Analysis does
not include costs for these four requirements. However, OSHA has determined that final §§ 1910.303(f)(5), 1910.306(c)(6) and (k)(4)(iv), and
1910.308(b)(3) do impose paperwork-associated costs on employers, but they were not included in the Preliminary Economic Analysis. There-
fore, this Final Economic Analysis does include costs for these four provisions.
2 Note: Provisions listed in § 1910.302(b)(4) only apply to new installations.
69 For § 1910.307(b), OSHA’s calculation of per- is based on an estimated 861,400 affected (in SIC 1731, Electrical Services). In this case, costs
establishment costs and impacts is based on an establishments. constitute 0.04 percent of revenues 1.3 percent of
estimated 441,400 affected establishments. For all 70 OSHA also examined the situation where all profits. Thus, even if all costs are assigned to
other provisions of the final standard, OSHA’s compliance costs accrue to the construction sector construction, the proposed regulation will not have
calculation of per-establishment costs and impacts a significant impact on small entities.
TABLE 8.—ESTABLISHMENTS AND EMPLOYMENT AFFECTED BY THE FINAL STANDARD, BY VERSION OF NEC ADOPTED
Establishments Employment
Applicable version of NEC Percent of Percent of
Number Number
total total
1996 ............................................................................................................................. 1 0.4 6.3 1 5.6 6.3

1999 or 2002 ............................................................................................................... 1 4.8 84.7 1 76.6 85.3
None ............................................................................................................................ 1 0.5 9.0 1 7.6 8.4
Total ...................................................................................................................... 1 5.6 100 1 89.8 100

Source: U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA, Office of Regulatory Analysis, based on 1997 County Business Patterns (U.S. Census Bureau) database.
1 In millions.
TABLE 9.—FATAL AND NONFATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES ATTRIBUTABLE TO CONTACT WITH ELECTRIC CURRENT
(PRIVATE INDUSTRY)
Number of Percent of Percent of
injuries Total nonfatal Number of total fatal
Year involving days occupational deaths occupational
away from work injuries injuries
1992 ................................................................................................. 4,806 0.2 317 5.8

1993 ................................................................................................. 4,995 0.2 303 5.4
1994 ................................................................................................. 6,018 0.3 332 5.6
1995 ................................................................................................. 4,744 0.2 327 6.0
1996 ................................................................................................. 4,126 0.2 268 4.8
1997 ................................................................................................. 3,170 0.2 282 5.0
1998 ................................................................................................. 3,910 0.2 324 5.9
1999 ................................................................................................. 4,224 0.2 259 4.7
2000 ................................................................................................. 3,704 0.2 256 4.8
2001 ................................................................................................. 3,394 0.2 285 4.8
2002 ................................................................................................. 2,967 0.2 289 5.2
2003 ................................................................................................. 2,390 0.2 246 4.4
2004 ................................................................................................. 2,650 0.2 254 4.4
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (http://
www.bls.gov/iif/home.htm).
TABLE 10.—CONSTRUCTION PROJECT STARTS IN 2001 FOR STATES THAT HAVE ADOPTED THE 1996 NEC OR DO NOT
HAVE A STATEWIDE ELECTRICAL CODE
Size of project (contract value)
Building type Less than $3 More than Total

$3–25 million
million $25 million
(medium)
(small) (large)
Commercial and Public Buildings ............................................................ 15,219 1,490 45 16,754

Warehouses ............................................................................................. 1,659 204 8 1,871
Health Facilities and Laboratories ........................................................... 1,691 245 33 1,969
Funeral and Interment Facilities .............................................................. 45 .......................... .......................... 45
Athletic and Entertainment Facilities ....................................................... 54 9 2 65
Auto, Bus, and Truck Service .................................................................. 797 47 .......................... 844
Residential Housing ................................................................................. 1,491 169 6 1,666
Apartments, Hotels and Dormitories ....................................................... 2,505 269 24 2,798
Tanks ....................................................................................................... 309 8 .......................... 317
Hydroelectric Power Plants ..................................................................... 3 .......................... .......................... 3
Natural Gas Plants .................................................................................. 2 2 1 5
Gas, Water, and Sewer Lines ................................................................. 2,340 91 1 2,432
Manufacturing Facilities ........................................................................... 447 84 6 537
Total .................................................................................................. 26,562 2,618 126 29,306

Source: William R. Schriver (2002), The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Construction Industry Research and Policy Center, based on F.W.
Dodge data on construction project starts for 2001.
TABLE 11.—ESTIMATED PERCENTAGES OF PROJECTS/ESTABLISHMENTS AFFECTED BY THE FINAL STANDARD

[By provision and project/establishment size]
Project/establishment size
Provision Final rule Description of requirement
No. Small Medium Large
(percent) (percent) (percent)
1 ............... 1910.303(f)(5) ....................... Marking for series combination ratings ............................... 50 50 50

2 ............... 1910.303(h)(5)(iii)(B) ............ Working Space and Guarding—Posting of Warning Signs 50 100 100
1a ............. 1910.304(b)(1) ...................... Branch Circuits—Identification of Multiwire Branch Circuits 50 50 50
3 ............... 1910.304(b)(3)(i) ................... Ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for bathrooms 100 100 100
and rooftops.
4 ............... 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A) and Ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for temporary 30 80 100
(b)(3)(ii)(B). wiring installations.
4a ............. 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C) ............. Assured equipment grounding conductor program for tem- 0 50 100
porary wiring installations.
1b ............. 1910.306(c)(6) ...................... Identification and signs for elevators, dumbwaiters, esca- 50 50 50
lators, moving walks, wheelchair lifts, and stairway chair
lifts.
5 ............... 1910.306(j)(1)(iii) .................. Swimming Pools, Fountains, and Similar Installations— 20 80 100
Receptacles.
1c .............. 1910.306(k)(4)(iv) ................. Marking for single-pole portable cable connectors for par- 50 50 50
allel sets of conductors used in installations for car-
nivals, circuses, fairs, and similar events.
6 ............... 1910.307(b) .......................... Hazardous (Classified) Locations—Documentation ............ 60 80 100
1d ............. 1910.308(b)(3) ...................... Signs for emergency power systems .................................. 50 50 50
7 ............... 1910.308(e)(1) ...................... Communication Systems—Protective Devices ................... 5 60 100
Source: OSHA estimates, based on experience and knowledge of electrical practices.
TABLE 12.—ESTIMATED PERCENTAGES FOR BASELINE COMPLIANCE, BY PROVISION AND PROJECT/ESTABLISHMENT SIZE
Project/establishment size
No. Small Medium Large
(percent) (percent) (percent)
1 ............... 1910.303(f)(5) ....................... Marking for series combination ratings ............................... 25 25 50

2 ............... 1910.303(h)(5)(iii)(B) ............ Working Space and Guarding—Posting of Warning Signs 25 25 50
1a ............. 1910.304(b)(1) ...................... Branch Circuits—Identification of Multiwire Branch Circuits 25 25 50
3 ............... 1910.304(b)(3)(i) ................... Ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for bathrooms 50 95 95
and rooftops.
4 ............... 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A) and Ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for temporary 50 95 95
(b)(3)(ii)(B). wiring installations.
4a ............. 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C) ............. Assured equipment grounding conductor program for tem- 0 5 5
porary wiring installations.
1b ............. 1910.306(c)(6) ...................... Identification and signs for elevators, dumbwaiters, esca- 25 25 50
lators, moving walks, wheelchair lifts, and stairway chair
lifts.
5 ............... 1910.306(j)(1)(iii) .................. Swimming Pools, Fountains, and Similar Installations— 60 90 90
Receptacles.
1c .............. 1910.306(k)(4)(iv) ................. Marking for single-pole portable cable connectors for par- 25 25 50
allel sets of conductors used in installations for car-
nivals, circuses, fairs, and similar events.
6 ............... 1910.307(b) .......................... Hazardous (Classified) Locations—Documentation ............ 50 80 80
1d ............. 1910.308(b)(3) ...................... Signs for emergency power systems .................................. 25 25 50
7 ............... 1910.308(e)(1) ...................... Communication Systems—Protective Devices ................... 10 30 40
Source: OSHA estimates, based on experience and knowledge of electrical practices.
TABLE 13.—DATA AND BASES FOR UNIT COSTS APPLIED IN OSHA’S FINAL COST ANALYSIS
Provision Final rule Labor costs 1 Material costs
No.
1 ............... 1910.303(f)(5), 1910.304(b)(1), Average of 2 minutes of labor for each Average cost of label or sign: $2.
1910.306(c)(6), 1910.306(k)(4)(iv) and provision to install label at $28/hour
1910.308(b)(3). ($20.44 × 1.37).
2 ............... 1910.303(h)(5)(iii)(B) ................................. 1 minute of labor to install label at $28/ Cost of label: $1.
hour ($20.44 × 1.37).

3 ............... 1910.304(b)(3)(i) ........................................ None .......................................................... GFCI: $5.
4 ............... 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A) and (b)(3)(ii)(B) ........ None .......................................................... GFCI power station or cord: $55 each,
annualized over 2-year useful life.
4a ............. (b)(3)(ii)(C) 2 ............................................... None .......................................................... AEGC $110 (equivalent cost).
5 ............... 1910.306(j)(1)(iii) ....................................... 3 hours at $28/hour ($20.44 × 1.37) ......... Various conduit, connectors, outlets: $75.
TABLE 13.—DATA AND BASES FOR UNIT COSTS APPLIED IN OSHA’S FINAL COST ANALYSIS—Continued
Provision Final rule Labor costs 1 Material costs
No.
6 ............... 1910.307(b) ............................................... 4 hours at $28/hour ($20.44 × 1.37) ......... None.

7 ............... 1910.308(e)(1) ........................................... 1 minute of labor to install label at $28/ Cost of label: $1.
hour ($20.44 × 1.37).
1 Note: The wage rate data are for 2000, taken from the BLS (2001) 2000 National Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey. Fringe
benefit rate data are from BLS (2000) Employer Costs for Employee Compensation, March. USDL: 00–186.
2 Note: See the discussion of the methodology for estimating costs associated with the assured equipment grounding conductor program ear-
lier in this section of the preamble.
Source: U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA, Office of Regulatory Analysis, 2006.
TABLE 14.—ANNUAL INCREMENTAL COMPLIANCE COSTS FOR CHANGES TO SUBPART S ELECTRICAL STANDARD
Annual costs for projects/establishments 1
No. Total Small Medium Large
1 ............... 1910.303(f)(5) ................ Marking for series combination ratings ................. $346,208 $221,365 $109,091 $15,751
2 ............... 1910.303(h)(5)(ii)(B) ...... Working Space and Guarding—Posting of Warn- 66,839 49,141 16,145 1,554
ing Signs.
1a ............. 1910.304(b)(1) ............... Branch Circuits—Identification of Multiwire Included in Provision 1.

Branch Circuits.
3 ............... 1910.304(b)(3)(i) ............ Ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for bath- 141,336 132,810 6,872 1,654
rooms and rooftops.
4 ............... 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A) and Ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for tem- 8,057,529 7,686,276 206,832 164,420
(b)(3)(ii)(B). porary wiring installations.
4a ............. 1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C) ...... Assured equipment grounding conductor program 5,332 0 3,600 1,733
for temporary wiring installations.
1b ............. 1910.306(c)(6) ............... Identification and signs for elevators, Included in Provision 1.
dumbwaiters, escalators, moving walks, wheel-
chair lifts, and stairway chair lifts.
5 ............... 1910.306(j)(1)(iii) ........... Swimming Pools, Fountains, and Similar Installa- 36,050 31,865 3,422 763
tions—Receptacles.
1c ............. 1910.306(k)(4)(iv) .......... Marking for single-pole portable cable connectors Included in Provision 1.
for parallel sets of conductors used in installa-
tions for carnivals, circuses, fairs, and similar
events.
6 ............... 1910.307(b) ................... Hazardous (Classified) Locations—Documenta- 846,930 756,479 77,816 12,635
tion.
1d ............. 1910.308(b)(3) ............... Signs for emergency power systems .................... Included in Provision 1.
7 ............... 1910.308(e)(1) ............... Communication Systems—Protective Devices ..... 51,044 8,172 37,593 5,280
Total .. ........................................ ................................................................................ 9,550,457 8,886,108 460,716 203,633

1 The total cost per establishment is estimated to be $12.36 for industries that handle flammable and/or combustible liquids, vapors, gases,
dusts, and/or fibers and $10.44 for all other industries.
Source: U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA, Office of Regulatory Analysis, 2006.
Note: Compliance costs for all provisions except 4 are based on projects. Compliance costs for provision 4 are based on establishments (small
establishments have 1–99 employees medium establishments have 100–499 employees, and large establishments have 500+ employees).
TABLE 15.—IMPACTS ON SMALL BUSINESSES

Number
of small Small busi- Profit per Cost as a Cost as a
Revenue per Profit rate
SIC 1 Industry description business ness revenues establish- percent of percent of
establishment (%)
establish- ($1000) ment revenue profit
ments
700 ........ Agricultural services ......................... 109,663 $38,501,047 $351,085 6.02 $21,130 0.0029 0.0478
800 ........ Forestry ............................................. 2,400 1,496,747 623,645 10.30 64,235 0.0016 0.0157
900 ........ Fishing, hunting, and trapping .......... NA NA NA 5.80 NA NA NA

1300 ...... Oil And Gas Extraction ..................... 14,787 29,931,841 2,024,200 8.65 175,093 0.0006 0.0069
1500 ...... General building contractors ............ 195,315 234,203,450 1,199,106 4.00 47,964 0.0008 0.0211
1600 ...... Heavy construction, except building 35,618 68,664,092 1,927,792 4.00 77,112 0.0005 0.0131
1700 ...... Special trade contractors .................. 426,477 270,401,924 634,036 4.00 25,361 0.0016 0.0398
2000 ...... Food And Kindred Products ............. 15,992 104,629,113 6,542,591 3.46 226,600 0.0002 0.0053
TABLE 15.—IMPACTS ON SMALL BUSINESSES—Continued

Number
establishment (%)
ments
2100 ...... Tobacco Products ............................. 91 1,255,255 13,794,011 4.02 554,130 0.0001 0.0022
2200 ...... Textile Mill Products ......................... 4,845 20,377,246 4,205,830 2.77 116,423 0.0003 0.0103
2300 ...... Apparel And Other Textile Products 22,383 38,507,048 1,720,370 2.56 44,010 0.0007 0.0273
2400 ...... Lumber And Wood Products ............ 35,076 58,343,756 1,663,353 3.90 64,854 0.0007 0.0185
2500 ...... Furniture And Fixtures ...................... 11,217 26,295,821 2,344,283 3.51 82,285 0.0005 0.0146
2600 ...... Paper And Allied Products ............... 4,057 31,334,277 7,723,509 4.50 347,629 0.0002 0.0035
2700 ...... Printing And Publishing .................... 57,018 85,620,541 1,501,641 3.80 57,055 0.0008 0.0211
2800 ...... Chemicals And Allied Products ........ 8,227 59,010,014 7,172,726 4.49 321,776 0.0002 0.0037
2900 ...... Petroleum And Coal Products .......... 1,047 13,950,653 13,324,406 2.99 398,317 0.0001 0.0030
3000 ...... Rubber And Misc. Plastics Products 13,043 58,709,872 4,501,255 4.02 181,167 0.0003 0.0066
3100 ...... Leather And Leather Products ......... 1,675 4,003,751 2,390,299 2.20 52,509 0.0005 0.0229
3200 ...... Stone, Clay, And Glass Products ..... 11,791 34,254,470 2,905,137 4.93 143,127 0.0004 0.0084
3300 ...... Primary Metal Industries ................... 4,806 36,511,582 7,597,083 4.52 343,213 0.0002 0.0035
3400 ...... Fabricated Metal Products ............... 34,250 113,752,781 3,321,249 4.55 150,988 0.0004 0.0080
3500 ...... Industrial Machinery And Equipment 52,548 127,178,710 2,420,239 4.05 97,917 0.0005 0.0123
3600 ...... Electronic & Other Electric Equip- 14,355 69,499,940 4,841,514 5.59 270,705 0.0002 0.0044
ment.
3700 ...... Transportation Equipment ................ 10,653 41,544,504 3,899,794 3.74 145,974 0.0003 0.0082
3800 ...... Instruments And Related Products .. 10,190 33,908,725 3,327,647 5.06 168,410 0.0004 0.0071
3900 ...... Miscellaneous Manufacturing Indus- 17,837 30,627,905 1,717,100 3.80 65,322 0.0007 0.0184
tries.
4000 ...... Railroad transportation ..................... NA NA NA 11.08 NA NA NA
4100 ...... Local and interurban passenger 16,537 7,690,615 465,055 4.51 20,964 0.0022 0.0482
transit.
4200 ...... Trucking And Warehousing .............. 114,623 79,888,400 696,967 3.91 27,278 0.0017 0.0441
4400 ...... Water Transportation ........................ 8,051 14,075,608 1,748,306 7.48 130,855 0.0007 0.0092
4500 ...... Transportation by air ........................ 6,386 15,156,218 2,373,351 3.62 85,925 0.0004 0.0118
4600 ...... Pipelines, Except Natural Gas ......... 39 986,979 25,307,154 6.55 1,657,050 0.0000 0.0007
4700 ...... Transportation Services .................... 40,529 19,513,397 481,468 3.39 16,327 0.0025 0.0736
4800 ...... Communications ............................... 17,482 41,125,079 2,352,424 5.58 131,244 0.0004 0.0077
4900 ...... Electric, Gas, And Sanitary Services 8,938 10,824,146 1,211,026 10.37 125,641 0.0010 0.0096
5000 ...... Wholesale Trade—Durable Goods .. 258,492 837,107,306 3,238,426 2.54 82,401 0.0004 0.0146
5100 ...... Wholesale Trade—Nondurable 143,751 637,454,650 4,434,436 4.46 197,917 0.0003 0.0061
Goods.
5200 ...... Building Materials & Garden Sup- 46,450 37,776,200 813,266 2.37 19,289 0.0015 0.0623
plies.
5300 ...... General Merchandise Stores ............ 8,796 3,346,901 380,503 2.70 10,283 0.0027 0.0982
5400 ...... Food Stores ...................................... 123,572 101,566,550 821,922 1.41 11,595 0.0012 0.0871
5500 ...... Automotive Dealers & Service Sta- 116,015 149,337,410 1,287,225 1.45 18,609 0.0009 0.0646
tions.
5600 ...... Apparel And Accessory Stores ........ 50,308 18,706,435 371,838 1.85 6,867 0.0027 0.1471
5700 ...... Home Furniture And Furnishings 78,842 45,392,798 575,744 2.28 13,142 0.0018 0.0768
Stores.
5800 ...... Eating And Drinking Places .............. 355,297 128,561,814 361,843 3.00 10,850 0.0033 0.1108
5900 ...... Miscellaneous Retail ......................... 258,538 119,265,615 461,308 2.49 11,479 0.0026 0.1047
6000 ...... Depository Institutions ...................... 14,378 15,538,559 1,080,718 10.80 116,718 0.0009 0.0087
6100 ...... Nondepository Institutions ................ 21,262 13,454,697 632,805 15.05 95,230 0.0016 0.0106
6200 ...... Security And Commodity Brokers .... 27,262 19,644,662 720,588 13.32 95,949 0.0014 0.0105
6300 ...... Insurance Carriers ............................ 4,967 5,850,805 1,177,935 6.82 80,375 0.0009 0.0126
6400 ...... Insurance Agents, Brokers, & Serv- 119,907 47,083,678 392,668 6.83 26,800 0.0026 0.0377
ice.
6500 ...... Real Estate ....................................... 230,304 142,479,284 618,657 13.31 82,340 0.0016 0.0123
6700 ...... Holding And Other Investment Of- 21,022 35,174,755 1,673,235 24.01 401,733 0.0006 0.0025
fices.
7000 ...... Hotels And Other Lodging Places .... 47,698 24,876,889 521,550 6.96 36,302 0.0019 0.0278
7200 ...... Personal Services ............................. 176,477 36,957,629 209,419 5.86 12,262 0.0048 0.0824
7300 ...... Business Services ............................ 337,126 188,061,601 557,838 4.79 26,703 0.0022 0.0450
7500 ...... Auto Repair, Services, And Parking 167,057 66,003,052 395,093 4.39 17,356 0.0030 0.0692
7600 ...... Miscellaneous Repair Services ........ 63,328 25,861,556 408,375 5.44 22,198 0.0029 0.0541
7800 ...... Motion Pictures ................................. 29,959 13,026,870 434,823 5.14 22,341 0.0023 0.0452
7900 ...... Amusement & Recreation Services .. 90,742 47,922,810 528,122 4.28 22,604 0.0023 0.0532
8000 ...... Health Services ................................ 413,561 243,370,668 588,476 6.17 36,312 0.0020 0.0331
8100 ...... Legal Services .................................. 156,877 54,265,197 345,909 17.50 60,534 0.0029 0.0167
8200 ...... Educational Services ........................ 40,592 25,677,552 632,577 8.14 51,502 0.0016 0.0196
8300 ...... Social Services ................................. 117,544 50,553,841 430,084 4.44 19,088 0.0023 0.0529
8400 ...... Museums, Botanical, Zoological Gar- 4,912 2,928,264 596,145 21.45 127,873 0.0017 0.0079
dens.
8600 ...... Membership Organizations ............... 242,081 78,452,141 324,074 7.21 23,371 0.0031 0.0432
TABLE 15.—IMPACTS ON SMALL BUSINESSES—Continued

Number
establishment (%)
ments
8700 ...... Engineering and management serv- 271,169 151,671,072 559,323 6.39 35,745 0.0018 0.0283
ices.
8900 ...... Services, n.e.c .................................. 16,395 8,169,059 498,265 6.80 33,882 0.0020 0.0298
1 Consistent with the preliminary analysis, OSHA in this final analysis has grouped affected industries according to the 1987 Standard Industrial
Classification System. For industry coding under the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), see NAICS, Executive Office of the
President, Office of Management and Budget, 1997 and 2002.
Source: U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA, Office of Regulatory Analysis, 2006, based on U.S. Census Bureau, 2001, and Dun & Bradstreet, 2001.
VII. State Plan Standards X. Federalism the NEC, which is consistent with the
OSHA has reviewed this rule in final rule.
The 26 States or territories with
OSHA-approved occupational safety accordance with the Executive Order on XI. OMB Review Under the Paperwork
Federalism (Executive Order 13132, 64 Reduction Act of 1995
and health plans must adopt an
FR 43255, August 10, 1999), which
equivalent amendment or one that is at requires that agencies, to the extent The final rule Electrical Standard
least as protective to employees within possible, refrain from limiting State contains several collection-of-
6 months of the publication date of the policy options, consult with States prior information (paperwork) requirements
final standard. These are: Alaska, to taking any actions that would restrict that are subject to review by the Office
Arizona, California, Connecticut (for State policy options, and take such of Management and Budget (OMB)
State and local government employees actions only when there is clear under the Paperwork Reduction Act of
only), Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, constitutional authority and the 1995 (PRA–95), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.,
Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, presence of a problem of national scope. and OMB’s regulations at 5 CFR part
Nevada, New Mexico, New Jersey (for The Order provides for preemption of 1320. PRA–95 defines ‘‘collection of
State and local government employees State law only if there is a clear information’’ as ‘‘the obtaining, causing
only), New York (for State and local Congressional intent for the Agency to to be obtained, soliciting, or requiring
government employees only), North do so. Any such preemption is to be the disclosure to third parties or the
Carolina, Oregon, Puerto Rico, South limited to the extent possible. public of facts or opinions by or for an
Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Section 18 of the OSH Act expresses agency regardless of form or format
Congress’s intent to preempt State laws * * *’’ (44 U.S.C. 3502(3)(A)). The
Virginia, Virgin Islands, Washington,
where OSHA has promulgated collection-of-information requirements
and Wyoming.
occupational safety and health contained in the proposed Design Safety
VIII. Environmental Impact Analysis standards. A State can avoid preemption Standards for Electrical Systems was
on issues covered by Federal standards submitted to OMB on April 2, 2004. On
The final rule’s provisions have been only if it submits, and obtains Federal December 7, 2004, OMB provided the
reviewed in accordance with the approval of, a plan for the development following comment regarding its review
requirements of the National of such standards and their of the paperwork requirements
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of enforcement. 29 U.S.C. 667, Gade v. contained in the proposed rule:
1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321, et seq.), the National Solid Wastes Management The information collection provisions
regulations of the Council on Association, 505 U.S. 88 (1992). associated with the Design Safety Standards
Environmental Quality (40 CFR Part Occupational safety and health for Electrical Systems proposed rule are not
1502), and the Department of Labor’s standards developed by such Plan States approved at this time. OSHA will examine
NEPA procedures (29 CFR Part 11). As must, among other things, be at least as public comment in response to the [Notice of
a result of this review, OSHA has effective in providing safe and healthful Proposed Rulemaking] and will describe in
employment and places of employment the preamble of the final rule how the
determined that these provisions will [A]gency has maximized the practical utility
have no significant effect on air, water as the Federal standards. Subject to the
of the collection and minimized its burden.
or soil quality, plant or animal life, on statutory limitations of the OSH Act,
the use of land, or other aspects of the State-Plan States are free to develop and In the preamble to the proposed rule,
environment. enforce their own requirements for OSHA asked for comments on each of
occupational safety and health the paperwork requirements in the
IX. Unfunded Mandates protections. Electrical Standard for general industry,
Although OSHA has a clear statutory Subpart S. OSHA received no comments
This final rule has been reviewed in mandate to preempt State occupational on the paperwork burdens or OSHA’s
accordance with the Unfunded safety and health laws, States may estimation of those burdens. However,
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) enforce standards, such as State and OSHA added a provision to the standard
(2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.). For the purposes local fire and building codes, which are based on comments received on the
of the UMRA, the Agency certifies that designed to protect a wider class of proposed GFCI requirements. In
this final rule does not impose any persons than employees. As discussed response to those comments, the Agency
Federal mandate that may result in earlier, the final rule introduces few added a requirement for the assured
increased expenditures by State, local, new requirements that are not already equipment grounding conductor
or tribal governments, or increased mandated by applicable State and local program under limited conditions. This
expenditures by the private sector, of law. In fact, most States and new provision will add 203 hours to the
more than $100 million in any year. municipalities require compliance with paperwork burden.
The collection-of-information Subpart S information collections. may take companies time to understand
requirements contained in the final rule OSHA will publish a subsequent and assimilate the standard into their
also include requirements in § 1910.303 Federal Register document when OMB operations.
for marking series combination ratings, takes further action on the information OSHA agrees with the public
§ 1910.304—Wiring design and collection requirements in the Electrical comments on the effective date and
protection, § 1910.306—Specific Standards rule. recognizes that companies may need
purpose equipment and installations, additional time to implement the
XII. Effective Date and Date of
§ 1910.307—Hazardous (classified) standard. For the reasons given by these
Application
locations, and § 1910.308—Special commenters, the Agency will grant the
systems. The final Information- The scope and application of Subpart request to extend the effective date to
Collection Request estimates the total S is set forth in § 1910.302 in paragraphs 180 days after the final rule is
burden hours associated with the (b)(1) through (b)(4). The paragraphs are published.
collection-of-information requirements as follows: (b)(1) all installations Accordingly, the effective date of this
to be approximately 9,353 hours and regardless of when the installation was final rule is 180 days after publication.
estimates the cost for maintenance and built; (b)(2) all installations built after The 180-day period between the
operation to be approximately $3,750. March 15, 1972; (b)(3) all installations issuance of the standard and their
OMB is currently reviewing OSHA’s built after April 16, 1981; and (b)(4) all effective date is intended to provide
request for approval of the collection-of- installations built after the final rule is
sufficient time for employers and
information requirements in the final published.
employees to become informed of and
rule. In the preamble to the Proposal,
OSHA proposed to make some new comply with the requirements of the
These collection-of-information standard.
requirements are needed to provide requirements effective 90 days after the
final rule is published. We invited The standards currently found in the
electrical safety to employees against
comments on whether this time is existing Subpart S (§§ 1910.302 through
the electric shock hazards that might be
sufficient to implement the changes 1910.308) remain in effect until the
present in the workplace. The marking
required by the revised standard. standards contained in this rule actually
of electric equipment with proper
International Paper stated that go into effect. Should the new standards
ratings, identifying the phase and
companies will need at least 90 days to be stayed, judicially or administratively,
system of each ungrounded conductor,
effectively communicate and implement or should the standards not sustain legal
labeling certain disconnecting means
the provisions in the standard, even challenge under section 6(f) of the OSH
with indentification signs, using the
within a large organization (Ex. 3–6). Act, the existing standards in Subpart S
assured equipment grounding conductor
program whenever approved GFCIs are They further stated that this period will remain in effect.
not available, and documenting would allow companies to develop and Any petitions for administrative
hazardous classified areas are all ways update site specific electrical safety reconsiderations of these standards or
of reducing the electrical hazards posed programs and would allow large for an administrative stay pending
on employees. OSHA will use the companies to develop policies judicial review must be filed with the
records developed in response to this supplemental to the OSHA standards as Assistant Secretary of Labor for
standard to determine compliance. The well as adequately address site issues Occupational Safety and Health on or
employer’s failure to generate and and concerns. In addition, they noted before April 16, 2007. Any petitions
disclose the information required in this that the current electrical design and filed after this day will be considered to
standard will affect significantly installation would need to be reviewed be filed untimely.
OSHA’s effort to control and reduce for compliance. They stated that the As discussed fully in the summary
injuries and fatalities related to proposed changes to the depth of and explanation of final § 1910.302(b),
electrical hazards in the workplace. working space in front of electrical in section V. earlier in this preamble,
OSHA minimized the burden hours equipment, and proposed changes to OSHA is making the new requirements
imposed by collections of information elevation requirements to unguarded in revised Subpart S effective 180 days
contained in the standard by relying live parts of electrical equipment, for after the final rule is published in the
heavily on the National Electrical Code example, may necessitate design or Federal Register. It should be noted that
and NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical construction changes. applying new provisions only to new
Safety Requirements for Employee Two commenters did not believe that installations is the same approach that
Workplaces. The collections of 90 days after the final rule is published OSHA took in promulgating the current
information in the standard mirror would be enough time for employers to version of Subpart S in 1981. The
current industry practice and, therefore, effectively implement the new Agency found that this approach was
impose minimal burden on employers requirements proposed in the electrical successful and has no indication that it
and eliminate any confusion between standard, especially in states not was unduly burdensome or
current industry practice and the mandating the latest codes (Exs. 3–3, 3– insufficiently protective.
standard. The Agency believes that the 10). These commenters recommended
that the effective date be 180 days after List of Subjects in 29 CFR Part 1910
information-collection frequencies
required by the standard are the the final rule is published. One of these Electric power, Fire prevention,
minimum frequencies necessary to commenters, Duke Energy Corporation, Hazardous substances, Occupational
effectively regulate the electrical argued that additional time would be safety and health, Safety.
hazards posed by the workforce. needed for employers to determine
Authority and Signature
Potential respondents are not required compliance and then retrofit
to respond to the information collection installations if necessary. The other This document was prepared under
requirements until they have been commenter, ORC World Wide, said that the direction of Edwin G. Foulke, Jr.,
approved and a currently valid OMB employers need to determine how the Assistant Secretary of Labor for
control number is displayed. OMB is new requirements apply to their Occupational Safety and Health, 200
currently reviewing OSHA’s request for installations and plan accordingly. They Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington,
approval of the 29 CFR Part 1910 argued that the standard is complex and DC 20210.
This action is taken pursuant to FR 9033), or 5–2002 (67 FR 65008), as (2) Not covered. The provisions of
sections 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911. §§ 1910.302 through 1910.308 do not
Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. cover:
■ 4. Appendix D to § 1910.66 is
653, 655, 657), Secretary of Labor’s (i) Installations in ships, watercraft,
amended as follows:
Order No. 5–2002 (67 F.R. 65008), and railway rolling stock, aircraft, or
■ a. Paragraph (c)(22)(i) is revised as set
29 CFR Part 1911. automotive vehicles other than mobile
forth below.
Signed at Washington, DC, this 24th day of homes and recreational vehicles;
■ b. In the second sentence of paragraph
January, 2007. (ii) Installations underground in
(c)(22)(vii), the words ‘‘Article 610 of
Edwin G. Foulke, Jr., mines;
the National Electrical Code, NFPA 70–
Assistant Secretary of Labor. (iii) Installations of railways for
1971; ANSI C1–1971 (Rev. of C1–1968)’’
generation, transformation,
are revised to read ‘‘Subpart S of this
PART 1910—[AMENDED] transmission, or distribution of power
Part.’’
used exclusively for operation of rolling
■ Part 1910 of Title 29 of the Code of § 1910.66 Powered platforms for building stock or installations used exclusively
Federal Regulations is amended as maintenance. for signaling and communication
follows: * * * * * purposes;
(iv) Installations of communication
Subpart A—General Appendix D to § 1910.66—Existing equipment under the exclusive control
Installations (Mandatory) of communication utilities, located
■ 1. The authority citation for Subpart A
is revised to read as follows: * * * * * outdoors or in building spaces used
(c) * * * exclusively for such installations; or
Authority: Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the (22) * * * (i) All electrical equipment and (v) Installations under the exclusive
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 wiring shall conform to the requirements of
(29 U.S.C. 653, 655, and 657); Secretary of control of electric utilities for the
Subpart S of this Part, except as modified by purpose of communication or metering;
Labor’s Order No. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 ANSI A120.1—1970 ‘‘American National
(41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), 1–90 (55 or for the generation, control,
Standard Safety Requirements for Powered
FR 9033), 6–96 (62 FR 111), 3–2000 (65 FR transformation, transmission, and
Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance’’
50017), or 5–2002 (67 FR 65008), as (see § 1910.6). For detail design distribution of electric energy located in
applicable. specifications for electrical equipment, see buildings used exclusively by utilities
Sections 1910.6, 1910.7, and 1910.8 also Part 2, ANSI A120.1–1970. for such purposes or located outdoors
issued under 29 CFR part 1911. Section on property owned or leased by the
1910.7(f) also issued under 31 U.S.C. 9701, * * * * *
utility or on public highways, streets,
29 U.S.C. 9 a, 5 U.S.C. 553; Public Law 106–
113 (113 Stat. 1501A–222); and OMB Subpart S—Electrical roads, etc., or outdoors by established
Circular A–25 (dated July 8, 1993) (58 FR rights on private property.
38142, July 15, 1993). ■ 5. The authority citation for Subpart S (b) Extent of application—(1)
is revised to read as follows: Requirements applicable to all
■ 2. Section 1910.6 is amended by installations. The following
revising the introductory text to Authority: Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, requirements apply to all electrical
paragraph (e), removing and reserving 655, 657); Secretary of Labor’s Order No. 8– installations and utilization equipment,
paragraph (e)(33), revising the 76 (41 FR 25059), 1–90 (55 FR 9033), or 5– regardless of when they were designed
introductory text to paragraph (q), and 2002 (67 F.R. 65008), as applicable; 29 CFR or installed:
removing and reserving paragraph Part 1911. § 1910.303(b)—Examination,
(q)(16). The revised text reads as
■ 6. Sections 1910.302 through installation, and use of equipment
follows:
1910.308 are revised to read as follows: § 1910.303(c)(3)—Electrical
§ 1910.6 Incorporation by reference. connections—Splices
Design Safety Standards for Electrical § 1910.303(d)—Arcing parts
* * * * *
Systems § 1910.303(e)—Marking
(e) The following material is available
for purchase from the American § 1910.302 Electric utilization systems. § 1910.303(f), except (f)(4) and (f)(5)—
National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 Disconnecting means and circuits
Sections 1910.302 through 1910.308 § 1910.303(g)(2)—600 volts or less—
West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New contain design safety standards for
York, NY 10036: Guarding of live parts
electric utilization systems. § 1910.304(a)(3)—Use of grounding
* * * * * (a) Scope—(1) Covered. The
(q) The following material is available terminals and devices
provisions of §§ 1910.302 through § 1910.304(f)(1)(i), (f)(1)(iv), and
for purchase from the National Fire 1910.308 cover electrical installations
Protection Association (NFPA), 1 (f)(1)(v)—Overcurrent protection—600
and utilization equipment installed or volts, nominal, or less
Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269: used within or on buildings, structures, § 1910.304(g)(1)(ii), (g)(1)(iii), (g)(1)(iv),
* * * * * and other premises, including: and (g)(1)(v)—Grounding—Systems to
(i) Yards; be grounded
Subpart F—Powered Platforms, (ii) Carnivals;
Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mounted Work § 1910.304(g)(4)—Grounding—
(iii) Parking and other lots; Grounding connections
Platforms
(iv) Mobile homes; § 1910.304(g)(5)—Grounding—
■ 3. The authority citation for Subpart F (v) Recreational vehicles; Grounding path
is revised to read as follows: (vi) Industrial substations; § 1910.304(g)(6)(iv)(A) through

Authority: Secs. 4, 6, and 8 of the
(vii) Conductors that connect the (g)(6)(iv)(D), and (g)(6)(vi)—
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 installations to a supply of electricity; Grounding—Supports, enclosures,
(29 U.S.C. 653, 655, and 657); Secretary of and and equipment to be grounded
Labor’s Order No. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 (viii) Other outside conductors on the § 1910.304(g)(7)—Grounding—
(41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), 1–90 (55 premises. Nonelectrical equipment
§ 1910.304(g)(8)(i)—Grounding— § 1910.303(g)(1)(iv) and (g)(1)(vii)—600 after January 2, 1990, applies in

Methods of grounding fixed Volts, nominal, or less—Space about addition to any requirements in
equipment electric equipment § 1910.303 through § 1910.308 that
§ 1910.305(g)(1)—Flexible cords and § 1910.303(h)(5)(vi)—Over 600 volts, disconnecting means be capable of
cables—Use of flexible cords and nominal—Working space and being locked in the open position under
cables guarding certain conditions.
§ 1910.305(g)(2)(ii) and (g)(2)(iii)— § 1910.304(b)(1)—Branch circuits—
Flexible cords and cables— Identification of multiwire branch § 1910.303 General.
Identification, splices, and circuits (a) Approval. The conductors and
terminations § 1910.304(b)(3)(i)—Branch circuits— equipment required or permitted by this
§ 1910.307, except as specified in Ground-fault circuit interrupter subpart shall be acceptable only if
§ 1910.307(b)—Hazardous (classified) protection for personnel approved, as defined in § 1910.399.
locations § 1910.304(f)(2)(i)(A), (f)(2)(i)(B) (but not (b) Examination, installation, and use
(2) Requirements applicable to the introductory text to of equipment—(1) Examination. Electric
installations made after March 15, 1972. § 1910.304(f)(2)(i)), and (f)(2)(iv)(A)— equipment shall be free from recognized
Every electrical installation and all Overcurrent protection—Feeders and hazards that are likely to cause death or
utilization equipment installed or branch circuits over 600 volts, serious physical harm to employees.
overhauled after March 15, 1972, shall nominal Safety of equipment shall be determined
comply with the provisions of § 1910.305(c)(3)(ii)—Switches— using the following considerations:
§§ 1910.302 through 1910.308, except as Connection of switches (i) Suitability for installation and use
noted in paragraphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) of § 1910.305(c)(5)—Switches—Grounding in conformity with the provisions of this
this section. § 1910.306(a)(1)(ii)—Electric signs and subpart;
(3) Requirements applicable only to outline lighting—Disconnecting Note to paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section:
installations made after April 16, 1981. means Suitability of equipment for an identified
The following requirements apply only § 1910.306(c)(4)—Elevators, purpose may be evidenced by listing or
to electrical installations and utilization dumbwaiters, escalators, moving labeling for that identified purpose.
equipment installed after April 16, walks, wheelchair lifts, and stairway
1981: chair lifts—Operation (ii) Mechanical strength and
§ 1910.306(c)(5)—Elevators, durability, including, for parts designed
§ 1910.303(h)(4)—Over 600 volts, to enclose and protect other equipment,
nominal—Entrance and access to dumbwaiters, escalators, moving
walks, wheelchair lifts, and stairway the adequacy of the protection thus
work space provided;
§ 1910.304(f)(1)(vii) and (f)(1)(viii)— chair lifts—Location
§ 1910.306(c)(6)—Elevators, (iii) Wire-bending and connection
Overcurrent protection—600 volts, space;
nominal, or less dumbwaiters, escalators, moving
(iv) Electrical insulation;
§ 1910.304(g)(9)(i)—Grounding— walks, wheelchair lifts, and stairway
(v) Heating effects under all
Grounding of systems and circuits of chair lifts—Identification and signs
conditions of use;
1000 volts and over (high voltage) § 1910.306(c)(7)—Elevators, (vi) Arcing effects;
§ 1910.305(j)(6)(ii)(D)—Equipment for dumbwaiters, escalators, moving (vii) Classification by type, size,
general use—Capacitors walks, wheelchair lifts, and stairway voltage, current capacity, and specific
§ 1910.306(c)(9)—Elevators, chair lifts—Single-car and multicar use; and
dumbwaiters, escalators, moving installations (viii) Other factors that contribute to
walks, wheelchair lifts, and stairway § 1910.306(j)(1)(iii)—Swimming pools, the practical safeguarding of persons
chair lifts—Interconnection between fountains, and similar installations— using or likely to come in contact with
multicar controllers Receptacles the equipment.
§ 1910.306(i)—Electrically driven or § 1910.306(k)—Carnivals, circuses, fairs, (2) Installation and use. Listed or
controlled irrigation machines and similar events labeled equipment shall be installed and
§ 1910.306(j)(5)—Swimming pools, § 1910.308(a)(5)(v) and (a)(5)(vi)(B)— used in accordance with any
fountains, and similar installations— Systems over 600 volts, nominal— instructions included in the listing or
Fountains Interrupting and isolating devices labeling.
§ 1910.308(a)(1)(ii)—Systems over 600 § 1910.308(a)(7)(vi)—Systems over 600 (3) Insulation integrity. Completed
volts, nominal—Aboveground wiring volts, nominal—Tunnel installations wiring installations shall be free from
methods § 1910.308(b)(3)—Emergency power short circuits and from grounds other
§ 1910.308(c)(2)—Class 1, Class 2, and systems—Signs than those required or permitted by this
Class 3 remote control, signaling, and § 1910.308(c)(3)—Class 1, Class 2, and subpart.
power-limited circuits—Marking Class 3 remote control, signaling, and (4) Interrupting rating. Equipment
§ 1910.308(d)—Fire alarm systems power-limited circuits—Separation intended to interrupt current at fault
(4) Requirements applicable only to from conductors of other circuits levels shall have an interrupting rating
installations made after August 13, § 1910.308(f)—Solar photovoltaic sufficient for the nominal circuit voltage
2007. The following requirements apply systems and the current that is available at the
only to electrical installations and (c) Applicability of requirements for line terminals of the equipment.
utilization equipment installed after disconnecting means. The requirement Equipment intended to interrupt current
August 13, 2007: in § 1910.147(c)(2)(iii) that energy at other than fault levels shall have an
§ 1910.303(f)(4)—Disconnecting means isolating devices be capable of accepting interrupting rating at nominal circuit
and circuits—Capable of accepting a a lockout device whenever replacement voltage sufficient for the current that
lock or major repair, renovation or must be interrupted.
§ 1910.303(f)(5)—Disconnecting means modification of a machine or equipment (5) Circuit impedance and other
and circuits—Marking for series is performed, and whenever new characteristics. The overcurrent
combination ratings machines or equipment are installed protective devices, the total impedance,
the component short-circuit current surfaces shall be provided to dissipate equipment may not be used unless the
ratings, and other characteristics of the rising warm air. following markings have been placed on
circuit to be protected shall be selected (iii) Electric equipment provided with the equipment:
and coordinated to permit the circuit ventilating openings shall be installed (i) The manufacturer’s name,
protective devices used to clear a fault so that walls or other obstructions do trademark, or other descriptive marking
to do so without the occurrence of not prevent the free circulation of air by which the organization responsible
extensive damage to the electrical through the equipment. for the product may be identified; and
components of the circuit. This fault (c) Electrical connections—(1) (ii) Other markings giving voltage,
shall be assumed to be either between General. Because of different current, wattage, or other ratings as
two or more of the circuit conductors, characteristics of dissimilar metals: necessary.
or between any circuit conductor and (i) Devices such as pressure terminal (2) Durability. The marking shall be of
the grounding conductor or enclosing or pressure splicing connectors and sufficient durability to withstand the
metal raceway. soldering lugs shall be identified for the environment involved.
(6) Deteriorating agents. Unless material of the conductor and shall be (f) Disconnecting means and
identified for use in the operating properly installed and used; circuits—(1) Motors and appliances.
environment, no conductors or (ii) Conductors of dissimilar metals Each disconnecting means required by
equipment shall be located in damp or may not be intermixed in a terminal or this subpart for motors and appliances
wet locations; where exposed to gases, splicing connector where physical shall be legibly marked to indicate its
fumes, vapors, liquids, or other agents contact occurs between dissimilar purpose, unless located and arranged so
that have a deteriorating effect on the conductors (such as copper and the purpose is evident.
conductors or equipment; or where aluminum, copper and copper-clad (2) Services, feeders, and branch
exposed to excessive temperatures. aluminum, or aluminum and copper- circuits. Each service, feeder, and
(7) Mechanical execution of work. clad aluminum) unless the device is branch circuit, at its disconnecting
Electric equipment shall be installed in identified for the purpose and means or overcurrent device, shall be
a neat and workmanlike manner. conditions of use; and legibly marked to indicate its purpose,
(i) Unused openings in boxes, (iii) Materials such as solder, fluxes,
unless located and arranged so the
raceways, auxiliary gutters, cabinets, inhibitors, and compounds, where
purpose is evident.
equipment cases, or housings shall be employed, shall be suitable for the use
(3) Durability of markings. The
effectively closed to afford protection and shall be of a type that will not
markings required by paragraphs (f)(1)
substantially equivalent to the wall of adversely affect the conductors,
and (f)(2) of this section shall be of
the equipment. installation, or equipment.
(2) Terminals. (i) Connection of sufficient durability to withstand the
(ii) Conductors shall be racked to environment involved.
provide ready and safe access in conductors to terminal parts shall
ensure a good connection without (4) Capable of accepting a lock.
underground and subsurface enclosures Disconnecting means required by this
that persons enter for installation and damaging the conductors and shall be
made by means of pressure connectors subpart shall be capable of being locked
maintenance. in the open position.
(iii) Internal parts of electrical (including set-screw type), solder lugs,
or splices to flexible leads. However, (5) Marking for series combination
equipment, including busbars, wiring
No. 10 or smaller conductors may be ratings. (i) Where circuit breakers or
terminals, insulators, and other surfaces,
connected by means of wire binding fuses are applied in compliance with
may not be damaged or contaminated by
screws or studs and nuts having the series combination ratings marked
foreign materials such as paint, plaster,
upturned lugs or equivalent. on the equipment by the manufacturer,
cleaners, abrasives, or corrosive
(ii) Terminals for more than one the equipment enclosures shall be
residues.
conductor and terminals used to legibly marked in the field to indicate
(iv) There shall be no damaged parts
connect aluminum shall be so that the equipment has been applied
that may adversely affect safe operation
identified. with a series combination rating.
or mechanical strength of the
(3) Splices. (i) Conductors shall be (ii) The marking required by
equipment, such as parts that are
spliced or joined with splicing devices paragraph (f)(5)(i) of this section shall be
broken, bent, cut, or deteriorated by
identified for the use or by brazing, readily visible and shall state
corrosion, chemical action, or
welding, or soldering with a fusible ‘‘Caution—Series Combination System
overheating.
(8) Mounting and cooling of metal or alloy. Soldered splices shall Rated ll Amperes. Identified
equipment. (i) Electric equipment shall first be spliced or joined to be Replacement Component Required.’’
be firmly secured to the surface on mechanically and electrically secure (g) 600 Volts, nominal, or less. This
which it is mounted. without solder and then soldered. All paragraph applies to electric equipment
splices and joints and the free ends of operating at 600 volts, nominal, or less
Note to paragraph (b)(8)(i) of this section: conductors shall be covered with an to ground.
Wooden plugs driven into holes in masonry, (1) Space about electric equipment.
insulation equivalent to that of the
concrete, plaster, or similar materials are not Sufficient access and working space
considered secure means of fastening electric conductors or with an insulating device
identified for the purpose. shall be provided and maintained about
equipment.
(ii) Wire connectors or splicing means all electric equipment to permit ready
(ii) Electric equipment that depends installed on conductors for direct burial and safe operation and maintenance of
on the natural circulation of air and shall be listed for such use. such equipment.
convection principles for cooling of (d) Arcing parts. Parts of electric (i) Working space for equipment
exposed surfaces shall be installed so equipment that in ordinary operation likely to require examination,
that room airflow over such surfaces is produce arcs, sparks, flames, or molten adjustment, servicing, or maintenance
not prevented by walls or by adjacent metal shall be enclosed or separated and while energized shall comply with the
installed equipment. For equipment isolated from all combustible material. following dimensions, except as
designed for floor mounting, clearance (e) Marking—(1) Identification of required or permitted elsewhere in this
between top surfaces and adjacent manufacturer and ratings. Electric subpart:
(A) The depth of the working space in exposed for inspection or servicing, the equipment is the minimum clear
the direction of access to live parts may working space, if in a passageway or distance given in Table S–1 away from
not be less than indicated in Table general open space, shall be suitably such equipment.
S–1. Distances shall be measured from guarded. (v) Illumination shall be provided for
the live parts if they are exposed or from (iii) At least one entrance of sufficient all working spaces about service
the enclosure front or opening if they area shall be provided to give access to equipment, switchboards, panelboards,
are enclosed; the working space about electric and motor control centers installed
(B) The width of working space in equipment. indoors. Additional lighting fixtures are
front of the electric equipment shall be (iv) For equipment rated 1200 not required where the working space is
the width of the equipment or 762 mm amperes or more and over 1.83 m (6.0 illuminated by an adjacent light source.
(30 in.), whichever is greater. In all ft) wide, containing overcurrent devices, In electric equipment rooms, the
cases, the working space shall permit at switching devices, or control devices, illumination may not be controlled by
least a 90-degree opening of equipment there shall be one entrance not less than automatic means only.
doors or hinged panels; and 610 mm (24 in.) wide and 1.98 m (6.5 (vi) The minimum headroom of
(C) The work space shall be clear and ft) high at each end of the working working spaces about service
extend from the grade, floor, or platform space, except that: equipment, switchboards, panelboards,
to the height required by paragraph (A) Where the location permits a or motor control centers shall be as
(g)(1)(vi) of this section. However, other continuous and unobstructed way of follows:
equipment associated with the electrical exit travel, one means of exit is (A) For installations built before
installation and located above or below permitted; or August 13, 2007, 1.91 m (6.25 ft); and
the electric equipment may extend not (B) Where the working space required (B) For installations built on or after
more than 153 mm (6 in.) beyond the by paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section is August 13, 2007, 1.98 m (6.5 ft), except
front of the electric equipment. doubled, only one entrance to the that where the electrical equipment
(ii) Working space required by this working space is required; however, the exceeds 1.98 m (6.5 ft) in height, the
standard may not be used for storage. entrance shall be located so that the minimum headroom may not be less
When normally enclosed live parts are edge of the entrance nearest the than the height of the equipment.
TABLE S–1.—MINIMUM DEPTH OF CLEAR WORKING SPACE AT ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT, 600 V OR LESS
Minimum clear distance for condition 2 3
Nominal voltage to ground Condition A Condition B Condition C
m ft m ft m ft
0–150 ....................................................................................................... 10.9 13.0 10.9 13.0 0.9 3.0

151–600 ................................................................................................... 10.9 13.0 1.0 3.5 1.2 4.0
Notes to Table S–1:
1. Minimum clear distances may be 0.7 m (2.5 ft) for installations built before April 16, 1981.
2. Conditions A, B, and C are as follows:
Condition A—Exposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the other side of the working space, or exposed live parts on
both sides effectively guarded by suitable wood or other insulating material. Insulated wire or insulated busbars operating at not over 300 volts
are not considered live parts.
Condition B—Exposed live parts on one side and grounded parts on the other side.
Condition C—Exposed live parts on both sides of the work space (not guarded as provided in Condition A) with the operator between.
3. Working space is not required in back of assemblies such as dead-front switchboards or motor control centers where there are no renew-
able or adjustable parts (such as fuses or switches) on the back and where all connections are accessible from locations other than the back.
Where rear access is required to work on deenergized parts on the back of enclosed equipment, a minimum working space of 762 mm (30 in.)
horizontally shall be provided.
(vii) Switchboards, panelboards, and complies with paragraph (g)(1)(vii)(A)(2) Note to paragraph (g)(1)(vii)(A) of this
distribution boards installed for the of this section, piping, ducts, or section: A dropped, suspended, or similar
control of light and power circuits, and equipment foreign to the electrical ceiling that does not add strength to the
motor control centers shall be located in installation may not be located in this building structure is not considered a
structural ceiling.
dedicated spaces and protected from area;
damage. (2) The space equal to the width and
(B) Outdoor electric equipment shall
(A) For indoor installation, the depth of the equipment shall be kept
be installed in suitable enclosures and
dedicated space shall comply with the clear of foreign systems unless
shall be protected from accidental
following: protection is provided to avoid damage
(1) The space equal to the width and contact by unauthorized personnel, or
from condensation, leaks, or breaks in
depth of the equipment and extending by vehicular traffic, or by accidental
such foreign systems. This area shall
from the floor to a height of 1.83 m (6.0 extend from the top of the electric spillage or leakage from piping systems.
ft) above the equipment or to the equipment to the structural ceiling; No architectural appurtenance or other
structural ceiling, whichever is lower, (3) Sprinkler protection is permitted equipment may be located in the
shall be dedicated to the electrical for the dedicated space where the working space required by paragraph
installation. Unless isolated from piping complies with this section; and (g)(1)(i) of this section.
equipment by height or physical (4) Control equipment that by its very (2) Guarding of live parts. (i) Except
enclosures or covers that will afford nature or because of other requirements as elsewhere required or permitted by
adequate mechanical protection from in this subpart must be adjacent to or this standard, live parts of electric
vehicular traffic or accidental contact by within sight of its operating machinery equipment operating at 50 volts or more
unauthorized personnel or that is permitted in the dedicated space. shall be guarded against accidental
contact by use of approved cabinets or (iii) The following requirements apply (4) Entrance and access to work
other forms of approved enclosures or to indoor installations that are space. (i) At least one entrance not less
by any of the following means: accessible to other than qualified than 610 mm (24 in.) wide and 1.98 m
(A) By location in a room, vault, or persons: (6.5 ft) high shall be provided to give
similar enclosure that is accessible only (A) The installations shall be made access to the working space about
to qualified persons; with metal-enclosed equipment or shall electric equipment.
(B) By suitable permanent, substantial be enclosed in a vault or in an area to (A) On switchboard and control
partitions or screens so arranged so that which access is controlled by a lock; panels exceeding 1.83 m (6.0 ft) in
only qualified persons will have access (B) Metal-enclosed switchgear, unit width, there shall be one entrance at
to the space within reach of the live substations, transformers, pull boxes, each end of such boards unless the
parts. Any openings in such partitions connection boxes, and other similar location of the switchboards and control
or screens shall be so sized and located associated equipment shall be marked panels permits a continuous and
that persons are not likely to come into with appropriate caution signs; and unobstructed way of exit travel, or
accidental contact with the live parts or (C) Openings in ventilated dry-type unless the work space required in
to bring conducting objects into contact transformers and similar openings in paragraph (h)(5)(i) of this section is
with them; other equipment shall be designed so doubled.
(C) By placement on a suitable that foreign objects inserted through (B) Where one entrance to the
balcony, gallery, or platform so elevated these openings will be deflected from working space is permitted under the
and otherwise located as to prevent energized parts. conditions described in paragraph
access by unqualified persons; or (iv) Outdoor electrical installations (h)(4)(i)(A) of this section, the entrance
(D) By elevation of 2.44 m (8.0 ft) or having exposed live parts shall be shall be located so that the edge of the
more above the floor or other working accessible to qualified persons only. entrance nearest the switchboards and
surface. (v) The following requirements apply control panels is at least the minimum
(ii) In locations where electric to outdoor enclosed equipment clear distance given in Table S–2 away
equipment is likely to be exposed to accessible to unqualified employees: from such equipment.
physical damage, enclosures or guards (A) Ventilating or similar openings in (C) Where bare energized parts at any
shall be so arranged and of such equipment shall be so designed that voltage or insulated energized parts
strength as to prevent such damage. foreign objects inserted through these above 600 volts, nominal, to ground are
(iii) Entrances to rooms and other openings will be deflected from located adjacent to such entrance, they
guarded locations containing exposed energized parts; shall be suitably guarded.
live parts shall be marked with (B) Where exposed to physical (ii) Permanent ladders or stairways
conspicuous warning signs forbidding damage from vehicular traffic, suitable shall be provided to give safe access to
unqualified persons to enter. guards shall be provided; the working space around electric
(h) Over 600 volts, nominal—(1) (C) Nonmetallic or metal-enclosed equipment installed on platforms,
General. Conductors and equipment equipment located outdoors and balconies, mezzanine floors, or in attic
used on circuits exceeding 600 volts, accessible to the general public shall be or roof rooms or spaces.
nominal, shall comply with all designed so that exposed nuts or bolts (5) Working space and guarding.
applicable provisions of the paragraphs cannot be readily removed, permitting (i)(vi) Except as elsewhere required or
(a) through (g) of this section and with access to live parts; permitted in this subpart, the minimum
the following provisions, which (D) Where nonmetallic or metal- clear working space in the direction of
supplement or modify the preceding enclosed equipment is accessible to the access to live parts of electric equipment
requirements. However, paragraphs general public and the bottom of the may not be less than specified in Table
(h)(2), (h)(3), and (h)(4) of this section enclosure is less than 2.44 m (8.0 ft) S–2. Distances shall be measured from
do not apply to the equipment on the above the floor or grade level, the the live parts, if they are exposed, or
supply side of the service point. enclosure door or hinged cover shall be from the enclosure front or opening, if
(2) Enclosure for electrical kept locked; and they are enclosed.
installations. (i) Electrical installations (E) Except for underground box covers (ii) If switches, cutouts, or other
in a vault, room, or closet or in an area that weigh over 45.4 kg (100 lb), doors equipment operating at 600 volts,
surrounded by a wall, screen, or fence, and covers of enclosures used solely as nominal, or less, are installed in a room
access to which is controlled by lock pull boxes, splice boxes, or junction or enclosure where there are exposed
and key or other approved means, are boxes shall be locked, bolted, or live parts or exposed wiring operating at
considered to be accessible to qualified screwed on. over 600 volts, nominal, the high-
persons only. The type of enclosure (3) Work space about equipment. voltage equipment shall be effectively
used in a given case shall be designed Sufficient space shall be provided and separated from the space occupied by
and constructed according to the maintained about electric equipment to the low-voltage equipment by a suitable
hazards associated with the installation. permit ready and safe operation and partition, fence, or screen. However,
(ii) For installations other than maintenance of such equipment. Where switches or other equipment operating
equipment described in paragraph energized parts are exposed, the at 600 volts, nominal, or less, and
(h)(2)(v) of this section, a wall, screen, minimum clear work space may not be serving only equipment within the high-
or fence shall be used to enclose an less than 1.98 m (6.5 ft) high (measured voltage vault, room, or enclosure may be
outdoor electrical installation to deter vertically from the floor or platform) or installed in the high-voltage enclosure,
access by persons who are not qualified. less than 914 mm (3.0 ft) wide room, or vault if accessible to qualified
A fence may not be less than 2.13 m (7.0 (measured parallel to the equipment). persons only.
ft) in height or a combination of 1.80 m The depth shall be as required in (iii) The following requirements apply
(6.0 ft) or more of fence fabric and a 305- paragraph (h)(5)(i) of this section. In all to the entrances to all buildings, rooms,
mm (1-ft) or more extension utilizing cases, the work space shall be adequate or enclosures containing exposed live
three or more strands of barbed wire or to permit at least a 90-degree opening of parts or exposed conductors operating at
equivalent. doors or hinged panels. over 600 volts, nominal:
(A) The entrances shall be kept locked or making repairs on the lighting system require periodic maintenance or whose
unless they are under the observation of will not be endangered by live parts or malfunction would endanger the
a qualified person at all times; and other equipment. operation of the electrical system may
(B) Permanent and conspicuous (B) The points of control shall be not be located in the vicinity of service
warning signs shall be provided, reading located so that persons are prevented equipment, metal-enclosed power
substantially as follows: from contacting any live part or moving switchgear, or industrial control
part of the equipment while turning on assemblies. Protection shall be provided
‘‘DANGER—HIGH VOLTAGE—KEEP where necessary to avoid damage from
the lights.
OUT.’’ condensation leaks and breaks in such
(v) Unguarded live parts above
(iv) Illumination shall be provided for working space shall be maintained at foreign systems.
all working spaces about electric elevations not less than specified in Note to paragraph (h)(5)(vi) of this section:
equipment. Table S–3. Piping and other facilities are not considered
(A) The lighting outlets shall be (vi) Pipes or ducts that are foreign to foreign if provided for fire protection of the
arranged so that persons changing lamps the electrical installation and that electrical installation.
TABLE S–2.—MINIMUM DEPTH OF CLEAR WORKING SPACE AT ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT, OVER 600 V
Minimum clear distance for condition 2 3
Nominal voltage to ground Condition A Condition B Condition C
m ft m ft m ft
601–2500 V .............................................................................................. 0.9 3.0 1.2 4.0 1.5 5.0

2501–9000 V ............................................................................................ 1.2 4.0 1.5 5.0 1.8 6.0
9001 V–25 kV .......................................................................................... 1.5 5.0 1.8 6.0 2.8 9.0
Over 25–75 kV 1 ....................................................................................... 1.8 6.0 2.5 8.0 3.0 10.0
Above 75 kV 1 .......................................................................................... 2.5 8.0 3.0 10.0 3.7 12.0
Notes to Table S–2:
1 Minimum depth of clear working space in front of electric equipment with a nominal voltage to ground above 25,000 volts may be the same
as that for 25,000 volts under Conditions A, B, and C for installations built before April 16, 1981.
2 Conditions A, B, and C are as follows:
Condition A—Exposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the other side of the working space, or exposed live parts on
both sides effectively guarded by suitable wood or other insulating material. Insulated wire or insulated busbars operating at not over 300 volts
are not considered live parts.
Condition B—Exposed live parts on one side and grounded parts on the other side. Concrete, brick, and tile walls are considered as grounded
surfaces.
Condition C—Exposed live parts on both sides of the work space (not guarded as provided in Condition A) with the operator between.
3 Working space is not required in back of equipment such as dead-front switchboards or control assemblies that has no renewable or adjust-
able parts (such as fuses or switches) on the back and where all connections are accessible from locations other than the back. Where rear ac-
cess is required to work on the deenergized parts on the back of enclosed equipment, a minimum working space 762 mm (30 in.) horizontally
shall be provided.
TABLE S–3.—ELEVATION OF UNGUARDED LIVE PARTS ABOVE WORKING SPACE

Elevation
Nominal voltage between phases
m ft
601–7500 V ....................................................... 1 2.81 ................................................................ 1 9.01.
7501 V–35 kV .................................................... 2.8 ..................................................................... 9.0.

Over 35 kV ........................................................ 2.8 + 9.5 mm/kV over 35 kV ............................ 9.0 + 0.37 in./kV over 35 kV.
1 The minimum elevation may be 2.6 m (8.5 ft) for installations built before August 13, 2007. The minimum elevation may be 2.4 m (8.0 ft) for
installations built before April 16, 1981, if the nominal voltage between phases is in the range of 601–6600 volts.
§ 1910.304 Wiring design and protection. (3) Use of grounding terminals and (2) Receptacles and cord connectors.
(a) Use and identification of grounded devices. A grounding terminal or (i) Receptacles installed on 15- and 20-
and grounding conductors—(1) grounding-type device on a receptacle, ampere branch circuits shall be of the
Identification of conductors. (i) A cord connector, or attachment plug may grounding type except as permitted for
conductor used as a grounded not be used for purposes other than replacement receptacles in paragraph
conductor shall be identifiable and grounding. (b)(2)(iv) of this section. Grounding-type
(b) Branch circuits—(1) Identification receptacles shall be installed only on
distinguishable from all other
of multiwire branch circuits. Where circuits of the voltage class and current
conductors.
more than one nominal voltage system for which they are rated, except as
(ii) A conductor used as an equipment exists in a building containing provided in Table S–4 and Table S–5.
grounding conductor shall be multiwire branch circuits, each (ii) Receptacles and cord connectors
identifiable and distinguishable from all ungrounded conductor of a multiwire having grounding contacts shall have
other conductors. branch circuit, where accessible, shall those contacts effectively grounded
(2) Polarity of connections. No be identified by phase and system. The except for receptacles mounted on
grounded conductor may be attached to means of identification shall be portable and vehicle-mounted
any terminal or lead so as to reverse permanently posted at each branch- generators in accordance with paragraph
designated polarity. circuit panelboard. (g)(3) of this section and replacement
receptacles installed in accordance with structures, or equipment or during permanent wiring of the building or
paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section. similar construction-like activities. structure, and cord- and plug-connected
(iii) The grounding contacts of (A) All 125-volt, single-phase, 15-, equipment required to be grounded:
receptacles and cord connectors shall be 20-, and 30-ampere receptacle outlets (i) All equipment grounding
grounded by connection to the that are not part of the permanent conductors shall be tested for continuity
equipment grounding conductor of the wiring of the building or structure and and shall be electrically continuous;
circuit supplying the receptacle or cord that are in use by personnel shall have (ii) Each receptacle and attachment
connector. The branch circuit wiring ground-fault circuit-interrupter cap or plug shall be tested for correct
method shall include or provide an protection for personnel. attachment of the equipment grounding
equipment grounding conductor to conductor. The equipment grounding
Note 1 to paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(A) of this
which the grounding contacts of the section: A cord connector on an extension conductor shall be connected to its
receptacle or cord connector shall be cord set is considered to be a receptacle proper terminal; and
connected. outlet if the cord set is used for temporary (iii) All required tests shall be
(iv) Replacement of receptacles shall electric power. performed before first use; before
comply with the following equipment is returned to service
requirements: Note 2 to paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(A) of this
following any repairs; before equipment
(A) Where a grounding means exists section: Cord sets and devices incorporating
the required ground-fault circuit-interrupter is used after any incident which can be
in the receptacle enclosure or a reasonably suspected to have caused
that are connected to the receptacle closest to
grounding conductor is installed, the source of power are acceptable forms of damage (for example, when a cord set is
grounding-type receptacles shall be protection. run over); and at intervals not to exceed
used and shall be connected to the 3 months, except that cord sets and
grounding means or conductor; (B) Receptacles other than 125 volt,
receptacles which are fixed and not
(B) Ground-fault circuit-interrupter single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere
exposed to damage shall be tested at
protected receptacles shall be provided receptacles that are not part of the
intervals not exceeding 6 months;
where replacements are made at permanent wiring of the building or
(5) The employer shall not make
receptacle outlets that are required to be structure and that are in use by
available or permit the use by
so protected elsewhere in this subpart; personnel shall have ground-fault
employees of any equipment which has
and circuit-interrupter protection for
not met the requirements of paragraph
(C) Where a grounding means does personnel.
(C) Where the ground-fault circuit- (b)(3)(ii)(C) of this section; and
not exist in the receptacle enclosure, the
interrupter protection required by (6) Tests performed as required in
installation shall comply with one of the
paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(B) of this section is paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C) of this section
following provisions:
not available for receptacles other than shall be recorded. This test record shall
(1) A nongrounding-type receptacle
125-volt, single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30- identify each receptacle, cord set, and
may be replaced with another
ampere, the employer shall establish cord- and plug-connected equipment
nongrounding-type receptacle; or
(2) A nongrounding-type receptacle and implement an assured equipment that passed the test and shall indicate
may be replaced with a ground-fault grounding conductor program covering the last date it was tested or the interval
circuit-interrupter-type of receptacle cord sets, receptacles that are not a part for which it was tested. This record
that is marked ‘‘No Equipment Ground;’’ of the building or structure, and shall be kept by means of logs, color
an equipment grounding conductor may equipment connected by cord and plug coding, or other effective means and
not be connected from the ground-fault that are available for use or used by shall be maintained until replaced by a
circuit-interrupter-type receptacle to employees on those receptacles. This more current record. The record shall be
any outlet supplied from the ground- program shall comply with the made available on the jobsite for
fault circuit-interrupter receptacle; or following requirements: inspection by the Assistant Secretary
(3) A nongrounding-type receptacle (1) A written description of the and any affected employee.
may be replaced with a grounding-type program, including the specific (4) Outlet devices. Outlet devices
receptacle where supplied through a procedures adopted by the employer, shall have an ampere rating not less
ground-fault circuit-interrupter; the shall be available at the jobsite for than the load to be served and shall
replacement receptacle shall be marked inspection and copying by the Assistant comply with the following provisions:
‘‘GFCI Protected’’ and ‘‘No Equipment Secretary of Labor and any affected (i) Where connected to a branch
Ground;’’ an equipment grounding employee; circuit having a rating in excess of 20
conductor may not be connected to such (2) The employer shall designate one amperes, lampholders shall be of the
grounding-type receptacles. or more competent persons to heavy-duty type. A heavy-duty
(v) Receptacles connected to circuits implement the program; lampholder shall have a rating of not
having different voltages, frequencies, or (3) Each cord set, attachment cap, less than 660 watts if of the admedium
types of current (ac or dc) on the same plug, and receptacle of cord sets, and type and not less than 750 watts if of
premises shall be of such design that the any equipment connected by cord and any other type; and
attachment plugs used on these circuits plug, except cord sets and receptacles (ii) Receptacle outlets shall comply
are not interchangeable. which are fixed and not exposed to with the following provisions:
(3) Ground-fault circuit interrupter damage, shall be visually inspected (A) A single receptacle installed on an
protection for personnel. (i) All 125-volt, before each day’s use for external individual branch circuit shall have an
single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere defects, such as deformed or missing ampere rating of not less than that of the
receptacles installed in bathrooms or on pins or insulation damage, and for branch circuit;
rooftops shall have ground-fault circuit- indications of possible internal damage. (B) Where connected to a branch
interrupter protection for personnel. Equipment found damaged or defective circuit supplying two or more
(ii) The following requirements apply shall not be used until repaired; receptacles or outlets, a receptacle may
to temporary wiring installations that (4) The following tests shall be not supply a total cord- and plug-
are used during maintenance, performed on all cord sets and connected load in excess of the
remodeling, or repair of buildings, receptacles which are not a part of the maximum specified in Table S–4; and
(C) Where connected to a branch TABLE S–4.—MAXIMUM CORD- AND volts, nominal, or less and run outdoors
circuit supplying two or more PLUG-CONNECTED LOAD TO RECEP- as open conductors.
receptacles or outlets, receptacle ratings TACLE—Continued (1) Conductors on poles. Conductors
shall conform to the values listed in on poles shall have a separation of not
Table S–5; or, where larger than 50 Receptacle Maximum less than 305 mm (1.0 ft) where not
amperes, the receptacle rating may not Circuit rating placed on racks or brackets. Conductors
rating load
(amperes)
be less than the branch-circuit rating. (amperes) (amperes) supported on poles shall provide a
However, receptacles of cord- and plug- horizontal climbing space not less than
20 ...................... 20 16
connected arc welders may have ampere the following:
30 ...................... 30 24
ratings not less than the minimum (i) Power conductors below
branch-circuit conductor ampacity. communication conductors—762 mm
(5) Cord connections. A receptacle TABLE S–5.—RECEPTACLE RATINGS (30 in.);
outlet shall be installed wherever FOR VARIOUS SIZE CIRCUITS (ii) Power conductors alone or above
flexible cords with attachment plugs are communication conductors:
used. Where flexible cords are permitted Circuit rating Receptacle rating (A) 300 volts or less—610 mm (24 in.),
to be permanently connected, (amperes) (amperes) (B) Over 300 volts—762 mm (30 in.);
receptacles may be omitted. (iii) Communication conductors
15 .............................. Not over 15. below power conductors—same as
20 .............................. 15 or 20. power conductors; and
TABLE S–4.—MAXIMUM CORD- AND 30 .............................. 30. (iv) Communications conductors
PLUG-CONNECTED LOAD TO RECEP- 40 .............................. 40 or 50. alone—no requirement.
TACLE 50 .............................. 50. (2) Clearance from ground. Open
conductors, open multiconductor
Receptacle Maximum (c) Outside conductors, 600 volts,
Circuit rating rating load cables, and service-drop conductors of
(amperes) nominal, or less. The following not over 600 volts, nominal, shall
(amperes) (amperes)
requirements apply to branch-circuit, conform to the minimum clearances
15 or 20 ............ 15 12 feeder, and service conductors rated 600 specified in Table S–6.
TABLE S–66.—CLEARANCES FROM GROUND

Installations built before August 13, 2007 Installations built on or after August 13, 2007
Distance Voltage
Maximum Conditions to Conditions
voltage ground
3.05 m (10.0 ft) .................. < 600 V ....... Above finished grade or sidewalks, or < 150 V ....... Above finished grade or sidewalks, or
from any platform or projection from from any platform or projection from
which they might be reached. (If which they might be reached. (If
these areas are accessible to other these areas are accessible to other
than pedestrian traffic, then one of the than pedestrian traffic, then one of the
other conditions applies). other conditions applies.)
3.66 m (12.0 ft) .................. < 600 V ....... Over areas, other than public streets, < 300 V ....... Over residential property and driveways.
alleys, roads, and driveways, subject Over commercial areas subject to pe-
to vehicular traffic other than truck destrian traffic or to vehicular traffic
traffic. other than truck traffic. (This category
includes conditions covered under the
3.05-m (10.0-ft) category where the
voltage exceeds 150 V.)
4.57 m (15.0 ft) .................. < 600 V ....... Over areas, other than public streets, 301 to 600 V Over residential property and driveways.
alleys, roads, and driveways, subject Over commercial areas subject to pe-
to truck traffic. destrian traffic or to vehicular traffic
other than truck traffic. (This category
includes conditions covered under the
3.05-m (10.0-ft) category where the
voltage exceeds 300 V.)
5.49 m (18.0 ft) .................. < 600 V ....... Over public streets, alleys, roads, and < 600 V ....... Over public streets, alleys, roads, and
driveways. driveways. Over commercial areas
subject to truck traffic. Other land tra-
versed by vehicles, including land
used for cultivating or grazing and for-
ests and orchards.
(3) Clearance from building openings. balconies, ladders, stairs, fire escapes, of, platforms, projections, or surfaces
(i) Service conductors installed as open and similar locations. However, from which they might be reached shall
conductors or multiconductor cable conductors that run above the top level be maintained in accordance with
without an overall outer jacket shall of a window may be less than 914 mm paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
have a clearance of not less than 914 (3.0 ft) from the window. Vertical (ii) Overhead service conductors may
mm (3.0 ft) from windows that are clearance of final spans above, or within not be installed beneath openings
designed to be opened, doors, porches, 914 mm (3.0 ft) measured horizontally through which materials may be moved,
such as openings in farm and (iii) Each service disconnecting means rather than horizontally or rotationally,
commercial buildings, and may not be shall be suitable for the prevailing the up position of the handle shall be
installed where they will obstruct conditions. the closed (on) position.
entrance to these building openings. (2) Services over 600 volts, nominal. (viii) Circuit breakers used as
(4) Above roofs. Overhead spans of The following additional requirements switches in 120-volt and 277-volt,
open conductors and open apply to services over 600 volts, fluorescent lighting circuits shall be
multiconductor cables shall have a nominal. listed and marked ‘‘SWD.’’
vertical clearance of not less than 2.44 (i) Service-entrance conductors (ix) A circuit breaker with a straight
m (8.0 ft) above the roof surface. The installed as open wires shall be guarded voltage rating, such as 240 V or 480 V,
vertical clearance above the roof level to make them accessible only to may only be installed in a circuit in
shall be maintained for a distance not qualified persons. which the nominal voltage between any
less than 914 mm (3.0 ft) in all (ii) Signs warning of high voltage two conductors does not exceed the
directions from the edge of the roof. shall be posted where unqualified circuit breaker’s voltage rating. A two-
employees might come in contact with pole circuit breaker may not be used for
(i) The area above a roof surface
live parts. protecting a 3-phase, corner-grounded
subject to pedestrian or vehicular traffic (f) Overcurrent protection—(1) 600 delta circuit unless the circuit breaker is
shall have a vertical clearance from the volts, nominal, or less. The following marked 1F—3F to indicate such
roof surface in accordance with the requirements apply to overcurrent suitability. A circuit breaker with a
clearance requirements of paragraph protection of circuits rated 600 volts, slash rating, such as 120/240 V or 480Y/
(c)(2) of this section. nominal, or less. 277 V, may only be installed in a circuit
(ii) A reduction in clearance to 914 (i) Conductors and equipment shall be where the nominal voltage of any
mm (3.0 ft) is permitted where the protected from overcurrent in conductor to ground does not exceed
voltage between conductors does not accordance with their ability to safely the lower of the two values of the circuit
exceed 300 and the roof has a slope of conduct current. breaker’s voltage rating and the nominal
102 mm (4 in.) in 305 mm (12 in.) or (ii) Except for motor running overload voltage between any two conductors
greater. protection, overcurrent devices may not does not exceed the higher value of the
(iii) A reduction in clearance above interrupt the continuity of the grounded circuit breaker’s voltage rating.
only the overhanging portion of the roof conductor unless all conductors of the (2) Feeders and branch circuits over
to not less than 457 mm (18 in.) is circuit are opened simultaneously. 600 volts, nominal. The following
permitted where the voltage between (iii) A disconnecting means shall be requirements apply to feeders and
conductors does not exceed 300 if: provided on the supply side of all fuses branch circuits energized at more than
(A) The conductors do not pass above in circuits over 150 volts to ground and 600 volts, nominal:
the roof overhang for a distance of more cartridge fuses in circuits of any voltage (i) Feeder and branch-circuit
than 1.83 m (6.0 ft), 1.22 m (4.0 ft) where accessible to other than qualified conductors shall have overcurrent
horizontally, and persons so that each individual circuit protection in each ungrounded
(B) The conductors are terminated at containing fuses can be independently conductor located at the point where the
a through-the-roof raceway or approved disconnected from the source of power. conductor receives its supply or at a
support. However, a current-limiting device location in the circuit determined under
(iv) The requirement for maintaining without a disconnecting means is engineering supervision;
a vertical clearance of 914 mm (3.0 ft) permitted on the supply side of the (A) Circuit breakers used for
from the edge of the roof does not apply service disconnecting means. In overcurrent protection of three-phase
to the final conductor span, where the addition, a single disconnecting means circuits shall have a minimum of three
conductors are attached to the side of a is permitted on the supply side of more overcurrent relays operated from three
building. than one set of fuses as permitted by the current transformers. On three-phase,
exception in § 1910.305(j)(4)(vi) for three-wire circuits, an overcurrent relay
(d) Location of outdoor lamps. Lamps
group operation of motors, and a single in the residual circuit of the current
for outdoor lighting shall be located
disconnecting means is permitted for transformers may replace one of the
below all energized conductors,
fixed electric space-heating equipment. phase relays. An overcurrent relay,
transformers, or other electric (iv) Overcurrent devices shall be operated from a current transformer that
equipment, unless such equipment is readily accessible to each employee or links all phases of a three-phase, three-
controlled by a disconnecting means authorized building management wire circuit, may replace the residual
that can be locked in the open position, personnel. These overcurrent devices relay and one other phase-conductor
or unless adequate clearances or other may not be located where they will be current transformer. Where the neutral
safeguards are provided for relamping exposed to physical damage or in the is not grounded on the load side of the
operations. vicinity of easily ignitable material. circuit, the current transformer may link
(e) Services—(1) Disconnecting (v) Fuses and circuit breakers shall be all three phase conductors and the
means. (i) Means shall be provided to so located or shielded that employees grounded circuit conductor (neutral);
disconnect all conductors in a building will not be burned or otherwise injured and
or other structure from the service- by their operation. Handles or levers of (B) If fuses are used for overcurrent
entrance conductors. The service circuit breakers, and similar parts that protection, a fuse shall be connected in
disconnecting means shall plainly may move suddenly in such a way that series with each ungrounded conductor;
indicate whether it is in the open or persons in the vicinity are likely to be (ii) Each protective device shall be
closed position and shall be installed at injured by being struck by them, shall capable of detecting and interrupting all
a readily accessible location nearest the be guarded or isolated. values of current that can occur at its
point of entrance of the service-entrance (vi) Circuit breakers shall clearly location in excess of its trip setting or
conductors. indicate whether they are in the open melting point;
(ii) Each service disconnecting means (off) or closed (on) position. (iii) The operating time of the
shall simultaneously disconnect all (vii) Where circuit breaker handles on protective device, the available short-
ungrounded conductors. switchboards are operated vertically circuit current, and the conductor used
shall be coordinated to prevent (A) If the system is used exclusively (A) The generator supplies only
damaging or dangerous temperatures in to supply industrial electric furnaces for equipment mounted on the generator or
conductors or conductor insulation melting, refining, tempering, and the cord- and plug-connected equipment
under short-circuit conditions; and like; through receptacles mounted on the
(iv) The following additional (B) If the system is separately derived generator, or both; and
requirements apply to feeders only: and is used exclusively for rectifiers (B) The noncurrent-carrying metal
(A) The continuous ampere rating of supplying only adjustable speed parts of equipment and the equipment
a fuse may not exceed three times the industrial drives; grounding conductor terminals of the
ampacity of the conductors. The long- (C) If the system is separately derived receptacles are bonded to the generator
time trip element setting of a breaker or and is supplied by a transformer that frame.
the minimum trip setting of an has a primary voltage rating less than (ii) The frame of a vehicle need not be
electronically actuated fuse may not 1000 volts, provided all of the following grounded and may serve as the
exceed six times the ampacity of the conditions are met: grounding electrode for a system
conductor. For fire pumps, conductors (1) The system is used exclusively for supplied by a generator located on the
may be protected for short circuit only; control circuits; vehicle under the following conditions:
and (2) The conditions of maintenance (A) The frame of the generator is
(B) Conductors tapped to a feeder may and supervision ensure that only bonded to the vehicle frame;
be protected by the feeder overcurrent qualified persons will service the (B) The generator supplies only
device where that overcurrent device installation; equipment located on the vehicle and
also protects the tap conductor. (3) Continuity of control power is cord- and plug-connected equipment
(g) Grounding. Paragraphs (g)(1) required; and through receptacles mounted on the
through (g)(9) of this section contain (4) Ground detectors are installed on vehicle;
grounding requirements for systems, the control system; (C) The noncurrent-carrying metal
circuits, and equipment. (D) If the system is an isolated power parts of equipment and the equipment
(1) Systems to be grounded. Systems system that supplies circuits in health grounding conductor terminals of the
that supply premises wiring shall be care facilities; or receptacles are bonded to the generator
grounded as follows: (E) If the system is a high-impedance frame; and
(i) All 3-wire dc systems shall have grounded neutral system in which a (D) The system complies with all
their neutral conductor grounded; grounding impedance, usually a other provisions of paragraph (g) of this
(ii) Two-wire dc systems operating at resistor, limits the ground-fault current section.
over 50 volts through 300 volts between to a low value for 3-phase ac systems of (iii) A system conductor that is
conductors shall be grounded unless: 480 volts to 1000 volts provided all of required to be grounded by the
(A) They supply only industrial the following conditions are met: provisions of paragraph (g)(2) of this
equipment in limited areas and are (1) The conditions of maintenance section shall be bonded to the generator
equipped with a ground detector; and supervision ensure that only frame where the generator is a
(B) They are rectifier-derived from an qualified persons will service the component of a separately derived
ac system complying with paragraphs installation; system.
(g)(1)(iii), (g)(1)(iv), and (g)(1)(v) of this (2) Continuity of power is required; (4) Grounding connections. (i) For a
section; or (3) Ground detectors are installed on grounded system, a grounding electrode
(C) They are fire-alarm circuits having the system; and conductor shall be used to connect both
a maximum current of 0.030 amperes; (4) Line-to-neutral loads are not the equipment grounding conductor and
(iii) AC circuits of less than 50 volts served. the grounded circuit conductor to the
shall be grounded if they are installed (2) Conductor to be grounded. The grounding electrode. Both the
as overhead conductors outside of conductor to be grounded for ac equipment grounding conductor and the
buildings or if they are supplied by premises wiring systems required to be grounding electrode conductor shall be
transformers and the transformer grounded by paragraph (g)(1) of this connected to the grounded circuit
primary supply system is ungrounded section shall be as follows: conductor on the supply side of the
or exceeds 150 volts to ground; (i) One conductor of a single-phase, service disconnecting means or on the
(iv) AC systems of 50 volts to 1000 two-wire system shall be grounded; supply side of the system disconnecting
volts shall be grounded under any of the (ii) The neutral conductor of a single- means or overcurrent devices if the
following conditions, unless exempted phase, three-wire system shall be system is separately derived.
by paragraph (g)(1)(v) of this section: grounded; (ii) For an ungrounded service-
(A) If the system can be so grounded (iii) The common conductor of a supplied system, the equipment
that the maximum voltage to ground on multiphase system having one wire grounding conductor shall be connected
the ungrounded conductors does not common to all phases shall be to the grounding electrode conductor at
exceed 150 volts; grounded; the service equipment. For an
(B) If the system is nominally rated (iv) One phase conductor of a ungrounded separately derived system,
three-phase, four-wire wye connected in multiphase system where one phase is the equipment grounding conductor
which the neutral is used as a circuit grounded shall be grounded; and shall be connected to the grounding
conductor; (v) The neutral conductor of a electrode conductor at, or ahead of, the
(C) If the system is nominally rated multiphase system in which one phase system disconnecting means or
three-phase, four-wire delta connected is used as a neutral conductor shall be overcurrent devices.
in which the midpoint of one phase is grounded. (iii) On extensions of existing branch
used as a circuit conductor; or (3) Portable and vehicle-mounted circuits that do not have an equipment
(D) If a service conductor is generators. (i) The frame of a portable grounding conductor, grounding-type
uninsulated; generator need not be grounded and receptacles may be grounded to a
(v) AC systems of 50 volts to 1000 may serve as the grounding electrode for grounded cold water pipe near the
volts are not required to be grounded a system supplied by the generator equipment if the extension was installed
under any of the following conditions: under the following conditions: before August 13, 2007. When any
element of this branch circuit is (C) Distribution apparatus, such as attached; hand-operated metal shifting
replaced, the entire branch circuit shall transformer and capacitor cases, ropes or cables of electric elevators; and
use an equipment grounding conductor mounted on wooden poles, at a height metal partitions, grill work, and similar
that complies with all other provisions exceeding 2.44 m (8.0 ft) above ground metal enclosures around equipment of
of paragraph (g) of this section. or grade level; and over 750 volts between conductors.
(5) Grounding path. The path to (D) Listed equipment protected by a (8) Methods of grounding fixed
ground from circuits, equipment, and system of double insulation, or its equipment. (i) Noncurrent-carrying
enclosures shall be permanent, equivalent, and distinctively marked as metal parts of fixed equipment, if
continuous, and effective. such. required to be grounded by this subpart,
(6) Supports, enclosures, and (vi) Exposed noncurrent-carrying shall be grounded by an equipment
equipment to be grounded. (i) Metal metal parts of cord- and plug-connected grounding conductor that is contained
cable trays, metal raceways, and metal equipment that may become energized within the same raceway, cable, or cord,
enclosures for conductors shall be shall be grounded under any of the or runs with or encloses the circuit
grounded, except that: following conditions: conductors. For dc circuits only, the
(A) Metal enclosures such as sleeves (A) If in hazardous (classified) equipment grounding conductor may be
that are used to protect cable assemblies locations (see § 1910.307); run separately from the circuit
from physical damage need not be (B) If operated at over 150 volts to conductors.
grounded; and ground, except for guarded motors and (ii) Electric equipment is considered
(B) Metal enclosures for conductors metal frames of electrically heated to be effectively grounded if it is
added to existing installations of open appliances if the appliance frames are secured to, and in electrical contact
wire, knob-and-tube wiring, and permanently and effectively insulated with, a metal rack or structure that is
nonmetallic-sheathed cable need not be from ground; provided for its support and the metal
grounded if all of the following (C) If the equipment is of the rack or structure is grounded by the
conditions are met: following types: method specified for the noncurrent-
(1) Runs are less than 7.62 meters (1) Refrigerators, freezers, and air carrying metal parts of fixed equipment
(25.0 ft); conditioners; in paragraph (g)(8)(i) of this section.
(2) Enclosures are free from probable (2) Clothes-washing, clothes-drying, Metal car frames supported by metal
contact with ground, grounded metal, and dishwashing machines, sump hoisting cables attached to or running
metal laths, or other conductive pumps, and electric aquarium over metal sheaves or drums of
materials; and equipment; grounded elevator machines are also
(3) Enclosures are guarded against (3) Hand-held motor-operated tools, considered to be effectively grounded.
employee contact. stationary and fixed motor-operated (iii) For installations made before
(ii) Metal enclosures for service
tools, and light industrial motor- April 16, 1981, electric equipment is
equipment shall be grounded.
(iii) Frames of electric ranges, wall- operated tools; also considered to be effectively
(4) Motor-operated appliances of the grounded if it is secured to, and in
mounted ovens, counter-mounted
following types: hedge clippers, lawn metallic contact with, the grounded
cooking units, clothes dryers, and metal
mowers, snow blowers, and wet structural metal frame of a building.
outlet or junction boxes that are part of
scrubbers; When any element of this branch circuit
the circuit for these appliances shall be
(5) Cord- and plug-connected is replaced, the entire branch circuit
grounded.
(iv) Exposed noncurrent-carrying appliances used in damp or wet shall use an equipment grounding
metal parts of fixed equipment that may locations, or by employees standing on conductor that complies with all other
become energized shall be grounded the ground or on metal floors or working provisions of paragraph (g) of this
under any of the following conditions: inside of metal tanks or boilers; section.
(A) If within 2.44 m (8 ft) vertically or (6) Portable and mobile X-ray and (9) Grounding of systems and circuits
1.52 m (5 ft) horizontally of ground or associated equipment; of 1000 volts and over (high voltage). If
grounded metal objects and subject to (7) Tools likely to be used in wet and high voltage systems are grounded, they
employee contact; conductive locations; and shall comply with all applicable
(B) If located in a wet or damp (8) Portable hand lamps. provisions of paragraphs (g)(1) through
location and not isolated; (vii) Notwithstanding the provisions (g)(8) of this section as supplemented
(C) If in electrical contact with metal; of paragraph (g)(6)(vi) of this section, and modified by the following
(D) If in a hazardous (classified) the following equipment need not be requirements:
location; grounded: (i) Systems supplying portable or
(E) If supplied by a metal-clad, metal- (A) Tools likely to be used in wet and mobile high voltage equipment, other
sheathed, or grounded metal raceway conductive locations if supplied than substations installed on a
wiring method; or through an isolating transformer with an temporary basis, shall comply with the
(F) If equipment operates with any ungrounded secondary of not over 50 following:
terminal at over 150 volts to ground. volts; and (A) The system shall have its neutral
(v) Notwithstanding the provisions of (B) Listed or labeled portable tools grounded through an impedance. If a
paragraph (g)(6)(iv) of this section, and appliances if protected by an delta-connected high voltage system is
exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts approved system of double insulation, used to supply the equipment, a system
of the following types of fixed or its equivalent, and distinctively neutral shall be derived.
equipment need not be grounded: marked. (B) Exposed noncurrent-carrying
(A) Enclosures for switches or circuit (7) Nonelectrical equipment. The metal parts of portable and mobile
breakers used for other than service metal parts of the following equipment shall be connected by an
equipment and accessible to qualified nonelectrical equipment shall be equipment grounding conductor to the
persons only; grounded: frames and tracks of point at which the system neutral
(B) Electrically heated appliances that electrically operated cranes and hoists; impedance is grounded.
are permanently and effectively frames of nonelectrically driven elevator (C) Ground-fault detection and
insulated from ground; cars to which electric conductors are relaying shall be provided to
automatically deenergize any high installed to ground the equipment equipment grounding conductor and all
voltage system component that has enclosure. receptacles shall be electrically
developed a ground fault. The (iii) No wiring systems of any type connected to the grounding conductor.
continuity of the equipment grounding may be installed in ducts used to (vii) No bare conductors nor earth
conductor shall be continuously transport dust, loose stock, or flammable returns may be used for the wiring of
monitored so as to deenergize vapors. No wiring system of any type any temporary circuit.
automatically the high voltage feeder to may be installed in any duct used for (viii) Suitable disconnecting switches
the portable equipment upon loss of vapor removal or for ventilation of or plug connectors shall be installed to
continuity of the equipment grounding commercial-type cooking equipment, or permit the disconnection of all
conductor. in any shaft containing only such ducts. ungrounded conductors of each
(D) The grounding electrode to which (2) Temporary wiring. Except as temporary circuit. Multiwire branch
the portable equipment system neutral specifically modified in this paragraph, circuits shall be provided with a means
impedance is connected shall be all other requirements of this subpart for to disconnect simultaneously all
isolated from and separated in the permanent wiring shall also apply to ungrounded conductors at the power
ground by at least 6.1 m (20.0 ft) from temporary wiring installations. outlet or panelboard where the branch
any other system or equipment (i) Temporary electrical power and circuit originated.
grounding electrode, and there shall be lighting installations of 600 volts,
Note to paragraph (a)(2)(viii) of this
no direct connection between the nominal, or less may be used only as section. Circuit breakers with their handles
grounding electrodes, such as buried follows: connected by approved handle ties are
pipe, fence, and so forth. (A) During and for remodeling, considered a single disconnecting means for
(ii) All noncurrent-carrying metal maintenance, or repair of buildings, the purpose of this requirement.
parts of portable equipment and fixed structures, or equipment, and similar
equipment, including their associated activities; (ix) All lamps for general illumination
fences, housings, enclosures, and (B) For a period not to exceed 90 days shall be protected from accidental
supporting structures, shall be for Christmas decorative lighting, contact or breakage by a suitable fixture
grounded. However, equipment that is carnivals, and similar purposes; or or lampholder with a guard. Brass shell,
guarded by location and isolated from (C) For experimental or development paper-lined sockets, or other metal-
ground need not be grounded. work, and during emergencies. cased sockets may not be used unless
Additionally, pole-mounted distribution (ii) Temporary wiring shall be the shell is grounded.
apparatus at a height exceeding 2.44 m removed immediately upon completion (x) Flexible cords and cables shall be
(8.0 ft) above ground or grade level need of the project or purpose for which the protected from accidental damage, as
not be grounded. wiring was installed. might be caused, for example, by sharp
(iii) Temporary electrical installations corners, projections, and doorways or
§ 1910.305 Wiring methods, components, of more than 600 volts may be used only other pinch points.
and equipment for general use. during periods of tests, experiments, (xi) Cable assemblies and flexible
(a) Wiring methods. The provisions of emergencies, or construction-like cords and cables shall be supported in
this section do not apply to conductors activities. place at intervals that ensure that they
that are an integral part of factory- (iv) The following requirements apply will be protected from physical damage.
assembled equipment. to feeders: Support shall be in the form of staples,
(1) General requirements. (i) Metal (A) Feeders shall originate in an cables ties, straps, or similar type
raceways, cable trays, cable armor, cable approved distribution center. fittings installed so as not to cause
sheath, enclosures, frames, fittings, and (B) Conductors shall be run as damage.
other metal noncurrent-carrying parts multiconductor cord or cable (3) Cable trays. (i) Only the following
that are to serve as grounding assemblies. However, if installed as wiring methods may be installed in
conductors, with or without the use of permitted in paragraph (a)(2)(i)(C) of cable tray systems: armored cable;
supplementary equipment grounding this section, and if accessible only to electrical metallic tubing; electrical
conductors, shall be effectively bonded qualified persons, feeders may be run as nonmetallic tubing; fire alarm cables;
where necessary to ensure electrical single insulated conductors. flexible metal conduit; flexible metallic
continuity and the capacity to conduct (v) The following requirements apply tubing; instrumentation tray cable;
safely any fault current likely to be to branch circuits: intermediate metal conduit; liquidtight
imposed on them. Any nonconductive (A) Branch circuits shall originate in flexible metal conduit; liquidtight
paint, enamel, or similar coating shall an approved power outlet or flexible nonmetallic conduit; metal-clad
be removed at threads, contact points, panelboard. cable; mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed
and contact surfaces or be connected by (B) Conductors shall be cable; multiconductor service-entrance
means of fittings designed so as to make multiconductor cord or cable assemblies cable; multiconductor underground
such removal unnecessary. or open conductors. If run as open feeder and branch-circuit cable;
(ii) Where necessary for the reduction conductors, they shall be fastened at multipurpose and communications
of electrical noise (electromagnetic ceiling height every 3.05 m (10.0 ft). cables; nonmetallic-sheathed cable;
interference) of the grounding circuit, an (C) No branch-circuit conductor may power and control tray cable; power-
equipment enclosure supplied by a be laid on the floor. limited tray cable; optical fiber cables;
branch circuit may be isolated from a (D) Each branch circuit that supplies and other factory-assembled,
raceway containing circuits supplying receptacles or fixed equipment shall multiconductor control, signal, or power
only that equipment by one or more contain a separate equipment grounding cables that are specifically approved for
listed nonmetallic raceway fittings conductor if run as open conductors. installation in cable trays, rigid metal
located at the point of attachment of the (vi) Receptacles shall be of the conduit, and rigid nonmetallic conduit.
raceway to the equipment enclosure. grounding type. Unless installed in a (ii) In industrial establishments where
The metal raceway shall be continuous grounded metallic raceway conditions of maintenance and
supplemented by an internal insulated or metallic covered cable, each branch supervision assure that only qualified
equipment grounding conductor circuit shall contain a separate persons will service the installed cable
tray system, the following cables may secured to the surface by straps at (2) Covers and canopies. (i) All pull
also be installed in ladder, ventilated- intervals not exceeding 1.37 m (4.5 ft). boxes, junction boxes, and fittings shall
trough, or ventilated-channel cable (iv) Open conductors shall be be provided with covers identified for
trays: separated from contact with walls, the purpose. If metal covers are used,
(A) Single conductor cable; the cable floors, wood cross members, or they shall be grounded. In completed
shall be No. 1/0 or larger and shall be partitions through which they pass by installations, each outlet box shall have
of a type listed and marked on the tubes or bushings of noncombustible, a cover, faceplate, or fixture canopy.
surface for use in cable trays; where nonabsorbent insulating material. If the Covers of outlet boxes having holes
Nos. 1/0 through 4/0 single conductor bushing is shorter than the hole, a through which flexible cord pendants
cables are installed in ladder cable tray, waterproof sleeve of nonconductive pass shall be provided with bushings
the maximum allowable rung spacing material shall be inserted in the hole designed for the purpose or shall have
for the ladder cable tray shall be 229 and an insulating bushing slipped into smooth, well-rounded surfaces on
mm (9 in.); where exposed to direct rays the sleeve at each end in such a manner which the cords may bear.
of the sun, cables shall be identified as as to keep the conductors absolutely out (ii) Where a fixture canopy or pan is
being sunlight resistant; of contact with the sleeve. Each used, any combustible wall or ceiling
(B) Welding cables installed in conductor shall be carried through a finish exposed between the edge of the
dedicated cable trays; separate tube or sleeve. canopy or pan and the outlet box shall
(C) Single conductors used as (v) Where open conductors cross be covered with noncombustible
equipment grounding conductors; these ceiling joints and wall studs and are material.
conductors, which may be insulated, exposed to physical damage (for (3) Pull and junction boxes for
covered, or bare, shall be No. 4 or larger; example, located within 2.13 m (7.0 ft) systems over 600 volts, nominal. In
and of the floor), they shall be protected. addition to other requirements in this
(D) Multiconductor cable, Type MV; (b) Cabinets, boxes, and fittings—(1) section, the following requirements
where exposed to direct rays of the sun, Conductors entering boxes, cabinets, or apply to pull and junction boxes for
the cable shall be identified as being fittings. (i) Conductors entering cutout systems over 600 volts, nominal:
sunlight resistant. boxes, cabinets, or fittings shall be (i) Boxes shall provide a complete
(iii) Metallic cable trays may be used protected from abrasion, and openings enclosure for the contained conductors
as equipment grounding conductors through which conductors enter shall be or cables.
only where continuous maintenance effectively closed. (ii) Boxes shall be closed by suitable
and supervision ensure that qualified (ii) Unused openings in cabinets, covers securely fastened in place.
persons will service the installed cable boxes, and fittings shall be effectively
Note to paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section:
tray system. closed. Underground box covers that weigh over 45.4
(iii) Where cable is used, each cable kg (100 lbs) meet this requirement.
(iv) Cable trays in hazardous
shall be secured to the cabinet, cutout
(classified) locations may contain only (iii) Covers for boxes shall be
box, or meter socket enclosure.
the cable types permitted in such permanently marked ‘‘HIGH
However, where cable with an entirely
locations. (See § 1910.307.) VOLTAGE.’’ The marking shall be on
nonmetallic sheath enters the top of a
(v) Cable tray systems may not be the outside of the box cover and shall
surface-mounted enclosure through one
used in hoistways or where subjected to be readily visible and legible.
or more nonflexible raceways not less
severe physical damage. (c) Switches—(1) Single-throw knife
than 457 mm (18 in.) or more than 3.05
(4) Open wiring on insulators. (i) switches. Single-throw knife switches
m (10.0 ft) in length, the cable need not
Open wiring on insulators is only shall be so placed that gravity will not
be secured to the cabinet, box, or
permitted on systems of 600 volts, tend to close them. Single-throw knife
enclosure provided all of the following
nominal, or less for industrial or switches approved for use in the
conditions are met:
agricultural establishments, indoors or (A) Each cable is fastened within 305 inverted position shall be provided with
outdoors, in wet or dry locations, where mm (12 in.) of the outer end of the a locking device that will ensure that
subject to corrosive vapors, and for raceway, measured along the sheath; the blades remain in the open position
services. (B) The raceway extends directly when so set.
(ii) Conductors smaller than No. 8 above the enclosure and does not (2) Double-throw knife switches.
shall be rigidly supported on penetrate a structural ceiling; Double-throw knife switches may be
noncombustible, nonabsorbent (C) A fitting is provided on each end mounted so that the throw will be either
insulating materials and may not of the raceway to protect the cable from vertical or horizontal. However, if the
contact any other objects. Supports shall abrasion, and the fittings remain throw is vertical, a locking device shall
be installed as follows: accessible after installation; be provided to ensure that the blades
(A) Within 152 mm (6 in.) from a tap (D) The raceway is sealed or plugged remain in the open position when so
or splice; at the outer end using approved means set.
(B) Within 305 mm (12 in.) of a dead- so as to prevent access to the enclosure (3) Connection of switches. (i) Single-
end connection to a lampholder or through the raceway; throw knife switches and switches with
receptacle; and (E) The cable sheath is continuous butt contacts shall be connected so that
(C) At intervals not exceeding 1.37 m through the raceway and extends into the blades are deenergized when the
(4.5 ft), and at closer intervals sufficient the enclosure not less than 6.35 mm switch is in the open position.
to provide adequate support where (0.25 in.) beyond the fitting; (ii) Single-throw knife switches,
likely to be disturbed. (F) The raceway is fastened at its molded-case switches, switches with
(iii) In dry locations, where not outer end and at other points as butt contacts, and circuit breakers used
exposed to severe physical damage, necessary; and as switches shall be connected so that
conductors may be separately enclosed (G) Where installed as conduit or the terminals supplying the load are
in flexible nonmetallic tubing. The tubing, the allowable cable fill does not deenergized when the switch is in the
tubing shall be in continuous lengths exceed that permitted for complete open position. However, blades and
not exceeding 4.57 m (15.0 ft) and conduit or tubing systems. terminals supplying the load of a switch
may be energized when the switch is in enclosures shall be weatherproof in wet (F) Where installed in raceways,
the open position where the switch is locations. except as otherwise permitted in this
connected to circuits or equipment (2) Switches, circuit breakers, and subpart.
inherently capable of providing a switchboards. Switches, circuit (v) Flexible cords used in show
backfeed source of power. For such breakers, and switchboards installed in windows and showcases shall be Type
installations, a permanent sign shall be wet locations shall be enclosed in S, SE, SEO, SEOO, SJ, SJE, SJEO,
installed on the switch enclosure or weatherproof enclosures. SJEOO, SJO, SJOO, SJT, SJTO, SJTOO,
immediately adjacent to open switches (f) Conductors for general wiring—(1) SO, SOO, ST, STO, or STOO, except for
that read, ‘‘WARNING—LOAD SIDE Insulation. All conductors used for the wiring of chain-supported lighting
TERMINALS MAY BE ENERGIZED BY general wiring shall be insulated unless fixtures and supply cords for portable
BACKFEED.’’ otherwise permitted in this subpart. lamps and other merchandise being
(4) Faceplates for flush-mounted snap (2) Type. The conductor insulation displayed or exhibited.
switches. Snap switches mounted in shall be of a type that is approved for (2) Identification, splices, and
boxes shall have faceplates installed so the voltage, operating temperature, and terminations. (i) A conductor of a
as to completely cover the opening and location of use. flexible cord or cable that is used as a
seat against the finished surface. (3) Distinguishable. Insulated grounded conductor or an equipment
(5) Grounding. Snap switches, conductors shall be distinguishable by grounding conductor shall be
including dimmer switches, shall be appropriate color or other suitable distinguishable from other conductors.
effectively grounded and shall provide a means as being grounded conductors, Types S, SC, SCE, SCT, SE, SEO, SEOO,
means to ground metal faceplates, ungrounded conductors, or equipment SJ, SJE, SJEO, SJEOO, SJO, SJT, SJTO,
whether or not a metal faceplate is grounding conductors. SJTOO, SO, SOO, ST, STO, and STOO
installed. However, if no grounding (g) Flexible cords and cables—(1)Use flexible cords and Types G, G–GC, PPE,
means exists within the snap-switch of flexible cords and cables. (i) Flexible and W flexible cables shall be durably
enclosure, or where the wiring method cords and cables shall be approved for marked on the surface at intervals not
does not include or provide an conditions of use and location. exceeding 610 mm (24 in.) with the type
equipment ground, a snap switch (ii) Flexible cords and cables may be designation, size, and number of
without a grounding connection is conductors.
used only for:
permitted for replacement purposes (ii) Flexible cords may be used only
(A) Pendants;
only. Such snap switches shall be in continuous lengths without splice or
(B) Wiring of fixtures;
provided with a faceplate of tap. Hard-service cord and junior hard-
(C) Connection of portable lamps or
nonconducting, noncombustible service cord No. 14 and larger may be
appliances;
material if they are located within reach repaired if spliced so that the splice
of conducting floors or other conducting (D) Portable and mobile signs;
(E) Elevator cables; retains the insulation, outer sheath
surfaces. properties, and usage characteristics of
(d) Switchboards and panelboards— (F) Wiring of cranes and hoists;
(G) Connection of stationary the cord being spliced.
(1) Switchboards with exposed live (iii) Flexible cords and cables shall be
parts. Switchboards that have any equipment to facilitate their frequent
interchange; connected to devices and fittings so that
exposed live parts shall be located in strain relief is provided that will
permanently dry locations and shall be (H) Prevention of the transmission of
prevent pull from being directly
accessible only to qualified persons. noise or vibration;
transmitted to joints or terminal screws.
(2) Panelboard enclosures. (I) Appliances where the fastening
(h) Portable cables over 600 volts,
Panelboards shall be mounted in means and mechanical connections are
nominal. This paragraph applies to
cabinets, cutout boxes, or enclosures designed to permit removal for
portable cables used at more than 600
designed for the purpose and shall be maintenance and repair;
volts, nominal.
dead front. However, panelboards other (J) Data processing cables approved as (1) Conductor construction.
than the dead front externally-operable a part of the data processing system; Multiconductor portable cable for use in
type are permitted where accessible (K) Connection of moving parts; and supplying power to portable or mobile
only to qualified persons. (L) Temporary wiring as permitted in equipment at over 600 volts, nominal,
(3) Knife switches mounted in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. shall consist of No. 8 or larger
switchboards or panelboards. Exposed (iii) If used as permitted in paragraphs conductors employing flexible
blades of knife switches mounted in (g)(1)(ii)(C), (g)(1)(ii)(G), or (g)(1)(ii)(I) of stranding. However, the minimum size
switchboards or panelboards shall be this section, the flexible cord shall be of the insulated ground-check conductor
dead when open. equipped with an attachment plug and of Type G–GC cables shall be No. 10.
(e) Enclosures for damp or wet shall be energized from an approved (2) Shielding. Cables operated at over
locations—(1) Cabinets, cutout boxes, receptacle outlet. 2,000 volts shall be shielded for the
fittings, boxes, and panelboard (iv) Unless specifically permitted purpose of confining the voltage stresses
enclosures. Cabinets, cutout boxes, otherwise in paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this to the insulation.
fittings, boxes, and panelboard section, flexible cords and cables may (3) Equipment grounding conductors.
enclosures in damp or wet locations not be used: Grounding conductors shall be
shall be installed so as to prevent (A) As a substitute for the fixed wiring provided.
moisture or water from entering and of a structure; (4) Grounding shields. All shields
accumulating within the enclosures and (B) Where run through holes in walls, shall be grounded.
shall be mounted so there is at least ceilings, or floors; (5) Minimum bending radii. The
6.35-mm (0.25-in.) airspace between the (C) Where run through doorways, minimum bending radii for portable
enclosure and the wall or other windows, or similar openings; cables during installation and handling
supporting surface. However, (D) Where attached to building in service shall be adequate to prevent
nonmetallic enclosures may be installed surfaces; damage to the cable.
without the airspace on a concrete, (E) Where concealed behind building (6) Fittings. Connectors used to
masonry, tile, or similar surface. The walls, ceilings, or floors; or connect lengths of cable in a run shall
be of a type that lock firmly together. 20-ampere attachment plugs and by more than one source, the
Provisions shall be made to prevent connectors shall be constructed so that disconnecting means shall be grouped
opening or closing these connectors there are no exposed current-carrying and identified.
while energized. Strain relief shall be parts except the prongs, blades, or pins. (iii) Each electric appliance shall be
provided at connections and The cover for wire terminations shall be provided with a nameplate giving the
terminations. a part that is essential for the operation identifying name and the rating in volts
(7) Splices. Portable cables may not be of an attachment plug or connector and amperes, or in volts and watts. If
operated with splices unless the splices (dead-front construction). Attachment the appliance is to be used on a specific
are of the permanent molded, plugs shall be installed so that their frequency or frequencies, it shall be so
vulcanized, or other approved type. prongs, blades, or pins are not energized marked. Where motor overload
(8) Terminations. Termination unless inserted into an energized protection external to the appliance is
enclosures shall be suitably marked receptacle. No receptacles may be required, the appliance shall be so
with a high voltage hazard warning, and installed so as to require an energized marked.
terminations shall be accessible only to attachment plug as its source of supply. (iv) Marking shall be located so as to
authorized and qualified employees. (ii) Receptacles, cord connectors, and be visible or easily accessible after
(i) Fixture wires—(1) General. Fixture attachment plugs shall be constructed so installation.
wires shall be approved for the voltage, that no receptacle or cord connector will (4) Motors. This paragraph applies to
temperature, and location of use. A accept an attachment plug with a motors, motor circuits, and controllers.
fixture wire which is used as a different voltage or current rating than
grounded conductor shall be identified. (i) If specified in paragraph (j)(4) of
that for which the device is intended. this section that one piece of equipment
(2) Uses permitted. Fixture wires may However, a 20-ampere T-slot receptacle
be used only: shall be ‘‘within sight of’’ another piece
or cord connector may accept a 15- of equipment, the piece of equipment
(i) For installation in lighting fixtures ampere attachment plug of the same
and in similar equipment where shall be visible and not more than 15.24
voltage rating. m (50.0 ft) from the other.
enclosed or protected and not subject to (iii) Nongrounding-type receptacles
bending or twisting in use; or and connectors may not be used for (ii) An individual disconnecting
(ii) For connecting lighting fixtures to grounding-type attachment plugs. means shall be provided for each
the branch-circuit conductors supplying (iv) A receptacle installed in a wet or controller. A disconnecting means shall
the fixtures. damp location shall be suitable for the be located within sight of the controller
(3) Uses not permitted. Fixture wires location. However, a single
location.
may not be used as branch-circuit disconnecting means may be located
(v) A receptacle installed outdoors in
conductors except as permitted for Class adjacent to a group of coordinated
a location protected from the weather or
1 power limited circuits and for fire controllers mounted adjacent to each
in other damp locations shall have an
alarm circuits. other on a multi-motor continuous
(j) Equipment for general use—(1) enclosure for the receptacle that is
weatherproof when the receptacle is process machine. The controller
Lighting fixtures, lampholders, lamps, disconnecting means for motor branch
and receptacles. (i) Fixtures, covered (attachment plug cap not
inserted and receptacle covers closed). circuits over 600 volts, nominal, may be
lampholders, lamps, rosettes, and out of sight of the controller, if the
receptacles may have no live parts Note to paragraph (j)(2)(v) of this section. controller is marked with a warning
normally exposed to employee contact. A receptacle is considered to be in a location label giving the location and
However, rosettes and cleat-type protected from the weather when it is located
identification of the disconnecting
under roofed open porches, canopies,
lampholders and receptacles located at means that is to be locked in the open
marquees, or the like and where it will not
least 2.44 m (8.0 ft) above the floor may be subjected to a beating rain or water runoff. position.
have exposed terminals. (iii) The disconnecting means shall
(ii) Handlamps of the portable type (vi) A receptacle installed in a wet
disconnect the motor and the controller
supplied through flexible cords shall be location where the product intended to
from all ungrounded supply conductors
equipped with a handle of molded be plugged into it is not attended while
and shall be so designed that no pole
composition or other material identified in use (for example, sprinkler system
can be operated independently.
for the purpose, and a substantial guard controllers, landscape lighting, and
holiday lights) shall have an enclosure (iv) The disconnecting means shall
shall be attached to the lampholder or plainly indicate whether it is in the
the handle. Metal shell, paper-lined that is weatherproof with the
attachment plug cap inserted or open (off) or closed (on) position.
lampholders may not be used.
(iii) Lampholders of the screw-shell removed. (v) The disconnecting means shall be
type shall be installed for use as (vii) A receptacle installed in a wet readily accessible. If more than one
lampholders only. Where supplied by a location where the product intended to disconnect is provided for the same
circuit having a grounded conductor, be plugged into it will be attended while equipment, only one need be readily
the grounded conductor shall be in use (for example, portable tools) shall accessible.
connected to the screw shell. have an enclosure that is weatherproof (vi) An individual disconnecting
Lampholders installed in wet or damp when the attachment plug cap is means shall be provided for each motor,
locations shall be of the weatherproof removed. but a single disconnecting means may
type. (3) Appliances. (i) Appliances may be used for a group of motors under any
(iv) Fixtures installed in wet or damp have no live parts normally exposed to one of the following conditions:
locations shall be identified for the contact other than parts functioning as (A) If a number of motors drive
purpose and shall be so constructed or open-resistance heating elements, such several parts of a single machine or
installed that water cannot enter or as the heating elements of a toaster, piece of apparatus, such as a metal or
accumulate in wireways, lampholders, which are necessarily exposed. woodworking machine, crane, or hoist;
or other electrical parts. (ii) Each appliance shall have a means (B) If a group of motors is under the
(2) Receptacles, cord connectors, and to disconnect it from all ungrounded protection of one set of branch-circuit
attachment plugs (caps). (i) All 15- and conductors. If an appliance is supplied protective devices; or
(C) If a group of motors is in a single that a vault door can be readily opened § 1910.306 Specific purpose equipment
room within sight of the location of the from the inside. and installations.
disconnecting means. (vii) Any pipe or duct system foreign (a) Electric signs and outline
(vii) Motors, motor-control apparatus, to the electrical installation may not lighting—(1) Disconnecting means. (i)
and motor branch-circuit conductors enter or pass through a transformer Each sign and outline lighting system,
shall be protected against overheating vault. or feeder circuit or branch circuit
due to motor overloads or failure to Note to paragraph (j)(5)(vii) of this section. supplying a sign or outline lighting
start, and against short-circuits or Piping or other facilities provided for vault system, shall be controlled by an
ground faults. These provisions do not fire protection, or for transformer cooling, are externally operable switch or circuit
require overload protection that will not considered foreign to the electrical breaker that will open all ungrounded
stop a motor where a shutdown is likely installation. conductors. However, a disconnecting
to introduce additional or increased (viii) Material may not be stored in means is not required for an exit
hazards, as in the case of fire pumps, or transformer vaults. directional sign located within a
where continued operation of a motor is (6) Capacitors. (i) All capacitors, building or for cord-connected signs
necessary for a safe shutdown of except surge capacitors or capacitors with an attachment plug.
equipment or process and motor included as a component part of other (ii) Signs and outline lighting systems
overload sensing devices are connected apparatus, shall be provided with an located within fountains shall have the
to a supervised alarm. automatic means of draining the stored disconnect located at least 1.52 m (5.0
(viii) Where live parts of motors or charge after the capacitor is ft) from the inside walls of the fountain.
controllers operating at over 150 volts to disconnected from its source of supply. (2) Location. (i) The disconnecting
ground are guarded against accidental (ii) The following requirements apply means shall be within sight of the sign
contact only by location, and where to capacitors installed on circuits or outline lighting system that it
adjustment or other attendance may be operating at more than 600 volts, controls. Where the disconnecting
necessary during the operation of the nominal: means is out of the line of sight from
apparatus, suitable insulating mats or (A) Group-operated switches shall be any section that may be energized, the
platforms shall be provided so that the used for capacitor switching and shall disconnecting means shall be capable of
attendant cannot readily touch live parts be capable of the following: being locked in the open position.
unless standing on the mats or (1) Carrying continuously not less (ii) Signs or outline lighting systems
platforms. than 135 percent of the rated current of operated by electronic or
(5) Transformers. (i) Paragraph (j)(5) the capacitor installation; electromechanical controllers located
of this section covers the installation of (2) Interrupting the maximum external to the sign or outline lighting
all transformers except the following: continuous load current of each system may have a disconnecting means
(A) Current transformers; located within sight of the controller or
(B) Dry-type transformers installed as capacitor, capacitor bank, or capacitor
installation that will be switched as a in the same enclosure with the
a component part of other apparatus; controller. The disconnecting means
(C) Transformers that are an integral unit;
(3) Withstanding the maximum inrush shall disconnect the sign or outline
part of an X-ray, high frequency, or
current, including contributions from lighting system and the controller from
electrostatic-coating apparatus;
(D) Transformers used with Class 2 adjacent capacitor installations; and all ungrounded supply conductors. It
and Class 3 circuits, sign and outline (4) Carrying currents due to faults on shall be designed so no pole can be
lighting, electric discharge lighting, and the capacitor side of the switch; operated independently and shall be
power-limited fire-alarm circuits; and (B) A means shall be installed to capable of being locked in the open
(E) Liquid-filled or dry-type isolate from all sources of voltage each position.
transformers used for research, capacitor, capacitor bank, or capacitor (iii) Doors or covers giving access to
development, or testing, where effective installation that will be removed from uninsulated parts of indoor signs or
safeguard arrangements are provided. service as a unit. The isolating means outline lighting exceeding 600 volts and
(ii) The operating voltage of exposed shall provide a visible gap in the electric accessible to other than qualified
live parts of transformer installations circuit adequate for the operating persons shall either be provided with
shall be indicated by signs or visible voltage; interlock switches to disconnect the
markings on the equipment or structure. (C) Isolating or disconnecting primary circuit or shall be so fastened
(iii) Dry-type, high fire point liquid- switches (with no interrupting rating) that the use of other than ordinary tools
insulated, and askarel-insulated shall be interlocked with the load will be necessary to open them.
transformers installed indoors and rated interrupting device or shall be provided (b) Cranes and hoists. This paragraph
over 35kV shall be in a vault. with prominently displayed caution applies to the installation of electric
(iv) Oil-insulated transformers signs to prevent switching load current; equipment and wiring used in
installed indoors shall be installed in a and connection with cranes, monorail
vault. (D) For series capacitors, the proper hoists, hoists, and all runways.
(v) Combustible material, combustible switching shall be assured by use of at (1) Disconnecting means for runway
buildings and parts of buildings, fire least one of the following: conductors. A disconnecting means
escapes, and door and window openings (1) Mechanically sequenced isolating shall be provided between the runway
shall be safeguarded from fires that may and bypass switches; contact conductors and the power
originate in oil-insulated transformers (2) Interlocks; or supply. Such disconnecting means shall
attached to or adjacent to a building or (3) Switching procedure prominently consist of a motor-circuit switch, circuit
combustible material. displayed at the switching location. breaker, or molded case switch. The
(vi) Transformer vaults shall be (7) Storage Batteries. Provisions shall disconnecting means shall open all
constructed so as to contain fire and be made for sufficient diffusion and ungrounded conductors simultaneously
combustible liquids within the vault ventilation of gases from storage and shall be:
and to prevent unauthorized access. batteries to prevent the accumulation of (i) Readily accessible and operable
Locks and latches shall be so arranged explosive mixtures. from the ground or floor level;
(ii) Arranged to be locked in the open open position. The disconnecting means location of the supply-side overcurrent
position; and shall be a listed device. protective device.
(iii) Placed within view of the runway (4) Operation. No provision may be (7) Single-car and multicar
contact conductors. made to open or close this installations. On single-car and multicar
(2) Disconnecting means for cranes disconnecting means from any other installations, equipment receiving
and monorail hoists. (i) Except as part of the premises. If sprinklers are electrical power from more than one
provided in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this installed in hoistways, machine rooms, source shall be provided with a
section, a motor-circuit switch, molded or machinery spaces, the disconnecting disconnecting means for each source of
case switch, or circuit breaker shall be means may automatically open the electrical power. The disconnecting
provided in the leads from the runway power supply to the affected elevators means shall be within sight of the
contact conductors or other power prior to the application of water. No equipment served.
supply on all cranes and monorail provision may be made to close this (8) Warning sign for multiple
hoists. disconnecting means automatically (that disconnecting means. A warning sign
(ii) The disconnecting means shall be is, power may only be restored by shall be mounted on or next to the
capable of being locked in the open manual means). disconnecting means where multiple
position. (5) Location. The disconnecting disconnecting means are used and parts
(iii) Means shall be provided at the means shall be located where it is of the controllers remain energized from
operating station to open the power readily accessible to qualified persons. a source other than the one
(i) On elevators without generator disconnected. The sign shall be clearly
circuit to all motors of the crane or
field control, the disconnecting means legible and shall read ‘‘WARNING—
monorail hoist where the disconnecting
shall be located within sight of the PARTS OF THE CONTROLLER ARE
means is not readily accessible from the
motor controller. Driving machines or NOT DEENERGIZED BY THIS
crane or monorail hoist operating
motion and operation controllers not SWITCH.’’
station.
within sight of the disconnecting means (9) Interconnection between multicar
(iv) The disconnecting means may be controllers. A warning sign worded as
shall be provided with a manually
omitted where a monorail hoist or hand- required in paragraph (c)(8) of this
operated switch installed in the control
propelled crane bridge installation section shall be mounted on or next to
circuit adjacent to the equipment in
meets all of the following conditions: the disconnecting means where
order to prevent starting. Where the
(A) The unit is controlled from the interconnections between controllers
driving machine is located in a remote
ground or floor level; are necessary for the operation of the
machinery space, a single disconnecting
(B) The unit is within view of the system on multicar installations that
means for disconnecting all ungrounded
power supply disconnecting means; and remain energized from a source other
main power supply conductors shall be
(C) No fixed work platform has been than the one disconnected.
provided and be capable of being locked
provided for servicing the unit. (10) Motor controllers. Motor
in the open position.
(3) Limit switch. A limit switch or (ii) On elevators with generator field controllers may be located outside the
other device shall be provided to control, the disconnecting means shall spaces otherwise required by paragraph
prevent the load block from passing the be located within sight of the motor (c) of this section, provided they are in
safe upper limit of travel of any hoisting controller for the driving motor of the enclosures with doors or removable
mechanism. motor-generator set. Driving machines, panels capable of being locked closed
(4) Clearance. The dimension of the motor-generator sets, or motion and and the disconnecting means is located
working space in the direction of access operation controllers not within sight of adjacent to or is an integral part of the
to live parts that may require the disconnecting means shall be motor controller. Motor controller
examination, adjustment, servicing, or provided with a manually operated enclosures for escalators or moving
maintenance while alive shall be a switch installed in the control circuit to walks may be located in the balustrade
minimum of 762 mm (2.5 ft). Where prevent starting. The manually operated on the side located away from the
controls are enclosed in cabinets, the switch shall be installed adjacent to this moving steps or moving treadway. If the
doors shall either open at least 90 equipment. Where the driving machine disconnecting means is an integral part
degrees or be removable. or the motor-generator set is located in of the motor controller, it shall be
(c) Elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators, a remote machinery space, a single operable without opening the enclosure.
moving walks, wheelchair lifts, and means for disconnecting all ungrounded (d) Electric welders—disconnecting
stairway chair lifts. The following main power supply conductors shall be means—(1) Arc welders. A
requirements apply to elevators, provided and be capable of being locked disconnecting means shall be provided
dumbwaiters, escalators, moving walks, in the open position. in the supply circuit for each arc welder
wheelchair lifts, and stairway chair lifts. (iii) On escalators and moving walks, that is not equipped with a disconnect
(1) Disconnecting means. Elevators, the disconnecting means shall be mounted as an integral part of the
dumbwaiters, escalators, moving walks, installed in the space where the welder. The disconnecting means shall
wheelchair lifts, and stairway chair lifts controller is located. be a switch or circuit breaker, and its
shall have a single means for (iv) On wheelchair lifts and stairway rating may not be less than that
disconnecting all ungrounded main chair lifts, the disconnecting means necessary to accommodate overcurrent
power supply conductors for each unit. shall be located within sight of the protection.
(2) Control panels. Control panels not motor controller. (2) Resistance welders. A switch or
located in the same space as the drive (6) Identification and signs. (i) Where circuit breaker shall be provided by
machine shall be located in cabinets there is more than one driving machine which each resistance welder and its
with doors or panels capable of being in a machine room, the disconnecting control equipment can be disconnected
locked closed. means shall be numbered to correspond from the supply circuit. The ampere
(3) Type. The disconnecting means to the identifying number of the driving rating of this disconnecting means may
shall be an enclosed externally operable machine that they control. not be less than the supply conductor
fused motor circuit switch or circuit (ii) The disconnecting means shall be ampacity. The supply circuit switch
breaker capable of being locked in the provided with a sign to identify the may be used as the welder
disconnecting means where the circuit and scientific applications, but not for heating equipment disconnecting means
supplies only one welder. medical or dental applications or for where the circuit supplies only one
(e) Information technology appliances. piece of equipment.
equipment—(1) Disconnecting means. A (1) Guarding and grounding. (i) The (2) Remote control. (i) If remote
means shall be provided to disconnect converting apparatus (including the dc controls are used for applying power, a
power to all electronic equipment in an line) and high-frequency electric selector switch shall be provided and
information technology equipment circuits (excluding the output circuits interlocked to provide power from only
room. There shall also be a similar and remote-control circuits) shall be one control point at a time.
means to disconnect the power to all completely contained within enclosures (ii) Switches operated by foot pressure
dedicated heating, ventilating, and air- of noncombustible material. shall be provided with a shield over the
conditioning (HVAC) systems serving (ii) All panel controls shall be of contact button to avoid accidental
the room and to cause all required fire/ dead-front construction. closing of the switch.
smoke dampers to close. (iii) Doors or detachable panels shall (h) Electrolytic cells. This paragraph
(2) Grouping. The control for these be employed for internal access. Where applies to the installation of the
disconnecting means shall be grouped doors are used giving access to voltages electrical components and accessory
and identified and shall be readily from 500 to 1000 volts ac or dc, either equipment of electrolytic cells,
accessible at the principal exit doors. A door locks shall be provided or electrolytic cell lines, and process
single means to control both the interlocks shall be installed. Where power supply for the production of
electronic equipment and HVAC system doors are used giving access to voltages aluminum, cadmium, chlorine, copper,
is permitted. of over 1000 volts ac or dc, either fluorine, hydrogen peroxide,
(3) Exception. Integrated electrical mechanical lockouts with a magnesium, sodium, sodium chlorate,
systems covered by § 1910.308(g) need disconnecting means to prevent access and zinc. Cells used as a source of
not have the disconnecting means until circuit parts within the cubicle are electric energy and for electroplating
required by paragraph (e)(1) of this deenergized, or both door interlocking processes and cells used for production
section. and mechanical door locks, shall be of hydrogen are not covered by this
(f) X-Ray equipment. This paragraph provided. Detachable panels not paragraph.
applies to X-ray equipment. normally used for access to such parts (1) Application. Installations covered
(1) Disconnecting means. (i) A shall be fastened in a manner that will by paragraph (h) of this section shall
disconnecting means shall be provided make them difficult to remove (for comply with all applicable provisions of
in the supply circuit. The disconnecting example, by requiring the use of tools). this subpart, except as follows:
means shall be operable from a location (iv) Warning labels or signs that read (i) Overcurrent protection of
readily accessible from the X-ray ‘‘DANGER—HIGH VOLTAGE—KEEP electrolytic cell dc process power
control. For equipment connected to a OUT’’ shall be attached to the circuits need not comply with the
120-volt branch circuit of 30 amperes or equipment and shall be plainly visible requirements of § 1910.304(f);
less, a grounding-type attachment plug where persons might contact energized (ii) Equipment located or used within
cap and receptacle of proper rating may parts when doors are opened or closed the cell line working zone or associated
serve as a disconnecting means. or when panels are removed from with the cell line dc power circuits need
(ii) If more than one piece of compartments containing over 250 volts not comply with the provisions of
equipment is operated from the same ac or dc. § 1910.304(g); and
high-voltage circuit, each piece or each (v) Induction and dielectric heating (iii) Electrolytic cells, cell line
group of equipment as a unit shall be equipment shall be protected as follows: conductors, cell line attachments, and
provided with a high-voltage switch or (A) Protective cages or adequate the wiring of auxiliary equipment and
equivalent disconnecting means. The shielding shall be used to guard work devices within the cell line working
disconnecting means shall be applicators other than induction heating zone need not comply with the
constructed, enclosed, or located so as coils. provisions of § 1910.303 or
to avoid contact by employees with its (B) Induction heating coils shall be § 1910.304(b) and (c).
live parts. protected by insulation or refractory (2) Disconnecting means. If more than
(2) Control. The following materials or both. one dc cell line process power supply
requirements apply to industrial and (C) Interlock switches shall be used serves the same cell line, a
commercial laboratory equipment. on all hinged access doors, sliding disconnecting means shall be provided
(i) Radiographic and fluoroscopic- panels, or other such means of access to on the cell line circuit side of each
type equipment shall be effectively the applicator, unless the applicator is power supply to disconnect it from the
enclosed or shall have interlocks that an induction heating coil at dc ground cell line circuit. Removable links or
deenergize the equipment automatically potential or operating at less than 150 removable conductors may be used as
to prevent ready access to live current- volts ac. the disconnecting means.
carrying parts. (D) Interlock switches shall be (3) Portable electric equipment. (i)
(ii) Diffraction- and irradiation-type connected in such a manner as to The frames and enclosures of portable
equipment shall have a pilot light, remove all power from the applicator electric equipment used within the cell
readable meter deflection, or equivalent when any one of the access doors or line working zone may not be grounded,
means to indicate when the equipment panels is open. unless the cell line circuit voltage does
is energized, unless the equipment or (vi) A readily accessible not exceed 200 volts DC or the frames
installation is effectively enclosed or is disconnecting means shall be provided are guarded.
provided with interlocks to prevent by which each heating equipment can (ii) Ungrounded portable electric
access to live current-carrying parts be isolated from its supply circuit. The equipment shall be distinctively marked
during operation. ampere rating of this disconnecting and shall employ plugs and receptacles
(g) Induction and dielectric heating means may not be less than the of a configuration that prevents
equipment. This paragraph applies to nameplate current rating of the connection of this equipment to
induction and dielectric heating equipment. The supply circuit grounding receptacles and that prevents
equipment and accessories for industrial disconnecting means is permitted as a inadvertent interchange of ungrounded
and grounded portable electric surfaces of the cell line, its attachments, (1) Receptacles. (i) A single receptacle
equipment. or auxiliaries. If fixed electric of the locking and grounding type that
(4) Power supply circuits and equipment is mounted on an energized provides power for a permanently
receptacles for portable electric conductive surface, it shall be bonded to installed swimming pool recirculating
equipment. (i) Circuits supplying power that surface. pump motor may be located not less
to ungrounded receptacles for hand- (6) Auxiliary nonelectrical than 1.52 m (5 ft) from the inside walls
held, cord- and plug-connected connections. Auxiliary nonelectrical of a pool. All other receptacles on the
equipment shall meet the following connections such as air hoses, water property shall be located at least 3.05 m
requirements: hoses, and the like, to an electrolytic (10 ft) from the inside walls of a pool.
(A) The circuits shall be electrically cell, its attachments, or auxiliary (ii) Receptacles that are located within
isolated from any distribution system equipment may not have continuous 4.57 m (15 ft), or 6.08 m (20 ft) if the
supplying areas other than the cell line conductive reinforcing wire, armor, installation was built after August 13,
working zone and shall be ungrounded; braids, or the like. Hoses shall be of a 2007, of the inside walls of the pool
(B) The circuits shall be supplied nonconductive material. shall be protected by ground-fault
through isolating transformers with (7) Cranes and hoists. (i) The circuit interrupters.
primaries operating at not more than conductive surfaces of cranes and hoists (iii) Where a pool is installed
600 volts between conductors and that enter the cell line working zone permanently at a dwelling unit, at least
protected with proper overcurrent need not be grounded. The portion of an one 125-volt, 15- or 20-ampere
protection; overhead crane or hoist that contacts an receptacle on a general-purpose branch
(C) The secondary voltage of the
energized electrolytic cell or energized circuit shall be located a minimum of
isolating transformers may not exceed
attachments shall be insulated from 3.05 m (10 ft) and not more than 6.08
300 volts between conductors; and
(D) All circuits supplied from the ground. m (20 ft) from the inside wall of the
secondaries shall be ungrounded and (ii) Remote crane or hoist controls that pool. This receptacle shall be located
shall have an approved overcurrent may introduce hazardous electrical not more than 1.98 m (6.5 ft) above the
device of proper rating in each conditions into the cell line working floor, platform, or grade level serving
conductor. zone shall employ one or more of the the pool.
(ii) Receptacles and their mating plugs following systems: Note to paragraph (j)(1) of this section: In
for ungrounded equipment may not (A) Isolated and ungrounded control determining these dimensions, the distance
have provision for a grounding circuit; to be measured is the shortest path the
conductor and shall be of a (B) Nonconductive rope operator; supply cord of an appliance connected to the
configuration that prevents their use for (C) Pendant pushbutton with receptacle would follow without piercing a
nonconductive supporting means and floor, wall, or ceiling of a building or other
equipment required to be grounded.
with nonconductive surfaces or effective permanent barrier.
(iii) Receptacles on circuits supplied
by an isolating transformer with an ungrounded exposed conductive (2) Lighting fixtures, lighting outlets,
ungrounded secondary: surfaces; or and ceiling suspended (paddle) fans. (i)
(A) Shall have a distinctive (D) Radio. In outdoor pool areas, lighting fixtures,
configuration; (i) Electrically driven or controlled lighting outlets, and ceiling-suspended
(B) Shall be distinctively marked; and irrigation machines—(1) Lightning (paddle) fans may not be installed over
(C) May not be used in any other protection. If an irrigation machine has the pool or over the area extending 1.52
location in the facility. a stationary point, a grounding electrode m (5 ft) horizontally from the inside
(5) Fixed and portable electric system shall be connected to the walls of a pool unless no part of the
equipment. (i) The following need not machine at the stationary point for lighting fixture of a ceiling-suspended
be grounded: lightning protection. (paddle) fan is less than 3.66 m (12 ft)
(A) AC systems supplying fixed and (2) Disconnecting means. (i) The main above the maximum water level.
portable electric equipment within the
disconnecting means for a center pivot However, a lighting fixture or lighting
cell line working zone; and
irrigation machine shall be located at outlet that was installed before April 16,
(B) Exposed conductive surfaces, such
as electric equipment housings, the point of connection of electrical 1981, may be located less than 1.52 m
cabinets, boxes, motors, raceways and power to the machine or shall be visible (5 ft) measured horizontally from the
the like that are within the cell line and not more than 15.2 m (50 ft) from inside walls of a pool if it is at least 1.52
working zone. the machine. m (5 ft) above the surface of the
(ii) Auxiliary electric equipment, such (ii) The disconnecting means shall be maximum water level and is rigidly
as motors, transducers, sensors, control readily accessible and capable of being attached to the existing structure. It
devices, and alarms, mounted on an locked in the open position. shall also be protected by a ground-fault
electrolytic cell or other energized (iii) A disconnecting means shall be circuit interrupter installed in the
surface shall be connected to the provided for each motor and controller. branch circuit supplying the fixture.
premises wiring systems by any of the (j) Swimming pools, fountains, and (ii) Lighting fixtures and lighting
following means: similar installations. This paragraph outlets installed in the area extending
(A) Multiconductor hard usage or applies to electric wiring for and between 1.52 m (5 ft) and 3.05 m (10 ft)
extra hard usage flexible cord; equipment in or adjacent to all horizontally from the inside walls of a
(B) Wire or cable in suitable swimming, wading, therapeutic, and pool shall be protected by a ground-fault
nonmetallic raceways or cable trays; or decorative pools and fountains; hydro- circuit interrupter unless installed 1.52
(C) Wire or cable in suitable metal massage bathtubs, whether permanently m (5 ft) above the maximum water level
raceways or metal cable trays installed installed or storable; and metallic and rigidly attached to the structure
with insulating breaks such that they auxiliary equipment, such as pumps, adjacent to or enclosing the pool.
will not cause a potentially hazardous filters, and similar equipment. (3) Cord- and plug-connected
electrical condition. Therapeutic pools in health care equipment. Flexible cords used with the
(iii) Fixed electric equipment may be facilities are exempt from these following equipment may not exceed
bonded to the energized conductive provisions. 0.9 m (3 ft) in length and shall have a
copper equipment grounding conductor also be listed for wet locations and shall (A) Where ac single-pole portable
with a grounding-type attachment plug: be sunlight resistant. cable connectors are used, they shall be
(i) Cord- and plug-connected lighting (iv) Single conductor cable shall be listed and of the locking type. Where
fixtures installed within 4.88 m (16 ft) size No. 2 or larger. paralleled sets of current-carrying
of the water surface of permanently (v) Open conductors are prohibited single-pole separable connectors are
installed pools; and except as part of a listed assembly or provided as input devices, they shall be
(ii) Other cord- and plug-connected, festoon lighting installed in accordance prominently labeled with a warning
fixed or stationary equipment used with with § 1910.304(c). indicating the presence of internal
permanently installed pools. (vi) Flexible cords and cables shall be parallel connections. The use of single-
(4) Underwater equipment. (i) A continuous without splice or tap pole separable connectors shall comply
ground-fault circuit interrupter shall be between boxes or fittings. Cord with at least one of the following
installed in the branch circuit supplying connectors may not be laid on the conditions:
underwater fixtures operating at more ground unless listed for wet locations. (1) Connection and disconnection of
than 15 volts. Equipment installed Connectors and cable connections may connectors are only possible where the
underwater shall be identified for the not be placed in audience traffic paths supply connectors are interlocked to the
purpose. or within areas accessible to the public source and it is not possible to connect
(ii) No underwater lighting fixtures unless guarded. or disconnect connectors when the
may be installed for operation at over (vii) Wiring for an amusement ride, supply is energized; or
150 volts between conductors. attraction, tent, or similar structure may (2) Line connectors are of the listed
(iii) A lighting fixture facing upward not be supported by another ride or sequential-interlocking type so that load
shall have the lens adequately guarded structure unless specifically identified connectors are connected in the
to prevent contact by any person. for the purpose. following sequence:
(5) Fountains. All electric equipment, (i) Equipment grounding conductor
(viii) Flexible cords and cables run on
including power supply cords, connection;
the ground, where accessible to the
operating at more than 15 volts and
public, shall be covered with approved (ii) Grounded circuit-conductor
used with fountains shall be protected
nonconductive mats. Cables and mats connection, if provided; and
by ground-fault circuit interrupters.
shall be arranged so as not to present a (iii) Ungrounded conductor
(k) Carnivals, circuses, fairs, and
tripping hazard. connection; and so that disconnection is
similar events. This paragraph covers
(ix) A box or fitting shall be installed in the reverse order; or
the installation of portable wiring and
at each connection point, outlet, switch (3) A caution notice is provided
equipment, including wiring in or on all
point, or junction point. adjacent to the line connectors
structures, for carnivals, circuses,
(3) Inside tents and concessions. indicating that plug connection must be
exhibitions, fairs, traveling attractions,
Electrical wiring for temporary lighting, in the following sequence:
and similar events.
(1) Protection of electric equipment. where installed inside of tents and (i) Equipment grounding conductor
Electric equipment and wiring methods concessions, shall be securely installed, connection;
in or on rides, concessions, or other and, where subject to physical damage, (ii) Grounded circuit-conductor
units shall be provided with mechanical shall be provided with mechanical connection, if provided; and
protection where such equipment or protection. All temporary lamps for (iii) Ungrounded conductor
wiring methods are subject to physical general illumination shall be protected connection; and indicating that
damage. from accidental breakage by a suitable disconnection is in the reverse order;
(2) Installation. (i) Services shall be fixture or lampholder with a guard. and
installed in accordance with applicable (4) Portable distribution and (B) Single-pole separable connectors
requirements of this subpart, and, in termination boxes. Employers may only used in portable professional motion
addition, shall comply with the use portable distribution and picture and television equipment may
following: termination boxes that meet the be interchangeable for ac or dc use or for
(A) Service equipment may not be following requirements: different current ratings on the same
installed in a location that is accessible (i) Boxes shall be designed so that no premises only if they are listed for ac/
to unqualified persons, unless the live parts are exposed to accidental dc use and marked to identify the
equipment is lockable; and contact. Where installed outdoors, the system to which they are connected;
(B) Service equipment shall be box shall be of weatherproof (v) Overcurrent protection of
mounted on solid backing and installed construction and mounted so that the equipment and conductors shall be
so as to be protected from the weather, bottom of the enclosure is not less than provided; and
unless the equipment is of weatherproof 152 mm (6 in.) above the ground; (vi) The following equipment
construction. (ii) Busbars shall have an ampere connected to the same source shall be
(ii) Amusement rides and amusement rating not less than the overcurrent bonded:
attractions shall be maintained not less device supplying the feeder supplying (A) Metal raceways and metal
than 4.57 m (15 ft) in any direction from the box. Busbar connectors shall be sheathed cable;
overhead conductors operating at 600 provided where conductors terminate (B) Metal enclosures of electrical
volts or less, except for the conductors directly on busbars; equipment; and
supplying the amusement ride or (iii) Receptacles shall have (C) Metal frames and metal parts of
attraction. Amusement rides or overcurrent protection installed within rides, concessions, trailers, trucks, or
attractions may not be located under or the box. The overcurrent protection may other equipment that contain or support
within 4.57 m (15 ft) horizontally of not exceed the ampere rating of the electrical equipment.
conductors operating in excess of 600 receptacle, except as permitted in (5) Disconnecting means. (i) Each ride
volts. § 1910.305(j)(4) for motor loads; and concession shall be provided with
(iii) Flexible cords and cables shall be (iv) Where single-pole connectors are a fused disconnect switch or circuit
listed for extra-hard usage. When used used, they shall comply with the breaker located within sight and within
outdoors, flexible cords and cables shall following: 1.83 m (6 ft) of the operator’s station.
(ii) The disconnecting means shall be classification system meeting (D) Fixed dust-tight equipment, other
readily accessible to the operator, paragraphs (c), (d), (e), and (f) of this than lighting fixtures, that is acceptable
including when the ride is in operation. section. for use in Class II, Division 2 and Class
(iii) Where accessible to unqualified (b) Documentation. All areas III locations need not be marked with
persons, the enclosure for the switch or designated as hazardous (classified) the class, group, division, or operating
circuit breaker shall be of the lockable locations under the Class and Zone temperature; and
type. system and areas designated under the (E) Electric equipment suitable for
(iv) A shunt trip device that opens the Class and Division system established ambient temperatures exceeding 40° C
fused disconnect or circuit breaker after August 13, 2007 shall be properly (104° F) shall be marked with both the
when a switch located in the ride documented. This documentation shall maximum ambient temperature and the
operator’s console is closed is a be available to those authorized to operating temperature or temperature
permissible method of opening the design, install, inspect, maintain, or range at that ambient temperature; and
circuit. operate electric equipment at the (3) Safe for the hazardous (classified)
location. location. Equipment that is safe for the
§ 1910.307 Hazardous (classified) location shall be of a type and design
(c) Electrical installations. Equipment,
locations.
wiring methods, and installations of that the employer demonstrates will
(a) Scope—(1) Applicability. This equipment in hazardous (classified) provide protection from the hazards
section covers the requirements for locations shall be intrinsically safe, arising from the combustibility and
electric equipment and wiring in approved for the hazardous (classified) flammability of vapors, liquids, gases,
locations that are classified depending location, or safe for the hazardous dusts, or fibers involved.
on the properties of the flammable (classified) location. Requirements for
vapors, liquids or gases, or combustible Note to paragraph (c)(3) of this section:
each of these options are as follows: The National Electrical Code, NFPA 70,
dusts or fibers that may be present (1) Intrinsically safe. Equipment and contains guidelines for determining the type
therein and the likelihood that a associated wiring approved as and design of equipment and installations
flammable or combustible concentration intrinsically safe is permitted in any that will meet this requirement. Those
or quantity is present. Hazardous hazardous (classified) location for guidelines address electric wiring,
(classified) locations may be found in which it is approved; equipment, and systems installed in
occupancies such as, but not limited to, hazardous (classified) locations and contain
(2) Approved for the hazardous
the following: aircraft hangars, gasoline specific provisions for the following: wiring
(classified) location. (i) Equipment shall methods, wiring connections; conductor
dispensing and service stations, bulk be approved not only for the class of
storage plants for gasoline or other insulation, flexible cords, sealing and
location, but also for the ignitable or drainage, transformers, capacitors, switches,
volatile flammable liquids, paint- combustible properties of the specific circuit breakers, fuses, motor controllers,
finishing process plants, health care gas, vapor, dust, or fiber that will be receptacles, attachment plugs, meters, relays,
facilities, agricultural or other facilities present. instruments, resistors, generators, motors,
where excessive combustible dusts may lighting fixtures, storage battery charging
be present, marinas, boat yards, and Note to paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section: equipment, electric cranes, electric hoists
NFPA 70, the National Electrical Code, lists and similar equipment, utilization
petroleum and chemical processing
or defines hazardous gases, vapors, and dusts equipment, signaling systems, alarm systems,
plants. Each room, section or area shall by ‘‘Groups’’ characterized by their ignitable
be considered individually in remote control systems, local loud speaker
or combustible properties. and communication systems, ventilation
determining its classification.
(ii) Equipment shall be marked to piping, live parts, lightning surge protection,
(2) Classifications. (i) These and grounding.
hazardous (classified) locations are show the class, group, and operating
assigned the following designations: temperature or temperature range, based (d) Conduits. All conduits shall be
(A) Class I, Division 1 on operation in a 40-degree C ambient, threaded and shall be made wrench-
(B) Class I, Division 2 for which it is approved. The tight. Where it is impractical to make a
(C) Class I, Zone 0 temperature marking may not exceed threaded joint tight, a bonding jumper
(D) Class I, Zone 1 the ignition temperature of the specific shall be utilized.
(E) Class I, Zone 2 gas or vapor to be encountered. (e) Equipment in Division 2 locations.
(F) Class II, Division 1 However, the following provisions Equipment that has been approved for a
(G) Class II, Division 2 modify this marking requirement for Division 1 location may be installed in
(H) Class III, Division 1 specific equipment: a Division 2 location of the same class
(I) Class III, Division 2 (A) Equipment of the nonheat- and group. General-purpose equipment
(ii) For definitions of these locations, producing type, such as junction boxes, or equipment in general-purpose
see § 1910.399. conduit, and fittings, and equipment of enclosures may be installed in Division
(3) Other sections of this subpart. All the heat-producing type having a 2 locations if the employer can
applicable requirements in this subpart maximum temperature not more than demonstrate that the equipment does
apply to hazardous (classified) locations 100° C (212° F) need not have a marked not constitute a source of ignition under
unless modified by provisions of this operating temperature or temperature normal operating conditions.
section. range; (f) Protection techniques. The
(4) Division and zone classification. In (B) Fixed lighting fixtures marked for following are acceptable protection
Class I locations, an installation must be use in Class I, Division 2 or Class II, techniques for electric and electronic
classified as using the division Division 2 locations only need not be equipment in hazardous (classified)
classification system meeting marked to indicate the group; locations.
paragraphs (c), (d), (e), and (f) of this (C) Fixed general-purpose equipment (1) Explosionproof apparatus. This
section or using the zone classification in Class I locations, other than lighting protection technique is permitted for
system meeting paragraph (g) of this fixtures, that is acceptable for use in equipment in the Class I, Division 1 and
section. In Class II and Class III Class I, Division 2 locations need not be 2 locations for which it is approved.
locations, an installation must be marked with the class, group, division, (2) Dust ignitionproof. This protection
classified using the division or operating temperature; technique is permitted for equipment in
the Class II, Division 1 and 2 locations flows through the conduit system and to (i) Classification of areas and selection
for which it is approved. ensure the explosionproof or flameproof of equipment and wiring methods shall
(3) Dust-tight. This protection integrity of the conduit system where be under the supervision of a qualified
technique is permitted for equipment in applicable. registered professional engineer.
the Class II, Division 2 and Class III (iv) Equipment provided with (ii) In instances of areas within the
locations for which it is approved. threaded entries for field wiring same facility classified separately, Class
(4) Purged and pressurized. This connection shall be installed in I, Zone 2 locations may abut, but not
protection technique is permitted for accordance with paragraph (g)(2)(iv)(A) overlap, Class I, Division 2 locations.
equipment in any hazardous (classified) or (g)(2)(iv)(B) of this section. Class I, Zone 0 or Zone 1 locations may
location for which it is approved. (A) For equipment provided with not abut Class I, Division 1 or Division
(5) Nonincendive circuit. This threaded entries for NPT threaded 2 locations.
protection technique is permitted for conduit or fittings, listed conduit, (iii) A Class I, Division 1 or Division
equipment in Class I, Division 2; Class conduit fittings, or cable fittings shall be 2 location may be reclassified as a Class
II, Division 2; or Class III, Division 1or used. I, Zone 0, Zone 1, or Zone 2 location
2 locations. (B) For equipment with metric only if all of the space that is classified
(6) Nonincendive equipment. This threaded entries, such entries shall be because of a single flammable gas or
protection technique is permitted for identified as being metric, or listed vapor source is reclassified.
equipment in Class I, Division 2; Class adaptors to permit connection to Note to paragraph (g)(4) of this section:
II, Division 2; or Class III, Division 1 or conduit of NPT-threaded fittings shall Low ambient conditions require special
2 locations. be provided with the equipment. consideration. Electric equipment depending
(7) Nonincendive component. This Adapters shall be used for connection to on the protection techniques described by
protection technique is permitted for conduit or NPT-threaded fittings. paragraph (g)(3)(i) of this section may not be
equipment in Class I, Division 2; Class (3) Protection techniques. One or suitable for use at temperatures lower than
II, Division 2; or Class III, Division 1 or more of the following protection ¥20 °C (¥4 °F) unless they are approved for
2 locations. techniques shall be used for electric and use at lower temperatures. However, at low
(8) Oil immersion. This protection ambient temperatures, flammable
electronic equipment in hazardous concentrations of vapors may not exist in a
technique is permitted for current- (classified) locations classified under location classified Class I, Zone 0, 1, or 2 at
interrupting contacts in Class I, Division the zone classification system. normal ambient temperature.
2 locations as described in the Subpart. (i) Flameproof ‘‘d’’—This protection
(9) Hermetically sealed. This technique is permitted for equipment in (5) Listing and marking. (i) Equipment
protection technique is permitted for the Class I, Zone 1 locations for which that is listed for a Zone 0 location may
equipment in Class I, Division 2; Class it is approved. be installed in a Zone 1 or Zone 2
II, Division 2; and Class III, Division 1 (ii) Purged and pressurized—This location of the same gas or vapor.
or 2 locations. protection technique is permitted for Equipment that is listed for a Zone 1
(10) Other protection techniques. Any equipment in the Class I, Zone 1 or location may be installed in a Zone 2
other protection technique that meets Zone 2 locations for which it is location of the same gas or vapor.
paragraph (c) of this section is approved. (ii) Equipment shall be marked in
acceptable in any hazardous (classified) (iii) Intrinsic safety—This protection accordance with paragraph (g)(5)(ii)(A)
location. technique is permitted for equipment in and (g)(5)(ii)(B) of this section, except as
(g) Class I, Zone 0, 1, and 2 the Class I, Zone 0 or Zone 1 locations provided in (g)(5)(ii)(C).
locations—(1) Scope. Employers may (A) Equipment approved for Class I,
for which it is approved.
use the zone classification system as an (iv) Type of protection ‘‘n’’—This Division 1 or Class 1, Division 2 shall,
alternative to the division classification protection technique is permitted for in addition to being marked in
system for electric and electronic equipment in the Class I, Zone 2 accordance with (c)(2)(ii), be marked
equipment and wiring for all voltage in locations for which it is approved. Type with the following:
Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, and Zone 2 (1) Class I, Zone 1 or Class I, Zone 2
of protection ‘‘n’’ is further subdivided
hazardous (classified) locations where (as applicable);
into nA, nC, and nR. (2) Applicable gas classification
fire or explosion hazards may exist due (v) Oil Immersion ‘‘o’’—This
to flammable gases, vapors, or liquids. groups; and
protection technique is permitted for (3) Temperature classification; or
(2) Location and general equipment in the Class I, Zone 1 (B) Equipment meeting one or more of
requirements. (i) Locations shall be locations for which it is approved. the protection techniques described in
classified depending on the properties (vi) Increased safety ‘‘e’’—This paragraph (g)(3) of this section shall be
of the flammable vapors, liquids, or protection technique is permitted for marked with the following in the order
gases that may be present and the equipment in the Class I, Zone 1 shown:
likelihood that a flammable or locations for which it is approved. (1) Class, except for intrinsically safe
combustible concentration or quantity is (vii) Encapsulation ‘‘m’’—This apparatus;
present. Where pyrophoric materials are protection technique is permitted for (2) Zone, except for intrinsically safe
the only materials used or handled, equipment in the Class I, Zone 1 apparatus;
these locations need not be classified. locations for which it is approved. (3) Symbol ‘‘AEx;’’
(ii) Each room, section, or area shall (viii) Powder Filling ‘‘q’’—This (4) Protection techniques;
be considered individually in protection technique is permitted for (5) Applicable gas classification
determining its classification. equipment in the Class I, Zone 1 groups; and
(iii) All threaded conduit shall be locations for which it is approved. (6) Temperature classification, except
threaded with an NPT (National (4) Special precaution. Paragraph (g) for intrinsically safe apparatus.
(American) Standard Pipe Taper) of this section requires equipment Note to paragraph (g)(5)(ii)(B) of this
standard conduit cutting die that construction and installation that will section: An example of such a required
provides 3⁄4-in. taper per foot. The ensure safe performance under marking is ‘‘Class I, Zone 0, AEx ia IIC T6.’’
conduit shall be made wrench tight to conditions of proper use and See Figure S–1 for an explanation of this
prevent sparking when fault current maintenance. marking.
(C) Equipment that the employer zone of location involved and will be Note to paragraph (g)(5)(ii)(C) of this
demonstrates will provide protection recognized as providing such protection section: The National Electrical Code, NFPA
from the hazards arising from the by employees need not be marked. 70, contains guidelines for determining the
type and design of equipment and
flammability of the gas or vapor and the installations that will meet this provision.
§ 1910.308 Special systems. the circuit voltage and insulation. Stress (iii) Fused cutouts installed in
(a) Systems over 600 volts, nominal. reduction means shall be provided at all buildings or transformer vaults shall be
This paragraph covers the general terminations of factory-applied of a type identified for the purpose.
requirements for all circuits and shielding. Distribution cutouts may not be used
equipment operated at over 600 volts. (ii) Metallic shielding components indoors, underground, or in metal
(1) Aboveground wiring methods. (i) such as tapes, wires, or braids, or enclosures. They shall be readily
Aboveground conductors shall be combinations thereof, and their accessible for fuse replacement.
installed in rigid metal conduit, in associated conducting and (iv) Where fused cutouts are not
intermediate metal conduit, in electrical semiconducting components shall be suitable to interrupt the circuit
metallic tubing, in rigid nonmetallic grounded. manually while carrying full load, an
conduit, in cable trays, as busways, as (4) Moisture or mechanical protection approved means shall be installed to
cablebus, in other identified raceways, for metal-sheathed cables. Where cable interrupt the entire load. Unless the
or as open runs of metal-clad cable fused cutouts are interlocked with the
conductors emerge from a metal sheath
suitable for the use and purpose. In switch to prevent opening of the cutouts
and where protection against moisture
locations accessible to qualified persons under load, a conspicuous sign shall be
or physical damage is necessary, the
only, open runs of Type MV cables, bare placed at such cutouts reading:
insulation of the conductors shall be
conductors, and bare busbars are also ‘‘WARNING—DO NOT OPERATE
protected by a cable sheath terminating
permitted. Busbars shall be either UNDER LOAD.’’
device.
copper or aluminum. Open runs of (v) Suitable barriers or enclosures
insulated wires and cables having a bare (5) Interrupting and isolating devices. shall be provided to prevent contact
lead sheath or a braided outer covering (i) Circuit breaker installations located with nonshielded cables or energized
shall be supported in a manner designed indoors shall consist of metal-enclosed parts of oil-filled cutouts.
to prevent physical damage to the braid units or fire-resistant cell-mounted (vi) Load interrupter switches may be
or sheath. units. In locations accessible only to used only if suitable fuses or circuits are
(ii) Conductors emerging from the qualified employees, open mounting of used in conjunction with these devices
ground shall be enclosed in approved circuit breakers is permitted. A means of to interrupt fault currents.
raceways. indicating the open and closed position (A) Where these devices are used in
(2) Braid-covered insulated of circuit breakers shall be provided. combination, they shall be coordinated
conductors—open installations. The (ii) Where fuses are used to protect electrically so that they will safely
braid on open runs of braid-covered conductors and equipment, a fuse shall withstand the effects of closing,
insulated conductors shall be flame be placed in each ungrounded carrying, or interrupting all possible
retardant or shall have a flame-retardant conductor. Two power fuses may be currents up to the assigned maximum
saturant applied after installation. This used in parallel to protect the same short-circuit rating.
treated braid covering shall be stripped load, if both fuses have identical ratings, (B) Where more than one switch is
back a safe distance at conductor and if both fuses are installed in an installed with interconnected load
terminals, according to the operating identified common mounting with terminals to provide for alternate
voltage. electrical connections that will divide connection to different supply
(3) Insulation shielding. (i) Metallic the current equally. Power fuses of the conductors, each switch shall be
and semiconductor insulation shielding vented type may not be used indoors, provided with a conspicuous sign
components of shielded cables shall be underground, or in metal enclosures reading: ‘‘WARNING—SWITCH MAY
ER14FE07.000</GPH>
removed for a distance dependent on unless identified for the use. BE ENERGIZED BY BACKFEED.’’
(vii) A means (for example, a equipment grounding conductor may be (c) Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3
fuseholder and fuse designed for the insulated or bare. remote control, signaling, and power-
purpose) shall be provided to (iv) Bare terminals of transformers, limited circuits—(1) Classification. Class
completely isolate equipment for switches, motor controllers, and other 1, Class 2, and Class 3 remote control,
inspection and repairs. Isolating means equipment shall be enclosed to prevent signaling, or power-limited circuits are
that are not designed to interrupt the accidental contact with energized parts. characterized by their usage and
load current of the circuit shall be either (v) Enclosures for use in tunnels shall electrical power limitation that
interlocked with an approved circuit be drip-proof, weatherproof, or differentiates them from light and power
interrupter or provided with a sign submersible as required by the circuits. These circuits are classified in
warning against opening them under environmental conditions. accordance with their respective voltage
load. (vi) Switch or contactor enclosures and power limitations as summarized in
(6) Mobile and portable equipment. (i) may not be used as junction boxes or paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (c)(1)(iii) of
A metallic enclosure shall be provided raceways for conductors feeding this section.
on the mobile machine for enclosing the through or tapping off to other switches, (i) A Class 1 power-limited circuit
terminals of the power cable. The unless special designs are used to shall be supplied from a source having
enclosure shall include provisions for a provide adequate space for this purpose. a rated output of not more than 30 volts
solid connection for the grounding (vii) A disconnecting means that and 1000 volt-amperes.
terminal to effectively ground the simultaneously opens all ungrounded (ii) A Class 1 remote control circuit or
machine frame. The method of cable conductors shall be installed at each a Class 1 signaling circuit shall have a
termination used shall prevent any transformer or motor location. voltage not exceeding 600 volts;
strain or pull on the cable from stressing (viii) All nonenergized metal parts of however, the power output of the source
the electrical connections. The electric equipment and metal raceways need not be limited.
enclosure shall have provision for and cable sheaths shall be effectively (iii) The power source for a Class 2 or
locking so only authorized qualified grounded and bonded to all metal pipes Class 3 circuit shall be listed equipment
persons may open it and shall be and rails at the portal and at intervals marked as a Class 2 or Class 3 power
marked with a sign warning of the not exceeding 305 m (1000 ft) source, except as follows:
presence of energized parts. throughout the tunnel. (A) Thermocouples do not require
(ii) All energized switching and (b) Emergency power systems. This listing as a Class 2 power source; and
control parts shall be enclosed in paragraph applies to circuits, systems, (B) A dry cell battery is considered an
effectively grounded metal cabinets or and equipment intended to supply inherently limited Class 2 power source,
enclosures. Circuit breakers and power for illumination and special provided the voltage is 30 volts or less
protective equipment shall have the loads in the event of failure of the and the capacity is less than or equal to
operating means projecting through the normal supply. that available from series-connected No.
metal cabinet or enclosure so these units (1) Wiring methods. Emergency circuit 6 carbon zinc cells.
can be reset without locked doors being wiring shall be kept entirely (2) Marking. A Class 2 or Class 3
opened. Enclosures and metal cabinets independent of all other wiring and power supply unit shall be durably
shall be locked so that only authorized equipment and may not enter the same marked where plainly visible to indicate
qualified persons have access and shall raceway, cable, box, or cabinet or other the class of supply and its electrical
be marked with a sign warning of the wiring except either where common rating.
presence of energized parts. Collector circuit elements suitable for the purpose (3) Separation from conductors of
ring assemblies on revolving-type are required, or for transferring power other circuits. Cables and conductors of
machines (shovels, draglines, etc.) shall from the normal to the emergency Class 2 and Class 3 circuits may not be
be guarded. source. placed in any cable, cable tray,
(7) Tunnel installations. This
(2) Emergency illumination. compartment, enclosure, manhole,
paragraph applies to installation and
Emergency illumination shall include outlet box, device box, raceway, or
use of high-voltage power distribution
all required means of egress lighting, similar fitting with conductors of
and utilization equipment that is
illuminated exit signs, and all other electric light, power, Class 1, nonpower-
portable or mobile, such as substations,
lights necessary to provide illumination. limited fire alarm circuits, and medium
trailers, cars, mobile shovels, draglines,
Where emergency lighting is necessary, power network-powered broadband
hoists, drills, dredges, compressors,
the system shall be so arranged that the communications cables unless a barrier
pumps, conveyors, and underground
failure of any individual lighting or other equivalent form of protection
excavators.
element, such as the burning out of a against contact is employed.
(i) Conductors in tunnels shall be
installed in one or more of the light bulb, cannot leave any space in (d) Fire alarm systems—(1)
following: total darkness. Classifications. Fire alarm circuits shall
(A) Metal conduit or other metal (3) Signs. (i) A sign shall be placed at be classified either as nonpower limited
raceway; the service entrance equipment or power limited.
(B) Type MC cable; or indicating the type and location of on- (2) Power sources. The power sources
(C) Other approved multiconductor site emergency power sources. However, for use with fire alarm circuits shall be
cable. a sign is not required for individual unit either power limited or nonpower
(ii) Multiconductor portable cable equipment. limited as follows:
may supply mobile equipment. (ii) Where the grounded circuit (i) The power source of nonpower-
(iii) Conductors and cables shall also conductor connected to the emergency limited fire alarm (NPLFA) circuits shall
be so located or guarded as to protect source is connected to a grounding have an output voltage of not more than
them from physical damage. An electrode conductor at a location remote 600 volts, nominal; and
equipment grounding conductor shall from the emergency source, there shall (ii) The power source for a power-
be run with circuit conductors inside be a sign at the grounding location that limited fire alarm (PLFA) circuit shall
the metal raceway or inside the shall identify all emergency and normal be listed equipment marked as a PLFA
multiconductor cable jacket. The sources connected at that location. power source.
(3) Separation from conductors of of the circuit within the block permanently and effectively grounded
other circuits. (i) Nonpower-limited fire containing the building served allows without splice or connection in the
alarm circuits and Class 1 circuits may the circuit to be exposed to accidental grounding conductor.
occupy the same enclosure, cable, or contact with electric light or power (iii) Transmitters shall be enclosed in
raceway provided all conductors are conductors operating at over 300 volts a metal frame or grill or separated from
insulated for maximum voltage of any to ground. the operating space by a barrier, all
conductor within the enclosure, cable, (iii) In addition, where there exists a metallic parts of which are effectively
or raceway. Power supply and fire alarm lightning exposure, each interbuilding connected to ground. All external metal
circuit conductors are permitted in the circuit on premises shall be protected by handles and controls accessible to the
same enclosure, cable, or raceway only a listed primary protector at each end of operating personnel shall be effectively
if connected to the same equipment. the interbuilding circuit. grounded. Unpowered equipment and
(ii) Power-limited circuit cables and (2) Conductor location. (i) Lead-in or enclosures are considered to be
conductors may not be placed in any aerial-drop cables from a pole or other grounded where connected to an
cable, cable tray, compartment, support, including the point of initial attached coaxial cable with an
enclosure, outlet box, raceway, or attachment to a building or structure, effectively grounded metallic shield.
similar fitting with conductors of shall be kept away from electric light, (f) Solar photovoltaic systems. This
electric light, power, Class 1, nonpower- power, Class 1, or nonpower-limited fire paragraph covers solar photovoltaic
limited fire alarm circuit conductors, or alarm circuit conductors so as to avoid systems that can be interactive with
medium power network-powered the possibility of accidental contact. other electric power production sources
broadband communications circuits. (ii) A separation of at least 1.83 m (6 or can stand alone with or without
(iii) Power-limited fire alarm circuit ft) shall be maintained between electrical energy storage such as
conductors shall be separated at least communications wires and cables on batteries. These systems may have ac or
50.8 mm (2 in.) from conductors of any buildings and lightning conductors. dc output for utilization.
electric light, power, Class 1, nonpower- (iii) Where communications wires and (1) Conductors of different systems.
limited fire alarm, or medium power cables and electric light or power Photovoltaic source circuits and
network-powered broadband conductors are supported by the same photovoltaic output circuits may not be
communications circuits unless a pole or run parallel to each other in- contained in the same raceway, cable
special and equally protective method span, the following conditions shall be tray, cable, outlet box, junction box, or
of conductor separation is employed. met: similar fitting as feeders or branch
(iv) Conductors of one or more Class (A) Where practicable, circuits of other systems, unless the
2 circuits are permitted within the same communication wires and cables on conductors of the different systems are
cable, enclosure, or raceway with poles shall be located below the electric separated by a partition or are
conductors of power-limited fire alarm light or power conductors; and connected together.
circuits provided that the insulation of (B) Communications wires and cables (2) Disconnecting means. Means shall
Class 2 circuit conductors in the cable, may not be attached to a crossarm that be provided to disconnect all current-
enclosure, or raceway is at least that carries electric light or power carrying conductors of a photovoltaic
needed for the power-limited fire alarm conductors. power source from all other conductors
circuits. (iv) Indoor communications wires and in a building or other structure. Where
(4) Identification. Fire alarm circuits cables shall be separated at least 50.8 a circuit grounding connection is not
shall be identified at terminal and mm (2 in.) from conductors of any designed to be automatically interrupted
junction locations in a manner that will electric light, power, Class 1, nonpower- as part of the ground-fault protection
prevent unintentional interference with limited fire alarm, or medium power system, a switch or circuit breaker used
the signaling circuit during testing and network-powered broadband as disconnecting means may not have a
servicing. Power-limited fire alarm communications circuits, unless a pole in the grounded conductor.
circuits shall be durably marked as such special and equally protective method (g) Integrated electrical systems—(1)
where plainly visible at terminations. of conductor separation, identified for Scope. Paragraph (g) of this section
(e) Communications systems. This the purpose, is employed. covers integrated electrical systems,
paragraph applies to central-station- (3) Equipment location. Outdoor other than unit equipment, in which
connected and non-central-station- metal structures supporting antennas, as orderly shutdown is necessary to ensure
connected telephone circuits, radio and well as self-supporting antennas such as safe operation. An integrated electrical
television receiving and transmitting vertical rods or dipole structures, shall system as used in this section shall be
equipment, including community be located as far away from overhead a unitized segment of an industrial
antenna television and radio conductors of electric light and power wiring system where all of the following
distribution systems, telegraph, district circuits of over 150 volts to ground as conditions are met:
messenger, and outside wiring for fire necessary to prevent the antenna or (i) An orderly shutdown process
and burglar alarm, and similar central structure from falling into or making minimizes employee hazard and
station systems. These installations accidental contact with such circuits. equipment damage;
need not comply with the provisions of (4) Grounding. (i) If exposed to (ii) The conditions of maintenance
§ 1910.303 through § 1910.308(d), contact with electric light and power and supervision ensure that only
except for § 1910.304(c)(1) and conductors, the metal sheath of aerial qualified persons will service the
§ 1910.307. cables entering buildings shall be system; and
(1) Protective devices. (i) A listed grounded or shall be interrupted close (iii) Effective safeguards are
primary protector shall be provided on to the entrance to the building by an established and maintained.
each circuit run partly or entirely in insulating joint or equivalent device. (2) Location of overcurrent devices in
aerial wire or aerial cable not confined Where protective devices are used, they or on premises. Overcurrent devices that
within a block. shall be grounded in an approved are critical to integrated electrical
(ii) A listed primary protector shall be manner. systems need not be readily accessible
also provided on each aerial or (ii) Masts and metal structures to employees as required by
underground circuit when the location supporting antennas shall be § 1910.304(f)(1)(iv) if they are located
with mounting heights to ensure Secretary of Labor for Occupational bottom trays, and other similar
security from operation by nonqualified Safety and Health. The definition of structures.
persons. ‘‘acceptable’’ indicates what is Cablebus. An assembly of insulated
■ 7. Section 1910.399 is revised to read acceptable to the Assistant Secretary of conductors with fittings and conductor
as follows: Labor, and therefore approved within terminations in a completely enclosed,
the meaning of this subpart. ventilated, protective metal housing.
§ 1910.399 Definitions applicable to this Armored cable (Type AC). A Cell line. An assembly of electrically
subpart. fabricated assembly of insulated interconnected electrolytic cells
Acceptable. An installation or conductors in a flexible metallic supplied by a source of direct current
equipment is acceptable to the Assistant enclosure. power.
Secretary of Labor, and approved within Askarel. A generic term for a group of Cell line attachments and auxiliary
the meaning of this Subpart S: nonflammable synthetic chlorinated equipment. Cell line attachments and
(1) If it is accepted, or certified, or hydrocarbons used as electrical auxiliary equipment include, but are not
listed, or labeled, or otherwise insulating media. Askarels of various limited to, auxiliary tanks, process
determined to be safe by a nationally compositional types are used. Under piping, ductwork, structural supports,
recognized testing laboratory recognized arcing conditions, the gases produced, exposed cell line conductors, conduits
pursuant to § 1910.7; or while consisting predominantly of and other raceways, pumps, positioning
(2) With respect to an installation or noncombustible hydrogen chloride, can equipment, and cell cutout or bypass
equipment of a kind that no nationally include varying amounts of combustible electrical devices. Auxiliary equipment
recognized testing laboratory accepts, gases depending upon the askarel type. also includes tools, welding machines,
certifies, lists, labels, or determines to Attachment plug (Plug cap)(Cap). A crucibles, and other portable equipment
be safe, if it is inspected or tested by device that, by insertion in a receptacle, used for operation and maintenance
another Federal agency, or by a State, establishes a connection between the within the electrolytic cell line working
municipal, or other local authority conductors of the attached flexible cord zone. In the cell line working zone,
responsible for enforcing occupational and the conductors connected auxiliary equipment includes the
safety provisions of the National permanently to the receptacle. exposed conductive surfaces of
Electrical Code, and found in Automatic. Self-acting, operating by ungrounded cranes and crane-mounted
compliance with the provisions of the its own mechanism when actuated by cell-servicing equipment.
National Electrical Code as applied in some impersonal influence, as, for Center pivot irrigation machine. A
this subpart; or example, a change in current strength, multi-motored irrigation machine that
(3) With respect to custom-made pressure, temperature, or mechanical revolves around a central pivot and
equipment or related installations that configuration. employs alignment switches or similar
are designed, fabricated for, and Bare conductor. See Conductor. devices to control individual motors.
intended for use by a particular Barrier. A physical obstruction that is Certified. Equipment is ‘‘certified’’ if
customer, if it is determined to be safe intended to prevent contact with it bears a label, tag, or other record of
for its intended use by its manufacturer equipment or live parts or to prevent certification that the equipment:
on the basis of test data which the unauthorized access to a work area. (1) Has been tested and found by a
employer keeps and makes available for Bathroom. An area including a basin nationally recognized testing laboratory
inspection to the Assistant Secretary with one or more of the following: a to meet nationally recognized standards
and his authorized representatives. toilet, a tub, or a shower. or to be safe for use in a specified
Accepted. An installation is Bonding (Bonded). The permanent manner; or
‘‘accepted’’ if it has been inspected and joining of metallic parts to form an (2) Is of a kind whose production is
found by a nationally recognized testing electrically conductive path that ensures periodically inspected by a nationally
laboratory to conform to specified plans electrical continuity and the capacity to recognized testing laboratory and is
or to procedures of applicable codes. conduct safely any current likely to be accepted by the laboratory as safe for its
Accessible. (As applied to wiring imposed. intended use.
methods.) Capable of being removed or Bonding jumper. A conductor that Circuit breaker. A device designed to
exposed without damaging the building assures the necessary electrical open and close a circuit by
structure or finish, or not permanently conductivity between metal parts nonautomatic means and to open the
closed in by the structure or finish of required to be electrically connected. circuit automatically on a
the building. (See ‘‘concealed’’ and Branch circuit. The circuit conductors predetermined overcurrent without
‘‘exposed.’’) between the final overcurrent device damage to itself when properly applied
Accessible. (As applied to protecting the circuit and the outlets. within its rating.
equipment.) Admitting close approach; Building. A structure that stands Class I locations. Class I locations are
not guarded by locked doors, elevation, alone or is cut off from adjoining those in which flammable gases or
or other effective means. (See ‘‘Readily structures by fire walls with all vapors are or may be present in the air
accessible.’’) openings therein protected by approved in quantities sufficient to produce
Ampacity. The current, in amperes, fire doors. explosive or ignitable mixtures. Class I
that a conductor can carry continuously Cabinet. An enclosure designed either locations include the following:
under the conditions of use without for surface or flush mounting, and (1) Class I, Division 1. A Class I,
exceeding its temperature rating. provided with a frame, mat, or trim in Division 1 location is a location:
Appliances. Utilization equipment, which a swinging door or doors are or (i) In which ignitable concentrations
generally other than industrial, can be hung. of flammable gases or vapors may exist
normally built in standardized sizes or Cable tray system. A unit or assembly under normal operating conditions; or
types, that is installed or connected as of units or sections and associated (ii) In which ignitable concentrations
a unit to perform one or more functions. fittings forming a rigid structural system of such gases or vapors may exist
Approved. Acceptable to the authority used to securely fasten or support cables frequently because of repair or
enforcing this subpart. The authority and raceways. Cable tray systems maintenance operations or because of
enforcing this subpart is the Assistant include ladders, troughs, channels, solid leakage; or
(iii) In which breakdown or faulty accident, the adequacy of ventilating be communicated, unless
operation of equipment or processes equipment, the total area involved, and the communication is prevented by
might release ignitable concentrations of record of the industry or business with adequate positive pressure ventilation
respect to explosions or fires are all factors
flammable gases or vapors, and might from a source of clean air and effective
that merit consideration in determining the
also cause simultaneous failure of classification and extent of each location. safeguards against ventilation failure are
electric equipment. Piping without valves, checks, meters, and
provided.
similar devices would not ordinarily
(5) Class I, Zone 2. A Class I, Zone 2
Note to the definition of ‘‘Class I, Division
1:’’ This classification usually includes introduce a hazardous condition even though location is a location in which one of
locations where volatile flammable liquids or used for flammable liquids or gases. the following conditions exists:
liquefied flammable gases are transferred Locations used for the storage of flammable (i) Ignitable concentrations of
from one container to another; interiors of liquids or liquefied or compressed gases in flammable gases or vapors are not likely
spray booths and areas in the vicinity of sealed containers would not normally be to occur in normal operation and if they
spraying and painting operations where considered hazardous unless also subject to do occur will exist only for a short
volatile flammable solvents are used; other hazardous conditions. period; or
locations containing open tanks or vats of Electrical conduits and their associated (ii) Volatile flammable liquids,
volatile flammable liquids; drying rooms or enclosures separated from process fluids by flammable gases, or flammable vapors
compartments for the evaporation of a single seal or barrier are classed as a are handled, processed, or used, but in
flammable solvents; locations containing fat Division 2 location if the outside of the
and oil extraction equipment using volatile which the liquids, gases, or vapors are
conduit and enclosures is a nonhazardous
flammable solvents; portions of cleaning and normally confined within closed
location.
dyeing plants where flammable liquids are containers or closed systems from
used; gas generator rooms and other portions (3) Class I, Zone 0. A Class I, Zone 0 which they can escape only as a result
of gas manufacturing plants where flammable location is a location in which one of of accidental rupture or breakdown of
gas may escape; inadequately ventilated the following conditions exists: the containers or system or as the result
pump rooms for flammable gas or for volatile (i) Ignitable concentrations of of the abnormal operation of the
flammable liquids; the interiors of flammable gases or vapors are present equipment with which the liquids or
refrigerators and freezers in which volatile continuously; or
flammable materials are stored in open, gases are handled, processed, or used; or
(ii) Ignitable concentrations of (iii) Ignitable concentrations of
lightly stoppered, or easily ruptured flammable gases or vapors are present
containers; and all other locations where flammable gases or vapors normally are
ignitable concentrations of flammable vapors
for long periods of time. prevented by positive mechanical
or gases are likely to occur in the course of Note to the definition of ‘‘Class I, Zone 0:’’ ventilation, but which may become
normal operations. As a guide in determining when flammable hazardous as the result of failure or
gases or vapors are present continuously or abnormal operation of the ventilation
(2) Class I, Division 2. A Class I,
for long periods of time, refer to equipment; or
Division 2 location is a location: Recommended Practice for Classification of
(i) In which volatile flammable (iv) A location that is adjacent to a
Locations for Electrical Installations of Class I, Zone 1 location, from which
liquids or flammable gases are handled, Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I,
processed, or used, but in which the Zone 0, Zone 1 or Zone 2, API RP 505–1997;
ignitable concentrations of flammable
hazardous liquids, vapors, or gases will Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas gases or vapors could be communicated,
normally be confined within closed Atmospheres, Classifications of Hazardous unless such communication is
containers or closed systems from Areas, IEC 79–10–1995; Area Classification prevented by adequate positive-pressure
which they can escape only in the event Code for Petroleum Installations, Model ventilation from a source of clean air,
of accidental rupture or breakdown of Code—Part 15, Institute for Petroleum; and and effective safeguards against
Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas ventilation failure are provided.
such containers or systems, or as a
Atmospheres, Classifications of Hazardous Class II locations. Class II locations
result of abnormal operation of (Classified) Locations, ISA S12.24.01–1997.
equipment; or are those that are hazardous because of
(ii) In which ignitable concentrations (4) Class I, Zone 1. A Class I, Zone 1 the presence of combustible dust. Class
of gases or vapors are normally location is a location in which one of II locations include the following:
prevented by positive mechanical the following conditions exists: (1) Class II, Division 1. A Class II,
ventilation, and which might become (i) Ignitable concentrations of Division 1 location is a location:
hazardous through failure or abnormal flammable gases or vapors are likely to (i) In which combustible dust is or
operations of the ventilating equipment; exist under normal operating may be in suspension in the air under
or conditions; or normal operating conditions, in
(iii) That is adjacent to a Class I, (ii) Ignitable concentrations of quantities sufficient to produce
Division 1 location, and to which flammable gases or vapors may exist explosive or ignitable mixtures; or
ignitable concentrations of gases or frequently because of repair or (ii) Where mechanical failure or
vapors might occasionally be maintenance operations or because of abnormal operation of machinery or
communicated unless such leakage; or equipment might cause such explosive
communication is prevented by (iii) Equipment is operated or or ignitable mixtures to be produced,
adequate positive-pressure ventilation processes are carried on of such a nature and might also provide a source of
from a source of clean air, and effective that equipment breakdown or faulty ignition through simultaneous failure of
safeguards against ventilation failure are operations could result in the release of electric equipment, through operation of
provided. ignitable concentrations of flammable protection devices, or from other causes;
gases or vapors and also cause or
Note to the definition of ‘‘Class I, Division simultaneous failure of electric (iii) In which combustible dusts of an
2:’’ This classification usually includes electrically conductive nature may be

equipment in a manner that would
locations where volatile flammable liquids or
flammable gases or vapors are used, but cause the electric equipment to become present.
which would become hazardous only in case a source of ignition; or Note to the definition of ‘‘Class II, Division
of an accident or of some unusual operating (iv) A location that is adjacent to a 1:’’ This classification may include areas of
condition. The quantity of flammable Class I, Zone 0 location from which grain handling and processing plants, starch
material that might escape in case of ignitable concentrations of vapors could plants, sugar-pulverizing plants, malting
plants, hay-grinding plants, coal pulverizing Note to the definition of ‘‘Class III, disconnecting blade by the inclusion of
plants, areas where metal dusts and powders Division 1:’’ Such locations usually include a nonfusible member.
are produced or processed, and other similar some parts of rayon, cotton, and other textile Cutout box. An enclosure designed for
locations that contain dust producing mills; combustible fiber manufacturing and surface mounting and having swinging
machinery and equipment (except where the processing plants; cotton gins and cotton-
doors or covers secured directly to and
equipment is dust-tight or vented to the seed mills; flax-processing plants; clothing
outside). These areas would have manufacturing plants; woodworking plants, telescoping with the walls of the box
combustible dust in the air, under normal and establishments; and industries involving proper. (See Cabinet.)
operating conditions, in quantities sufficient similar hazardous processes or conditions. Damp location. See Location.
to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures. Easily ignitable fibers and flyings include Dead front. Without live parts
Combustible dusts that are electrically rayon, cotton (including cotton linters and exposed to a person on the operating
nonconductive include dusts produced in the cotton waste), sisal or henequen, istle, jute, side of the equipment
handling and processing of grain and grain hemp, tow, cocoa fiber, oakum, baled waste Deenergized. Free from any electrical
products, pulverized sugar and cocoa, dried kapok, Spanish moss, excelsior, and other connection to a source of potential
egg and milk powders, pulverized spices, materials of similar nature. difference and from electrical charge;
starch and pastes, potato and wood flour, oil not having a potential different from
(2) Class III, Division 2. A Class III,
meal from beans and seed, dried hay, and
other organic materials which may produce Division 2 location is a location in that of the earth.
combustible dusts when processed or which easily ignitable fibers are stored Device. A unit of an electrical system
handled. Dusts containing magnesium or or handled, other than in the process of that is intended to carry but not utilize
aluminum are particularly hazardous, and manufacture. electric energy.
the use of extreme caution is necessary to Collector ring. An assembly of slip Dielectric heating. The heating of a
avoid ignition and explosion. rings for transferring electric energy nominally insulating material due to its
(2) Class II, Division 2. A Class II, from a stationary to a rotating member. own dielectric losses when the material
Division 2 location is a location where: Competent Person. One who is is placed in a varying electric field.
(i) Combustible dust will not normally capable of identifying existing and Disconnecting means. A device, or
be in suspension in the air in quantities predictable hazards in the surroundings group of devices, or other means by
sufficient to produce explosive or or working conditions that are which the conductors of a circuit can be
ignitable mixtures, and dust unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to disconnected from their source of
accumulations will normally be employees and who has authorization to supply.
insufficient to interfere with the normal take prompt corrective measures to Disconnecting (or Isolating) switch.
operation of electric equipment or other eliminate them. (Over 600 volts, nominal.) A mechanical
apparatus, but combustible dust may be Concealed. Rendered inaccessible by switching device used for isolating a
in suspension in the air as a result of the structure or finish of the building. circuit or equipment from a source of
infrequent malfunctioning of handling Wires in concealed raceways are power.
or processing equipment; and considered concealed, even though they Electrolytic cell line working zone.
(ii) Resulting combustible dust may become accessible by withdrawing The cell line working zone is the space
accumulations on, in, or in the vicinity them. (See Accessible. (As applied to envelope wherein operation or
of the electric equipment may be wiring methods.)) maintenance is normally performed on
sufficient to interfere with the safe Conductor—(1) Bare. A conductor or in the vicinity of exposed energized
dissipation of heat from electric having no covering or electrical surfaces of electrolytic cell lines or their
equipment or may be ignitable by insulation whatsoever. attachments.
abnormal operation or failure of electric (2) Covered. A conductor encased Electrolytic cells. A tank or vat in
equipment. within material of composition or which electrochemical reactions are
thickness that is not recognized by this caused by applying energy for the
Note to the definition of ‘‘Class II, Division subpart as electrical insulation. purpose of refining or producing usable
2:’’ This classification includes locations (3) Insulated. A conductor encased materials.
where dangerous concentrations of
within material of composition and Enclosed. Surrounded by a case,
suspended dust would not be likely, but
where dust accumulations might form on or thickness that is recognized by this housing, fence, or walls that will
in the vicinity of electric equipment. These subpart as electrical insulation. prevent persons from accidentally
areas may contain equipment from which Conduit body. A separate portion of a contacting energized parts.
appreciable quantities of dust would escape conduit or tubing system that provides Enclosure. The case or housing of
under abnormal operating conditions or be access through one or more removable apparatus, or the fence or walls
adjacent to a Class II Division 1 location, as covers to the interior of the system at a surrounding an installation to prevent
described above, into which an explosive or junction of two or more sections of the personnel from accidentally contacting
ignitable concentration of dust may be put system or at a terminal point of the energized parts, or to protect the
into suspension under abnormal operating system. Boxes such as FS and FD or equipment from physical damage.
conditions.
larger cast or sheet metal boxes are not Energized. Electrically connected to a
Class III locations. Class III locations classified as conduit bodies. source of potential difference.
are those that are hazardous because of Controller. A device or group of Equipment. A general term including
the presence of easily ignitable fibers or devices that serves to govern, in some material, fittings, devices, appliances,
flyings, but in which such fibers or predetermined manner, the electric fixtures, apparatus, and the like, used as
flyings are not likely to be in suspension power delivered to the apparatus to a part of, or in connection with, an
in the air in quantities sufficient to which it is connected. electrical installation.
produce ignitable mixtures. Class III Covered conductor. See Conductor. Equipment grounding conductor. See
locations include the following: Cutout. (Over 600 volts, nominal.) An Grounding conductor, equipment.
(1) Class III, Division 1. A Class III, assembly of a fuse support with either Explosion-proof apparatus. Apparatus
Division 1 location is a location in a fuseholder, fuse carrier, or enclosed in a case that is capable of
which easily ignitable fibers or materials disconnecting blade. The fuseholder or withstanding an explosion of a specified
producing combustible flyings are fuse carrier may include a conducting gas or vapor that may occur within it
handled, manufactured, or used. element (fuse link), or may act as the and of preventing the ignition of a
specified gas or vapor surrounding the Grounded conductor. A system or investigations by a nationally recognized
enclosure by sparks, flashes, or circuit conductor that is intentionally testing laboratory (through listing and
explosion of the gas or vapor within, grounded. labeling), inspection agency, or other
and that operates at such an external Grounding conductor. A conductor organization recognized under the definition
of ‘‘acceptable.’’
temperature that it will not ignite a used to connect equipment or the
surrounding flammable atmosphere. grounded circuit of a wiring system to Induction heating. The heating of a
Exposed. (As applied to live parts.) a grounding electrode or electrodes. nominally conductive material due to
Capable of being inadvertently touched Grounding conductor, equipment. its own I2R losses when the material is
or approached nearer than a safe The conductor used to connect the placed in a varying electromagnetic
distance by a person. It is applied to noncurrent-carrying metal parts of field.
parts not suitably guarded, isolated, or equipment, raceways, and other Insulated. Separated from other
insulated. (See Accessible and enclosures to the system grounded conducting surfaces by a dielectric
Concealed.) conductor, the grounding electrode (including air space) offering a high
Exposed. (As applied to wiring conductor, or both, at the service resistance to the passage of current.
methods.) On or attached to the surface, equipment or at the source of a Insulated conductor. See Conductor,
or behind panels designed to allow separately derived system. Insulated.
access. (See Accessible. (As applied to Grounding electrode conductor. The Interrupter switch. (Over 600 volts,
wiring methods.)) conductor used to connect the nominal.) A switch capable of making,
Exposed. (For the purposes of grounding electrode to the equipment carrying, and interrupting specified
§ 1910.308(e).) Where the circuit is in grounding conductor, to the grounded currents.
such a position that in case of failure of conductor, or to both, of the circuits at Irrigation Machine. An electrically
supports or insulation, contact with the service equipment or at the source driven or controlled machine, with one
another circuit may result. of a separately derived system. or more motors, not hand portable, and
Externally operable. Capable of being Ground-fault circuit-interrupter. A used primarily to transport and
operated without exposing the operator device intended for the protection of distribute water for agricultural
to contact with live parts. personnel that functions to deenergize a purposes.
Feeder. All circuit conductors circuit or a portion of a circuit within Isolated. (As applied to location.) Not
between the service equipment, the an established period of time when a readily accessible to persons unless
source of a separate derived system, or current to ground exceeds some special means for access are used.
other power supply source and the final predetermined value that is less than Isolated power system. A system
branch-circuit overcurrent device. that required to operate the overcurrent comprising an isolating transformer or
Fitting. An accessory such as a protective device of the supply circuit. its equivalent, a line isolation monitor,
locknut, bushing, or other part of a Guarded. Covered, shielded, fenced, and its ungrounded circuit conductors.
wiring system that is intended primarily enclosed, or otherwise protected by Labeled. Equipment is ‘‘labeled’’ if
to perform a mechanical rather than an means of suitable covers, casings, there is attached to it a label, symbol, or
electrical function. barriers, rails, screens, mats, or other identifying mark of a nationally
Fountain. Fountains, ornamental platforms to remove the likelihood of recognized testing laboratory:
pools, display pools, and reflection (1) That makes periodic inspections of
approach to a point of danger or contact
pools. the production of such equipment, and
by persons or objects.
(2) Whose labeling indicates
Note to the definition of ‘‘fountain:’’ This Health care facilities. Buildings or
compliance with nationally recognized
definition does not include drinking portions of buildings in which medical,
fountains.
standards or tests to determine safe use
dental, psychiatric, nursing, obstetrical,
in a specified manner.
Fuse. (Over 600 volts, nominal.) An or surgical care are provided. Lighting outlet. An outlet intended for
overcurrent protective device with a Note to the definition of ‘‘health care the direct connection of a lampholder,
circuit opening fusible part that is facilities:’’ Health care facilities include, but a lighting fixture, or a pendant cord
heated and severed by the passage of are not limited to, hospitals, nursing homes, terminating in a lampholder.
overcurrent through it. A fuse comprises limited care facilities, clinics, medical and Line-clearance tree trimming. The
all the parts that form a unit capable of dental offices, and ambulatory care centers,
whether permanent or movable.
pruning, trimming, repairing,
performing the prescribed functions. It maintaining, removing, or clearing of
may or may not be the complete device Heating equipment. For the purposes trees or cutting of brush that is within
necessary to connect it into an electrical of § 1910.306(g), the term ‘‘heating 305 cm (10 ft) of electric supply lines
circuit. equipment’’ includes any equipment and equipment.
Ground. A conducting connection, used for heating purposes if heat is Listed. Equipment is ‘‘listed’’ if it is of
whether intentional or accidental, generated by induction or dielectric a kind mentioned in a list that:
between an electric circuit or equipment methods. (1) Is published by a nationally
and the earth, or to some conducting Hoistway. Any shaftway, hatchway, recognized laboratory that makes
body that serves in place of the earth. well hole, or other vertical opening or periodic inspection of the production of
Grounded. Connected to the earth or space that is designed for the operation such equipment, and
to some conducting body that serves in of an elevator or dumbwaiter. (2) States that such equipment meets
place of the earth. Identified (as applied to equipment). nationally recognized standards or has
Grounded, effectively. Intentionally Approved as suitable for the specific been tested and found safe for use in a
connected to earth through a ground purpose, function, use, environment, or specified manner.
connection or connections of application, where described in a Live parts. Energized conductive

sufficiently low impedance and having particular requirement. components.
sufficient current-carrying capacity to Note to the definition of ‘‘identified:’’ Location—(1) Damp location.
prevent the buildup of voltages that may Some examples of ways to determine Partially protected locations under
result in undue hazards to connected suitability of equipment for a specific canopies, marquees, roofed open
equipment or to persons. purpose, environment, or application include porches, and like locations, and interior
locations subject to moderate degrees of Outlet. A point on the wiring system Power fuse. (Over 600 volts, nominal.)
moisture, such as some basements, some at which current is taken to supply See Fuse.
barns, and some cold-storage utilization equipment. Power-limited tray cable (Type PLTC).
warehouses. Outline lighting. An arrangement of A factory assembly of two or more
(2) Dry location. A location not incandescent lamps or electric discharge insulated conductors under a
normally subject to dampness or lighting to outline or call attention to nonmetallic jacket.
wetness. A location classified as dry certain features, such as the shape of a Power outlet. An enclosed assembly,
may be temporarily subject to dampness building or the decoration of a window. which may include receptacles, circuit
or wetness, as in the case of a building Overcurrent. Any current in excess of breakers, fuseholders, fused switches,
under construction. the rated current of equipment or the buses, and watt-hour meter mounting
(3) Wet location. Installations ampacity of a conductor. It may result means, that is intended to supply and
underground or in concrete slabs or from overload, short circuit, or ground control power to mobile homes,
masonry in direct contact with the fault. recreational vehicles, or boats or to
earth, and locations subject to saturation Overhaul means to perform a major serve as a means for distributing power
with water or other liquids, such as replacement, modification, repair, or needed to operate mobile or temporarily
vehicle-washing areas, and locations rehabilitation similar to that involved installed equipment.
unprotected and exposed to weather. when a new building or facility is built, Premises wiring. (Premises wiring
Medium voltage cable (Type MV). A a new wing is added, or an entire floor system.) The interior and exterior
single or multiconductor solid dielectric is renovated. wiring, including power, lighting,
insulated cable rated 2001 volts or Overload. Operation of equipment in control, and signal circuit wiring
higher. excess of normal, full-load rating, or of together with all of their associated
Metal-clad cable (Type MC). A factory a conductor in excess of rated ampacity hardware, fittings, and wiring devices,
assembly of one or more insulated that, when it persists for a sufficient both permanently and temporarily
circuit conductors with or without length of time, would cause damage or installed, that extends from the service
optical fiber members enclosed in an dangerous overheating. A fault, such as point of utility conductors or source of
armor of interlocking metal tape, or a a short circuit or ground fault, is not an power (such as a battery, a solar
smooth or corrugated metallic sheath. overload. (See Overcurrent.) photovoltaic system, or a generator,
Mineral-insulated metal-sheathed Panelboard. A single panel or group transformer, or converter) to the outlets.
cable (Type MI). Type MI, mineral- of panel units designed for assembly in Such wiring does not include wiring
insulated metal-sheathed, cable is a the form of a single panel; including internal to appliances, fixtures, motors,
factory assembly of one or more buses, automatic overcurrent devices, controllers, motor control centers, and
conductors insulated with a highly and with or without switches for the similar equipment.
compressed refractory mineral control of light, heat, or power circuits; Qualified person. One who has
insulation and enclosed in a liquidtight designed to be placed in a cabinet or received training in and has
and gastight continuous copper or alloy cutout box placed in or against a wall demonstrated skills and knowledge in
steel sheath. or partition and accessible only from the the construction and operation of
Mobile X-ray. X-ray equipment front. (See Switchboard.) electric equipment and installations and
mounted on a permanent base with the hazards involved.
Permanently installed decorative
wheels or casters or both for moving fountains and reflection pools. Pools Note 1 to the definition of ‘‘qualified
while completely assembled. that are constructed in the ground, on person:’’ Whether an employee is considered
Motor control center. An assembly of the ground, or in a building in such a to be a ‘‘qualified person’’ will depend upon
various circumstances in the workplace. For
one or more enclosed sections having a manner that the fountain or pool cannot example, it is possible and, in fact, likely for
common power bus and principally be readily disassembled for storage, an individual to be considered ‘‘qualified’’
containing motor control units. whether or not served by electrical with regard to certain equipment in the
Nonmetallic-sheathed cable (Types circuits of any nature. These units are workplace, but ‘‘unqualified’’ as to other
NM, NMC, and NMS). A factory primarily constructed for their aesthetic equipment. (See 1910.332(b)(3) for training
assembly of two or more insulated value and are not intended for requirements that specifically apply to
conductors having an outer sheath of swimming or wading. qualified persons.)
moisture resistant, flame-retardant, Permanently installed swimming,
Note 2 to the definition of ‘‘qualified
nonmetallic material. wading, and therapeutic pools. Pools person:’’ An employee who is undergoing on-
Oil (filled) cutout. (Over 600 volts, that are constructed in the ground or the-job training and who, in the course of
nominal.) A cutout in which all or part partially in the ground, and all other such training, has demonstrated an ability to
of the fuse support and its fuse link or capable of holding water in a depth perform duties safely at his or her level of
disconnecting blade are mounted in oil greater than 1.07 m (42 in.). The training and who is under the direct
with complete immersion of the definition also applies to all pools supervision of a qualified person is
contacts and the fusible portion of the installed inside of a building, regardless considered to be a qualified person for the
conducting element (fuse link), so that of water depth, whether or not served by performance of those duties.
arc interruption by severing of the fuse electric circuits of any nature. Raceway. An enclosed channel of
link or by opening of the contacts will Portable X-ray. X-ray equipment metal or nonmetallic materials designed
occur under oil. designed to be hand-carried. expressly for holding wires, cables, or
Open wiring on insulators. Open Power and control tray cable (Type busbars, with additional functions as
wiring on insulators is an exposed TC). A factory assembly of two or more permitted in this standard. Raceways
wiring method using cleats, knobs, insulated conductors, with or without include, but are not limited to, rigid
tubes, and flexible tubing for the associated bare or covered grounding metal conduit, rigid nonmetallic
protection and support of single conductors under a nonmetallic sheath, conduit, intermediate metal conduit,
insulated conductors run in or on approved for installation in cable trays, liquidtight flexible conduit, flexible
buildings, and not concealed by the in raceways, or where supported by a metallic tubing, flexible metal conduit,
building structure. messenger wire. electrical metallic tubing, electrical
nonmetallic tubing, underfloor have a flame-retardant covering. Cabled, the front and are not intended to be
raceways, cellular concrete floor single-conductor, Type USE installed in cabinets. (See Panelboard.)
raceways, cellular metal floor raceways, constructions recognized for Switch—(1) General-use switch. A
surface raceways, wireways, and underground use may have a bare switch intended for use in general
busways. copper conductor cabled with the distribution and branch circuits. It is
Readily accessible. Capable of being assembly. Type USE single, parallel, or rated in amperes, and it is capable of
reached quickly for operation, renewal, cable conductor assemblies recognized interrupting its rated current at its rated
or inspections, so that those needing for underground use may have a bare voltage.
ready access do not have to climb over copper concentric conductor applied. (2) General-use snap switch. A form of
or remove obstacles or to resort to These constructions do not require an general-use switch constructed so that it
portable ladders, chairs, etc. (See outer overall covering. can be installed in device boxes or on
Accessible.) Service-entrance conductors, box covers, or otherwise used in
Receptacle. A receptacle is a contact overhead system. The service conjunction with wiring systems
device installed at the outlet for the conductors between the terminals of the recognized by this subpart.
connection of an attachment plug. A service equipment and a point usually (3) Isolating switch. A switch
single receptacle is a single contact outside the building, clear of building intended for isolating an electric circuit
device with no other contact device on walls, where joined by tap or splice to from the source of power. It has no
the same yoke. A multiple receptacle is the service drop. interrupting rating, and it is intended to
two or more contact devices on the same Service entrance conductors, be operated only after the circuit has
yoke. underground system. The service been opened by some other means.
Receptacle outlet. An outlet where conductors between the terminals of the (4) Motor-circuit switch. A switch,
one or more receptacles are installed. service equipment and the point of rated in horsepower, capable of
Remote-control circuit. Any electric connection to the service lateral. interrupting the maximum operating
circuit that controls any other circuit Service equipment. The necessary overload current of a motor of the same
through a relay or an equivalent device. equipment, usually consisting of one or horsepower rating as the switch at the
Sealable equipment. Equipment more circuit breakers or switches and rated voltage.
enclosed in a case or cabinet that is fuses, and their accessories, connected Switching devices. (Over 600 volts,
provided with a means of sealing or to the load end of service conductors to nominal.) Devices designed to close and
locking so that live parts cannot be a building or other structure, or an open one or more electric circuits.
made accessible without opening the otherwise designated area, and intended Included in this category are circuit
enclosure. The equipment may or may to constitute the main control and cutoff breakers, cutouts, disconnecting (or
not be operable without opening the of the supply. isolating) switches, disconnecting
enclosure. Service point. The point of connection means, interrupter switches, and oil
Separately derived system. A
between the facilities of the serving (filled) cutouts.
premises wiring system whose power is
utility and the premises wiring. Transportable X-ray. X-ray equipment
derived from a battery, a solar
Shielded nonmetallic-sheathed cable installed in a vehicle or that may readily
photovoltaic system, or from a
(Type SNM). A factory assembly of two be disassembled for transport in a
generator, transformer, or converter
or more insulated conductors in an vehicle.
windings, and that has no direct
extruded core of moisture-resistant, Utilization equipment. Equipment
electrical connection, including a
flame-resistant nonmetallic material, that utilizes electric energy for
solidly connected grounded circuit
covered with an overlapping spiral electronic, electromechanical, chemical,
conductor, to supply conductors
metal tape and wire shield and jacketed heating, lighting, or similar purposes.
originating in another system.
Service. The conductors and with an extruded moisture-, flame-, Ventilated. Provided with a means to
equipment for delivering electric energy oil-, corrosion-, fungus-, and sunlight- permit circulation of air sufficient to
from the serving utility to the wiring resistant nonmetallic material. remove an excess of heat, fumes, or
system of the premises served. Show window. Any window used or vapors.
Service cable. Service conductors designed to be used for the display of Volatile flammable liquid. A
made up in the form of a cable. goods or advertising material, whether it flammable liquid having a flash point
Service conductors. The conductors is fully or partly enclosed or entirely below 38 °C (100 °F), or a flammable
from the service point to the service open at the rear and whether or not it liquid whose temperature is above its
disconnecting means. has a platform raised higher than the flash point, or a Class II combustible
Service drop. The overhead service street floor level. liquid having a vapor pressure not
conductors from the last pole or other Signaling circuit. Any electric circuit exceeding 276 kPa (40 psia) at 38 °C
aerial support to and including the that energizes signaling equipment. (100 °F) and whose temperature is above
splices, if any, connecting to the service- Storable swimming or wading pool. A its flash point.
entrance conductors at the building or pool that is constructed on or above the Voltage (of a circuit). The greatest
other structure. ground and is capable of holding water root-mean-square (rms) (effective)
Service-entrance cable. A single to a maximum depth of 1.07 m (42 in.), difference of potential between any two
conductor or multiconductor assembly or a pool with nonmetallic, molded conductors of the circuit concerned.
provided with or without an overall polymeric walls or inflatable fabric Voltage, nominal. A nominal value
covering, primarily used for services, walls regardless of dimension. assigned to a circuit or system for the
and is of the following types: Switchboard. A large single panel, purpose of conveniently designating its
(1) Type SE. Type SE, having a flame- frame, or assembly of panels on which voltage class (as 120/240 volts, 480Y/
retardant, moisture resistant covering; are mounted, on the face or back, or 277 volts, 600 volts). The actual voltage
and both, switches, overcurrent and other at which a circuit operates can vary
(2) Type USE. Type USE, identified protective devices, buses, and (usually) from the nominal within a range that
for underground use, having a moisture- instruments. Switchboards are generally permits satisfactory operation of
resistant covering, but not required to accessible from the rear as well as from equipment.
Voltage to ground. For grounded ANSI/ASME B30.3–2004 Construction NFPA 35–2005 Standard for the
circuits, the voltage between the given Tower Cranes. Manufacture of Organic Coatings.
conductor and that point or conductor ANSI/ASME B30.4–2003 Portal, Tower, NFPA 36–2004 Standard for Solvent
and Pedestal Cranes. Extraction Plants.
of the circuit that is grounded; for ANSI/ASME B30.5–2004 Mobile And NFPA 40–2001 Standard for the Storage
ungrounded circuits, the greatest voltage Locomotive Cranes. and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Film.
between the given conductor and any ANSI/ASME B30.6–2003 Derricks. NFPA 58–2004 Liquefied Petroleum Gas
other conductor of the circuit. ANSI/ASME B30.7–2001 Base Mounted Code.
Watertight. So constructed that Drum Hoists. NFPA 59–2004 Utility LP-Gas Plant Code.
moisture will not enter the enclosure. ANSI/ASME B30.8–2004 Floating Cranes NFPA 70–2002 National Electrical Code.
And Floating Derricks. (See also NFPA 70–2005.)
Weatherproof. So constructed or ANSI/ASME B30.11–2004 Monorails And NFPA 70E–2000 Standard for Electrical
protected that exposure to the weather Underhung Cranes. Safety Requirements for Employee
will not interfere with successful ANSI/ASME B30.12–2001 Handling Loads Workplaces. (See also NFPA 70E–2004.)
operation. Rainproof, raintight, or Suspended from Rotorcraft. NFPA 77–2000 Recommended Practice on
watertight equipment can fulfill the ANSI/ASME B30.13–2003 Storage/ Static Electricity.
requirements for weatherproof where Retrieval (S/R) Machines and Associated NFPA 80–1999 Standard for Fire Doors
Equipment. and Fire Windows.
varying weather conditions other than ANSI/ASME B30.16–2003 Overhead Hoists
wetness, such as snow, ice, dust, or NFPA 88A–2002 Standard for Parking
(Underhung). Structures.
temperature extremes, are not a factor. ANSI/ASME B30.22–2005 Articulating NFPA 91–2004 Standard for Exhaust
Wireways. Sheet-metal troughs with Boom Cranes. Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases,
hinged or removable covers for housing ANSI/ASSE Z244.1–2003 Control of Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate
and protecting electric wires and cable Hazardous Energy Lockout/Tagout and Solids.
Alternative Methods.
and in which conductors are laid in NFPA 101–2006 Life Safety Code.
ANSI/ASSE Z490.1–2001 Criteria for NFPA 496–2003 Standard for Purged and
place after the wireway has been Accepted Practices in Safety, Health, and
installed as a complete system. Pressurized Enclosures for Electrical
Environmental Training.
Equipment.
■ 8. Appendix A to Subpart S is revised ANSI/IEEE C2–2002 National Electrical
NFPA 497–2004 Recommended Practice
to read as follows: Safety Code.
for the Classification of Flammable Liquids,
ANSI K61.1–1999 Safety Requirements for
Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous
Appendix A—References for Further the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous
(Classified) Locations for Electrical
Information Ammonia.
Installations in Chemical Process Areas.
ANSI/UL 913–2003 Intrinsically Safe
The references contained in this appendix NFPA 505–2006 Fire Safety Standard for
Apparatus and Associated Apparatus for Use
provide nonmandatory information that can Powered Industrial Trucks Including Type
in Class I, II, and III, Division 1, Hazardous
be helpful in understanding and complying (Classified) Locations. Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions,
with Subpart S of this Part. However, ASTM D3176–1989 (2002) Standard Maintenance, and Operation.
compliance with these standards is not a Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and NFPA 820–2003 Standard for Fire
substitute for compliance with Subpart S of Coke. Protection in Wastewater Treatment and
this Part. ASTM D3180–1989 (2002) Standard Collection Facilities.
ANSI/API RP 500–1998 (2002) Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke NMAB 353–1–1979 Matrix of Combustion-
Recommended Practice for Classification of Analyses from As-Determined to Different Relevant Properties and Classification of
Locations for Electrical Installations at Bases. Gases, Vapors, and Selected Solids.
Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I NFPA 20–2003 Standard for the NMAB 353–2–1979 Test Equipment for
Division 1 and Division 2. Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Use in Determining Classifications of
ANSI/API RP 505–1997 (2002) Protection. Combustible Dusts.
Recommended Practice for Classification of NFPA 30–2003 Flammable and NMAB 353–3–1980 Classification of
Locations for Electrical Installations at Combustible Liquids Code. Combustible Dust in Accordance with the
Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, NFPA 32–2004 Standard for Drycleaning National Electrical Code.
Zone 0, Zone 1 and Zone 2. Plants. Appendices B and C [Removed]
ANSI/ASME A17.1–2004 Safety Code for NFPA 33–2003 Standard for Spray
Elevators and Escalators. Application Using Flammable or ■ 9. Appendices B and C to Subpart S
ANSI/ASME B30.2–2005 Overhead and Combustible Materials. are removed.
Gantry Cranes (Top Running Bridge, Single NFPA 34–2003 Standard for Dipping and
or Multiple Girder, Top Running Trolley Coating Processes Using Flammable or [FR Doc. E7–1360 Filed 2–9–07; 8:45 am]
Hoist). Combustible Liquids. BILLING CODE 4510–26–P

Rule: Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Electrical Installation Standard

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Wednesday,

February 14, 2007

29 CFR Part 1910

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, developed by a cross section of

protecting employees against contact modified, if necessary, to meet them.

§ 1910.303(f)(4) ........................................................................................ Disconnecting means and circuits—Capable of accepting a lock.

TABLE 1.—‘‘NEW’’ PROVISIONS THAT WERE CONTAINED IN 1971 NEC 10

§ 1910.303(b)(3) ................................................................ 110–20 ............................... Insulation integrity.

TABLE 1.—‘‘NEW’’ PROVISIONS THAT WERE CONTAINED IN 1971 NEC 10—Continued

considerably more costs.

See the note at the end of the table.

§ 1910.303 General ......................... § 1910.303 General.

1910.303(b)(1)(ii) ............................. 1910.303(b)(1)(ii) ........................... No substantive change.

1910.303(h)(3), introductory text ..... 1910.303(h)(3) ............................... No substantive change.

1910.304(d)(1)(i) ............................. 1910.304(e)(1)(i) ............................ No substantive change.

1910.304(e)(1)(ii) ............................. 1910.304(f)(1)(ii) ............................ No substantive change.

1910.305(j)(4)(iii) ............................. 1910.305(j)(4)(vii) .......................... No substantive change.

1910.306(g)(2)(iv) ............................ 1910.306(g)(1)(iv) .......................... No substantive change.

OSHA standard does not incorporate the National Electrical Code

The assured equipment grounding not work as intended to protect

practice of using nonmetallic pipe in all or identical to existing § 1910.304(f)(4).

TABLE 2.—EQUIVALENCE OF HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) LOCATION SYSTEMS, CLASS I LOCATIONS ONLY 1 2

Locations ........................................................... Division 1 .......................................................... Zone 0, Zone 1.

hazards involved.’’ classifications, but there are some differences in

T4 (≤135 °C) ..................................................... T4 (≤135 °C).

Table 3 describes which protection

TABLE 3.—PERMITTED PROTECTION TECHNIQUES (DESIGN CRITERIA) IN CLASS I LOCATIONS

installation under the zone Consequently, OSHA agrees with the

and ‘‘storable swimming or wading hazards involved.

TABLE 4.—SUMMARY OF CHANGES TO THE DEFINITIONS

material to include there. following references are removed:

more stringent standard.) code, which, in effect, requires that

TABLE 7.—CHANGES TO THE EXISTING STANDARD WITH COST IMPLICATIONS

1996 ............................................................................................................................. 1 0.4 6.3 1 5.6 6.3

Total ...................................................................................................................... 1 5.6 100 1 89.8 100

1992 ................................................................................................. 4,806 0.2 317 5.8

Building type Less than $3 More than Total

Commercial and Public Buildings ............................................................ 15,219 1,490 45 16,754

Total .................................................................................................. 26,562 2,618 126 29,306

Dodge data on construction project starts for 2001.

TABLE 11.—ESTIMATED PERCENTAGES OF PROJECTS/ESTABLISHMENTS AFFECTED BY THE FINAL STANDARD

1 ............... 1910.303(f)(5) ....................... Marking for series combination ratings ............................... 50 50 50

1 ............... 1910.303(f)(5) ....................... Marking for series combination ratings ............................... 25 25 50

hour ($20.44 × 1.37).

6 ............... 1910.307(b) ............................................... 4 hours at $28/hour ($20.44 × 1.37) ......... None.

1a ............. 1910.304(b)(1) ............... Branch Circuits—Identification of Multiwire Included in Provision 1.

Total .. ........................................ ................................................................................ 9,550,457 8,886,108 460,716 203,633

TABLE 15.—IMPACTS ON SMALL BUSINESSES

900 ........ Fishing, hunting, and trapping .......... NA NA NA 5.80 NA NA NA

TABLE 15.—IMPACTS ON SMALL BUSINESSES—Continued

TABLE 15.—IMPACTS ON SMALL BUSINESSES—Continued

is revised to read as follows: (vi) Industrial substations; § 1910.304(g)(6)(iv)(A) through

§ 1910.304(g)(8)(i)—Grounding— § 1910.303(g)(1)(iv) and (g)(1)(vii)—600 after January 2, 1990, applies in

Nominal voltage to ground Condition A Condition B Condition C

0–150 ....................................................................................................... 10.9 13.0 10.9 13.0 0.9 3.0

Nominal voltage to ground Condition A Condition B Condition C

601–2500 V .............................................................................................. 0.9 3.0 1.2 4.0 1.5 5.0

TABLE S–3.—ELEVATION OF UNGUARDED LIVE PARTS ABOVE WORKING SPACE

601–7500 V ....................................................... 1 2.81 ................................................................ 1 9.01.

7501 V–35 kV .................................................... 2.8 ..................................................................... 9.0.

TABLE S–66.—CLEARANCES FROM GROUND

2:’’ This classification usually includes electrically conductive nature may be

connection or connections of application, where described in a Live parts. Energized conductive