Building Converged IP and Optical

Transport Networks

March 2015

Building Converged IP and Optical Transport

Networks Contributors
Dean Cheng Huawei Networks
Rao Cherukuri Juniper Networks
Gabriele Galimberti Cisco Systems
Gert Grammel Juniper Networks
Diane Patton Cisco Systems
Manuel Paul Deutsche Telekom

Agenda

Introduction to the Broadband Forum

IP and DWDM Integration Market and Business drivers
Integration in the Metro
Technology Overview

Coherent DWDM
Data Plane and Interfaces

IP and DWDM Integration Architecture

Physically and Logically Integrated Model

Control Plane and SDN Integration

Management Plane

Fully Separated Model

Management Plane

IP and DWDM Integration Standards

IP and DWDM Integration Use Cases
Summary
3

Who we Are

https://www.broadband-forum.org
The Broadband Forum is the central organization driving global
broadband wireline solutions and empowering converged packet
networks worldwide
Focused on engineering smooth evolution of broadband networks
and mitigating new technology risks
Our work-

defines best practices for global networks

enables service and content delivery
engineers critical device & service management tools,
and is key to redefining broadband

IP and DWDM Integration Market and

Business drivers

Motivation for Packet & DWDM Integration

A wealth of bandwidth-hungry multimedia applications and services is
driving demand for high-capacity packet (IP) transport networks
Dynamic services, applications are delivered from the cloud
Content-delivery traffic patterns are leading to an increasing demand
between edge and consumer

All-IP Networking and Infrastructure Cloud models continue to change

the world (more or less radically)
Need for scalable and cost efficient network solutions to handle substantial
IP traffic growth
Providers looking for improving efficiency and reducing network complexity
Here, the basic motivation is similar as for Office consolidation
6

Layer 1 3 Convergence
TDM Evolution

Changed from transport mapping scheme to a service

Being phased out
High speed Ethernet service dominant

Packet Transport

Pure Packet implementation

IP/MPLS becomes the vehicle for Packet Transport
Packet Optical Multilayer Convergence is evolving

Catalyst: 100G Coherent

Pluggable 100G coherent is emerging

Coherent 100G transponder onto router available today
Metro 100G is ramping

Advantages for Integrated Transport

Lower power usage
Operational synergies spanning metro, regional, and Core applications
End-to-end management, PM and OAM
Less components and saving in CAPEX
OPEX savings through simplified operations

Capacity Planning
Traffic Engineering
Performance, root cause analysis and restoration
Automation and re-configurability

BBF is driving DWDM integration,

interoperability and manageability.
Packet and DWDM integration is a key enabler on the road towards next stages
of Broadband.
The biggest growth of WDM applications is now in the Metro/Regional,
Core, as well as Cloud / DC connectivity

High port density, high interface volumes

Simple topology, medium reach

100G is clearly moving into the metro/regio, 10G into the access

Network Operators are looking for high-speed integrated IP/optical solutions

enabled by standardized WDM interface solutions.

Interoperability and Manageability are key for DWDM integration

=> These are the key objectives BBF is addressing.

High-Speed WDM Solutions

are needed in all areas of backhaul / network transport

Aggregation, Metro/Edge and Core Networks

Cloud / Data Center Interconnect

but also as a key enabler for Mobile Broadband

(p)WDM for Mobile Backhaul in case of fiber constraints

WDM / optical links as enabler for Mobile Fronthaul

allowing for

10

High speed at reasonable cost-per-bit

Efficiently utilize the resources / optical spectrum

Low-latency and transparency for a large variety of services

Carrier-grade Operation & Maintenance (with OTN / G.709 framing)

Transition from Optical Rings to Partial Mesh

Source: Infonetics Research, now part of IHS Inc:

OTN, MPLS, and Control Plane Strategies: Global Service Provider Survey, May 2013.

11

DWDM Integration in the Metro

12

Metro
Metro WDM segment surpassed the long haul DWDM segment on a revenue
basis (Q3 2013 ACG Research Blog). More traffic is staying within a Metro
Service providers plan to migrate their transport topology either partial or full
mesh approaches
Full duplex point to point or mesh. With or without ROADM.
Same platform for metro and core for operational synergies for planning and
sparing
Key findings from Heavy Reading Survey analysis (March 2013):

13

Price is paramount in metro packet-optical transport

Integration with Layer 2/3 packet networks and superior OAM/management
Converged service transport
IP/MPLS is a serious contender for the metro network architectures of the future

Differentiating Features in Metro Optical

Transport
Overall system pricing/cost
Integration with Layer 2/3 packet networks
Superior OAM/management
Best-in-class packet service features
ASON/GMPLS control plane
Highest packet interface density
Integration with Sonet/SDH networks
Best-in-class TDM service features
Highest TDM interface density
0

20

40

60

Number of Votes

14

* Source: Heavy Reading Survey: Metro Packet-Optical Transport 2.0, March 2013 Figure 2-11

80

Preferred Means of Metro Packet Transport

in 3 to 5 years
IP/MPLS
Connectionless carrier Ethernet
MPLS-TP
Ethernet over Sonet/SDH
Native MPLS
PBB-TE
Other
0

20

40

60

Number of Votes
* Source: Heavy Reading Survey Analysis: Metro Packet-Optical Transport 2.0, March 2013 Figure 2-13

15

80

100

Metro Elements Targeted for

Automated/Dynamic Control Plane
IP/MPLS router
Layer 2/3 switch
Metro P-OTS (WDM/packet/TDM)
Stand-alone WDM equipment
Legacy Sonet/SDH MSPP
None
Other
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

* Source: Heavy Reading Survey Analysis: Metro Packet-Optical Transport 2.0, March 2013 Figure 2-19

16

60%

DWDM Integration technology

Overview

17

100G Inflection Point

10G has become the dominant interface over the past
decade
Transport evolving from SONET/SDH to IP/Ethernet over
DWDM
40/80 Wavelength DWDM systems are reaching capacity
10G prices have declined continually accompanied by only
modest technological improvements

100G will quickly dominate

transport.
18

Coherent Detection vs. Direct Detection

Direct Detection
Must correct for impairments in the physical domain (insert Dispersion
Compensating Units)
Forced to live with non-correctable impairments via network design (limit
distance, regenerate, adjust channel spacing)
Dumb detection (On/Off Keying), no Digital Signal Processing, only FEC
DCU

DCU

DCU
DD

Coherent Detection

DD

Regen

Moves impairment correction from the optical domain into the digital domain
Allows for digital correction of impairments (powerful DSP) vs. physical
correction of impairments (DCUs). Adds advanced FEC.
Massive performance improvements over Direct Detection.
CD

19

Why is Coherent 100G Significant?

Coherent 100G in DWDM transport is a major leap
Higher Chromatic Dispersion (CD) tolerance no Dispersion Compensation Unit
needed for most conceivable networks
Higher Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) tolerance tolerant of old / bad fiber
Manageable Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) requirement similar distance
without regeneration
Comparable with existing 10G maximize wavelength fill

Advanced Modulation
Dual Polarization-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DP-QPSK) can use same DWDM
grid spacing as legacy 10G

Intelligent Digital Signal Processing

Compensate for transmission impairments with DSP, enabled by Coherent Detection
20

Dramatic improvement over 10G

Coherent Technology Evolution

Paradigm Shifts

WDM

Hard FEC
External
modulation

Bit Rate per (bit/s)

1T
100G
10G

10Gb/s
OOK
0.2b/s/Hz
400km

Advanced
modulation
formats
40Gb/s
ODB
DPSK
1b/s/Hz
1,200km

Coherent Rx
w/ DSP
Soft FEC
100Gb/s
PM-QPSK
2b/s/Hz
2,000km

2.5Gb/s
OOK
400km

Modern
Coherent
Detection

1G
1995
21

Rate adaptive
M-QAM, OFDM
Raman
> 100Gb/s
MQAM
8b/s/Hz
40km ~
4,000km

2000

2005

2010

2015

Year

Coherent Detection
Major breakthrough and paradigm shift in the transport world: what
previously was extremely complex engineering has now been radically
simplified.
Use of coherent technology may allow more paths through an optical
network. The high tolerance of optical impairments allow a more agile
flexible optical network along with dynamic control plane
Tunable coherent receivers are available
Enables use of splitters/couplers as a alternative to ROADMs where
applicable

22

DWDM Integration data plane

and interface

23

IP Packets into OTN Frames

IP packet

Ethernet LAN PHY

OPU4
ODU4
OTU4
24

OH

OH

OH

Enet OH

100G Ethernet Payload

OPU4 Payload

ODU4 Payload
OTU4 Payload

OTU4 FEC

OTN Framing for Packets over Optical

Transport network
ITU-T G.709 OTU4 Framing
Standard overhead and payload with extended FEC
Actual rate FEC +112Gbps for std OTU4 (103 Gbps for
100GE)

Standard 100GBASE-R Mapping

Bit for bit Ethernet PCS transparency
Timing transparent, Support SyncE

High-order (HO) termination only

Entire OPU4 payload filled with 100GE frames
25

IP and DWDM Integration

and Architecture

26

IP and DWDM Integration Architecture

DWDM
Interface

Packet Node

Tx

Colored
Interface

Transponder

27

DWDM
Network Element

End to end Connection Set-up

Physical connection between packet node and DWDM Network
Element is optical or Ethernet/OTN.
The Connection can be established through:
GMPLS control plane protocols
SDN controller and related protocols.
Cross-connection node-by-node from management plane.

28

End-to-end Connection

Management Driven Connection Setup

NMS

EMS

29

Characterized by a
hierarchical relationship

Management systems are

in full control of the
devices
EMS

End-to-end Connection

GMPLS as the Control Plane

IP network and Optical network integrated as an overlay model in
the perspective of GMPLS control plane.
GMPLS-UNI (RFC4208) is deployed between packet node and
DWDM Network Element for LSP signaling.

GMPLS-UNI

GMPLS RSVP
Path Message

GMPLS-UNI

GMPLS RSVP
Path Message

GMPLS RSVP
Resv Message

GMPLS RSVP
Resv Message

End-to-end GMPLS LSP

30

Use of SDN for Connection Setup

Packet nodes and DWDM Network Element have northbound
interface to their respective SDN controllers.
A standards based protocol is used between SDN controllers
Connection is negotiated by SDN controllers.
SDN
Controller

Packet Node

Packet Node
Optical Network

31

End-to-end Connection

DWDM Integration Physically and

Logically Integrated Model

32

Physically Integrated Model

DWDM Interface in Packet Node

Packet Node

Colored
Interface

33

DWDM
Network Element

DWDM
Network Element

DWDM
Optical Network

Packet Node

Colored
Interface

Physically Integrating DWDM Interfaces

Savings & Improvements:

Packet
node
TXP shelf

2 Gray optical module + fiber

Board controller
Ethernet framer
TXP Chassis and Shelf Controller
Less packet latency
Integrated management

TXP

34

DWDM
Network
Element

TXP

DWDM Interface Integration

Grey Interface
Packet Node

Transponder
Client

RX
TX

G.709

Optical PMs Exist in Transponder

G.709 PMs Exist in Transponder

Line

Pa
TX

TX

RX

RX

OEO

Integrated DWDM Interface

G.709
Packet Node
TX
RX

Can run alongside

existing transport
Existing TX
Transport RX

35

Optical PMs Exist in Packet Node

G.709 PMs Exist in Packet Node
- Packet Node capable of having
- Visibility into optical network

Physically Integrated Model

ITU-T Reference Points
ITU-T G.698.2
Reference points one G.694.1
DWDM
Network Element

Packet Node

Colored
Interface

Tx

Ss

Rx

Rs
G.698.2
G.709 encapsulation

36

Physically Integrated DWDM Interfaces

Summary
Packet Node

Packet Node
DWDM Line System

Colored
Interface

Colored
Interface

Integrating DWDM Interfaces into packet nodes:

Can reduce equipment, power, space, cabling

Can provide ease of visibility between the layers
Used alongside existing transport

Integrating DWDM Interfaces in packet nodes optimizes the network while

providing CAPEX and OPEX reductions and simplifications
37

DWDM Interface Unit Logically Integrated with

Packet Node Functionally the same as before...

Logically Integrated

Logically Integrated
Packet Node

Packet Node
*

Grey
Interface

DWDM
Interface
Unit

DWDM
Network Element

38
* May be implemented as a proprietary interface

DWDM
Optical Network

DWDM
Network Element

DWDM
Interface
Unit

Grey
Interface

Logically Integrated DWDM Interface Unit

ITU-T Reference Points
one G.694.1

Packet Node

DWDM
Interface Unit

Management Channel*

SR

Grey
Interface

SR

Colored
Colored
Interface
Interface

Tx

Ss

Rx

Rs

ITU-T G.698.2
Reference points

G.698.2
G.709 encapsulation
Transponder

39
* May be implemented as a proprietary interface

DWDM
Network Element

Logically Integrated DWDM Interfaces

Summary
Packet Node
*

DWDM
Interface Unit

DWDM Line System

Colored
Interface

Packet Node

DWDM
Interface Unit

*
Colored
Interface

Logically Integrating DWDM Interfaces into packet nodes:

Allows for added scale of packet platform

Allows for different lifecycles packet vs optical equipment
Packet node controls and manages DWDM Interface Unit
Still provides visibility between the layers
Used alongside existing transport

Logically Integrating DWDM Interfaces in packet nodes provides visibility while

maintaining physical separation
40

* May be implemented as a proprietary interface

DWDM Integration Control Plane and

SDN Integration

41

Clients of Transport Networks

The Challenges
Clients of a
Transport Network

No visibility into the

networks actual topology

No resource availability
information
For good reason:
Security
Considerations
Technology
Considerations
Scalability
Considerations

42

However, Clients need to

influence

The way the services provided

to them are routed across the
transport network
Some services need to be

disjoint
Some services need to be
co-routed
Some services need to be
optimized based on lowest
cost criteria, while
Some services need to have
the best delay
characteristics

Control Plane and SDN Benefits

Allows for:

Resulting in:

Multi-Layer Provisioning
Automated Wavelength Setup
Transport
Team

IP Team
Manual
Request

Find a
Path

Verify
Feasibility

Reduced provisioning times

Eliminate human error

OPEX

Higher interface utilization

Fewer packet interfaces
required

CAPEX

Provision

(offline)

Circuit
Up

With dynamic Control Plane or SDN

Automated
Request
43

Automated
Provisioning

Circuit
Up

Co-ordinate

Multi-layer Optimization
Compute optimal path for packet (client-layer) LSPs
Computation/population of client-layer Shared Risk Link Groups
Optical protection in-use
Coordinated maintenance

Multi-layer Provisioning
Association of access-links to abstract-links
coordinated restoration
44

Multi-layer Planning
Minimize overall transmission costs, while satisfying traffic,
resiliency, and performance requirements for multi-layer
networks
Create the optimal Packet (client-layer) design
Ability to provision, reroute and de-provision transport links
Create Transport routes to satisfy client layer design
Run the networks hotter while ensuring predictability,
resiliency, and service-level guarantees.
45

SDN Controller
Provides coordinated, multilayer management and control for a globally
optimized network
SDN controller will program the path and its associated features onto
target network.
Packet network controller - supports standard protocols (e.g. PCEP,
BGP-LS, Netconf/YANG, etc.)
Transport network controller supports standard protocols (e.g,
OpenFlow, Netconf/YANG, etc.)
Supports an open, standardized controller to controller interface to
provide Abstract Topology Exchange.
46

Control Plane Integration

The physically integrated DWDM interface architecture consists of
having the DWDM colored interface directly within the packet node.
A lambda Label Switched Path (LSP) is established as tunnel
between the packet nodes. The tunnel provides connectivity
between packet nodes. The packet nodes can run IGP adjacencies
over the tunnels and treating the tunnels as links in the packet
network.
Label Switched Path on L0

Packet Node
47

DWDM Network
Element

DWDM Network
Element

Packet Node

GMPLS Protocol
RFC 4208 discusses how GMPLS signaling based on RFC 3473 can be
applied in an overlay model.
In traffic engineered (TE) systems, it is desirable to establish an end-toend TE path with a set of constraints (such as bandwidth, delay, shared
risk) from source to destination.
A lambda LSP is established by sending a PATH/Label Request
message from packet node to the destination. The DWDM network
element (downstream node) will send back a Resv/Label Mapping
message.
Lambda LSP Request:
LSP Encoding Type: Lambda
Switching Type: Lambda-Switch Capable
Generalized Label Format: Section 3.2/RFC 6205 (G.694.1 frequency grid)
Bandwidth: 100G

48

GMPLS Lambda LSP Setup

Packet Node
(Head)

Packet Node
(Tail)

UNI

UNI
o

Head
initiates
tunnel
signalling

Tunnel
established

GMPLS RSVP PATH

Tunnel
established

GMPLS RSVP RESV

(Label = lambda)
49

GMPLS RSVP PATH

Dynamic Optical
GMPLS
Control Plane

GMPLS RSVP RESV

(Label = lambda)

DWDM Integration Management

Plane

50

Provisioning

51

Manually via Command Line Interface

Provisioning

52

Manually via Command Line Interface

Netconf/YANG based solution may be utilized

Provisioning

53

Manually via Command Line Interface

Netconf/YANG based solution may be utilized

If a control plane solution is used, GMPLS via RSVP

Provisioning

Manually via Command Line Interface

Netconf/YANG based solution may be utilized

If a control plane solution is used, GMPLS via RSVP

If SDN is used, the orchestrator can communicate with the individual SDN controllers of the
optical and packet domain
Orchestrator

SDN Controller(s)

54

Network Management Goals

OSS
NMS
EMS
NETCONF
Manager

Reduced
Cost and
Complexity

55

Transactions
Standard models
Standardized Protocol

SNMP vs NETCONF
SNMP

NETCONF

Standard

IETF

IETF

Resources

OIDs

Paths

Standard MIBs

Standard YANG Modules

Data Modeling Language

SMI

YANG

Management Operations

SNMP

NETCONF

Wire Encoding

BER

XML

Transport Stack

UDP

SSH
TLS
TCP

Data models

56

NETCONF and YANG modeling

NETCONF (RFC 6241) provides
remote procedure calls and
notifications.

YangYANG Modules
Models
Management

Applications

NETCONF
Manager

YANG is a data modeling language

used to model configuration and
state data manipulated by
NETCONF
Generates XML-based
configurations, informational data,
network operations, alarms and
error state notifications.
Hierarchical & Modular.
57

NETCONF

YANG
Modules

YANG
Modules

YANG
Modules

DWDM Integration fully separated

model

58

Physically Separated Model

Reference Model

Colored
Interface

Packet Node

59

DWDM
Network Element

Optical Network

Colored
Interface

DWDM
Network Element

Packet Node

Interface between Packet Node and DWDM

Network Element

DWDM Network Element

Packet Node

Tx

Rx

Rx

Tx
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
OR
ITU-T G.959.1 White/Gray OTN

60

Colored
Interface

Ethernet Connection between Packet Node

and DWDM Network Element
Defined by IEEE 802.3 for 10G, 40G,
100G rates

Tx

Rx

Rx

Tx

Packet Node

DWDM Network Element

Ethernet Frame
61

Colored
Interface

OTN Connection between Packet Node and

DWDM Network Element
Defined by G.959.1 OTU2, OTU3, OTU4

Tx

Rx

Rx

Tx

Packet Node

DWDM Network Element

OTN Frame
62

Colored
Interface

Management Plane and OAM

The packet network and DWDM network often have separate:
Management, Operational Procedures, OAM handling

Requires coordination between the two management systems.

SDN technology can be deployed for the integrated management
plane.
OAM handling
One example for integrated OAM scheme:
Ingress/egress DWDM network element to map between 10/40/100G
Ethernet link fault signals and stream of 66 blocks per G.709/Y.1331
63

DWDM Integration - Standards

64

Broadband Forum drives the Industry

Adoption by Interoperable Solutions
Working in partnership with SDOs
Active liaisonship with ITU-T and IETF
IETF - Common Control and Measurement Plane (CCAMP):
Control Plane, Management Information Bases (MIB)

ITU-T SG15
Optical transport standards

BBF: defines how to apply technologies in broadband

networks to allow interoperability & multi-services support

65

Standards Adaption

Control Plane, MIB, Netconf, YANG

Client Interfaces

Client Interfaces

Layer 2/1 interoperability

Layer 2/1 interoperability

Transport Networks
66

Layer 1/0 interoperability

Standards Adaption
ITU-T SG 15 Q6
Revision of G.698.2 black link to support multi-vendor interoperability for
40G and 100G
Develop enhanced Forward Error Correction (FEC) for 100G
Develop new Recommendation G.metro for multi-vendor interoperability for
low-cost metro application

IETF CCAMP Working Group

An SNMP MIB extension to RFC3591 to manage optical interface parameters
of DWDM applications (draft-galikunze-ccamp-g-698-2-snmp-mib-08)
Extension to the Link Management Protocol (LMP/DWDM -rfc4209) for
DWDM Optical Line Systems to manage application code of optical interface
parameters in DWDM application (draft-dharinigert-ccamp-g-698-2-lmp-07)
GMPLS extensions to support TE reachability (draft-farrel-interconnected-teinfo-exchange-06.txt)
67

IP AND OPTICAL
INTEGRATION USE CASES

68

Use cases

69

Metro (A.4 Edge and Agg router connect)

Cloud Centric Access and Aggregation
IP Core
Data Center Interconnect

Metro and Aggregation

DWDM between
Aggregation and
Edge Routers
Increase resiliency
with optical dynamic
control plane
Can also be used
for mobile backhaul

70

Cloud Centric Access and Aggregation

OA

Coupler/
Splitter
OA
OD/OM

DWDM
Aggregation Network

Access
Network
Coupler/
Splitter
OA
OD/OM

OA

71

Coupler/
Splitter
OA
OD/OM

Data
Center(s)

Coupler/
Splitter
OA
OD/OM

Connect to data center in cloud centric network

Coherent detection can enable only use of
couplers/splitters in some scenarios

IP Core

Connect Core P/PE Routers together over transport

DWDM network
Simple High Speed connectivity and eliminate
unnecessary layers and conversions in network
72

Data Center Interconnect

High Speed
connectivity
Reduce layers and
OEO conversions
Used for mirroring,
backup, load
balancing, mobility,
or data center
access

73

SUMMARY

74

Key Takeaways
IP Traffic Increasing
Even more-so in the Metro

Coherent 100G will dominate transport

Using DWDM Interfaces can decrease expenses while streamlining
services and provide OAM
Multilayer control planes add network automation that can result in
lower TCO
Models:
Physically or logically integrated
Separated
Many use cases

Thank you for attending the

Building Converged IP and Optical
Transport Networks Tutorial
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References
Heavy Reading - Metro Packet Optical Transport 2.0:
A Heavy Reading Survey Analysis
Infonetics Research, now part of IHS Inc:
OTN, MPLS, and Control Plane Strategies:
Global Service Provider Survey, May 2013.

77

Related Standards Organizations and

Consortiums
Broadband Forum: http://www.broadband-forum.org
IETF: http://www.ietf.org
ITU-T: http://www.itu.int/itu-t

78

Abbreviations

79

BGP-LS

Border Gateway Protocol Link State

CAPEX

Capital Expenditures

DCU

Dispersion Compensating Unit

DP-QPSK

Dual Polarization Quadrature Phase

Shift Keying

DSP

Digital Signal Processor

DWDM

Dense Wavelength Division

Multiplexing

EMS

Element Management System

FEC

Forward Error Correction

GMPLS

Generalized Multiprotocol Label

Switching

LMP

Link Management Protocol

LSP

Link State Protocol

MIB

Management Information Base

NMS

Network Management System

DCU

Dispersion Compensating Unit

ODU

Optical Data Unit

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing

OPEX

Operating Expenses

OPU

Optical Payload Unit

OSNR

Optical Signal to Noise Ratio

OSS

Operations Support System

OTN

Optical Transport Network

OTU

Optical Transport Unit

PCEP

Path Computation Element

Communication Protocol

PMD

Polarization Mode Dispersion

QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Abbreviations

80

ROADM

Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop

Multiplexer

RSVP

Resource Reservation Protocol

SDN

Software Defined Networks

SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol

SRLG

Shared Risk Link Group

TXP

Transponder

UNI

User-Network Interface

The Broadband Forum

Thank You
81