Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Shehab Ahmed
Member
Member
Qatar University
Doha, Qatar
ahmed.massoud@qu.edu.qa
S. J. Finney
I.
generation,
Fault
II. INVERTER-BASED DG
A block diagram of three-phase IBDG is shown in Fig. 1.
The energy source is connected to the inverter through a
conditioning stage (either AC/DC, AC/DC/DC or DC/DC
converters). The three phase voltage source inverter is
interfaced to the distribution network through an LC filter
and transformer. In Fig. 1, reference active and reactive
powers are set and reference currents can be extracted from
the voltage measurements of the common coupling. A phase
locked loop is employed for transforming the three-phase
stationary reference frame to two phase synchronously
rotating reference one. Proportional-integral control is
employed for controlling the currents. Space vector
modulation is employed as a pulse width modulation (PWM)
technique, as it introduces the lowest total harmonic
distortion and increases the inverter gain compared to
sinusoidal PWM.
Levels,
INTRODUCTION
B.W. Williams
58
Wind
or
feul cell
or
PV
or
-turbine
AC/DC
or
AC/DC/DC
or
DC/DC
converter
Sa
S'a
Sb
S'b
Sc v
inva
v invb
v invc
Li
Lg
i ga
i gb
i gc
v ga
v gb
v gc
Grid
S'c
C
To gate drives of
IGBT
abc
to
dq
v inva_ref
PWM v invb_ref
generator v invc_ref
dq to
abc
v invd_ref
v invq_ref
i gd
PLL
i gq
i gd_ref
v gd
Current
Calculator
controller i gq_ref
P ref
Q ref
DG
interrupt the fault first.
It cannot be guaranteed that DG will be disconnected
faster than fuse blowing and false tripping. The DG can
result in false protection operation [8]. If IBDG is used, these
problems can be solved easily. Due to fast dynamic response
of IBDG, these problems can be avoided.
From the point of view of fault levels, there are three
scenarios in highly distributed power systems:
1. Domination of synchronous and induction generators
2. Domination of IBDG
3. Combination of both 1 and 2
Requirements for Scenario 1
In this scenario excessive short circuit current must be
limited by means of FCL devices, provided the contribution
from IBDG remains relatively small. These units may be
tripped out (dependant on the location and rating) during
faults.
Requirements for Scenario 2
In this case the growth in installed capacity is mainly
provided by IBDG, such devices have an inherent current
limiting capability. Under this scenario IBDG provides a
significant part of the installed capacity leading to a fault ride
through requirement. The role of specific FCL devices is
likely to be minimal.
Requirements for Scenario 3
In the third scenario fault level may be managed through
the use of FCL devices and current limited IBDG interfaces.
Requirements will depend upon the generation mix. Effective
fault level management will depend on the coordination of
these technologies.
CB
1
recloser
load
CB
59
Grid current
Feeder current
recloser CB
load
DG
Inverter
current
load
400
400
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
200
0
-200
-400
0
0.6
0.1
0.2
Time (S)
Inverter Power
100
50
0
-50
-100
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (S)
(a)
0.4
0.5
x 10
(b)
1
0
-1
-2
0
0.6
0.1
0.2
Time (S)
0.3
Time (S)
(c)
(d)
400
400
200
200
0
-200
-400
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (S)
0
-200
-400
0
0.1
0.2
Inverter Power
100
0
-100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
(b)
200
-200
0
0.3
Time (S)
(a)
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (S)
x 10
4
2
0
-2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time (S)
(c)
(d)
60
DG
Inverter
current
Grid
current
recloser
load
high
impedance
Grid
current
Feeder
current CB
Inverter 2
current
recloser CB
Feeder
current
load
DG2
Inverter 1
current
load
DG1
load
VI. CONCLUSION
VII.
200
200
100
0
-100
-200
0
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
100
0
-100
-200
0
0.6
0.1
0.2
Time (s)
20
0
-20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
x 10
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
(d)
200
200
0.3
Time (s)
100
0
-100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
100
0
-100
-200
0
0.6
0.1
0.2
Time (s)
Inverter power
150
100
50
0
-50
x 10
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
(b)
4
2
0.1
0.3
Time (s)
(a)
Inverter current (A)
0.6
(c)
Fig. 7. IBDG continues supplying the fault in case
(2)
-100
0
0.5
Time (s)
-200
0
0.4
(b)
2
Inverter power
(a)
40
-40
0
0.3
Time (s)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time (s)
Time (S)
(d)
(c)
61
400
400
200
0
-200
-400
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
200
0
-200
-400
0
0.6
0.1
0.2
Time (S)
0
-50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
x 10
1
0
-1
0
0.6
Time (S)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time (S)
(c)
(d)
15000
40
0.5
(b)
50
20
0
-20
-40
0
0.4
(a)
100
-100
0
0.3
Time (S)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
10000
5000
0
-5000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time (S)
Time (S)
(f)
(e)
400
400
Fig. 10. IBDG1 continues and IBDG2 disconnects (permanent fault) in case (3)
200
0
-200
-400
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
200
0
-200
-400
0
0.6
0.1
0.2
Time (S)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (S)
(a)
(b)
2
100
50
0
-50
-100
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
x 10
0.6
0.1
0.2
Time (S)
0.3
Time (S)
(c)
(d)
2
50
-50
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
x 10
1
0
-1
0
0.6
Time (S)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time (S)
(e)
(f)
Fig. 11. IBDG1 continues and IBDG2 disconnects (temporary fault) (case (3))
[7]
VIII.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
REFERENCE
62
400
400
200
0
-200
-400
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
200
0
-200
-400
0
0.6
0.1
0.2
Time (S)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
x 10
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
-1
-2
0
0.6
0.1
0.2
Time (S)
(c)
0.3
Time (S)
(d)
15000
50
0.4
(b)
(a)
50
-50
0
0.3
Time (S)
-50
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
10000
5000
0
-5000
Time (S)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (S)
(e)
(f)
Fig. 12. IBDG1 and IBDG2 disconnect (temporary fault) (case (3))
[12] J. Jager, T. Keil, L. Shang, R. Krebs, New protection co-ordination
methods in the presence of distributed generation, in Proc. 2004 IEE
Developments in Power System Protection Conf. pp. 319-322.
[13] DTI report Integration of Additional Microgeneration, (SIAM)
CONTRACT NUMBER:
DG/CG/00028/REP URN NUMBER:
04/1644 (http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15192.pdf)
[14] DTI report The contribution to distribution network fault levels,
CONTRACT NUMBER: DG/CG/00027/00/00, URN NUMBER:
05/1249 http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15199.pdf
[15] DTI report solutions for the connection and operation of distributed
generation,
K/EL/00303/00/01/REP,
URN
03/1195
http://www.ensg.gov.uk/assets/solutions.pdf
[16] DTI report STABILITY OF NETWORKS WITH,
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND POWER CONVERTER
INTERFACES,
Final
Report
CONTRACT
NUMBER:
K/EL/00273/REP
URN
NUMBER:
04/1367
http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15188.pdf
DG2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.3
Feeder 1
current
50
0
-50
-100
0.1
0.2
200
0
-2 0 0
0 .2
0 .3
0 .4
0 .5
20
0
-2 0
-4 0
0 .1
0 .2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (S)
x 10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 .6
20
0
-2 0
-4 0
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
(f)
0.5
0 .5
40
T im e (S )
(e)
0 .4
(d)
-2
0 .3
T im e (S )
(c)
0.6
40
0 .6
x 10
0.5
60
T im e (S )
0.4
(b)
400
0 .1
0.3
Time (S)
(a)
Inverter 1
current
100
Time (S)
-4 0 0
CB
-200
0.2
DG1
load
0.1
recloser
load
200
CB
recloser
400
-400
Grid
current
Feeder 2
current
Inverter 2
current
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (S)
(g)
Fig. 14. IBDG1 and IBDG2 continue working (temporary fault) (case (4))
63
0 .4
0 .5
0 .6