Scope of work:

100m width of Road construction for international airport 30 km away from

city

Cutting and dozing of 100,000 cum of earth. Average height 0.75 mtr

Transportation of 20,000 cum of surplus earth from site to dumping place 3

km away fromsite. Filling of 80,000 cum in landing strip.

Bringing of 3000 cum of sand from 20 km including spreading and leveling at

site.

Procurement of 150,000 litres of bitumen from refinery at Bongaigon in

Assam.
Description of Equipments:

Hauling equipments
Tractor:
Tractors have many uses as construction equipment. Use of this, primarily
may be to pull or push goods, they are also used as mounts for many types of
accessories such as front end shovel, rippers, bulldozers, sidebrooms, hoes,
trenches andothers. There are sizes and types to fit almost any job for which
they are usable. Tractorsmay be divided into 2 major types crawlers and
wheels.

Dumpers
Dumper is a heavy duty truck with a strongly built body which is hinged at
back and is fitted with a hydraulic ram on the underside to lift the front of the
body and tilt it backward into the dumping position. A tailgate may be fitted
at the rear of the body or the body may have a chute like shape in the rear
with inside corner rounded and sides tapered tofacilitate dumping which is
most popular now-a-days. Useful life of dumpers is generally 8-12 years i.e.

10,000 15,000 hours depending upon their capacity. The life is also
expressedin terms of kilometers i.e. 200.000 kms.

Earth moving machines

These equipments are used to cut the earth or trees, rocks and thenmove
them to a distance required. Equipments like bulldozers are also used for
leveling of the ground, cleaning land of timber, stumps, spreading earth fill
etc. These equipments arevery common of all the earth moving machines, a
bulldozer is most useful and most the project sites require its use in one form
or the other.

Bulldozers
Bulldozers are basically a pushing unit consisting of a tractor either crawler
mounted or wheeled to which a cutting blade is mounted at the direction
perpendicular tothe direction of travel. There is no difference between a
bulldozer and anglodozer exceptthat the cutting blade is set at an angle with
the direction of travel. The size of the bulldozer is indicated by the length and
height of the blade, its shape and capacity. The size of bladevaries from
1.7mX 70 cm. (height) X0.7m3 (capacity of blade) to
3.38mX1.14mX3.7m3.Working of dozer consists of lowering front blade to the
ground. The moment dozer drives,it cuts and pushes earth collected in blade
to a desirable distance
Compaction Equipment:
Tandem Roller
- there is also a smooth wheeled roller with to roller wheels of
approximatelythe same width- one at the front and other at the rear.
Compaction with this type is better.This roller is better for rolling finishing
surfaces as it produces smooth and even surface.
Bitumen Plant:

Bitumen Boiler:
This is used for heating bitumen from drums. Boiler is fitted with a fire box,
fuel tube and chimney. Full asphalt drums are lifted to the top where the
contents areemptied and heated by flame or combustion gasses. The boiler is
mounted on the wheels andcan be towed from one location to the other.

Bitumen Spraying Equipment:

Bitumen boiler is fitted with the pump with strainer in thesuction pipe. The
pump is operated either by hand or mechanically. On the delivery sidethere
are flexible pipe spray bars and spray nozzle. The rate of application of
bitumen canvaried by adjusting the height of the spraying nozzle above the
ground. Uniformity of spraying is control by the angle at which the spray bar
is kept.
Bitumen Tanker:
When bulk bitumen is to be transported, tanker is used. It is mounted on
atruck or a trailer. Capacity of the tanker may range from 5000 to 15000
liters. Oil fire burners are used to maintain the temperature of bitumen during
transit.Bitumen Pressure Distributor: This equipment is used when a specified
quantity of hot bitumen is to be sprayed uniformly for grouting or surface
dressing. It is used with bulk bitumen supply.
Estimating and requirement of the equipment:
Equipment on roadwork (or on any work) has either to be purchased,
obtained on hire or transferredfrom some other project. In either of the cases
a fairly accurate estimate of the requirement of equipment has to be done so
as to ensure that expenditure on equipment is not wasted. This needs
planning well an advance.Factors to be considered are:1.What is most
desirable sequence of operations involved in the work?2.Which are the
operations are to be performed by the machinery?3. In case some or all
equipment is to be transferred from other projects how the programmes of
both project to be arranged so that there is no undue to and frommovement
of the equipment and at the same time the work is completed in
optimumtime.
Data required:
1.Quantities of items of work: Road project is sub divided in operations
like(A)Earthwork (B)Aggregate production(C)Transporting Aggregate to
road(D)Compaction(E)Wearing surface- Concrete/ Bituminous surface etc.
Quantities of items areworked out.2.Period of completion of the project.
Normally road work has to be completed in astipulated period particularly
when the work is to be completed on contract. In suchcases the duration of
the constituent operation have to be adjusted taking in toconsideration the
activity interrelation and overall period of completion. While fixing of activity
duration due allowance must be made for bad weather, monsoon, loss of
timedue to shifting of equipment, break down, repairs and maintenance of
equipment.3.Normally no work is possible for 3 to 4 months in a year due to
monsoon. Further considering weekly holidays normally 25 days could be

considered to be available for working. Though a working day is considered to

comprise 8 hours, a part is spent ininevitable operations like shifting, waiting
etc. thus in about 200 days available, workinghours could be about 12001500
4.From above a fair estimate of requirement of equipment can be done. Over
the abovethis suitable provision ( to the extant of 10%) is done as stand by to
take care of break down or unforeseen circumstances.Determine the output
of a bulldozer from the following operating conditions:Material: SandSwell =
20%Haul Distance = 40mRated mold board capacity = 3 cubic metre (loose
volume)Operating factor 45 minutes/ hour Solution:Probable round trip
timePushing 40 m @ 2,5 kmph = 0.96 minuteReturning 40m @5kmph = 0.48
minuteLoading shifting gear = 0.30 minute= 1.74 minutesTime per Trip=
1.74 minuteTrip per Hour= 34.5 Trips Net mold board capacity = 3/1.2 =
2.5Output per hour=2.5x34.5= 86.25 m3output per day= 86.25x8 (hours)=
690 m3cutting and dozing of 100,000cum of earth= 100,000/690=145 days
Equipment operating cost:
The cost of operating the equipment includes fuel costs, routine maintenance
costs, major repair cost, operators cost, tyre replacement cost, and overhead
costs.
Fuel costs:
cost of fuel consumed in one hour = cost per litre X hourly fuel
consumptionHourly fiel consumption = Hourly fuel consumption at full load X
operating factor.The fuel price litre, delivered at the site is obtained from the
local suppliers at it varies from place to place. The rate of consumption
depend upon the type of engine (diesel or petrol), the state of the engine and
the working conditions.Diesel engine fuel consumption per hour = 0.15 litres
X rated HP X load factor Petrol engine fuel consumption per hour = 0.22 litres
X rated HP X load factor.
For example:
the hourly fuel consumption of a crawler tractor rated with 250 HP, operating
under average conditions (load factor 70 %) and diesel costing Rs. 35 per
litre., can be worked out asunder:Diesel consumption per hour = 0.15 X
Rated flywheel HP X load factor = 0.15 X 250 X 0.7 litres= 26.25 litresCost of
hourly consumption = Diesel consumption X rate of diesel per litre= 26.25
litres X Rs. 35= Rs. 918.75
Routine maintenance costs:
Maintenance costs include the cost of lubricating oil, grease, filter batteries,
minor repairs, and the labour involved in performing maintenance.The

maintenance cost including service, labour cost and minor repairs vary with
the type of equipment involved and the project environment, and these can
be approximately calculated as proportion of hourly fuel cost as
follows.Operating conditionsHourly maintenance costFavourable1/4 fuel
costAverage1/3 Fuel costUnfavourable 1/2 Fuel cost
Major Repair cost:
Repair cost = Depreciation cost X Repair costRepair cost during nth year = n
X Value to be depreciated / Digit sum of equipment life in yearsFor example:
If the total value of depreciation of a wheel equipment (repair factor = 0.75)
worksout as Rs. 375,000 and its life is 5 years, than the repair cost during
each year of operation(working 1500 hours per year) can be estimated as
under:Total repair cost = Total depreciation X Repair factor = 375000 X .75=
Rs. 281250
Tyre cost for wheel equipment:
The tyre manufactures provide indication of tyre life but these should be
taken as guidelines.Hourly tyre replacement cost = 115 X tyre price X no. of
tyres / Tyre life in hoursExample : If the four tyres of an equipment each
costing Rs. 2500, are replaced after 800 hours andthe tyre can be recapped
locally, then the hourly tyre cost calculated as follows:= 115 X 4 X Rs. 2500
X0.8 / 800= Rs. 115/hr
Manpower cost:
An equipment requires operators, drivers and helpers for its operations.
Thenumber of persons working on an equipment varies with type of
equipment. A dumper may haveonly one driver-cum-operator whereas a
bulldozer will need one operator and a helper. Dependingupon the persons
require per machine, the prevalent wage rates and the facilities provided by
thecompany, the hourly manpower costs can be calculated.
Selection of Construction Equipment:
Proper selection of equipment increases the speed of construction and makes
project most economical. Some general consideration may be made for
selections of construction equipment are:4.As far as possible only equipment
available with ease should be selected. Unless and until itis ascertained that
new equipment will earn more than its cost or cab used in future also,
itshould not be purchased. Economics should be worked out.5.Choice should
be restricted to standard equipment, special equipment should be selected if
job justifies its selection.6.Topography conditions, type of soil, existing
approaches and road working conditions etc.,must be studied.7.Less variety
of equipments should be used, more variety means more skilled workers,

morespare parts requirements and more production cost.8.It is always better

to purchase equipment manufactured in our own country. This willdecrease
the cost of repairs and down-time cost. It will be beneficial to the nation also.
Asfar as possible equipment of same make should be purchased.9.Size of
equipment should be made according to the amount of work. It is better to
use morethan one equipment of small size than using of one of large size.

10.Obsolescence of the equipment should not be overlooked.11. Equipment

should be capable of doing more than one job, but it should not be
versatile.12.The technical and economic aspects should be analyzed to select
the equipment.Following aspects need detailed consideration at the selection
stage:1.Suitability for the job with specific reference to climatic and other
operating conditions.2.Size of the equipment3.Standardization and variety
reduction4.Type of prime mover 5.Degree of utilization6.Suitability of local
condition7.Adaptability8. Technical considerations.The choice of size of the
equipment is indicated as either a minimum number of large size machinesor
several units of medium/small size machines.Technical consideration for
selection should include the following points.1.Strength2.Vibration
Stability3.Resistance to wear 4.Heat
Resistance5.Reliability6.MaintainabilityEquipment can be classified
as:1.Standard equipment2.special equipmentIt depends on extent of its use,
availability and cost. One equipment standard for one may be specialto other,
for example a concrete mixer of specific capacity is a standard equipment for
all most allthe contactor whether class A or class D but cranes or concrete
mixer of very large capacity arespecial to one whilst standard for other. One
definition for standard equipment is that which iseasily available in the
market. It is easy to repair, spare parts are easily available and can
bedisposed off easily. Whilst special equipment manufactured on order and
can not be disposed off easily and cannot be repaired by all. In general
special equipment can be defined as an equipmentmanufactured for a single
construction project or for a specific job.Material Management : The
management of materials in project is different from that in an
ongoingsituation.Most of the materials in projects are bulky and heavy.The
lead time for procurement of materials in most cases is usually much
more.The principle of EOQ has very limited applicability in project situations.
Usually sequential arrivalof material is desired.The demand of material in
project is by and large highly deterministic.Sufficient care has the be taken in
the selection of vendors has significant impact on the project
performance.The demand of materials in a project situation is highly
deterministic. The gross requirement of various material is worked out during
the detailed project report stage. The primary concern inmaterial planning for
project is that the cost of not meeting a demand is very high. As it may lead

todelay in proper completion. Hence the right time is the key word in material
planning for projects.The capital requirements are to be planned in such a
way that these are available at the site just before the erection/ installation of
these. The demand of construction is known as soon as theresource
requirement for the project is finalized. These material are normally required
before theconstruction can start and are to be planned for availability prior to
the construction phase of the project.The consumables are used throughout
the project duration and the total requirements are known.However the
consumption rate at different period is different but deterministic. As the total
numberof consumable materials may run in to hundreds, the analysis of
aggregate demand pattern may berestricted to high consumption value
materials only.Procurement is of special significance in a project situation.
The net effect of delay in delivery andsupply of inferior quality of material is
delay in the completion of the project. Economic procurement is also very
important as it is determinant for the viability of the project. Because of these
considerations vendor selection plays an important role.The consumables are
standard materials and are usually available from many sources.
Occasionallythere is a scarcity of some of these materials. The gross demand
as well as the demand profile of these materials for the entire project
duration are known, and it is desirable to enter into contractswith the
suppliers.Apart from these discussion on the technical details and price the
negotiation can centre around thefollowing issues:
Ordering Schedule
:
To match with the project network. The suppliers network for manufacture
caalso be discussed.

Payment terms

Liquidated damages

Quality specifications and procedures for checking quality

Inspection at different stages of manufacture at the suppliers premises.

Incorporation of design changes while the manufacturing is in progress.

Performance guarantee etc.

The inventory replenishment model shows the number of cycles of

replenishment during theusage period. The initial inventory of materials at
the start of the work consists of workingstock (Q) and safety stock (S).
Economic order Quantity:
Two important decision to be take while repetitive materials inventoryare how
much to order at one time and when to order this quantity, or in other words,
to decide thereorder the quantity level and the reorder time cycle so as to
effect economy in cost of purchasingand holding inventory. This economic
order quantity (EOQ) and the numbers of orders aredetermined
mathematically as under:Inventory costC = Ordering cost + Inventory
carrying costC = Co . N + Ci . A/2NFor cost to be minimum :dC/dN = Co Ci .
A/ 2 . N2 = 0 N2 = Ci . A/2 . CoAndC = CoN + Ci A/2N = 1/2N (2CoN2 + Ci A)
= 2Ci A/2NThereforeLeast Inventory cost = square root of 2CoCiA
Safety Stock:
It is the floating stock held to cater for changes in rate of consumption,
delays indelivery of materials from the agreed dates and under unforeseen
causes, so as to prevent stock-outsresulting in production hold-ups.The safety
stock for a given situation can be determined using statistical techniques.
Generally, aminimum safety stock can be taken as equal to consumption
quantity in lead time period.
Lead Time:

It is defined as the total time required for replenishment of an item of

material from thetime and indent is submitted to the purchased department,
to the time that ready for use materialsare received at the project stock-yard
for storage or delivered at the site of work.
Reorder level:
It is the level at which the stock is ordered. This is determined by adding
assessedconsumption during the lead time period to the minimum stock
level.