1.

If a strip of magnesium is dropped into excess hydrochloric acid an exothermic reaction

occurs. The rate of reaction increases during the first few seconds because
a. the amount of magnesium is decreasing
b. the magnesium is acting as a catalyst
c. the solution is becoming hotter
d. the surface area of the magnesium is increasing
2. The energy profile diagram show how adding a substance to a reaction mixture changes the
reaction pathway.

Which change is likely to be observed when X is added to the reaction mixture?

a. the reaction becomes less exothermic
b. the reaction becomes more exothermic
c. the speed of the reaction decreases
d. the speed of the reaction increases
3. Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with copper(II) oxide to form copper(II) sulphate and water. What
would not alter the rate of this reaction?
a. the concentration of the sulphuric acid
b. the pressure at which the reaction takes place
c. the size of the particles of copper(II) oxide
d. the temperature of the reacting mixture
4. Zinc reacts with an excess of dilute sulphuric acid. The graph shows how the volume of
hydrogen gas given off changed with time.

Why does the graph become horizontal at X?

a. all the sulphuric acid has reacted
b. all the zinc has reacted
c. hydrogen is being produced at a constant rate
d. the reaction is beginning to slow down
5. Why is the reaction H2 + Cl2 --> 2HCl exothermic?
a. energy involved in the bonds breaking is greater than that of the bonds forming
b. energy involved in the bonds forming is greater than that of the bonds breaking
c. more bonds are broken than are formed
d. more bonds are formed than are broken
6. Which of the following is an endothermic process?
a. the addition of water to anhydrous copper(II) sulphate
b. the combustion of ethanol in air
c. the formation of a carbohydrate and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water
d. the oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide
7. Which process is exothermic?
a. burning petrol in a car engine
b. cracking of oil fractions
c. fractional distillation of oil
d. melting bitumen for roads
8. Curve I is obtained by observing the decomposition of 100cm 3 of 1mol/dm3 aqueous hydrogen
peroxide, catalysed by manganese(IV) oxide.
2H2O2 (aq) --> 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)

Which alteration to the conditions will produce curve II?

a. adding some 0.1 mol/dm3 aqueous hydrogen peroxide
b. lowering the temperature
c. using a better catalyst
d. using less manganese(IV) oxide
9. Why is Vanadium(IV) oxide used in the oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide?
a. it acts as a reducing agent
b. it prevents the decomposition of sulphur trioxide
c. it removes impurities
d. it speeds up the reaction
10. Nitrogen and hydrogen react in a closed vessel.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) <---> 2NH3 (g)
How do the speeds of the forward and reverse reactions change, if the pressure in the vessel is
increased but the temperature is kept constant?

speed of forward
reaction
a increases
does not change

speed of backward
reaction
increases
does not change

b
c decreases
decreases

increases
does not change

d
11. In the graph, curve X represents the results of the reaction between 1.0 g of granulated zinc
and an excess of acid at 30oC.

Which changes will produce curve Y?

a. using 1.0 g of powdered zinc at 20oC
b. using 1.0 g of granulated zinc at 20oC
c. using 0.5 g of granulated zinc at 40oC
d. using 0.5 g of granulated zinc at 20oC
12. Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of sugar. During the reaction, carbon dioxide is given
off. The graph shows how the volume of carbon dioxide produced per minute varies with
temperature.

Using the graph, decide which statement is correct?

a. the rate of reaction always increases with temperature
b. the rate of reaction reaches a maximum at about 40
c. the reaction is slowest at 0
d. the reaction takes a long time to begin
13. Which change will increase the speed of the reaction between 1 mol of each of the two gases?
a. a decrease in surface area of the catalyst
b. a decrease in temperature
c. a decrease in the volume of the reaction flask

d. an increase in the volume of the reaction flask

14. Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid. Which solution would give the fastest initial rate of
reaction?
a. 40g of HCl in 1000cm3 of water
b. 20g of HCl in 1000cm3 of water
c. 10g of HCl in 100cm3 of water
d. 4g of HCl in 50cm3 of water
15. In which reaction is the pressure least likely to affect the rate of reaction
a. C (s) + CO2 (g) ---> 2CO (g)
b. 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ---> 2SO3 (g)
c. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ---> 2NH3 (g)
d. NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) ---> NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
16. Which of these changes is exothermic?
a. evaporation
b. thermal decomposition
c. respiration
d. melting
17. Which of these changes is endothermic?
a. freezing
b. neutralisation
c. photosynthesis
d. combustion
18. Which element is always present in fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas?
a. hydrogen
b. carbon
c. oxygen
d. nitrogen
19. Natural gas burns more easily than other fuels because
a. it is more exothermic
b. it is a gas
c. it is colourless
d. it has a low density

20. Most fuels contain small amounts of sulphur. When they burn, a gas which pollutes the
atmosphere and causes acid rain is formed. it is called
a. carbon monoxide
b. carbon dioxide
c. sulphur dioxide
d. sulphur trioxide
21. Methane (CH4) is the main constituent of natural gas. When it burns, it produces 890 kJ of heat
per mole. How much heat would be produced if 64 g of methane were burnt?
[Ar of C = 12, Ar of H = 1]
a. 890 kJ
b. 1780 kJ
c. 2670 kJ
d. 3560 kJ
22. Which of these reactions would you expect to be endothermic?
a. 4K (s) + O2 (s) --> 2K2O (s)
b. H2 (g) --> 2H (g)
c. 2NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) --> Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
d. 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) --> 2H2O (l)
23. An endothermic reaction is one in which
a. the reaction vessel gets hot
b. light is given out
c. the products contain more energy than the reactants
d. chemical bonds are made
24. Which pair of elements, described by their proton number, will react together most
exothermically?
a. 2 and 8
b. 12 and 16
c. 3 and 10
d. 19 and 9
25. A fuel is a device for
a. converting electrical energy efficiently into chemical energy
b. converting chemical energy efficiently into electrical energy
c. recharging accumulators
d. burning a fuel efficiently

26. The formation of hydrogen iodide from hydrogen and iodine is an endothermic reaction.
H-H + I-I ---> H-I + H-I
What may be deduced from this information?
a. The number of bonds broken is greater than the number of bonds formed.
b. The formation of H-I bonds absorbs energy.
c. The products possess less energy than the reactants.
d. The total energy change in bond formation is less than that in bond breaking.
27. Methane gas reacts extremely slowly with air at room temperature. If a piece of warm platinum
is held in a methane-air mixture, the methane ignites. What differences are there between the
reaction with the platinum and the reaction without the platinum?
For the reaction with the platinum:
I. The activation energy is lower.
II. The energy change is greater.
III. The energy of the reactants is higher.
IV. The rate of reaction is greater.
a. I and II only
b. I and III only
c. I and IV only
d. II and IV only
28. The graph shows how the total volume of hydrogen produced changes when iron fillings
reacted with excess dilute sulphuric acid.

Which statement best describes the section PQ of the curve?

a. The acid is slowly used up which results in the reaction slowing down.
b. The decreasing mass of the iron filings results in the reaction slowing down.
c. Water is produced in the reaction that dilutes the acid which slows down the reaction.
d. Hydrogen gas produced slows down the reaction.
29. Two experiments were carried out in which hydrochloric acid was added to limestone.
Experiment A: 500 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid added to an excess of limestone.

Experiment B: 100 cm3 of 5.0 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid added to an excess of limestone.
The initial rate of evolution of carbon dioxide and the total volume of carbon dioxide evolved were
measured in each experiment. How do the results in experiment A compare with those in
experiment B when all other conditions are identical?
Rate of evolution of carbon dioxide

Total volume of carbon dioxide

a.

It is slower in A than in B.

It is the same in A and B.

b.

It is faster in B than in A.

It is greater in B than in A.

c.

It is slower in B than in A.

It is greater in B than in A.

d.

It is the same in A and B.

It is greater in A than in B.

30. Why is the reaction H2 + Cl2 --> 2HCl exothermic?

a. Energy involved in the bonds breaking is greater than that of the bonds forming.
b. Energy involved in the bonds forming is greater than that of the bonds breaking.
c. More bonds are broken than are formed.
d. More bonds are formed than are broken.

MCQ Answers
1. c
2. d
3. b
4. b
5. b
6. c
7. a
8. a
9. d
10. a
11. c (since the total vol of H2 collected is about half of X, the mass of Zn used should be halved. The
steeper gradient of Y suggests a faster rate of reaction eg higher temperature)
12. b
13. c
14. c
15. d (there are no gaseous reactants in the reaction)
16. c
17. c
18. b
19. a

20. c
21. d
22. b
23. c
24. d
25. b
26. d
27. c
28. b
29. a
30. b

Worked Solutions
1. A metallic element forms compounds in which its oxidation states are II and III. The element is
displaced from solutions of its salts by copper.
a. Using the symbol El for the element, write the formulae for the chlorides and oxides of this
element.
chlorides ______ and ________
oxides _______ and _________
b. Why is it necessary for the symbols of the majority of the elements to consist of two letters
rather than one only?
c. Would you expect this element El to react with dilute sulphuric acid? Explain your answer.
d. Write an equation to show the reduction of an ion of this element El from oxidation state III to
oxidate state II
Solution
a. chlorides: ElCl2 and ElCl3
oxides: ElO and El2O3
b. There are elements with names that start with the same letter eg. copper (Cu) and carbon (C)
c. No. Because copper does not react with dilute sulphuric acid and El is less reactive than copper.

d. 2El3+ (aq) + Cu (s) --> 2El2+ (aq) + Cu2+ (aq)

2. Give one physical property and one chemical property possessed by all metals.
Solution
a. good conductor of electricity/heat
b. form oxides which show basic properties
3. At 150oC and a pressure of one atmosphere, the reversible reaction between gas A and gas B
reaches a dynamic equilibrium.
A (g) + 2B (g) <---> AB2 (g) : heat change = -220kJ/mol
a. Is the formation of AB2 exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.
bi. What is meant by the phrase dynamic equilibrium?
bii. Predict how the proportion of AB 2 at equilibrium changes if the pressure is increased.
c. What effect will an increase in temperature have on the rate of formation of AB 2? Explain your
answer in terms of the movement of the molecules.
Solution
a. exothermic. This is because the forward reaction has a negative heat change, indicating that heat is
released.
bi. The amounts of A, B and AB2 are constant (equilibrium) but the forward and backward reactions are
still taking place (dynamic).
bii. amount of AB2 increases
c. Rate is faster. At higher temperature, the molecules have more kinetic energy. More molecules possess
energy greater than the required minimum energy for a reaction to take place. Furthermore, they collide
more frequently with one another. Hence, the rate of reaction increases.
4. The element oxygen exists in two forms, O2 and O3. Both forms are gases.

ai. Ozone molecules O3 decompose when heated into O2 molecules. Construct the equation for
this decomposition.
aii. What volume of oxygen O2 is formed when 40cm3 of ozone O3 is decomposed, both volumes
being measured at the same temperature and pressure?
b. Ozone is an oxidizing agent. Describe the color change you expect to see when ozone is
bubbled into aqueous potassium iodide.
color before:
color after:
Solution
ai. O3 (g) --> 3/2 O2 (g)
aii. 60 cm3
bi. colorless
bii. brown
5a. Ammonia is made in the Haber process by the reversible reaction between nitrogen and
hydrogen.
i. How is nitrogen obtained from liquid air for use in this process?
ii. State the name of the catalyst and the conditions used in the Haber process.
b. Ethanol can be manufactured by reacting ethene and steam in the presence of phosphoric acid
as a catalyst.
The reaction is reversible and forms an equilibrium mixture.
C2H4 (g) + H2O <--> C2H5OH (g)
i. Predict how increasing the pressure will change the percentage of ethanol present at
equilibrium. Explain your answer.

ii. The table shows how the percentage of ethanol present at equilibrium changes with
temperature at a pressure of 60 atmospheres.

temperature/oC

percentage of ethanol
produce/%

200

49

260

38

320

34

Is the formation of ethanol exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.

c. One use of ethanol is the manufacture of an acid. Name the acid and draw its structural formula.
Solution
ai. fractional distillation
aii. iron(III) oxide catalyst at 450oC and 200 atm
bi. Increasing pressure will shift the equilibrium to the right where there is a reduction in total amount of
gases since 2 moles of gases combine to give only 1 mole. Hence, the percentage of ethanol increases.
bii. As temperature increases, amount of ethanol produced decreases, showing that the reverse reaction
is favored. Hence, the backward reaction is endothermic where heat is absorbed. Therefore, the
formation of ethanol is exothermic.
c. ethanoic acid

6. The table below shows some bond energies, measured in kilojoules per mole. Bond energy is
the energy required to break the bonds between pairs of atoms

bond

bond energy in
kJ/mol

bond

bond energy in
kJ/mol

H-H

436

Cl -

242

Cl
H - Cl

431

C-H

412

C=C

612

C-C

348

N=N

409

N-N

163

a. Which of the bonds listed above is the strongest?

b. Is the double bond between two carbon atoms twice as strong as a single bond? Use the info
given above to explain your answer
c. Use the info given to calculate the total energy required to break one mole of methane into
atoms.
CH4 --> C + 4H; H = ? kJ
d. Bond-making is an exothermic process (H, -ve)
Complete the statements below to calculate the energy change expected from the reaction of one
mole of hydrogen with one mole of chlorine to form two moles of hydrogen chloride
H2 + Cl2 --> 2HCl; H = ? kJ
Energy change in breaking the bonds in one mole of H2 = ______kJ
Energy change in breaking the bonds in one mole of Cl2 = ______kJ
Total energy change = ______kJ
Energy change in making the bonds in two moles of HCl = ______kJ
Hence H for this reaction = ______kJ
Solution
6a. C = C bond
6b. No. If C = C bond is twice as strong as a C - C bond, then the C = C bond energy should be 2 x 348 =
696 kJ/mol, but the bond energy of C = C bond is actually less than that.
6c. 4 x 412 = 1648 kJ
6di. 436 kJ
6dii. 242 kJ
1diii. 436 + 242 = 678 kJ
1div. -(2 x 431) = - 862 kJ
1dv. 678 + (- 862) = - 184 kJ

7. In the Contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, sulphur dioxide is converted into
sulphur dioxide.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) <---> 2SO3 (g) H = - 98 kJ/mol
a. The reaction reaches a dynamic equilibrium. Explain the term.
b. A mixture of sulphur dioxide, oxygen, and sulphur trioxide was allowed to reach equilibrium,
then the temperature was raised. Predict the effect of raising the temperature on
i. the composition of the equilibrium mixture
ii. the rate of reaction
Explain your answers.
c. Describe how you would prepare a pure dry sample of sodium sulphate starting with dilute
sulphuric acid.
Solution
7a. At dynamic equilibrium for a reversible reaction, the forward rate of reaction is equal to the backward
rate of reaction, and both rates are not equal to zero.
7bi. Amount of SO3 decreases. When temperature is raised, the equilibrium shifts to the left where heat is
absorbed (backward reaction is endothermic) so as to counteract the temperature change.
7bii. Faster rate of reaction. Since temperature is raised, both forward and backward rates of reaction are
increased.
7c. First, perform a titration on 25.0 cm3 of aqueous NaOH, with dilute sulphuric acid using a suitable
indicator such as phenolphthalein. The volume of acid used is noted at the end point when the colour of
the indicator changes. Repeat the experiment but without the indicator. The final solution will be sodium
sulphate solution. Crystalise sodium sulphate by evaporation. The crystals are filtered, washed with water,
and dried with filter paper and dessicator.
8. In the future, fuel cells may be used to power cars. In a fuel cell, the overall reaction is
represented by the equatin
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) --> 2H2O (l)

a. This is the energy profile diagram for the above reaction

i. Label on the diagram the activation energy of the reaction.

ii. The fuel cell contains a catalyst. Draw a second curve on the diagram to show the energy
profile for the catalysed reaction.
iii. Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of bond breaking and bond forming.
b. Choose from the following list the metal that is most likely to act as a catalyst. Give a reason for
your answer.
berylllium
lead
titanium
aluminium
Solution

8a.

8aiii. The amount of energy released when covalent bonds in the water molecules are formed is greater
than the energy required to break covalent bonds in the hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Hence, there is
a net amount of energy released.
8b. Titanium, because transition metals are good catalysts.
9. Methane, CH4, is used as a fuel. The complete combustion of methane can be represented by
the equation below

CH4 + 2O2 -------> CO2 + 2H2O

a. Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of the energy changes that take place during
bond breaking and bond forming.
b. Calculate the energy released when 4.0g of methane is completely combusted.
c. Draw the energy profile diagram for the complete combustion of methane.

Solution
9a. The reaction is exothermic because the heat of reaction, H, has a negative value. The energy
released during formation of covalent bonds in products is greater than the energy absorbed to break
covalent bonds in reactants. Hence, the overall reaction is exothermic. A total of 890 kJ of energy is
released.
9b. Mr of CH4 = 16
No. of mol of CH4 = 4/16 = 0.25
Energy released = 0.25 x 890 = 225 kJ
9c.

10. Methane is a fuel. It completely burns to form carbon dioxide and water. When 1 mole of
methane is burned, 890 kJ of energy is released.

a. Calculate the energy released when 0.32g of methane is burned.

b. Use ideas of bond breaking and bond forming to explain why the reaction exothermic.
Solution
10a. 0.32g of methane contains 0.32/16 = 0.020 moles of methane
energy released = 0.02 x 890 = 17.8 kJ
10b. The energy released by formation of bonds in carbon dioxide and water is far greater than the
energy absorbed to break bonds in methane and the oxygen molecules.
11. Hydrogen is used as a fuel in some space rockets.
a. Describe how hydrogen is manufactured from a named hydrocarbon source.
b. A highly exothermic reaction occurs between hydrogen as oxygen to form water.

i. Suggest why liquid hydrogen, rather than hydrogen gas is carried by space rockets.
ii. Explain what is meant by an exothermic reaction.
iii. Which bonds are broken in this reaction.
iv. What type of energy change occurs when bonds are formed?
v. When 1 mole of hydrogen molecules reacts with oxygen, the energy H = -285kJ
Calculate the energy change which occurs when 100g of hydrogen reacts with oxygen.
Solution
11a. Hydrogen is formed from the reaction between steam and methane.
H2O (g) + CH4 (g) --> CO (g) + 3H2 (g)
bi. Liquid hydrogen occupies a smaller volume and so is easier to transport.

bii. Exothermic reactions are those where heat energy is released in the course of the reaction.
biii. H-H and O=O bonds
biv. Heat is released. Chemical energy is converted into heat energy, sometimes with the emission of
light.
bv. 100g of H contains 100/2 = 50 moles of H
Energy changes = 50(-285) = -14250kJ