Slides From TCP/IP - Forouzan

Slides from TCP/IP - Forouzan
Chapter 12
TCP
• TCP Services
• Segments and Options
• Flow Control and Error Control
• TCP Timers
• Connections
• State Transition Diagram
• Congestion Control
• TCP Operation and Design
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-1
Figure 12-1 Position of TCP in TCP/IP protocol suite
Application
layer
SMTP FTP TFTP DNS SNMP ... BOOTP
Transport
layer TCP UDP
IGMP ICMP
Network
layer IP
ARP RARP
Data link
layer
Underlying LAN or WAN
technology
Physical
layer

Figure 12-2 TCP versus IP
Application program Application program

(Process) (Process)
Internet
Domain of IP protocol
Domain of TCP protocol
Figure 12-3 Port numbers
TELNET TELNET
(Client) (Server)
64,295 23
TCP TCP

Figure 12-4 TCP segment format
Header Data
Source port address Destination port address

16 bits 16 bits
Sequence number
32 bits
Acknowledgment number
32 bits
u a p r s f
HLEN Reserved r c s s y i Window size
4 bits 6 bits g k h t n n 16 bits
Checksum Urgent pointer
16 bits 16 bits
Options & padding
Figure 12-5 Control field
URG: Urgent pointer is valid RST: Reset the connection

ACK: Acknowledgment is valid SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers
PSH: Request for push FIN: Terminate the connection
URG ACK PSH RST SYN FIN

Figure 12-6 Options
End of option
Single-byte
No operation
Options
Maximum segment size
Multiple-byte Window scale factor
Timestamp
Figure 12-7 End of option
Options
Code: 0 END-OP
00000000
a. End of option ~
~ Data ~
~
b. Used for padding

Figure 12-8 No operation option
Code: 1
00000001
a. No operation option
A 7-byte option NO-OP

NO-OP
An 11-byte option An 8-byte option
b. Used to align beginning of an option c. Used to align the next option
Figure 12-9 Maximum segment size option
Code: 2 Length: 4
00000100 Maximum segment size
00000010
1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes

Figure 12-10 Window scale factor option
Code: 3 Length: 3
Scale factor
00000011 00000011
1 byte 1 byte 1 byte
Figure 12-11 Timestamp option
Code: 8 Length: 10
00001000 00001010
Timestamp value
Timestamp echo reply

Figure 12-12 Pseudoheader added to the TCP segment
32-bit source IP address
redaehoduesP
32-bit destination IP address
8-bit protocol
All 0s (6) 16-bit TCP total length
Source port Destination port
Sequence number
redaeH
Acknowledgment number
HLEN Reserved Control Window size
Checksum Urgent pointer
Data and Option

(Padding must be added to make the data a multiple of 16-bits)
Figure 12-13 Sliding window
Sliding window
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14
a. Before sliding
Sliding window
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
b. After sliding

Figure 12-14 Sliding window with pointer
Sliding window
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Acknowledged
bytes Bytes 4 to 7 Bytes 8 to 13 Bytes 14 to 16
have been sent can be sent cannot be sent
Pointer
Figure 12-15 Increasing the window size
Sliding window
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14
a. Window of size 7
Sliding window
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
b. 3 bytes acknowledged, window

size increased to 10

Figure 12-16 Decreasing the window size
Sliding window
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
a. Window of size 7
Sliding window
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14
b. 3 bytes acknowledged, window

size decreased to 5
Figure 12-17 Window management
Sender Receiver
Segment 1
seq: 1001, 4000 by
tes 4000
ack: 5001 win:0 Buffer

1000 3000
0
ack: 5001 win:100 Buffer
Segment 2
seq: 5001, 1000 by
tes
Time Time

Figure 12-18 Corrupted segment

Sender Receiver
Segment 1
seq: 1201, 200 by
tes
Segment 2
seq: 1401, 200 by
tes
Segment 3
seq: 1601, 200 by ack: 1601
tes
Segment 3
OK OK corrupted
Segment 3, retran
smitted
Time-out seq: 1601, 200 by
tes
ack: 1801
OK
Time Time
Figure 12-19 Lost segment

Sender Receiver
Segment 1
seq: 1201, 200 by
tes
Segment 2
seq: 1401, 200 by
tes
Segment 3
seq: 1601, 200 by ack: 1601
tes
OK OK Segment 3
lost
Segment 3, retran
smitted
Time-out seq: 1601, 200 by
tes
ack: 1801
OK
Time Time

Figure 12-20 Lost acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
seq: 1201, 200

bytes
seq: 1401, 200
bytes
seq: 1601, 200
bytes
ack: 1601
Acknowledgment
lost
ack: 1801
OK OK OK
Time Time
Figure 12-21 TCP Timers
Timers
Retransmission Persistence Keepalive Time-waited

Figure 12-22 Three-Way Handshaking
Sender Receiver
Segment 1: SYN
seq: 1200, ack: ---
N + ACK
Segment 2: SY
k: 1201
seq: 4800, ac
Seg ment 3: ACK

seq: 1201, ack:
4801
Time Time
Figure 12-23 Four-way Handshaking
Sender Receiver
Segment 1: FTN
seq: 2500, ack : ---
Seg ment 2: ACK

seq: 7000, ack: 2501
Seg ment 3: ACK

: 2501
seq: 7001, ack
Segment 4: ACK
seq: 2501, ack
: 7002
Time Time

Figure 12-24 State Transition Diagram
CLOSED
Active open / SYN

Passive open /—
Close / —
RST / —
SYN / SYN + ACK
LISTEN
Time-out/ RST / — Send / SYN
RST
SYN-RCVD SYN / SYN + ACK SYN-SENT
(Simultaneous open) Close or
ACK / — SYN + ACK / ACK time-out /—
ESTABLISHED
Close / FIN
Close / FIN FIN /ACK
FIN FIN / CLOSE

ACK CLOSING
WAIT-1 WAIT
FIN + ACK / ACK /— Close / FIN
ACK /— ACK
FIN FIN / TIME- LAST
WAIT-2 ACK WAIT ACK
(Time-out) ACK / —
Figure 12-25 Window Size Increase Strategy
Congestion window size
26
24
22
20
18
16 Threshold
14
12
10
08
06
04
02 Transmission number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 12-26 Encapsulation and Decapsulation
Application Application
program program
Message from Message to

application program application program
TCP TCP
header TCP data header TCP data
IP IP
header IP data header IP data
Frame Frame data Frame

header header Frame data
a. Encapsulation b. Decapsulation
Figure 12-27 Queues in TCP
TELNET TELNET
client server
Port 51786 Port 23
TCP TCP

Figure 12-28 Multiplexing and demultiplexing
Application Programs Application Programs
TCP TCP
(Multiplexer) (Demultiplexer)
IP IP
Figure 12-29 TCP design
Application layer
Message from
application
T Timers
TCBs
C
P
Main
Input module Output
processing processing
module module
TCP segment TCP segment
IP layer

Figure 12-30 Transmission Control Blocks (TCBs)
State Process Pointer Buffers
... ..
.

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Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-1

Figure 12-1 Position of TCP in TCP/IP protocol suite

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-2

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-1

Figure 12-2 TCP versus IP

Application program Application program

Domain of TCP protocol

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-3

Figure 12-3 Port numbers

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-4

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-2

Figure 12-4 TCP segment format

Source port address Destination port address

Options & padding

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-5

Figure 12-5 Control field

URG: Urgent pointer is valid RST: Reset the connection

URG ACK PSH RST SYN FIN

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-6

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-3

Figure 12-6 Options

Multiple-byte Window scale factor

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-7

Figure 12-7 End of option

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-8

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-4

Figure 12-8 No operation option

A 7-byte option NO-OP

An 11-byte option An 8-byte option

b. Used to align beginning of an option c. Used to align the next option

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-9

Figure 12-9 Maximum segment size option

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-10

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-5

Figure 12-10 Window scale factor option

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-11

Figure 12-11 Timestamp option

Timestamp echo reply

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-12

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-6

Figure 12-12 Pseudoheader added to the TCP segment

32-bit source IP address

Source port Destination port

HLEN Reserved Control Window size

Checksum Urgent pointer

Data and Option

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-13

Figure 12-13 Sliding window

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-14

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-7

Figure 12-14 Sliding window with pointer

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-15

Figure 12-15 Increasing the window size

b. 3 bytes acknowledged, window

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-16

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-8

Figure 12-16 Decreasing the window size

b. 3 bytes acknowledged, window

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-17

Figure 12-17 Window management

ack: 5001 win:0 Buffer

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-18

Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 12-9