INTERNET OF THINGS

B.Tech IIIrd Seminar Report (COT-317)

BY
SANJIT KUMAR
Roll No. 1130186

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KURUKSHETRA -136119, HARYANA (INDIA)

July-Dec, 2015

ABSTRACT

As a result of decades of research and industrial efforts in the domain of

information and communications technologies (ICT), people are today equipped
with fast-speed, (almost) any-time and any-place solutions that allow them to be
connected with each other, and to interact with and through the rich world of
Internet-enabled applications and services. The next step aims to facilitate the
interconnection of the applications and services of the virtual world of the
Internet with the physical world of things, allowing us to better sense and control
our environment. This is generally referred to as the Internet-of-Things (IoT).
This report tries to bring clarity by describing the most important terms like what
is internet of things, Technologies used in it ,its advantages and disadvantages ,
major challenges , market trends and future applications.

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction

1.1 What Is Internet

1.2 Uses Of Internet
1.2.1 Education
1.2.2 Business
1.2.3 Communication
1.2.4 Entertainment
1.2.5 Medical
1.2.6 Research

2. Internet Of Things (IoT) ...

2.1 History
2.2 Definition
2.3 What Is Thing

3. Enabling Technologies
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

RFID
IPv6
Cloud Computing
Nano Technology
Wireless Sensors Network
Location and Biometric Technologies

4. Applications
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

Google Glasses
Smart Watches
Philip Hue Smart Bulb
Driverless Cars
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV)

5. Some Scenarios . 14
6. Advantages 14
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

Fast Communication
Automation and Control
Information Sahring
Time and Money Saving
Efficiency

7. Disadvantages .. 16
7.1 Privacy Concerns
7.2 Security
7.3 Loss of Jobs

8. Challenges

. 17

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

Data Privacy
Internet Availability
Battery Life
Security
Environmental Issues

9. Market Trend . 18
9.1 Hype Cycle For Emerging Technologies
9.2 Top IoT Companies
9.3 Top Cities Having Most IoT Companies

10.

IoT Future Applications . 24

Conclusion
References

INTRODUCTION
What Is Internet
A means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated
routers and servers. When two computers are connected over the Internet, they can send
and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and computer
programs. The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers.
More than 190 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. Around 40%
of the world population has an internet connection today. In 1995, it was less than 1%. The
number of internet users has increased tenfold from 1999 to 2013. The largest number of
Internet users by country is China. China has 21.97% of total internet users in the world
followed by United States (9.58%) and India (8.33%). India has seen a manifold increase in
internet users in the last couple of years, India is rapidly becoming a digital nation. According
to internetlivestats.com, India has the highest yearly growth rate and currently has the third
largest number of internet users globally. Internet users in India are 19% of total population
whereas in China are 47% of their population.

Uses Of Internet
Internet is today one of the most important part of our daily life. There are large numbers of
things that can be done using the internet and so it is very important. You can say that with the
progress in the internet we are progressing in every sphere of life as it not only makes our tasks
easier but also saves a lot of time. Today internet is used for different purposes depending upon
the requirement. Here are best uses of the internet.

Education
Education is one of the best things that the internet can provide. There are a number of books,
reference books, online help centres, experts views and other study oriented material on the
internet that can make the learning process very easier as well as a fun learning experience.
There are lots and lots of websites which are related to different topic. You can visit them and
can gain endless amount of knowledge that you wish to have. With the use of internet for
education, you are non-longer dependent on some other person to come and teach you. There
are various number of tutorials available over the internet using which you can learn so many
thing very easily. There cant be any excellent use of the internet other than education as it is
the key to achieve everything in life.

Business
Within the field of business, the Internet has opened up a broad range of uses, from world wide
advertising, the undertaking of transactions and making payments to Internet banking, etc.
Business communications also benefit through e-mail, direct access to companies via websites,
chat based customer service facilities and online conferencing.
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Communication
Now people can not only chat but can also do the video conferencing. It has become extremely
easy to contact the loved ones who are in some other part of the world. Communication is the
most important gift that the internet has given to the common man. Email, social networking
sites are some of the prime example of it. This is one such gift of the internet which is
cherished by everyone and has made our life easier to much extent.

Entertainment
The Internet has had a profound impact on entertainment, particularly since individuals have
been able to gain access to it on the computers within their own homes, and more recently on
portable devices such as mobile phones and iPods. It has provided entertainment creators with
another avenue to explore, not just in still image and text but interactively with sound, motion
and the live updating of content. Games, Music, Movie, Radio are main source of
entertainment.

Medical/Health
Medical is a very large field and the internet is very necessary for this field, or in other words
we can say, the medical field is incomplete without internet because internet is necessary to
search
the
new
articles
and
new
techniques
for
this
filed.
Internet is used to search the new information and daily updates for medical and medical
changes. It is use to analysis about the disease and to find out the solution of the different kind
of diseases, because now a days internet have a huge collection of the related material, people
just start the browser and open the search engines like Google and yahoo to find out the articles
and solution of the diseases. More it has a huge collection of the medical software's which are
easily downloaded from the websites. More over it is used to send and receive the medical
emails and the reports to other countries, suppose if some one want to send his report in the
UK then he have very easy solution internet, he will just scan the copy of the report and within
the seconds his report will reach at the desire point.

Research
In order to do research you need to go through hundreds of books as well as the references and
that was one of the most difficult jobs to do earlier. Since the internet came into life, everything
is available just a click away. You just have to search for the concerned topic and you will get
hundreds of references that may be beneficial for your research. And since internet is here to
make your research public, you can then benefit a large amount of people from the research
work that you have done. Research is one such thing which has got lots of benefit from this
evolution of internet. Research process has now got wings and has gained the most due to the
internet.

INTERNET OF THINGS
The term Internet of Things was coined by British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton in 1999.
Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that
goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols,
domains, and applications. The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart
objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced
applications like a Smart Grid, and expanding to the areas such as Smart city
The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in 1999, through the Auto-ID
Center at MIT and related market-analysis publications. Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
was seen as a prerequisite for the Internet of Things in the early days. If all objects and people
in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them.
Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such technologies as near
field communication, barcodes, QR codes and digital watermarking.

Definitions
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes a future where everyday
physical objects will be connected to the Internet and be able to identify themselves to other
device.
The Internet of Things (IoT sometimes Internet of Everything) is the network of physical
objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity to enable
objects to exchange data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected devices based
on the infrastructure of International Telecommunication Union's Global Standards Initiative.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scenario in which objects, animals or people are provided
with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring humanto-human or human-to-computer interaction.
Internet of Things refers to the concept that the Internet is no longer just a global network for
people to communicate with one another using computers, but it is also a platform for
devices to communicate electronically with the world around them.

What Is Thing
A thing , in the Internet of Things, can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm
animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver
when tire pressure is low -- or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an IP
address and provided with the ability to transfer data over a network.

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is of particular importance to IOT as one of
the first industrial realisations of IOT is in the use of RFID technology to track and monitor
goods in the logistics and supply chain sector. RFID frequency bands range from 125 kHz (low
frequency/LF) up to 5.8 Ghz/super high frequency (SHF) and the tags have at least three basic
components:
- The chip holds information about the object to which it is attached and transfers the data to
reader wirelessly via an air interface.
- The antenna allows transmission of the information to/from a reader.
- The packaging encases chip and antenna, and allows the attaching of the tag to an object for
identification.

Fig 3.1 RFID Communication

Fig3.2 RFID chip used in Humans

Addressability(IPv6):
P (short for Internet Protocol) specifies the technical format ofpackets and the addressing
scheme for computers to communicate over a network. There are currently two version of
Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4 and a new version called IPv6. IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to
the Internet Protocol. IPv6 will coexist with the older IPv4 for some time.
The IPv4 address pool is effectively exhausted, according to industry accepted indicators. The
final allocations under the existing framework have now been made, triggering the processes
for the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to assign the final five IPv4/8 blocks, one
to each of the five regional registries. With the exhaustion of the IANA pool of IPv4 addresses,
no further IPv4 addresses can be issued to the regional registries that provide addresses to
organisations.
IPv4, as you may know, uses a 32-bit system, giving it about 4.29 billion possible addresses for
devices; in reality, when you take into account reserved and private spaces and other
overheads, that figure can be no more than about 3.7 billion public addresses. Meanwhile, IPv6
uses 128 bits, which opens up a maximum of 340 undecillion or 3.4x10 38 addresses (that's 340
with 36 zeros after it), although really only about 42 undecillion are useful allowing the
Internet to continue to grow and innovate.
IPv6 is the next Internet addressing protocol that is used to replace IPv4. Given the huge
number of connected devices (50 billion), IPv6 can potentially be used to address all these
devices (and systems), eliminating the need of network address translation (NAT) . These
features provide seamless integration of physical objects into the Internet world.
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An IPv4 address is in the format of 4 sets of decimal numbers separated by dots. The decimal
number in each and every set is in the range 0 to 255. Each and every set is called octet. So,
there are 4 octets in an ip addressSo it is 8x4=32 bit address.
IPv6 ip address is typically written in hexadecimal separated by colon. A colon separates 16
bit.
Examples:
IPv4 -

94.23.154.254

IPv6Uncompressed

2002:4559:1FE2:0000:0000:0000:4559:1FE2

Compressed

2002:4559:1FE2::4559:1FE2

Cloud Computing
Iot is the about the devices that connected to the internet to performs the processes and service
that support our basics needs, economics, health and environment. Hence, cloud computing
acts as a front end to access Internet of Things. Cloud computing now is more popular service
that comes with more characteristics and advantages. Actually, cloud computing is based on
the user performs the computer tasks using services delivered entirely through the Internet.
Nowadays, we can see that the Internet of things gives hopes for human life activity. If a
worker needs to finish their report to submit to Manager, suddenly she/he runs out of memory
space on computer. There is no problem if the computer is connected to the Internet. She/he
can use cloud computing service to finish theirs works because the data is controlled by the
server. Another example is if your phone had a problem and you need to format your mobile
phone. You can use google apps Picassa to store your picture to the Internet. So you can load
the picture from Internet through those applications anytime.
The cloud computing are tightly coupled in the Internet of thing . The growth of the Internet of
Thing (IoT) and the rapid development of technologies create a widespread connection of
thing. This will lead to the production of large amounts of data, which needs to be stores,
processed and accessed. Cloud computing as a paradigm for big data storage and analytics.
While the Internet of Thing is exciting on its own that the real innovation will come from
combining it with cloud computing . The combination of cloud computing and IoT can enable
sensing services and powerful processing of sensing data stream. For example, the sensing data
to be stored allowed by cloud computing and it used intelligently for smart monitoring and
actuation with the smart device.

NanoTech (IoNT)
The interconnectivity of nano-scale devices with accessible Internet and communication
networks is described as Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). The IoNT is embedded with
nanotechnology (a technology which is deployed in desired devices within the nanotechnology
radius), which helps in seamless transmission and communication of data within a given range
of operations. This vision and model has been greatly evolving with respect to the number and
types of things that are being connected, and in the technologies for collecting, processing, and
sharing. This research report provides details of the current trends and future growth projected
in the global internet of Nano things market by 2020.
The number of connected devices is expected to increase at a rapid pace in the coming years.
This is expected to drive further growth in the network size and complexity for real-time traffic
handling, as most of these are smart devices having multiple features.To enable interaction
among these devices, communication is required between real world physical elements;
adopting the Internet of Nano things (IoNT) will facilitate communication over Internet for
these devices.
IoNT describes how the Internet will get bigger as nanosensors and nanotechnology are
connected to physical things such as physical assets or consumer devices that are connected to
the Internet for collecting, processing and sharing of data with the end-users. It also explores
some of the key applications for IoNT communication including healthcare, transportation and
logistics, defense and aerospace, media and entertainment, manufacturing, energy and utilities,
retail, and others services.
The Internet of Nano things (IoNT) market infrastructure allows different combinations of
several nanotechnologies and objects. In the IoNT infrastructure, the networks are scaled down
to numerous technologies from nanoscale that requires being customary with the networking
concept. The IoNT communications prospects and challenges are based on the bandwidth and
the area of operation in which they are placed. Such technologies reduce the existing pressure
on the communication infrastructure and increase the pace of communication at the speed of
light. IoNT also focuses on the expansion of storage capacity at lower costs which will result in
local accessibility of most of the information required by people or things/objects. This can be
coupled with improved processing capabilities and always-on connectivity, increasing the role
of terminals in communication.

WSN(Wireless Sensor Networks)

The use of wireless sensor networks is one of the enablers of IoT. Wireless sensor networks
dont require cabling and therefore, allow easy installation in existing infrastructure. However,
the challenge in wireless networks lies in powering the sensors and the radio used for
communication.

Batteries have finite energy, and can lead to to high maintenance costs in order to replace them.
A possible alternative is to use the energy available in the immediate surroundings of the
wireless network. In this way it is possible to power the network for long periods of time
without maintenance.
The wide wireless sensor network application field can be divided into three main categories :
Monitoring space, monitoring objects and monitoring interactions between objects and space.

Fig 3.3 Connectivity using WSN

M2M
Machine to machine (M2M) is a broad label that can be used to describe any technology that
enables networked devices to exchange information and perform actions without the manual
assistance of humans.
M2M communication is often used for remote monitoring. In product restocking, for example,
a vending machine can message the distributor when a particular item is running low. M2M
communication is an important aspect of warehouse management, remote control, robotics,
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traffic control, logistic services, supply chain management, fleet management and
telemedicine. It forms the basis for a concept known as the Internet of Things (IoT).

Biometric Technology
Biometrics enables technology to recognize people and other living things, rather than
inanimate objects. Connected everyday objects could recognize authorized users by means of
fingerprint, voice print, iris scan or other biometric technology.

Location Technologies
Location technology helps people and machines find things and determines their physical
whereabouts. Sensors play a role, but that approach does not satisfy practical needs for
geolocation resulting in the rise of wireless approaches including GPS and cellular towers.
Radar, lidar and sonar can detect relative location of things, depending on their
electromagnetic, optical and acoustic properties. Some things transmit their own radio, light
and/or sound in order to disclose their whereabouts to people and machines. In the automatic
identification of tagged products in order to quickly look up information or initiate a specific
action, using bar codes for linking real-world objects to virtual information has a number of
drawbacks when compared to an RFID-enabled feature with corresponding mobile RFID
readers, such as Near Field Communication (NFC)-enabled mobile phones. Near Field
Communication is a short-range wireless connectivity standard that enables communication
between devices when they are brought within a few centimetres of each other through
magnetic induction.

APPLICATIONS
Google Glass
Google's project program for developing a line of hands-free, head-mounted intelligent devices
that can be worn by users as "wearable computing" eyewear. The first product release from
Project Glass.
Google Glasses look like a pair of eyeglasses, but the lens of the glasses are an
interactive, smartphone-like display, with natural language voice command support as well
as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity. Google Glass is powered by the Android mobile
operating system and compatibility with both Android-powered mobile devicesand Apple iOSpowered devices is expected.
7 functions of google glassTake picture , record video , get directions ,send message, phone call, google hangout , google
search .
9

Fig 4.1 Google Glass

Apple iWatch
Apple Watch is a smartwatch developed by Apple Inc. It incorporates fitness tracking and
health-oriented capabilities as well as integration with iOS and other Apple products and
services. The device is available in three variants: Apple Watch Sport, Apple Watch, and Apple
Watch Edition. The Watch is distinguished by different combinations of cases and first or third
party interchangeable bands. Apple Watch relies on a wirelessly connected iPhone (5 or above)
to perform many of its default functions (e.g. calling and texting). It is compatible with
the iPhone 5 or later models running iOS 8.2 or later, through the use of Bluetooth orWi-Fi.
As far as features, the Apple iWatch can make calls, check caller ID and access visual
voicemail, access stock and weather updates, provide fitness capabilities via pedometer and
health monitoring sensors, offer map coordinates and directions, and more.

Fig 4.2 Apple Smart Watch

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Philips Hue Smart Blubs

Have you thought about mood lighting of your smartphones and tablets as per your
convenience? Well Philips Hue smart bulbs are offering such feature that will enable to you to
control and adjust the brightness of bulb on a tap. Your tab generates kinetic energy that it takes
to follow your command, you can also program the bulb to dim at dark and so on. The Bridge
API are the primary tool to control the lights, it allocates a unique URL to every light in the
system and make these lights follow your commands. Philips has taken a big step forward in
enlightening smart homes.

Fig 4.3 Smart Blubs

Driverless Cars
An autonomous car, also known as a driverless car, self-driving car and robotic car, is
an autonomous vehicle capable of fulfilling the main transportation capabilities of a traditional
car. As an autonomous vehicle, it is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without
human input. Robotic cars exist mainly as prototypes and demonstration systems. As of 2014,
the only self-driving vehicles that are commercially available are open-air shuttles for
pedestrian zones that operate at 12.5 miles per hour (20.1 km/h).
Autonomous vehicles sense their surroundings with such techniques as radar, lidar, GPS,
and computer vision. Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify
appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage. By definition,
autonomous vehicles are capable of updating their maps based on sensory input, allowing the

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vehicles to keep track of their position even when conditions change or when they enter
uncharted environments.

Fig 4.4 Driverless Car

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Drone)

The UAV is an acronym for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, which is an aircraft with no pilot on
board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown by a pilot at a ground control station)
or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic
automation systems. UAVs are currently used for a number of missions, including
reconnaissance and attack roles. For the purposes of this article, and to distinguish UAVs from
missiles, a UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered
by a jet or reciprocating engine.

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Fig 4.5 AMAZON delivering items using UAV

Polo Tech Shirt

Internet of Things technology is not limited to industries like automotive, robotics, homes etc.
Its revolution can be seen even on clothing industry. Ralph Lauren has proved itself to be a
leader in its respective company and have launched a technologically advanced Polo Tech
Shirt specially made for athletes. This Tech Shirt can sense athletes heart rate, energy output to
the cloud, movement intensity to enhance athletes performance. Overall it is a full all-in-one
body fitness tracker.

Kwikset Kevo Smart Lock

You often forget your keys and face trouble to open doors? Well if you face such problem then
Kwikset Kivo have come up with an interesting solution to this. Kwikset Kevo have designed
such locks that dont need keys, all you need is your smartphone to unlock them. These locks
are available on operating softwares like Apple iOS and Android v5.0. The keys of lock are
also unique in themselves as to unlock the door you just need to touch your keys and door will
be unlocked. The technology used by Kevo is simple bluetooth technology. Well this problem
is faced by everyone in this world, so this is an interesting step taken forward to lighter our
weight while leaving home.

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Fig 4.6 Kwikset Kevo Smart Lock

SCENARIOS :
Imagine a scenario when:
1. Your fridge can identify that you have run out of milk; it contacts the supermarket and
orders the quantity you usually need, and also informs you by sending a message on
your phone!
2. Your alarm rings at 6:30 am; you wake up and switch it off. As soon as you switch off
your alarm, it conveys to the geyser to heat water at a temperature you prefer and also
the coffee maker starts brewing coffee!
3. You are on your way while returning home from work and you use an app on your
mobile to switch on the lights, the AC in your home, and tune the TV to your favorite
channel so that your house is ready to welcome you before you even open your door!
4. What would really make a refrigerator smart would be if it could read tags and alert
owners when their food is about to reach their expiry date, for example. Or perhaps it
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could refer to an online calendar and make orders on a regular basis for certain items to
be delivered.

ADVANTAGES OF IOT
Fast Communication:

IoT encourages the communication between devices, also

famously known as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. Because of this, the physical

devices are able to stay connected and hence the total transparency is available with lesser
inefficiencies and greater quality.

Automation And Control: Due to physical objects getting connected and controlled
digitally and centrally with wireless infrastructure, there is a large amount of automation and
control in the workings. Without human intervention, the machines are able to communicate
with each other leading to faster and timely output.

Information Sharing: The IoT allows you to automate and control the tasks that are done
on a daily basis, avoiding human intervention. Machine-to-machine communication helps to
maintain transparency in the processes. It also leads to uniformity in the tasks. It can also
maintain the quality of service. We can also take necessary action in case of emergencies.

Monitoring: The second most obvious advantage of IoT is monitoring. Knowing the exact
quantity of supplies or the air quality in your home, can further provide more information that
could not have previously been collected easily. For instance, knowing that you are low on
milk or printer ink could save you another trip to the store in the near future. Furthermore,
monitoring the expiration of products can and will improve safety.

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Money And Time Saving: The biggest advantage of IoT is saving money. If the price of
the tagging and monitoring equipment is less than the amount of money saved, then the
Internet of Things will be very widely adopted. IoT fundamentally proves to be very helpful to
people in their daily routines by making the appliances communicate to each other in an
effective manner thereby saving and conserving energy and cost. Allowing the data to be
communicated and shared between devices and then translating it into our required way, it
makes our systems efficient. Automation of daily tasks leads to better monitoring of devices.

Efficiency: The machine-to-machine interaction provides better efficiency, hence; accurate

results can be obtained fast. This results in saving valuable time. Instead of repeating the same
tasks every day, it enables people to do other creative jobs.

DISADVANTAGES
Privacy: With all of this IoT data being transmitted, the risk of losing privacy increases. For
instance, how well encrypted will the data be kept and transmitted with? Do you want your
neighbors or employers to know what medications that you are taking or your financial
situation?

Safety/Security: Imagine if a notorious hacker changes your prescription. Or if a store

automatically ships you an equivalent product that you are allergic to, or a flavor that you do
not like, or a product that is already expired. As a result, safety is ultimately in the hands of the
consumer to verify any and all automation.

Loss Of Jobs: Finally the connecting of more and more devices to the Internet will result in
the loss of jobs. The automation of IoT will have a devastating impact on the employment
prospects of less-educated workers (Schumpeter, 2010). We already are witnessing jobs being

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lost to automated machines, such as the checkout line in supermarkets and even ATMs. These
disadvantages can be largely devastating to society as a whole, as well as individuals and
consumers.

CHALLENGES FOR IOT

As you gear up for launching sensor based services, there are still some practical challenges
you may encounter like - Device management, Device diversity and interoperability,
Integration of data from multiple sources Flexibility and evolution of applications. Some major
challenges are listed below.

Data Privacy: A good bit of data collected from devices will be sensitive personal data that
must be protected from unauthorized access and used only for the specific purpose for which
the user has allowed that data to be collected. Users have to be provided with necessary tools
that enable them to define the policies for sharing their personal data with authorized persons
and applications.

Availability Of Internet World Wide: The success of IoT is entirely dependent on the
availability of the internet, everywhere. However, over 50% of the worlds population still do
not have access to the internet.
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Battery Life: It is estimated that there will be twenty-four billion connected devices by the
year 2020. Currently, connected devices, such as Pebble and Galaxy Gear, run on batteries,
which have limited shelf life. Given current energy availability, powering these devices will be
impossible. Prolonged battery life that sources energy from unconventional power sources is a
must for future development for the Internet of Things. For example, Kansas State
University researchers have already developed an energy-harvesting radio that draws power
from a board made of solar cells from low-end calculators. Similarly, UK firm Perpetuum
makes a device that captures vibrations and converts it into energy.

Security: Security too, is paramount in industrial Internet applications. These applications

can be built on tens of thousands of sensor nodes, increasing your threat surface area by orders
of magnitude. And bad data injected into your system has the potential to be as damaging as
data extracted from your systems via data breach.
"As massive networks of systems come online, these systems need to communicate with each
other and with the enterprise, often over vast distances," the report says. "Both the systems and
the communications need to be secure, or millions of dollars' worth of assets are put at risk.
One of the most prevalent examples of the need for security is the smart grid, which is on the
leading edge of the IIoT. As information on the grid becomes more accessible, so does the
damage a security breach can inflict."

Environmental Issues: It may be beneficial to have the environment surrounded by

millions of sensors, but we must face the reality that the life spans of electronic devices are too
short. They must be replaced at regular intervals in order for the complete system to stay active
all the time. But where can we dump the old electronic devices?
A report predicts that by 2020, e-waste in South Africa and China from old computers will
have jumped by 200400% from 2007 levels and by 500% in India.Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN) contain hazardous and toxic materials that pose environmental risks if they are land
filled or incinerated. Printed circuit boards contain primarily plastic and copper, and have small
amounts of chromium, lead solder, nickel, and zinc.

IOT MARKET:
The global Internet of Things market will grow to $1.7 trillion in 2020 from $655.8 billion in
2014, research firm IDC says, as more devices come online and a bevy of platforms and
services grow up around them.

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The firm predicts that the number of IoT endpoints, connected devices such as cars,
refrigerators and everything in between, will grow from 10.3 billion in 2014 to more than 29.5
billion in 2020.

Fig9.1

IoT Connected Devices Per Person

Hype cycle for emerging technologies:

The Hype Cycle is a branded graphical presentation developed and used by IT research and
advisory firm Gartner for representing the maturity, adoption and social application of
specific technologies
Each Hype Cycle drills down into the five key phases of a technology's life cycle.
Technology Trigger: A potential technology breakthrough kicks things off. Early proof-ofconcept stories and media interest trigger significant publicity. Often no usable products exist
and commercial viability is unproven.

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Peak of Inflated Expectations: Early publicity produces a number of success stories often
accompanied by scores of failures. Some companies take action; many do not.
Trough of Disillusionment: Interest wanes as experiments and implementations fail to deliver.
Producers of the technology shake out or fail. Investments continue only if the surviving
providers improve their products to the satisfaction of early adopters.
Slope of Enlightenment: More instances of how the technology can benefit the enterprise start
to crystallize and become more widely understood. Second- and third-generation products
appear from technology providers. More enterprises fund pilots; conservative companies
remain cautious.
Plateau of Productivity: Mainstream adoption starts to take off. Criteria for assessing provider
viability are more clearly defined. The technology's broad market applicability and relevance
are clearly paying off.

Fig 9.2 Hype Cycle in 2013

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Fig 9.3 Hype Cycle in 2014

Top Iot Companies:

According to latest web-analytics ranking there is a head-to-head race going on between 5
companies: Intel, Microsoft, Cisco, Google, and IBM.
The basis for the ranking is the database of 1700+ Internet of Things companies. We rank these
firms in four categories:

How often people search for the companies on Google in conjunction with IoT

How often companies get mentioned in tweets on Twitter in conjunction with IoT

How often newspapers and blogs mention the companies in conjunction with IoT

How many company employees carry the tag Internet of Things on Linkedin
The highest scoring company in each aspect receives a rating of 100%, with all other Internet
of Things companies receiving a lower percentage in linear relation to the actual frequency

Table 1 :Top Companies in IoT market in Q1 of 2015

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Table 2 :Top Companies in IoT market in Q2 of 2015

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Top Cities Having Most Iot Companies:

Top 15 emerging Internet of Things cities (based on company headquarter location) are the
following:
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The San Francisco (Silicon Valley) bay area is the technology motor of the world. And it will
continue to do so as the Internet of Things industry matures. Today, the area counts already
more than 300 headquarters of companies that are active in the Internet of Things.
Known as the Silicon Valley of India, Bangalore is producing a number of startups in the
field of the Internet of Things. Many of these provide IoT platform capabilities such as Altiux
or ConnectM. The most well-known company, perhaps, is Wipro the large multi-billion IT
solution integrator.

Table 3: Top 15 Internet of Things cities in World

FUTURE APPLICATIONS:
Smart Cities:

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Smart Parking, Structural health, Noise Urban Maps, Smartphone Detection, Traffic
Congestion, Smart Lighting, Waste Management, Smart Roads
Smart Environment:
Forest Fire Detection, Air Pollution, Snow Level Monitoring, Landslide and Avalanche
Prevention, Earthquake Early Detection
Smart Water:
Chemical leakage detection in rivers, Pollution levels in the sea, River Floods
Smart Metering:
Smart Grid, Photovoltaic Installations
Logistics:
Item Location, Quality of Shipment Conditions, Storage Incompatibility Detection
Retail:
Intelligent Shopping Applications, Smart Product Management, NFC Payment
Smart Agriculture:
Green Houses, Compost, new technologies
Smart Farming:
Animal Tracking, Toxic Gas Levels
eHealth :
Medical Fridges, Sportsmen Care, Ultraviolet Radiation

CONCLUSION
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In conclusion, the Internet of Things is closer to being implemented than the average person
would think. Most of the necessary technological advances needed for it have already been
made, and some manufacturers and agencies have already begun implementing a small-scale
version of it. The main reasons why it has not truly been implemented is the impact it will have
on the legal, ethical, security and social fields. Workers could potentially abuse it, hackers
could potentially access it, corporations may not want to share their data, and individual people
may not like the complete absence of privacy. For these reasons, the Internet of Things may
very well be pushed back longer than it truly needs to be.

REFERENCES
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https://en.wikipedia.org/
http://iot-analytics.com/
http://www.internetlivestats.com/
http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2819918

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