Biology 12 Unit O Human Biology (Urinary System: Excretory and Endocrine System

Chapter 16)
1. Excretion rids the body of metabolic wastes because they contain nitrogenous wastes ithin are
harmful to the body
2. The nitrogenous waste products that are excreted by the kidney include ammonia, urea, uric
acid, and creatine
3. Amomonia is formed from deamination, removal of amino groups from amino acids. Urea is
formed from CO2 and 2NH3. When uric acid collects in joints, this causes gout, a painful ailment
4. Bile pigments are derived from the heme protion of HB. Bile s stored in the gallbladder, then
passes into the small intestine through ducts. Jaundice occurs if bile duct is blocked and bile
spills out into blood and collects in the skin
5. It is important to excrete certain ions (salts) from the blood because: pH, osmotic pressure, and
electrolyte balance of blood, calcium iiron and sodium ions are important to nerve conduction
6. CO2 is excreted through the kidneys which excrete HCO3- containing CO2 H20 determines blood
pressure
7. A) skin has sweat glands that aid in cooling the body b) Liver excretes bile pigmets that are
stored in the gallbladder C) Lungs remove CO2 and H20 D) Large intestine excretes iron and
calcium via defecation E) Kidneys rids body of urine
8. F) Urochrome is the pigment derived from heme that is found in urine
9. Renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis. Conical masses of tissue in the medulla are called
renal pyramids
10. The microscopic unit of the kidney is the nephron. There are over 1 million per kidney
11. Bowmans capsule, proximal convoluted tuble, loop of Hele, distal convoluted tule and collecting
dust. The bowmans capsule and convoluted tubles are in the cortex
12. The 2 capillary regions are the glomerulus and peritubular capillary. The glomerulus is found in
the Biwmans capsule
13. Urine formation involves pressure filtration, selective reabsorption, and tubular excretion
14. Small, glomerulus, bowmans capsule, filteration, large, glomerular filtrate, plasms
15. The 2 facters are the non-filterable proteins that remain in the blood and the salt that is
returned to the blood
16. Cells have numerous microvilli which increase the surface area for reabsorption. Cells contain
numerous mitochondria, which produce the necessary energy for active transport
17. It is selective because only molecules reorganized by carrier molecules are actively rebsorbed
18. It will apprea in urine. In diabetes, excess glucose occurs in the glomerulus and then in filtrate
because the liver fails to store glucose as glycogen
19. Tubular excretion is the 2nd way substances can be added to tubular fluids and it occurs in the
distal convoluted tuble
20. Excretion of hypertonic urine depends on the action of the loop of Henle and the collecting duct
21. NACL moves out of the ascending limb of the loop of hele but water does not
22. The counter current mechanism is increasing concentration of solute encountering the low
number of water molecules in the descending imb
23. The collecting duct makes urine that is hypertonic to blood plasma because water diffuses out of
the collecting duct into the renal medulla

24. If the blood is acidic H+ ions are excreted with NH3 while NA and HCO2 are reabsorbed to
restore te pH
25. Blood volume is primarily maintained by ADH which is produced in the posterior pituitary
26. Water, decreased
27. Blood pressure is insufficient to promote efficient filtration The role of renna and ACE inhibitor
aid in this complex rocess
28. Urethra urethritis, Bladder: cyctitis Kidneys: phylonephritis, Urea accumulation: uremia
29. Retention of water and salts is more serious than uremia because retention causes edema,
which leads to unconsciousness and heart failure
30. Dialysis CAPD or hemodialysis can be used instead
Part B:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

CO2, 2NH3, liver, kidneys

Salts such as iron; sodium and metals
Renal cortex
Proximal convoluted tube, distal convoluted tube
Proximal convoluted tubule
Water
Active transport
Water,urine
A) perspiration, solution of salt, water, urea b) water and CO2, c) bile pigments, urea,
hemoglobin, breakdown products D( urine organic wastes, inorganic salts, nitrogenous wastes,
iron, calcium
10.
Nitrogenous waste
Derived from
11.
urea
12.
CO2_NH3 amino acids
13.
Creatinine
14.
Creatinine phosphate break down
15.
Uric acid
16.
Nucleotides breaking down

11. kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

12: renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis
13: a) collecting duct
b) loop of henle: descending limb
c) loop of henle: ascending limb
d) renal vein
e) bowmans capsule
f) glomerulus
g) afferent arteriole
h) proximal convoluted tube

i) distal convoluted tubule

j) peritubular capillary network
14: glomerulus, peritubular
15: the solution should contain those substances that are normally found in blood
16: deamination
17: a) filterable blood components
b)ions and water
c) urea and nitrogenous wastes
d) creatine
18: albumin molecules are too large
19: glomerulus
20
Component Afferent
of blood
arteriole
Plasma
X
proteins
RBC
X
WBC
X
Glucose
X
Amino
X
acids
Sodium
X
chloride
Water
X
Urea
X
Uric acid
X
Penicillion
X
21: glomerular filtrate

Filtrate

24: A
25: E
26: C
27: B

Reabsorption Tubular
excretion

Urine

X
X

Venous
blood
X
X
X
X
X

x
X

x
X

X
X
X
x

X
X
X

22. glomerular blood pressure

23: D

Efferent
arteriole
X

28: B
29: A
30: B
31: B
32: A
33: E
34: B
35: C
36: D
37: T
38: F ( Drinking alcohol causes duress because it inhibits ADH secretion
39: F (the hormone ADH is released from the posterior pituitary whereas aldosterone is released from
the adrenal cortex)
40: T