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CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY &
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Electrical system
Chapter 1
ELECTRICITY SOURCES
Transmission Line
Chapter 1
Control Room
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Load
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Chapter 1
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Electric Charge
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VOLTAGE
To move an electron in a conductor in a particular direction
requires some work or energy transfer.
This work can be performed by an external force or called as
electromotive force (emf).
This emf also known as potential difference or voltage.
Voltage (V) is the energy required to move a unit charge
through an element, measured in volts (V).
Voltage is a measurement of potential between two points.
Chapter 1
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VOLTAGE contd.
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VOLTAGE contd.
Voltage (V) is defined as energy/work per unit charge
V = W/Q
where V is voltage in volts(V), W is energy in joules (J) and Q
is charge in coulombs (C).
A voltage source is an that provides electrical energy or
voltage.
Two types of voltage sources:
dc voltage a constant voltage with time. i.e. battery.
ac voltage a voltage that varies sinusoidally with time.
i.e. electric generator, socket outlet.
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Current
Voltage provides energy to electron, allowing them to move
through a circuit.
This movement of electrons is the current, which result in work
being done in an electrical circuit.
Consider the following:
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CURRENT contd.
Flow of current in metallic conductors is due to movement of
electrons.
However, it is universally accepted that current is the net flow of
positive charges.
There are two accepted conventions for the direction of electrical
current:
1. Electron flow direction current is out of the negative
terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and into the
positive terminal of the source.
2. Conventional current direction current is out of the
positive terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and
into the negative terminal of the source.
The conventional current direction is used.
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CURRENT contd.
Electric current the time rate of change of charge, measured
in amperes (A).
I=Q/t
where I is current in amperes(A), Q is charge in coulombs (C)
and t is time in seconds.
Generally, have two types of current:
direct current (dc) a current that remains constant with
time.
alternating current (ac) a current that varies sinusoidally
with time.
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W
P=
t
where
Chapter 1
P
W
t
V
I
P = VI
P = VI
Positive power power is absorb by the element.
P = +VI
Negative power power is supplied by the element.
P = VI
How to identify positive and negative power? Based on
the direction of current flow and voltage polarity.
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P = 0
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supplied
Chapter 1
= Pabsorbed
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t0
t0
w = p dt = vi dt
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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Element basic building block of a circuit or electrical
components of an electrical circuit.
Electric circuit
elements.
an
interconnection
of
electrical
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SYSTEMS OF UNITS
Basic SI (International System of Units) units:
Chapter 1
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Charge (q)
coulomb
Energy (E)
joule
Power (P)
watt
Voltage (V)
volt
Current (I)
ampere
Resistance (R)
ohm
Induction (L)
Henry
Capacitance (C)
farad
F
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The SI prefixes:
Chapter 1
Power of 10
Prefix
Symbol
+18
Exa
+15
Peta
+12
Tera
+9
Giga
+6
mega
+3
kilo
+2
hecto
+1
deka
-1
deci
-2
centi
-3
milli
-6
micro
-9
nano
- 12
pico
- 15
femto
- 18
atto
38
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BASIC CONNECTIONS
Two types of connections:
Series
Parallel
Series connection two elements are joint at a node and no
other element is connected to that node.
Elements in series carry the same current.
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Parallel connections:
C &D
G, H & J
Series connection A & B
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EXAMPLE 1
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EXAMPLE 1 contd.
p1 = 20(5) = 100 W
Since the current leaves the positive terminal thus,
p1 = -100 W
p2 = 12(5) = 60 W
The current enters the positive terminal
p3 = 8(6) = 48 W
The current enters the positive terminal
p4 = 8(0.2I) = 8(0.2 x 5) = 8 W
Since the current leaves the positive terminal thus,
p4 = -8W
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EXAMPLE 1 contd.
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EXAMPLE 2
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EXAMPLE 2 contd.
p1 = -40 W
p2 = 16 W
p3 = 9 W
p4 = 15 W
p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 = -40 + 16 + 9 15 = 0
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EXAMPLE 3
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EXAMPLE 3 contd.
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EXAMPLE 4
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EXAMPLE 4 contd.
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RECALL
Dc current that remains constant with
time.
Dc voltage voltage that remains constant
with time.
Ac current that varies sinusoidally with
time.
Ac voltage voltage that varies
sinusoidally with time.
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