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R s = R 1 + R2 +R3 + ......
#) Internal resistance of a cell is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte and
electrodes of a cell when electric current flows through it. Internal resistance of a cell
depends upon: (I) distance between the electrodes, (ii) the nature of electrodes (iii) nature
of electrolyte and (iv) area of the electrodes immersed in the electrolyte.
#) Terminal potential difference of a cell is defined as the potential difference between the
two electrodes of a cell in a closed circuit. Terminal potential difference of a cell decreases if
the current drawn from the cell increases. Terminal potential difference of a cell ( V ) is less
than the e.m.f. of a cell by an amount equal to potential drop across the internal resistance
of the cell.
Where R is the external resistance in the circuit and r is the internal resistance of a cell.
#) Ch 2 (B) ELECTRIC MEASUREMENT
#) Kirchhoff's Laws.
First law: The algebraic sum of the current meeting at a junction is zero. The current
reaching a function if taken positive then the current leaving the junction is taken negative.
This law supports the concept that moving charges are not accumulated at a junction.
Second law: In a closed loop, the algebraic sum of all the potential difference is zero.
While traversing a closed loop. If negative pole of the cell is encountered first then its emf is
-ve , otherwise +ve. The product of resistance and current in an arm of the circuit is taken
positive if the direction of current in that arm is in the same sense as one moves in a closed
loop and is taken negative if the direction of current in that arm is opposite to the sense as
one moves in the closed loop.
#) Wheatstone bridge Principle: it states that if four resistances P,Q,R,S are arranged to
form a bridge as shown in Fig . 2.(b). 3 ,on pressing battery key K1 first and then
galvanometer key K2 , if the galvanometer shows no deflection, then the bridge is balanced.
#) Principle of potentiometer. It is based on the fact that the fakk of potential across any
portion of the wire is directly proportional to the length of that portion provides the wire is
of uniform area of cross section and a constant current is flowing.
CH 2 (C) HEATING EFFECT OF CURRENT
#) Joule's law of heating. It states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor is
directly proportional to the:
(I) square of the current flowing through the conductor, (ii) resistance of the conductor and
(iii) Time for which the current is passed.
#) Electric power. It is defined as the rate at which work is done in maintaining the current in
electric circuit.