REVIEWER

WEEK 1
Communication
- "communicare" (Latin) means to share, or to make common
- the process of sending and receiving verbal and non-verbal messages to create shared meaning
(Sellnow, 2005)
- the process of understanding and sharing meaning (McLean, 2003)
- interactions that build connections between people that helps them to understand each other and to
recognize common interests (Zarefsky, 2005)
Verbal Messages - made up of spoken words
Non-verbal Messages - signals sent by any other means (hands, body, face, and eyes)
COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS
INTRAPERSONAL - communicating with oneself; "self-talk"
IMPERSONAL - communication between two people about general information; is with people we know
relatively little about
INTERPERSONAL - communication between two people who already have an identifiable relationship with
each other
** self-disclosure - sharing personal information not generally known by others
SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION - occurs in a group of about three-ten people (or possibly 20);
individuals interact in such a way that each person influences and is influenced by others
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION - takes place among audiences of more than about ten people;
**Public Speaking - a sustained formal presentation made by a speaker to an audience
**Mass Communication - communication produced and transmitted via media to large audiences
MODELS of COMMUNICATION
Linear Model - one-way process
- a speaker sends a message to a listener who receives the message; the speaker's role is to encode it,
and the listeners decode
**Encoding - the process of putting ideas into symbols (e.g. words that the listener ought to understand)
**Decoding - the process of attaching meanings to the symbols we see or hear
source message through channel receiver
Interactive Model - listeners/receivers return feedback to the sender so that meaning is created by both
the speaker and the listener

*Feedback - consists of all those verbal and nonverbal messages receivers send back to the senders
during the communication interaction
source message through channel receiver feedback source
Transactional Model - simultaneous sending and receiving of messages during a communication situation
as well as the numerous ways in which the communication situation might influence the interaction
source message/feedback receiver message/feedback source
BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
1. Situation - place (environment), time, occasion, and cultural context of the communication
2. Sender/Source - the person who initiates the communication
3. Message - the ideas the sender conveys to the receiver
4. Receiver - the person to whom the sender is communicating
5. Channels - the pathways through which the message are communicated between sender and receiver
(visual channel, auditory channel)
6. Feedback - responses from the audience to the speaker, often in the form of nonverbal cues; the
messages the receiver sends back to the source
7. Interference - any barrier to the communication transaction (external interference--visual or auditory,
internal interference--physical or psychological)
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
1. It is constant
2. It is transactional
3. It is a process
4. It is irreversible
5. It is learned

WEEK 2
Hearing - a physiological (sensory) process in which sound waves are transmitted to the brain and
someone becomes conscious of sound
- comes naturally and requires no special training
Listening - a mental operation (psychological) involving processing sound waves, interpreting their
meaning, and storing their meaning in memory
- an acquired skill that takes practice
TYPES OF LISTENING:
1. Discriminative Listening - "listening between the lines" for meaning conveyed other than through the
words themselves; has something to do with being attentive to what is said via verbal and nonverbal cues
such as rate, pitch, inflection, volume, quality etc; considering the meaning behind behaviors accompanying
the message such as laughing, sighing, and yawning

2. Comprehensive Listening - listening for understanding

3. Appreciative Listening - listening for enjoyment through the works and experiences of others (listening to
music, environmental sounds, and so on)
4. Emphatic Listening - listening to support, help, and empathize with the speaker; occurs often in
interpersonal relationships
5. Critical Listening - process of hearing, understanding, evaluating, and assigning worth to a message; the
most demanding type
SIER MODEL of Critical Listening
Sense - hear the message
Interpret - understand the message
Evaluate - judge the message's strengths and weaknesses
React - assign worth to the message

The ETHICAL LISTENER: BAD LISTENING HABITS

1. Becoming distracted the most common bad habit that results to poor listening
**Mental distractions
**Physical distractions
**Visual distractions
**Auditory distractions
**Limited attention span (the length of time they will attend to a message without distraction)
Strategy: Expend energy (sitting up straight, leaning forward, and maintaining eye contact)
**Lack of energy would likely allow the mind to wander
2. Faking attention - causes to miss information
Strategy: Take notes
**Effective note taking can increase the probability that you'll remember the information
3. Being unprepared
**If you are not prepared to listen, you may lose concentration, become distracted, fail to understand
information, or even fall asleep.
Strategy: Get plenty of rest and eat a healthy meal.
4. Prejudging the speaker
**Impression formation and Management Theory - we form first impressions of people based on how they
look; research suggests that we respond more favorably to formally dressed people than to casually
dressed people
Strategy: Listen with an open mind; try not to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their messages
until they have finished speaking

5. Mentally arguing and jumping to conclusions

**We tend to know a little bit about a lot of different topics--thanks to technology
Strategy: Consciously force yourself to find value in every speech
6. Listening too hard
Strategy: Listen analytically--analyze the speech as you listen in ways that focus on the speaker's main
point and general ideas

WEEK 3
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Diphthong two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable
Ex. [ei] take; [ai] fight; [oi] boy; [au] - fowl
minimal pair a pair of words that vary by only one sound (regardless of the spelling)
Ex. pair bear / phase vase - / load - loan
[The exam will be similar to the activities on critical vowel and consonant sounds that weve had during the
lecture and lab. Thus, its purely application.]

WEEK 4
A. WORD STRESS
- putting some force, loudness, or importance on a syllable or word; sometimes called as accent
- includes primary, secondary, and/or weak stress
RULES:
1. Most words in English are stressed in the first syllable
2. Most words with two syllables are stressed on the first syllable.
3. For intensive and reflexive pronouns, the primary stress is on "self" (ex. yourSELF)
4. For compound nouns, the primary stress is on the first component and a secondary stress in the second
component. (ex. PLAYground)
5. For phrasal verbs, the primary stress is on the adverb or the preposition and the secondary stress is on
the verb. (ex. go OUT, move ON)
6.
A. For figures ending in "-teen" / "-teenth", the primary is on the "teen"
B. For figures ending in "-ty" / "-ieth", the primary stress is on the base word.
7. Words ending with the suffizes "-tion," "-sion," "-ic," "-ical," and "-ity" have a primary accent on the
syllable preceding the ending.
8. Many words show a shift in stress to indicate their use. (noun PREsent; verb preSENT)

B. INTONATION - the way one's voice goes up and down at the end of an utterance
1. Rising intonation
- questions answerable by Yes or No
- end of a phrase / clauses
- enumerating series, or counting
- tag question asking for information
- direct address (How are you, Mr. Smith)
2. Falling Intonation
- statement
- commands
- requests
- tag questions indicating displeasure/annoyance/suspicion
- questions not answered by Yes or No
C. BLENDING - saying words as a breath unit and then hearing them as a simple thought group is the
process of blending words

WEEK 5
Intrapersonal communication can be defined as communication with ones self, and that may include selftalk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall and memory.
SELF - ones own sense of individuality, personal characteristics, motivations, and actions
SELF-CONCEPT - what we perceive ourselves to be; the looking-glass self
SOCIAL COMPARISONS - Evaluating ourselves in relation to our peers of similar status, similar
characteristics, or similar qualities
Self-reflection is a trait that allows us to adapt and change to our context or environment, to accept or
reject messages, to examine our concept of ourselves and choose to improve.
INTERNAL MONOLOGUE - refers to the self-talk of intrapersonal communication
Self-disclosure - information, thoughts, or feelings we tell others about ourselves that they would not
otherwise know; a process by which you intentionally communicate information to others
Principles:
1. Self-Disclosure Usually Moves in Small Steps
2. Self-Disclosure Moves from Impersonal to Intimate Information
3. Self-Disclosure is Reciprocal
4. Self-Disclosure Involves Risk
5. Self-Disclosure Involves Trust

DYADIC Effect - We expect when we reveal something about ourselves that others will reciprocate
STAGES OF CONVERSATION:
Initiation
Preview
Talking Points
Feedback
Closing
Dimensions of Self

WEEK 6
Small-group communication involves a small number of people, usually engaged in face-to-face
interaction, actively working together toward a common goal.
TYPES OF GROUPS:
Learning groups sharing and seeking information
Self- maintenance groups inspire desirable attitudes, understanding and communication patterns
Problem-solving groups make decisions regarding a problem
Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for
harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
GROUP FORMATS
Roundtable private small group discussion using problem-solving procedure
Panel Discussion small group of well-informed individuals discussing a topic or problem in front of a large
group
Symposium small group of experts in front of a large group using timed presentations
Forum a panel or discussion in which audience members can participate in the discussion

Hybrid electric vehicles use regenerative braking to get their electricity. The gas energy is
captured off of the brakes and stored as electricity. All electric vehicles are a much better
alternative in terms of cutting down smog. There are several available today.
Hybrid electric vehicles are also inferior to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Many automotive
companies are working on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in production now. Very soon Chevy
will come out with a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle.
While hybrid electric vehicles are low smog emission vehicles, they do produce emissions.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles produce water as their emission, making them far superior to
hybrid electric vehicles. Or better yet take public transportation in a city that uses hydrogen
fuel cell buses.
Although hybrid electric vehicles are readily available, they are a large investment. There
are sometimes $10,000 difference in between a hybrid car and a subcompact although the
mile per gallon difference could be only a few miles freeway miles. This is an investment
that might not be immediately recaptured in gas savings.
Of course, hybrid vehicles are not ideal for freeway drivers. The reason is because hybrid
electric vehicles use regenerative breaking. If most of the miles put on the car are on the
freeway, there is less braking involved and less regeneration of electricity involved.
Another disadvantage of hybrid electric vehicles is some models are very difficult to obtain.
They are heavily advertised and there is a heavy demand. But many automotive
manufacturers are using a showroom car to lure customers into the showroom to see a
hybrid that there is a long waiting list for. Customers needing a car now and not six months
from now end up buying a gas guzzling SUV because the hybrid SUV is not yet readily
available.
A large disadvantage of hybrid electric vehicles is they give auto manufacturers a chance to
tell the state and federal governments that they are doing something to lower vehicle
emissions. Then car manufacturers insist that the government has no reason to bully the
manufacturers to make cars with reasonable miles per gallon rates of say 100 miles
per gallon. Hybrid cars are a smoke screen for the car manufacturers to pretend they care
about the environment.
Finally, hybrid electric vehicles are available only to the most elite car buyers creating a
disparity between rich communities and poor communities. Poor cities have drivers creating
lots of emissions in old eight cylinder cars while rich cities have rich citizens driving
expensive
hybrid electric vehicles with low emissions. Probably the biggest disadvantage of hybrid
electric vehicles is that they are cost prohibitive to the poor.

Hybrid cars have been hailed as an exciting green advancement for the vehicle and
transport industry. Using dual electric and petrol engines, models such as the Prius and the
Civic Hybrid work are more fuel efficient and produce less CO2 emissions than regular
engine cars.
But the market has been slower to take off than was hoped by environmentalists - mainly
due to a lack of knowledge about how the vehicles work and confusion over whether they're
as good as regular vehicles for everyday driving.
In this article, we're setting out the pros and cons of getting a hybrid vehicle, which may be
helpful if you're consider going green with a more eco-friendly car choice, but aren't sure if
hybrid vehicles will perform like you want them to.
H YBRID C AR P ROS :
1. G OOD F OR T HE E NVIRONMENT
Probably most documented about hybrid cars is their green credentials - and if more of us
drove hybrid vehicles, it would ultimately significantly reduce CO2 emissions. A hybrid car
produces 25 to 35% less in CO2 emissions than regular cars, because it is has a second
electric, battery powered engine, which recharges via the petrol engine. This is a much more
energy efficient engine for town and city driving, or driving in traffic. Then, when driving at
higher speeds, the power of the petrol engine kicks in.
2. F UEL E FFICIENT
The dual engines help to maintain the most efficient energy consumption during all driving
conditions - which means you'll need to fill your car with petrol far less often than with a
regular car. Because the car is able to utilise the battery powered engine when driving at
lower speeds or in traffic (which is often when needless amounts of petrol is burned), little or
no fuel is needed during these driving conditions.
Plus, hybrid cars are designed specifically to maximise fuel efficiency. The materials used for
the body of the vehicle are lighter, and the design is aerodynamic to reduce air resistance.
3. F INANCIAL B ENEFITS

Because hybrid vehicles are better for the environment, the government - keen to be seen to
be embracing green policy - offer incentives for driving them. Expect to have much lower
annual car tax bills, and exemption from congestion charges or low emission zones. Hybrid
cars can travel through London's congestion charge zone free of charge, for example.
H YBRID C AR C ONS :
1. H YBRID C ARS C AN B E E XPENSIVE
One drawback of hybrid vehicles is the cost - and yes, you should expect to pay more for a
hybrid model than a regular petrol car. But you can at least offset this with the lower running
costs of a hybrid vehicle and the car tax exemptions. Hybrid cars also tend to offer longer
guarantee and warranties on their vehicles, which will give you more peace of mind when
making the investment.
2. D IFFERENT D RIVING E XPERIENCE
Some drivers are put off from hybrid cars due to the differences they feel when they're
driving them. For example, when stationary or travelling at a low speed, the battery engine
is virtually silent - which can be disconcerting for drivers who may think the car sounds like
it's cut out. The noise, or lack of, has also drawn criticism from road safety pressure groups,
who believe that the lack of noise the vehicle makes could inadvertently lead to a rise in car
accidents on the road involving pedestrians or other vehicles.
3. L ESS P OWER
Hybrid cars are less powerful, in general, than regular cars of a similar size, because the
petrol part of the engine is smaller than you get in single engine petrol cars, and the electric
motor is low power. However hybrid car engines are still usually around 1.5 litres - not
insignificant, and particularly suitable for safer town or city driving.

Hybrid Transit Systems, Inc. (SCAC: HYAT) is a federally licensed freight management
company based in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Hybrid has assembled a skilled management team,
leading a tenured group of transportation professionals. We offer a full range of services for
our customer base, primarily focused on domestic transportation.
The company has shown steady growth by serving a multitude of Fortune 500 shippers,
processors, and manufacturers. Our size allows us to be very nimble in nature and quickly
adapt to our customers ever changing needs. Our specialty is developing an intimate
knowledge of our customers business in order to solve their most pressing transportation
issues.
Hybrid has adopted a steadfast commitment to our Mission, Vision, and Values.

We are a trusted business ally, rooted in integrity, committed to the continuous

development of our people and innovative technology to create long lasting,
seamless solutions.

We look to sustain growth fueled by our values which cultivates long lasting
relationships.

We embrace core values which exemplify the highest levels of:

o

Integrity

Teamwork

Strategic investment

Continuous improvement

Innovative technology