CASE

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMIITEE

FOR AERONAUTICS
TECHNICAL NOTE 3038

LOW-SPEED DRAG OF CYLINDERS OF VARIOUS SHAPES

By Noel K . Delany and Norman E. Sorensen
Ames Aeronautical Laboratory
Moffett Field, Calif.

22 1956

Washington
November 1953

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL NOTE 3038
LOW-SPEED DRAG OF CYLINDERS OF VARIOUS SHAPES
By Noel K. Delany and Norman E. Sorensen
SUMMARY

An investigation has been conducted to find the approximate variation

of the drag coefficient with Reynolds number of several cylinders having
different cross-sectional shapes. Data were obtained for circular cylinders, elliptical cylinders of two fineness ratios, rectangular and diamond cylinders of three fineness ratiOS, and two isosceles triangular
cylinders (apex forward and base forward). Three different corner radii
were tested on each of the shapes, except for the circular and elliptical
cylinders. Data were obtained for Reynolds numbers as low as 11,000 and
as high as 2,300,000. For some cylinders, frequencies of pressure fluctuations in the wake were measured for a limited range of Reynolds numbers.
INTRODUCTION
A method of estimating the effects of viscosity on the forces and
moments for inclined bodies has recently been suggested (e.g., see refs.
1 and 2). In the proposed method, the crossflow in planes perpendicular
to the inclined axis of the body has been related to the flow around a
cylinder, and, hence, the resulting cross forces are related to the section drag coefficient. The . use of the method reqUires a knowledge of the
section drag characteristics of cylinders. For bodies of revolution, the
drag coefficient of a circular cylinder may be used, for which data are
plentiful. However, for bodies with cross-sectional shapes other than
circular, drag data are meager (e.g., see ref. 3). It is the purpose of
this report to present drag coefficients over a fairly wide range of
Reynolds numbers (R = 104 to 2 X loB) for a variety of cross sections.
The measured drag coefficient for the circular cylinder in the subcritical Reynolds number range was lower than the generally accepted
value. Eliminating the cause of this discrepancy, end leakage, would
have complicated unduly the testing technique, and, hence , the leakage
was allowed to remain.

SYMBOIS
b

frontal width of cylinder

bo

frontal width of basic cylinder without rounded corners

NACA TN

3038

streamwise dimension of cylinder

Co

streamwlse dimension of basic cylinder without rounded corners

drag coefficient

drag per unit length

qb

frequency of vortex discharge from one side of cylinder

free-stream Mach number

free-stream dynamic pressure

Reynolds number based ,on

cross-sectional corner radius of cylinder

free-stream velocity

cross- sectional fineness ratio of basic cylinder

r
bo

fb

cross-sectional corner-radius ratio of cylinder

Strouhal number
CORRECTIONS

The drag coefficients and Reynolds numbers have been corrected for
the effects of the wind-tunnel walls by the method of reference 4. The
corrections used were as follows:

~d

2 2

cd t - [2 - (M') )[1 + ~ .4(M') ]

1 - (M')

The primed values ar e t he uncorrected values .

(:0\Y

(c d t )

NACA TN 3038

No correction has been made for the effect of spanwise flow due to
leakage where the cylinders passed through the tunnel walls or due to the
boundary layers on the walls of the wind tunnel.

MODEL DESCRIPTION AND APPARATUS

To obtain data over the desired Reynolds number range it was necessary to construct cylinders of three different sizes for each crosssectional shape. Sketches of the cross-sectional shapes and the characteristic dimensions are presented in table I. The size of each cylinder
is designated by a nominal dimension (either 1, 4, or 12 inches) which
corresponds to a dimension of the basic cross-sectional shape. For the
circles and ellipses the nominal dimension is the diameter or major axis.
For the cylinders with basic cross sections composed of straight lines,
the nominal dimension is the length of the longest side, except for the
isosceles triangle for which the length of the base was taken as the
nominal dimension and the diamond for which the longest diagonal was taken
as the nominal dimension.
The corners of all the cylinders were rounded so that the cylinders
of different sizes had comparable corner-radius ratios (r/b o ). The three
radius ratios for the 12-inch cylinders were obtained by successively
rounding the corners with radii from 1/4 inch to a maximum of 4 inches.
The corners of the 4-inch cylinders were rounded to correspond to only
the smallest and largest radius ratios of the 12-inch cylinders. Only the
smallest radius ratio was tested on the l-inch cylinders.
The 12- and 4-inch cylinders were constructed of pine and were lacquered to produce highly polished surfaces. All the 12- and 4-inch cylinders were mounted vertically in the test section of the wind tunnel
(fig. 1). The clearances or gaps between the ends of the cylinders and
the wind-tunnel walls were of the order of 1/16 inch. Force measurements
were made by means of the wind-tunnel balance system with these gaps
unsealed.
The l-inch cylinders were constructed of metal with smooth ground
surfaces. These models were mounted between end plates (fig. 2) with gaps
between the end plates and the model of about 1/32 inch. The forces were
measured by means of a strain-gage balance (fig. 3).
The accuracy of each cylinder was checked at several spanwise locations by means of templates. A visual check showed that both the contour
accuracy and straightness of the cylinders were satisfactory.
Measurements of the frequency of the pressure fluctuations were made
in the wake for a number of the 12-inch cylinders by means of a pressuresensitive cell mounted in the tip of a probe. The cell was brought to
within 12 to 18 inches of the downstream surfaces of these cylinders and

NACA TN 3038

then located so that the pressure fluctuations produced by the vortices

shed from one side of the cylinders could be measured. In a few cases,
simultaneous measurements were made on both sides of the wake with a pair
of cells.
The tests were made in the Ames 7- by 10-foot wind tunnel. The variation of the average free-stream velocity and Mach number with Reynolds
number is shown in figure 4.
RESULTS
The variations of drag coefficient with Reynolds number for the
various cylinders tested are presented in figures 5 to 14. The data for
the circular cylinder are presented in figure 5; the fineness ratio 1:2
and 2:1 ellipses in figure 6; the fineness ratio 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 rectangular cylinders in figures 7, 8, and 9; the fineness ratio 1:2, 1:1,
and 2:1 diamond cylinders in figures 10, 11, and 12; the isosceles triangular cylinders with the apex forward and with the base forward in
figures 13 and 14. Also shown in these figures is the variation of
Strouhal number with Reynolds number for those cases where measurements
of the pressure fluctuations in the wake were made.
'-----Comparison of the values of the drag coefficients for a circular
cylinder from references 5 and 6 with the data of the present investigation (fig. 5) indicates sizable differences for subcritical Reynolds
numbers (R = 1.3 x 10 4 to 2.5 X 10 5 ). The values of the drag coefficient
obtained for the 4- and 12-inch circular cylinders are approximately 1.0,
as compared to 1.2 obtained in the previously cited investigations. This
difference in the drag coefficient was due to the flow of air through the
gaps in the tunnel walls at the ends of the model. Pressure distributions
(not presented) measured at the midspan of the cylinders with the gaps
between the wind-tunnel walls and the cylinder sealed and unsealed indicated this to be true. The effect of sealing the gaps was to decrease
the pressure on the lee side of the cylinder . This e f fect is assumed to
be the result of preventing the flow of air of approximately free-stream
static pressure into the separated region on the l ee side of t he cylinder.
It was not possible to evaluate the effects of the end leakage on t he
drag coefficient of the circular cylinder a t supercri tical Reynolds numbers because the drag coefficients could not be ca lculated fr om the pressure distributions with sufficient accuracy. However, compar i son with the
data of references 5 and 6 indicates that the crit i ca l Reynol ds number
ranges are in good agreement, and at supercritical Reyno l ds numbers of
5 x 105 and 6 x 105 , the agreement of the drag coeffi cients is r easonabl e.
Some influence of end leakage on the drag measurements for all the
other cylinders may have been present a l so. It is felt t hat the data are
sufficiently accurate to indicate, at least qualitatively, the changes in

NACA TN 3038

drag of the various shapes (ellipses, rectangles, diamonds, and triangles)

with corner radius ratio and fineness ratio.
Table I presents values of the drag coefficient at Reynolds numbers
of 10 5 (except where the lowest test Reynolds number was about 2 X 105 )
for the various shapes tested. . Examination of these data indicate that
the drag coefficient either remained essentially constant or decreased
with an increase of the corner radius ratio and that, in general, the
drag coefficient decreased with increasing fineness ratio.
Although the Strouhal number data were meager, comparison of the
data of figures 5 to 14 indicates that at subcritical Reynolds numbers
the Strouhal numbers for all the shapes were close to 0.2.
At supercritical Reynolds numbers the Strouhal number data presented
are for the predominant frequencies encountered, with the exception of
the fineness ratio 2:1 rectangle where the disturbances in the wake were
periodic and had a value of about 0.4.
Ames Aeronautical Laboratory
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Moffett Field, Calif., Aug. 25, 1953
REFERENCES
1.

Allen, H. Julian, and Perkins, Edward W.: A Study of Effects of Viscosity on Flow Over Slender Inclined Bodies of Revolution. NACA
Rep. 1048, 1951.

2.

Van Dyke, Milton D.: First-order and Second-order Theory of Supersonic Flow Past Bodies of Revolution. Jour. Aero. Sci., vol. 18,
no. 3, Mar. 1951, pp. 161-179.

3.

Lindsey, Walter Frank: Drag of Cylinders of Simple Shapes.

Rep. 619, 1938.

NACA

4. Allen, H. Julian, and Vincenti, Walter G.: Wall Interference in a

Two-Dimensional-Flow Wind Tunnel, with Consideration of the Effect
of Compressibility. NACA Rep. 782, 1944.

5. stack, John:

Compress i bility Effects in Aeronautical Engineering.

NACA ACR, 1941.

NACA TN 3038

6.

Bursnall, William J., and Loftin, Laurence K., Jr.: Experimental

Investigation of the Pressure Distribution About a Yawed Circular
Cylinder in the Critical Reynolds Number Range. NACA TN 2463, 1951.

7. Relf, E. F., and Simmons, L. F. G.:

The Frequency of the Eddies

Generated by the Motion of Circular Cylinders Through a Fluid.
R. & M. 917, British A.R.C., 1924.

TABIE I .. - GEOMETRIC AND DRAG CRA..RACTERISTICS OF THE MODELS

[All di mensions in inches]

!l>

1-3
~

Flow direction

>

0
bITj

-lc o

'c12 r

fQ

~ co , c ...j r

L
bo,b Q
' l - co , c ....j
=

10"

Flow direction
bo

Co

(r/b o )
0 50

1:2
1:2

--------- - ---

2 :1
2:1
2 :1

'fQ

Corner - Nomradius insl

ratiO, size

1:1
1:1
1:1

1:2

b;o Q

sR

Fine ness
ratio,
(co/b o )

50
50

12
4
1
12

12 . 00 12.00 12 . 00 12 . 00
4 .00 4 . 00 4 . 00 4.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
12.00 12 . 00
4.00 4.00

6 .00
2 . 00

1.00

1.00

12
4

6 .00
2 .00

6 . 00 12 . 00 12.00
2 . 00 4.00 4 . 00
50 1.00 1.00

50

50

1.00

50

------ - -----

6.00 2 . 00

50

6.00
2 . 00

cd a
R=lO"

1.6

.6

1:2
1:2
1:2

. 021
.021
. 021

12
4
1

12 .00 12 .00
4.00 4 .00
1.00 1.00

6 .00
2 .00

6 .00
2 .00

50

50

1:2

.083

12

12 .00 12 . 00

6 . 00

6 . 00

1.00

1.9

1:2
1:2

.250
.250

12
4

12 .00 12 .00
4 .00 4 .00

6 .00
2 . 00

6 .00
2 . 00

3 00
1.00

1.6

.25
.08 2.2
.021

1:1
1:1
1:1

. 021
.021
. 021

12
4
1

12 .00 12 .00 12 .00 12 . 00

4 .00 4 . 00 4 .00 4 . 00
1 . 00 1.00 1 . 00 1.00

1:1

. 167

12

12 .00 12 .00 12 .00 12 .00

2 .00

1:1
1:1

.333

12
1

12 .00 12 : 00 12.00 12 . 00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

4 . 00

2 :1
2:1
2:1

.042
.042
. 042

333

12
4

6 .00
2 .00

50

6.00 12 . 00 12 .00
2 .00 4 . 00 4 .00
50 1.00 1.00

.25
.08 2 . 0
. 021

33

1.2s
1.0

.25
.08 1.4
. 021

2 :1

.167

12

6 . 00

6 .00 12 . 00 12 . 00

1.00

. 7s

2:1
2:1

500
500

12
4

6.00
2 .00

6.00 12 . 00 12.00
2 .00 4 . 00 4 .00

3.00
1.00

.4

Fine -

>

Cor ner- Nomradius insl

ratjo, ratio, size
(co/bol (r/bol
ness

w
bo

Co

~'

1:2
1:2
1:2

0 . 021
.021
. 021

12
4
1

12.00 li38
4 .00 3 77
1.00
. 95

1:2

.083

12

12 . 00

l # .oL

1:2
1:2

. 167
.167

12
4

12 . 00
4.00

1:1
1:1
1:1

.015
.015
.015

12 16 97 16 . 76 16.76 16 . 80
4 566 5 59 5.66 559
1.41 1.39 1.41 1.39
1

tt
~~~
L . - -.l.

~
,-I;C ~

,~l~
~~
--l
Co

~cJ-.

[~,

Lr-~

cd s1
R=ld'

5 94
1.98
.49

0.25
. 08 1.8
. 021

9 53

6.00
2.00
50
6.00

5 . 76

1.00

1.7

7 .05
2 35

6 . 00
2 . 00

5 53 2 . 00
1.84
. 67

1.7

.25
. 08 1.5
. 021

1:1

.li8

12

16 97 1531 16 97 15 31

2 . 00

1.5s

1:1
1:1

.235
.235

12
4

16 97 1366 16 . 97 13 66
5 66 4 . 55 5 66 4 55

4.00
1.33

1.5

2 :1
2:1
2 :1

. 042
. 042
. 042

12
4
1

594 12 . 00 11.42
1.98 4.00 3 . 88
. 49 1. 00
.96

.25
.08
. 02

1.1

2:1

. 167

12

6 . 00
2 . 00
50
6 .00

5 . 76 12 .00

9.50

1.00

LIS

6 .00
2 . 00

5 . 53 12 . 00
1.84 4.00

2 :1
2:1

333
333

12
4

7 . 05
2 35

2.00
. 67

1.1

1 :1
1:1
1:1

. 021
. 021
.021

12 12 .00 1l . 69 12.00 11 . 69
4 . 00 3 90 4 .00 3 90
4
1.00
1
98 1.00
98
12 12 .00 10 . 77 12 . 00 10 . 77

.25
.08
.02

1.2

1: 1

. 083

1:1
1:1

. 250
. 250
. 021
.021
. 021

12
4

12 .00
4 . 00

12
4
1

.083

12

12 . 00
4 . 00
1.00
12 .00

.250
. 250

12
4

12 . 00
4 . 00

1:1
1:1
1:1
1:1
1:1
1 :1

8 . 29 12 . 00 8 .29
2 . 78 4 . 00 2 76
11.69 12 .00 11.69
3 90 4 . 00 3 90
. 98 1.00
. 98
10 . 77 12 . 00 10.77
8 .29 12.00
2 . 76 4 .00

8.29
2 . 76

():)

1.00

1.3s

3 00
1.00

1.1

.25
. 08
. 02
1.00
300
1 . 00

2 .0
1.~

1.3

~
--.;]

NACA TN 3038

~;J>
~
w

CP

(a) 12-inch circular cylinder.

(b) 4-inch circular cylinder.

Figure 1.- Method of mounting 12-inch and 4-inch cylinders in the wind tunnel.

\0

lO

NACA TN 3038

Figure 2.- Method of mounting l-inch cylinders between end plates in the
wind tunnel.

NACA TN

3038

Figure 3.- The strain-gage balance for the l-inch cylinders.

11

40

400

.36

360

.32

320

....... .2B

~ 2BO
;:::

Col

4b

~
~

~
t)

... 240
.24 ~
~

'(3

.20

.::: .16
II)

tt

o
~
::- 200

4b

4b
4b

I-'

[\)

160

I/)

I
q)

.12

120

.OB

BO

.04

40

00

.02

.04

.06
.OB
.10
.12
.14
.16
6
Reynolds number, R, per inch x 10-

.IB

.20

~:t>
1-3

\..A.I

Figure 4.-Variafion of average free-stream velocity and Mach number with Reynolds number.

\..A.I

(Xl

S? 6

)(

..

~
,
,
.A

~
....::

..... ~

c::
t;

.c::
;:,
(/)

CP

1--.......

_ - - __ .

<:)

~
w

"

f~/V t>-I,,,":, V

;t>

g.

1/

it

""" 3

Cb
.Q

q~

(')

~:::-

-,,;-r=_.b-'- _.... _ _
.r.t.~ , ~
"f,
~ ~A,.
~
, "

'r"

.8

po

Nominal
size,fflches

~.6

_.
'- .3
:t:
(,)

12
4
~
I
~
- - - Ref. 5
6.
12 L
-II-Ref. 71 fbiV

o
p

~.4

.(,)

Cb

<:)
(,)

~.2

1-

OJ

-....

~"

'!

......

~-,

'':~

. .'"
.
r---~~~~-i~-+~~-------l--==

Ar.IfJ.:

~~

'~d"rfJf "

~~

,~

,' ~r f
",

.1

~
10"

.3

8 10
3 4
2
Reynolds number, R
6

8 10'

.3

Figure 5.- Variation of drag coefficient and Strouhal number with Reynolds number for the circular cylinders.
f-'

NACA TN 3038

l4
3

r.Ii>:.,..

_0

'"

"

-p-

l'>

...~

_l'l

-LO

r>.

..~~

.8
.6
.4

.3
fb/V ,
~

",.2

I,

.A

""

(a) 1:2 fineness ratio

'"

",()

()

l- I-

'-

.3
.2
0

.06

Nominal
size, inches
12

I
- - - Ref 3
12
()

%'"

" 1

.4

.1
.08

~~

~ ~~:!
.~

~Cd

fb/V

A"'"~

fb/V ~
~

\--

..

t:

0
,,~ ~

~
. . .' : . .'

fl:.I I""id

rfb/V

6 8 10 5
2
3 4
Reynolds number, R

~
6
2 3
6 8 10

(b) 2 : I fineness ratio

Figure 6.- Variation of drag coefficient and Sfrouhal number with Reynolds
number for the elliptic cylinders.

15

NACA TN 3038

4
3

.8 '----'-----'-------''----'

(a) r/bo=0.021

-'"

,C)

,;,

""'"

~.

(b) r/bo 0083

r:t.. .
~

. .

b_c9A.

C'6.~i:J

""

~
..

I
.8

CQ
~

.6

. ..

..

.p::x. ;.0

,~

Nominol
size, inches

.4

.3
.2

12

(j

4
/

~Cd

12

f-fb/V

()

0.

fb/V ~
"'"

l4 ~ ~~

.1

10"

10 5

6 8
2
3 4
Reynolds number, R

8 10

(e) r/bo 0250

Figure 7 .-Variation of drag coefficient and Strouhal number with Reynolds

number for the 1:2 fineness ratio rectangular cylinders.

- - --_. _ - -

NACA TN 3038

16

..

.3

I-

.tJ I~ ,.a B. )..c

cr

()

I ~~N"IIl>

~d . ()ICl

. .'"

(>=S:V

. . .

. ., 0 '

'.

"

.8

(a) r /bo 0.021

2
~
~

"'PI'

~. ~ ~~ ~

(b) r/bo = 0.167

-L-O
.. . . .

1
.8
.6

(:)

. "p, .

vq.
~

~. .

Nominal
size, inches
.3 0
12
d
4
.2
I
- - - Ref 3
l>
}-fb/V
12
.1
10"
2
3 4
6 8 10 5
2
.3 4
Reynolds number, R
(c) r/bo 0.333

.4

()

~Cd

..
A

'

.4i)

. . ...

"
I". fb/V

~
2 3
6 8 10 6

Figure 8.- Variation of drag coefficient and Strouhal number with Reynolds
number for the 1:1 fineness ratio rectangular cylinders.

17

NACA TN 3038

.3

v.

2
-..

...

(J

..

..

..

."

fP'"

1
.8
.6
(a) r/bo =Q042

2
~

0
0

co

(.1 .

"

.'

'.

I" . ~

~ ~
~0

(b) r/bo=o.I67

..

.8
.6

fb/V

.4

..3
0

.2

~.

Nominal
size, inches
0
()

D.

.I 10"

12
4
I
12

.~

eo.

I~

1=
'.

'"

...

P1';

~Cd

. ~

.. ..-A

. ...

rfb/V

.3 4

6 8

~
10~

.3 4

6 8 10

.3

Reynolds number, R

(c) r/bo=o.500
Figure 9 .- Variation of drag coefficient and Strouhal number with Reynolds
fNJmber for the 2:1 fineness ratio rectangular cylinders.

NACA TN 3038

18

.3
2
p

I
.8

~----~--~~~~~~----~--~~~~~~~----~~

(a) r/b,,=0021

<:2..
.
-v ' V V

(b)
r.{r.{/ .

:'" rl ppi 'Pi

'"

. .. ";'><1

. ..Po-' 1'"

'v

'vv

r/b() =0083

.......

'.'

(.).

"'P

...fr.1

0'"

~.

~
0

I
.8
.6

~
>.,
-~

-~ .

.kl~

~ ~~

Nominal
size, inches

.4

.3
0

.2

d
()

l>

12
4

I
12

fb/V ,,-

~Cd

A.

JL.

~fb/V

.1
10"

.3 4

6 8 10~
2
.3 4
Reynolds number, R

"P<>I~
~

~,

~
2 .3
6 8 106

(c) r/o,,=0./67

Figure 10.- Variation of drag coefficient and Strouhal number with Reynolds
number for the 1:2 fineness ratio diamond cylinders.

19

NACA TN 3038

r----

....

"(J""-

"'"

()

...

~.

..-..
yr

..

'"

,:.

.,...

I
.8

.6

v v

(a) r /bo =aOl5

1
..

..

v~o
I

...
I'"

0 ..
.""'" .- .,

0
.~

~ ~: r=o n

J'},.~

Nominal
size, inches

.4

.3

0
(j

.2

-.l.

.8
.6

1-0

()

12
4

- - - Ref. 3
A

.I

10'"

12
2

~.
~

fb/V f"-

~Cd

....~
.A

/
.~

lL
~

~fb/V

8 10 5

2.3 4

6 8 10 6

Reynolds number, R

(c) r /bo=0.235
Figure II.-Variation of drag coefficient and Strouhal number with Reynolds
number for Ihe /:/ fineness rolio diomond cylinders.

.3

NACA TN 3038

20

""

I
.8
.6

...fl

J1<o.

.' '.

u '

.4

'"

. '

..... ...

. ' ""

(a) r/bo 0.042

2
,

".

.,r.>;

I..,

,w.>..

'p< j& ' "

(b) r/b,,= 0./67

v .
r;" ''i'S, , , -:<'

.4

.3
0

Cl

.2

()

tl

.1

10

If

Nominal
size, inches
12
4
I
12
f-fb/V

~ Cd

"

..
If '
"

, ,r.;(: ,:.c;

fb/V",~r

6 8 10 5
2
3 4
Reynolds number, R
(c) r/bo=0.333

8 10 6

Figure 12.-Variation of drag coefficient and 5trouhal number with Reynolds

number for the 2 :I fineness ratio diamond cylinders.

M
21

NACA TN 3038

.3
2
-- - - -

I'-

'-

.~o:;- :4
.

>"

no. .

'"

. . :r....

... .

" >'I.-w "

.8
.6

~----+--=~
, r-~~~-rHr-----+---r~~-+~~r-----+-~
L -_ _ _ _L __ _L_J-J-~~~_ _ _ _~_ __L~~~~~L__ _ _ _L_~

(a) r/bo = 0.021

.3

.8

N
r-----+_--r_~~~~rr----_+--_r~~_+~rrr_----+_~

.6

.4

.3
.2

.I

1\
Nominal
size, inches
o
12
4
I
- - - Ref. 3
r,.
12
r-fb/V

013

()

10 4

.3 4

6 8 10 5
2
3 4
Reynolds number, R
(c) r/bD=0.250

Figure 13 .-Variation of drag coefficient and Strouhal number Wllh Reynolds

number for the isosceles triangular cylinders wdh apex forward.

.3

22

NACA TN

4
3
2

v
r-

~--

.LU

".

..

?'

..

.. "

"",:.

A'~ "

. .'

3038

C>

rn>

I
.8
4

.3

.2

.)2.0

I~ "

_'"

;, . :h .. . .

Nominal
size, inches

.4

.3

p'"

o
d

()

12
4
I

fb/V ~

- - - Ref .3

.1

10"

12
2

6 8

10~

2.3 4

Reynolds number, R
(e) r /b,r 0.250

A"gure 14.-Variation of drag coefficient and Strouhal number with Reynolds

number for the isosceles triangular cylinders with base forward

NACA - Langley Field. v ....