1) Glossary

Cosmology - Cosmology is the scientific study of the large scale properties of the universe
as a whole. It endeavours to use the scientific method to understand the origin, evolution
and ultimate fate of the entire Universe.
Doppler Shift - Light from moving objects will appear to have different wavelengths
depending on the relative motion of the source and the observer.
Elliptical and Spiral Galaxies Elliptical galaxies, have very little gas and dust. Because
gas and dust are found in the clouds that are the birthplaces of stars. Spiral galaxies, have
two distinct regions. The disk of the galaxy contains the spiral arms.
Faint Blue Galaxies - The physical properties of the faint blue galaxy population are
reviewed in the context of observational progress made via deep spectroscopic surveys and
Hubble Space Telescope imaging of field galaxies at various limits and theoretical models for
the integrated star formation history of the universe.
Gravitational Lensing - Normal lenses such as the ones in a magnifying glass or a pair of
spectacles work by bending light rays that pass through them in a process known as
refraction, in order to focus the light somewhere (such as in your eye). Gravitational lensing
works in an analogous way and is an effect of Einstein's theory of general relativity simply
put, mass bends light.
Hubble Constant - The Hubble Constant is the unit of measurement used to describe the
expansion of the universe. The cosmos has been getting bigger since the Big Bang kickstarted the growth about 13.82 billion years ago. The universe, in fact, is getting faster in its
acceleration as it gets bigger.
Primeval - of or relating to the earliest ages (as of the world or human history)
Protogalaxy - The vast cloud of gas that by contraction and condensation becomes a
galaxy of stars. In evolutionary (big-bang) models of creation, Protogalaxy appear early in
the expansion phase of the universe; in the steady-state model they are slowly but
continually forming from newly created matter.
Quasar - Quasars give off enormous amounts of energy - they can be a trillion times brighter
than the Sun! Quasars are believed to produce their energy from massive black holes in the
centre of the galaxies in which the quasars are located. Because quasars are so bright, they
drown out the light from all the other stars in the same galaxy.
Spectrum - Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation which, like visible light or
infrared, makes up a portion of the entire spectrum. They cannot be perceived by human
eyes or ears, and they are not harmful in the environment.
Spectroscopy - The Light of Knowledge is an often used phrase, but it is particularly
appropriate in reference to spectroscopy. The structure of atoms and molecules comes from
studying their interaction with light (electromagnetic radiation). Different regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum provide different kinds of information as a result of such
interactions.

2) Abstract
The Astronomers have researched and suggested theories of the galaxies form and
evolution. The universe has changed radically during the past century, as the powers of
astronomical observation have steadily improved. Young galaxies are far away that they
appear small and faint to even the most powerful telescopes. However in recent years, an
instrument called, Hubble Space Telescope which has an extremely sharp vision positioned
above the earths atmosphere, providing detailed images of the distant universe. Moreover,
The Hubble took hundreds of exposures through four filters, covering the spectrum from
near ultraviolet to near-infrared radiation which these images are known as the Hubble Deep
Field (HDF) observations. Astronomers will take a step further into studying the high-redshift
universe with a possibility that takes advantage of a phenomenon known as gravitational
lensing. Large masses, such as dense galaxy clusters, can bend, amplify and distort the
image of objects beyond them. A faint galaxy behind such a cluster can be magnified and
stretched out into a giant arc, revealing morphological details beyond the limits of the best
telescopes. These instruments and discoveries suggest that telescopes and instruments
now in the making will extend the work to larger samples and greater redshifts.

3) Explanation of the physics involved

The conception of the universe we know of have changed over recent years, by
exploring the spectacular phenomenon, will hopefully give an idea to how the
universe works. The advanced astronomical observations are improving
gradually as the universes are continuously expanding. By exploring and
understanding the physics involved in the universe such as the Doppler Effect,
gravitational lensing and Redshift will give clear understanding on how it works.
By implying these phenomenon, it assists astronomers in their observation.
First of all, the Doppler Effect is a phenomenon observed whenever the source of
waves is moving with respect to an observer. The Doppler Effect is observed
because the distance between the source of sound and the observer is changing.
If the source and the observer are approaching, then the distance is decreasing
and if the source and the observer are receding, then the distance is increasing.
The source of sound always emits the same frequency. Therefore, for the same
period of time, the same number of waves must fit between the source and the
observer. If the distance is large, then the waves can be spread apart; but if the
distance is small, the waves must be compressed into the smaller distance (The
Doppler Effect and Show Waves, 1996-2015). In ad

In Addition, the gravitational lensing, in general relativity, the presence of matter

(energy density) can curve spacetime and the path of a light ray will be deflected
as a result. Light traveling past a massive object follows a "straight" path in the
curved space and is deflected as if it had passed through a lens. Strong
gravitational lensing can cause stars to appear as rings as their light travels in a
curved path past a massive object along the line of sight.
In a system where lensing occurs there is a:
Source: where the light comes from, can be a quasar, the cosmic microwave
background, a galaxy, etc.
Lens(es): which deflect(s) the light by an amount related to its quantity of
mass/energy, can be anything with mass/energy.
Observer: who sees a different amount of light than otherwise because the lens
has bent spacetime and thus the travel paths of the light.

Image or Images: what the observer sees.

(learner.org, 2013)
Finally, a redshift give the recession velocity of stars or galaxies. It is common
practice to express this velocity as a fraction of the speed of light and use a
parameter z defined by:

Calculating v/c from this expression

gives:
Another application of the z parameter is to imply the scale factor R of the
universe at the same time that light was emitted from a given observed object.
The z parameter is related to R by the expression:

Where the scale is taken as R0 =1 at the present time. For example, if the redshift of an object is
found to correspond to z=3, then R=1/4 and we imply that the universe has expanded by a factor of
four since light left that object. The wavelength of the received radiation has expanded by a factor of
four because space has expanded by a factor of four during its transit from the emitting object. At
such large values of z, the redshift is mainly the cosmological redshift, and not a valid measure of the
actual recessional velocity of the object with respect to us. The z parameter can also be used to
assess the mass density compared to them mass density 0 at the present time. With z=3, the
density is 64 times that of the present density (Doppler Redshift, 2014).

To summarise, the conception of the universe has altered over billions of years, it is clearly
demonstrated that the physics of Doppler Effect, Gravitational Lensing and Redshift have created an
essential idea on how these three phenomenon work.

4) Focus Questions
1) Is the theory, young galaxies should form out of clouds of hydrogen, in which many hot
blue stars are constantly being born. supported by the article? Justify your response.
The process of this theory relates to the article, as generations of these stars cycle through
their short lives, the process of nuclear fusion transforms hydrogen into the heavier
elements, which astronomers generally lump together under the name "metals." These early
stars then explode as supernovae, ejecting the metals into the surrounding gas clouds. In
doing so, they also shock and compress the gas clouds, triggering the birth of new
generations of stars. Based on this model, the characteristic spectrum for a protogalaxy
would be one dominated by blue starlight, with traces of metals.
2) The universe is a big mystery though past, present and future. How are astronomers
observing the universe? Comment critically by referring to the article.
It appears that young galaxies are significantly far away that they appear small and faint to
even the most powerful telescopes. The cosmologists developed an instrument known as
the, Hubble Space Telescope. that provides detailed images of distant universe. The
images taken by the Hubble is called the Hubble Deep Field, providing astronomers with the
best view of the distant universe, which reveals about 3000 faint galaxies. Exhibiting a
bewildering variety of shapes and colours.

Bibliography
1) Cfhtlens.org, (2015). What is Gravitational Lensing?. [online] Available at:
http://www.cfhtlens.org/public/what-gravitational-lensing [Accessed 14 Aug. 2015].

2) Astro.ucla.edu, (2015). Doppler Shift. [online] Available at:

http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/doppler.htm [Accessed 9 Aug. 2015].

3) Encyclopedia Britannica, (2015). protogalaxy | cosmology. [online] Available at:

http://www.britannica.com/science/protogalaxy [Accessed 9 Aug. 2015].

4) Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, (2015). Doppler Redshift. [online] Available at:

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/redshf.html [Accessed 9 Aug. 2015].

5) Map.gsfc.nasa.gov, (2015). WMAP's Introduction to Cosmology. [online] Available at:

http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2015].

6) Merriam-webster.com, (2015). primeval | very old or ancient. [online] Available at:

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/primeval [Accessed 9 Aug. 2015].

7) Physicsclassroom.com, (2015). The Doppler Effect and Shock Waves. [online] Available at:
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-3/The-Doppler-Effect-and-Shock-Waves
[Accessed 9 Aug. 2015].

8) Skyserver.sdss.org, (2015). Characteristics of Galaxy Classes. [online] Available at:

http://skyserver.sdss.org/dr1/en/proj/advanced/galaxies/characteristics.asp [Accessed 9 Aug. 2015].

9) Starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov, (2015). StarChild: Quasars. [online] Available at:

http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/universe_level2/quasars.html [Accessed 14 Aug. 2015].

10) Spectrum, (2015). What Is Spectrum. [online] Available at:

http://www.gsma.com/spectrum/what-is-spectrum/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2015].

11) Ned.ipac.caltech.edu, (2015). Faint Blue Galaxies - R. Ellis. [online] Available at:
https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March03/Ellis/frames.html [Accessed 14 Aug. 2015].

12) Reusch, W. (2015). Organic Chemistry On Line. [online] Www2.chemistry.msu.edu. Available at:
https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Spectrpy/spectro.htm [Accessed 14 Aug.
2015].

13) W.astro.berkeley.edu, (2015). Gravitational lensing. [online] Available at:

http://w.astro.berkeley.edu/~jcohn/lens.html [Accessed 16 Aug. 2015].

14) Learner.org, (2015). Physics - Glossary Definition. [online] Available at:

https://www.learner.org/courses/physics/glossary/definition.html?invariant=gravitational_lensing
[Accessed 16 Aug. 2015].