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SharingAbstracts,NotesonvariousElectricalEngineeringTopics.

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APRIL16,2011 81COMMENTS(HTTPS://ELECTRICALNOTES.WORDPRESS.COM/2011/04/16/CURRENT
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Acurrenttransformerisdefinedasasaninstrumenttransformerinwhichthesecondarycurrentissubstantiallyproportionalto
theprimarycurrent(undernormalconditionsofoperation)anddiffersinphasefromitbyananglewhichisapproximatelyzero
foranappropriatedirectionoftheconnections.
Currenttransformersareusuallyeithermeasuringorprotectivetypes.

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1)Ratedprimarycurrent:
Thevalueofprimarycurrentwhichappearsinthedesignationofthetransformerandonwhichtheperformanceofthecurrent
transformerisbased.
2)Ratedsecondarycurrent:
Thevalueofsecondarycurrentwhichappearsinthedesignationofthetransformerandonwhichtheperformanceofthecurrent
transformerisbased.
Typicalvaluesofsecondarycurrentare1Aor5A.Inthecaseoftransformerdifferentialprotection,secondarycurrentsof1/root
3Aand5/root3Aarealsospecified.
3)Ratedburden:
TheapparentpowerofthesecondarycircuitinVoltamperesexpressedattheratedsecondarycurrentandataspecificpower
factor(0.8foralmostallstandards)
4)Ratedoutput:
Thevalueoftheapparentpower(involtamperesataspecifiedpower(factor)whichthecurrenttransformerisintendedto
supplytothesecondarycircuitattheratedsecondarycurrentandwithratedburdenconnectedtoit.
5)Accuracyclass:
InthecaseofmeteringCTs,accuracyclassistypically,0.2,0.5,1or3.
Thismeansthattheerrorshavetobewithinthelimitsspecifiedinthestandardsforthatparticularaccuracyclass.
ThemeteringCThastobeaccuratefrom5%to120%oftheratedprimarycurrent,at25%and100%oftheratedburdenatthe
specifiedpowerfactor.
InthecaseofprotectionCTs,theCTsshouldpassboththeratioandphaseerrorsatthespecifiedaccuracyclass,usually5Por
10P,aswellascompositeerrorattheaccuracylimitfactoroftheCT.
6)CurrentRatioError:
Theerrorwithatransformerintroducesintothemeasurementofacurrentandwhicharisesfromthefactthatactual
transformationratioisnotequaltotheratedtransformerratio.Thecurrenterrorexpressedinpercentageisgivenbytheformula:
Currenterrorin%=(Ka(IsIp))x100/Ip

WhereKa=ratedtransformationratio,Ip=actualprimarycurrent,Is=actualsecondarycurrentwhenIpisflowingunderthe
conditionsofmeasurement
7)Accuracylimitfactor:
ThevalueofprimarycurrentuptowhichtheCTcomplieswithcompositeerrorrequirements.Thisistypically5,10or15,which
meansthatthecompositeerroroftheCThastobewithinspecifiedlimitsat5,10or15timestheratedprimarycurrent.
8)Shorttimerating:
Thevalueofprimarycurrent(inkA)thattheCTshouldbeabletowithstandboththermallyanddynamicallywithoutdamageto
thewindings,withthesecondarycircuitbeingshortcircuited.Thetimespecifiedisusually1or3seconds.
9)Instrumentsecurityfactor(factorofsecurity):
Thistypicallytakesavalueoflessthan5orlessthan10thoughitcouldbemuchhigheriftheratioisverylow.Ifthefactorof
securityoftheCTis5,itmeansthatthecompositeerrorofthemeteringCTat5timestheratedprimarycurrentisequaltoor
greaterthan10%.Thismeansthatheavycurrentsontheprimaryarenotpassedontothesecondarycircuitandinstrumentsare
thereforeprotected.InthecaseofdoubleratioCTs,FSisapplicableforthelowestratioonly.
10)ClassPSXCT:
Inbalancesystemsofprotection,CTswithahighdegreeofsimilarityintheircharacteristicsisrequired.Theserequirementsare
metbyClassPS(X)CTs.Theirperformanceisdefinedintermsofakneepointvoltage(KPV),themagnetizingcurrent(Imag)at
thekneepointvoltageor1/2or1/4thekneepointvoltage,andtheresistanceoftheCTsecondarywindingcorrectedto75C.
Accuracyisdefinedintermsoftheturnsratio.
11)Kneepointvoltage:
Thatpointonthemagnetizingcurvewhereanincreaseof10%inthefluxdensity(voltage)causesanincreaseof50%inthe
magnetizingforce(current).
TheKneePointVoltage(Vkp)isdefinedasthesecondaryvoltageatwhichanincreaseof10%producesanincreasein
magnetizingcurrentof50%.ItisthesecondaryvoltageabovewhichtheCTisnearmagneticsaturation.
12)CorebalanceCT(CBCT):
TheCBCT,alsoknownasazerosequenceCT,isusedforearthleakageandearthfaultprotection.Theconceptissimilartothe
RVT.IntheCBCT,thethreecorecableorthreesinglecoresofathreephasesystempassthroughtheinnerdiameteroftheCT.
Whenthesystemisfaultfree,nocurrentflowsinthesecondaryoftheCBCT.Whenthereisanearthfault,theresidualcurrent
(zerophasesequencecurrent)ofthesystemflowsthroughthesecondaryoftheCBCTandthisoperatestherelay.Inorderto
designtheCBCT,theinnerdiameteroftheCT,therelaytype,therelaysettingandtheprimaryoperatingcurrentneedtobe
furnished.
13)Phasedisplacement:
Thedifferenceinphasebetweentheprimaryandsecondarycurrentvectors,thedirectionofthevectorsbeingsochosenthatthe
angleiszerofortheperfecttransformer.Thephasedisplacementissaidtobepositivewhenthesecondarycurrentvectorleads
theprimarycurrentvector.Itisusuallyexpressinminutes
14)Highestsystemvoltage:
Thehighestrmslinetolinevoltagewhichcanbesustainedundernormaloperatingconditionsatanytimeandatanypointon
thesystem.Itexcludestemporaryvoltagevariationsduetofaultconditionandthesuddendisconnectionoflargeloads.
15)Ratedinsulationlevel:
Thatcombinationofvoltagevalues(powerfrequencyandlightningimpulse,orwhereapplicable,lightningandswitching
impulse)whichcharacterizestheinsulationofatransformerwithregardtoitscapabilitytowithstandbydielectricstresses.For
lowvoltagetransformerthetestvoltage4kV,atpowerfrequency,appliedduring1minute.
16)Ratedshorttimethermalcurrent(Ith):
Thermsvalueoftheprimarycurrentwhichthecurrenttransformerwillwithstandforaratedtime,withtheirsecondary
windingshortcircuitedwithoutsufferingharmfuleffects.
17)Rateddynamiccurrent(Idyn):
Thepeakvalueoftheprimarycurrentwhichacurrenttransformerwillwithstand,withoutbeingdamagedelectricallyfor
mechanicallybytheresultingelectromagneticforces,thesecondarywindingbeingshortcircuited.
18)Ratedcontinuousthermalcurrent(Un)
Thevalueofcurrentwhichcanbepermittedtoflowcontinuouslyintheprimarywinding,thesecondarywindingsbeing
connectedtotheratedburdens,withoutthetemperatureriseexceedingthespecifiedvalues.

19)Instrumentsecurityfactor(ISForFs):
Theratioofratedinstrumentlimitsprimarycurrenttotheratedprimarycurrent.Thetimesthattheprimarycurrentmustbe
higherthantheratedvalue,forthecompositeerrorofameasuringcurrenttransformertobeequaltoorgreaterthan10%,the
secondaryburdenbeingequaltotheratedburden.Thelowerthisnumberis,themoreprotectedtheconnectedinstrumentare
against.
20)Sensitivity
Sensitivityisdefinedasthelowestvalueofprimaryfaultcurrent,withintheprotectedzone,whichwillcausetherelayto
operate.Toprovidefastoperationonaninzonefault,thecurrenttransformershouldhaveaKneePointVoltageatleasttwice
thesettingvoltageoftherelay.
21)FieldAdjustmentofCurrentTransformerRatio:
Theratioofcurrenttransformerscanbefieldadjustedtofulfiltheneedsoftheapplication.Passing
moresecondaryturnsormoreprimaryturnsthroughthewindowwillincreaseordecreasetheturnsratio.
ActualTurnsRatio=(NamePlateRationSecondaryTurnsAdded)/PrimaryTurns.

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1)BarType:
Bartypesareavailablewithhigherinsulationlevelsandareusuallyboltedtothecurrentcaringdevice.

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/untitled2.png)
Bartypecurrenttransformersareinsulatedfortheoperatingvoltageofthesystem.
BartypeCTsoperateonthesameprincipleofwindowCTsbuthaveapermanentbarinstalledasaprimaryconductor
2)WoundCTs:
Capacity:Therearedesignedtomeasurecurrentsfrom1ampto100amps.
themostcommononeisthewoundtypecurrenttransformer.Thewoundtypeprovidesexcellentperformanceunderawide
operatingrange.Typically,thewoundtypeisinsulatedtoonly600volts.

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/untitled3.png)
SincetheloadcurrentpassesthroughprimarywindingsintheCT,screwterminalsareprovidedfortheloadandsecondary
conductors.WoundprimaryCTsareavailableinratiosfrom2.5:5to100:5.
WoundCTshaveaprimaryandsecondarywindinglikeanormaltransformer.TheseCTsarerareandareusuallyusedatvery
lowratiosandcurrents,typicallyinCTsecondarycircuitstocompensateforlowcurrents,tomatchdifferentCTratiosin
summingapplications,ortoisolatedifferentCTcircuits.WoundCTshaveveryhighburdens,andspecialattentiontothesource
CTburdenshouldbeappliedwhenwoundCTsareused.
3)Window:
WindowCTsarethemostcommon.Theyareconstructedwithnoprimarywindingandareinstalledaroundtheprimary
conductor.TheelectricfieldcreatedbycurrentflowingthroughtheconductorinteractswiththeCTcoretotransformthecurrent
totheappropriatesecondaryoutput.WindowCTscanbeofsolidorsplitcoreconstruc
tion.Theprimaryconductormustbe
disconnectedwheninstallingsolidwindowCTs.However,splitcoreCTscanbeinstalledaroundtheprimaryconductorwithout
disconnectingtheprimaryconductor

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/untitled4.png)
RingCoreCTs:
Capacity:Thereareavailableformeasuringcurrentsfrom50to5000amps

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/untitled5.png)
Size:withwindows(powerconductoropeningsize)from1to8diameter.
SplitCoreCTs:
Capacity:Thereareavailableformeasuringcurrentsfrom100to5000amps.
Size:withwindowsinvaryingsizesfrom1by2to13by30.
SplitcoreCTshaveoneendremovablesothattheloadconductororbusbardoesnothavetobedisconnectedtoinstalltheCT.
4)Bushing
BushingCTsarewindowCTsspeciallyconstructedtofitaroundabush
ing.Usuallytheycannotbeaccessed,andtheir
nameplatesarefoundonthetransformerorcircuitbreakercontrolcabinets.
Thebushingtypeistypicallyusedaroundthebushingoncircuitbreakersandtransformersandmaynothaveahardprotective
outsidecover.
Donuttypecurrenttransformersaretypicallyinsulatedfor600volts.Toensureaccuracy,theconductorshouldbepositionedin
thecenterofthecurrenttransformeropening.
AccordingtoApplicationofCT:

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TheprincipalrequirementsofameasuringCTarethat,forprimarycurrentsupto120%or125%oftheratedcurrent,its
secondarycurrentisproportionaltoitsprimarycurrenttoadegreeofaccuracyasdefinedbyitsClassand,inthecaseofthe
moreaccuratetypes,thataspecifiedmaximumphaseangledisplacementisnotexceeded.
AdesirablecharacteristicofameasuringCTisthatitshouldsaturatewhentheprimarycurrentexceedsthepercentageof
ratedcurrentspecifiedastheupperlimittowhichtheaccuracyprovisionsapply.Thismeansthatatthesehigherlevelsof
primarycurrentthesecondarycurrentislessthanproportionate.Theeffectofthisistoreducetheextenttowhichanymeasuring
deviceconnectedtotheCTsecondaryissubjectedtocurrentOverload.
OntheotherhandthereverseisrequiredoftheprotectivetypeCT,theprincipalpurposeofwhichistoprovideasecondary
currentproportionaltotheprimarycurrentwhenitisseveral,ormany,timestheratedprimarycurrent.Themeasureofthis
characteristicisknownastheAccuracyLimitFactor(A.L.F.).
AprotectiontypeCTwithanA.L.F.of10willproduceaproportionalcurrentinthesecondarywinding(subjecttotheallowable
currenterror)withprimarycurrentsuptoamaximumof10timestheratedcurrent.
ItshouldberememberedwhenusingaCTthatwheretherearetwoormoredevicestobeoperatedbythesecondarywinding,
theymustbeconnectedinseriesacrossthewinding.Thisisexactlytheoppositeofthemethodusedtoconnecttwoormore
loadstobesuppliedbyavoltageorpowertransformerwherethedevicesareparalleledacrossthesecondarywinding.
WithaCT,anincreaseintheburdenwillresultinanincreaseintheCTsecondaryoutputvoltage.Thisisautomaticand
necessarytomaintainthecurrenttothecorrectmagnitude.Conversely,areductionintheburdenwillresultinareductioninthe
CTsecondaryoutputvoltage.
Thisriseinsecondaryvoltageoutputwithanincreaseinburdenmeansthat,theoretically,withinfiniteburdenasisthecasewith
thesecondaryloadopencircuit,aninfinitelyhighvoltageappearsacrossthesecondaryterminals.Forpracticalreasonsthis
voltageisnotinfinitelyhigh,butcanbehighenoughtocauseabreakdownintheinsulationbetweenprimaryandsecondary
windingsorbetweeneitherorbothwindingsandthecore.Forthisreason,primarycurrentshouldneverbeallowedtoflowwith
noloadorwithahighresistanceloadconnectedacrossthesecondarywinding.
WhenconsideringtheapplicationofaCTitshouldberememberedthatthetotalburdenimposedonthesecondarywindingis
notonlythesumoftheburden(s)oftheindividualdevice(s)connectedtothewindingbutthatitalsoincludestheburden
imposedbytheconnectingcableandtheresistanceoftheconnections.
If,forexample,theresistanceoftheconnectingcableandtheconnectionsis0.1ohmandthesecondaryratingoftheCTis5A,the
burdenofthecableandconnections(RI2)is0.1x5x5=2.5VA.Thismustbeaddedtotheburden(s)oftheconnecteddevice(s)
whendeterminingwhethertheCThasanadequatelylargeburdenratingtosupplytherequireddevice(s)andtheburden
imposedbytheconnections.

ShouldtheburdenimposedontheCTsecondarywindingbytheconnecteddevice(s)andtheconnectionsexceedtherated
burdenoftheCTtheCTmaypartlyorfullysaturateandthereforenothaveasecondarycurrentadequatelylinearwiththe
primarycurrent.
Theburdenimposedbyagivenresistanceinohms[suchastheresistanceofaconnectingcable]isproportionaltothesquareof
theratedsecondarycurrent.Therefore,wherelongrunsofcablebetweenCTandtheconnecteddevice(s)areinvolved,theuseof
a1AsecondaryCTanda1Adeviceratherthan5Awillresultina25foldreductionintheburdenoftheconnectingcablesand
connections.Allburdenratingsandcalculationsareatratedsecondarycurrent.
Becauseoftheforegoing,whenarelativelylong[morethanaveryfewmeters]cablerunisrequiredtoconnectaCTtoitsburden
[suchasaremoteammeter]acalculationshouldbemadetodeterminethecableburden.Thisisproportionaltotheroundtrip
resistance,i.e.twicetheresistanceofthelengthoftwincableused.Cabletablesprovideinformationontheresistancevaluesof
differentsizesofconductorsat20oCperunitlength.

3URWHFWLYH&7
ThecalculatedresistanceisthenmultipliedbythesquareoftheCTsecondarycurrentrating[25for5A,1for1A].IftheVA
burdenascalculatedbythismethodandaddedtotheratedburden(s)ofthedevice(s)tobedrivenbytheCTexceedstheCT
burdenrating,thecablesizemustbeincreased[toreducetheresistanceandthustheburden]oraCTwithahigherVAburden
ratingmustbeused,oralowerCTsecondarycurrentrating[withmatchingchangeinthecurrentratingofthedevice(s)tobe
driven]shouldbesubstituted

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Ratio:input/outputcurrentratio
Burden(VA):totalburdenincludingpilotwires.(2.5,5,10,15and30VA.)
Class:Accuracyrequiredforoperation(Metering:0.2,0.5,1or3,Protection:5,10,15,20,30).
AccuracyLimitFactor:
Dimensions:maximum&minimumlimits
NomenclatureofCT:Ratio,VABurden,AccuracyClass,AccuracyLimitFactor.
Example:1600/5,15VA5P10(Ratio:1600/5,Burden:15VA,AccuracyClass:5P,ALF:10)
AsperIEEEMeteringCT:0.3B0.1ratedMeteringCTisaccu
rateto0.3percentiftheconnectedsecondaryburdenifimped
ance
doesnotexceed0.1ohms.
9. AsperIEEERelaying(Protection)CT:2.5C100RelayingCTisaccuratewithin2.5percentifthesecondaryburdenislessthan1.0
ohm(100volts/100A).

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Theprimaryandsecondarycurrentsareexpressedasaratiosuchas100/5.Witha100/5ratioCT,100Aflowingintheprimary
windingwillresultin5Aflowinginthesecondarywinding,providedthecorrectratedburdenisconnectedtothesecondary
winding.Similarly,forlesserprimarycurrents,thesecondarycurrentsareproportionatelylower.
Itshouldbenotedthata100/5CTwouldnotfulfilthefunctionofa20/1ora10/0.5CTastheratioexpressesthecurrentratingof
theCT,notmerelytheratiooftheprimarytothesecondarycurrents.
Theratedsecondarycurrentiscommonly5Aor1A,thoughlowercurrentssuchas0.5Aarenotuncommon.Itflowsintherated
secondaryload,usuallycalledtheburden,whentheratedprimarycurrentflowsintheprimarywinding.
IncreasingorDecreasingTurnsRatioofCT:
IncreasingNumberofTurn:Increasingthenumberofprimaryturnscanonlydecreasetheturnsratio.Acurrenttransformer
witha50to5turnsratiocanbechangedtoa25to5turnsratiobypassingtheprimarytwicethroughthewindow.
IncreasingorDecreasingTurnsRatio:
Theturnsratiocanbeeitherincreasedordecreasedbywrappingwirefromthesecondarythroughthewindowofthecurrent
transformer.
Increasingtheturnsratiowiththesecondarywire,turnsonthesecondaryareessentiallyincreased.A50to5current
transformerwillhavea55to5ratiowhenaddingasinglesecondaryturn.
Decreasingtheturnsratiowiththesecondarywire,turnsonthesecondaryareessentiallydecreased.A50to5current
transformerwillhavea45to5ratiowhenaddingasinglesecondaryturn.
Decreasingtheturnsratiowiththeprimary,accuracyandVAburdenratingsarethesameastheoriginalconfiguration.
Increasingtheturnsratiowiththesecondarywillimprovetheaccuracyandburdenrating.
Decreasingtheturnsratiowiththesecondarywillworsentheaccuracyandburdenrating.
Whenusingthesecondaryofacurrenttransformertochangetheturnsratio,therighthandruleofmagneticfieldscomesinto
play.WrappingthewhiteleadortheX1leadfromtheH1sideofthetransformerthroughthewindowtotheH2sidewill
decreasetheturnsratio.WrappingthiswirefromtheH2sidetotheH1sidewillincreasetheturnsratio.

UsingtheblackorX2leadastheadjustmentmethodwilldotheoppositeoftheX1(white)lead.WrappingfromtheH1totheH2
sidewillincreasetheturnsratio,andwrappingfromtheH2totheH1sidewilldecreasetheturnsratio.

%XUGHQRI&7
CommonburdenratingsofCT:2.5,5,10,15and30VA.
Theexternalloadappliedtothesecondaryofacurrenttransformeriscalledtheburden.
TheburdenofCTisthemaximumload(inVA)thatcanbeappliedtotheCTsecondary.
Theburdencanbeexpressedintwoways.
Theburdencanbeexpressedasthetotalimpedanceinohmsofthecircuitorthetotalvoltamperes(VA)andpowerfactorata
specifiedvalueofcurrentorvoltageandfrequency.
Formerly,thepracticewastoexpresstheburdenintermsofvoltamperes(VA)andpowerfactor,thevoltamperesbeingwhat
wouldbeconsumedintheburdenimpedanceatratedsecondarycurrent(inotherwords,ratedsecondarycurrentsquared
timestheburdenimpedance).Thus,aburdenof0.5impedancemaybeexpressedalsoas12.5VAat5amperes,ifweassume
theusual5amperesecondaryrating.TheVAterminologyisnolongerstandard,butitneedsdefiningbecauseitwillbefoundin
theliteratureandinolddata.

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TotalburdenofMeasuringCT=SumofMetersBurdeninVA(Ammeter,Wattmeter,Transduceretc.)connectedinseriesto
theCTsecondarycircuit+ConnectingSecondaryCircuitCableBurdeninVA.
Cableburden=I2xRx2L,whereI=CTsecondarycurrent,R=cableresistanceperlength,2Listhetro&frodistanceofcable
lengthLfromCTtometeringcircuits.Ifthepropersizeandshortlengthofwireisused,cableburdencanbeignored.
TheCTsecondarycircuitloadshallnotbemorethantheCTVArating.IftheloadislessthantheCTburden,allmeters
connectedtothemeasuringCTshouldprovidecorrectreading.
InthecaseofMeasuringCurrenttransformer,theburdendependsontheconnectedmetersandquantityofmetersonthe

secondaryi.e.noofAmmeters,KWhmeters,Kvarmeters,Kwhmeters,transducersandalsotheconnectioncableburden(I2xR
x2L)tometeringshallbetakenintoaccount.
NoteMetersburdencanbeobtainedfrommanufacturercatalogue.
SelectedCTburdenshallbemorethanthecalculatedburden

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InthecaseofProtectionCTstheburdeniscalculatedinthesamewayasaboveexcepttheburdenofindividualprotectiverelays
burdenshallbeconsideredinsteadofmeters.TheconnectingcableburdeniscalculatedinthesamewayasmeteringCT
TotalburdenofProtectionCT=ConnectingcableBurdeninVA+sumofProtectiverelaysBurdeninVA.
Allmanufacturerscansupplytheburdenoftheirindividualdevices.Althoughnotusedveryoftenthesedays,inductiondisk
overcurrentdevicesalwaysgavetheburdenfortheminimumtapsetting.Todeterminetheimpedanceoftheactualtapsetting
beingused,FirstSquaretheratioofminimumdividebytheactualtapsettingusedand,secondmultiplythisvaluebythe
minimumimpedance.
Supposeanimpedanceof1.47+5.34jatthe1Atap.Toapplytherelayatthe4Ataptheengineerwouldmultiplytheimpedance
atthe1Atapssettingby(1/4)2.Theimpedanceatthe4Atapwouldbe0.0919+0.3338jor0.3462Zat96.4powerfactor.
TheCTburdenimpedancedecreasesasthesecondarycurrentincreases,becauseofsaturationinthemagneticcircuitsofrelays
andotherdevices.Hence,agivenburdenmayapplyonlyforaparticularvalueofsecondarycurrent.Theoldterminologyof
voltamperesat5amperesismostconfusinginthisrespectsinceitisnotnecessarilytheactualvoltampereswith5amperes
flowing,butiswhatthevoltampereswouldbeat5amperes
Iftherewerenosaturation.Manufacturerspublicationsgiveimpedancedataforseveralvaluesofovercurrentforsomerelays
forwhichsuchdataaresometimesrequired.Otherwise,dataareprovidedonlyforonevalueofCTsecondarycurrent.
Ifapublicationdoesnotclearlystateforwhatvalueofcurrenttheburdenapplies,thisinformationshouldberequested.Lacking
suchsaturationdata,onecanobtainiteasilybytest.Athighsaturation,theimpedanceapproachestheDCresistance.Neglecting
thereductioninimpedancewithsaturationmakesitappearthataCTwillhavemoreinaccuracythanitactuallywillhave.Of
course,ifsuchapparentlygreaterinaccuracycanbetolerated,furtherrefinementsincalculationareunnecessary.However,in
someapplicationsneglectingtheeffectofsaturationwillprovideoverlyoptimisticresults;consequently,itissaferalwaystotake
thiseffectintoaccount.
Itisusuallysufficientlyaccuratetoaddseriesburdenimpedancesarithmetically.Theresultswillbeslightlypessimistic,
indicatingslightlygreaterthanactualCTratioinaccuracy.But,ifagivenapplicationissoborderlinethatvectoradditionof
impedancesisnecessarytoprovethattheCTswillbesuitable,suchanapplicationshouldbeavoided.

Iftheimpedanceatpickupofatappedovercurrentrelaycoilisknownforagivenpickuptap,itcanbeestimatedforpickup
currentforanyothertap.Thereactanceofatappedcoilvariesasthesquareofthecoilturns,andtheresistancevaries
approximatelyastheturns.Atpickup,thereisnegligiblesaturation,andtheresistanceissmallcomparedwiththereactance.
Therefore,itisusuallysufficientlyaccuratetoassumethattheimpedancevariesasthesquareoftheturns.Thenumberofcoil
turnsisinverselyproportionaltothepickupcurrent,andthereforetheimpedancevariesinverselyapproximatelyasthesquare
ofthepickupcurrent.
WhetherCTisconnectedinwyeorindelta,theburdenimpedancesarealwaysconnectedinwye.WithwyeconnectedCTthe
neutralsoftheCTandoftheburdensareconnectedtogether,eitherdirectlyorthrougharelaycoil,exceptwhenasocalledzero
phasesequencecurrentshuntisused.
Itisseldomcorrectsimplytoaddtheimpedancesofseriesburdenstogetthetotal,whenevertwoormoreCTareconnectedin
suchawaythattheircurrentsmayaddorsubtractinsomecommonportionofthesecondarycircuit.Instead,onemustcalculate
thesumofthevoltagedropsandrisesintheexternalcircuitfromoneCTsecondaryterminaltotheotherforassumedvaluesof
secondarycurrentsflowinginthevariousbranchesoftheexternalcircuit.TheeffectiveCTburdenimpedanceforeach
combinationofassumedcurrentsisthecalculatedCTterminalvoltagedividedbytheassumedCTsecondarycurrent.This
effectiveimpedanceistheonetouse,anditmaybelargerorsmallerthantheactualimpedancewhichwouldapplyifnoother
CTsweresupplyingcurrenttothecircuit.
IftheprimaryofanauxiliaryCTistobeconnectedintothesecondaryofaCTwhoseaccuracyisbeingstudied,onemustknow
theimpedanceoftheauxiliaryCTviewedfromitsprimarywithitssecondaryshortcircuited.Tothisvalueofimpedancemust
beaddedtheimpedanceoftheauxiliaryCTburdenasviewedfromtheprimarysideoftheauxiliaryCT;toobtainthis
impedance,multiplytheactualburdenimpedancebythesquareoftheratioofprimarytosecondaryturnsoftheauxiliaryCT.It
willbecomeevidentthat,withanauxiliaryCTthatstepsupthemagnitudeofitscurrentfromprimarytosecondary,veryhigh
burdenimpedances,whenviewedfromtheprimary,mayresult.
Burdenisdependingonpilotleadlength
ForMeteringClassCTsburdenisexpressedasohmsimpedance.ForProtectionclassCTsburdenisexpressasvoltamperes
(VA).
VA

Applications

1To2VA

Movingironammeter

1To2.5VA

Movingcoilrectifierammeter

2.5To5VA

Electrodynamicsinstrument

3To5VA

Maximumdemandammeter

1To2.5VA

Recordingammeterortransducer

Burden(VA)ofcopperwiresbetweeninstrument&currenttransformerfor1Aand5Asecondarys
Cross
Section
(mm2)

CT1AmpSecondaryBurdeninVA(TwinWire)
Distance
10meter

20meter

40meter

60meter

80meter

100meter

1.0

0.35

0.71

1.43

2.14

2.85

3.57

1.5

0.23

0.46

0.92

1.39

1.85

2.31

2.5

0.14

0.29

0.57

0.86

1.14

1.43

4.0

0.09

0.18

0.36

0.54

0.71

0.89

6.0

0.06

0.12

0.24

0.36

0.48

0.6

CrossSection
(mm2)

CT5AmpSecondaryBurdeninVA(TwinWire)
Distance
1meter

2meter

4meter

6meter

8meter

10meter

1.5

0.58

1.15

2.31

3.46

4.62

5.77

2.5

0.36

0.71

1.43

2.14

2.86

3.57

4.0

0.22

0.45

0.89

1.34

1.79

2.24

6.0

0.15

0.30

0.60

0.89

1.19

1.49

10.0

0.09

0.18

0.36

0.54

0.71

0.89

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TheActualburdenisformedbytheresistanceofthepilotconductorsandtheprotectionrelay(s).Theresistanceofaconductor
(withaconstantcrosssectionalarea)canbecalculatedfromtheequation:
R=xL/A
where=resistivityoftheconductormaterial(giventypicallyat+20C),L=lengthoftheconductor,A=crosssectionalarea
Iftheresistivityisgiveninm,thelengthinmetersandtheareainmm2,theequation1willgivetheresistancedirectlyin
ohms.
Resistivity:Copper0.0178mat20Cand0.0216mat75C

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If6wireconnectionisused,thetotallengthofthewire,naturally,willbetwotimesthedistancebetweentheCTandtherelay.
However,inmanycasesacommonreturnconductorisusedasshowninfigurethen,insteadofmultiplyingthedistancebytwo,
afactorof1.2istypicallyused.Thisruleonlyappliestothe3phaseconnectiononly.Thefactor1.2allowsforasituation,where
upto20%oftheelectricalconductorlength,includingterminalresistances,uses6wireconnectionandatleast80%4wire
connection.

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/untitled.png)
Example:thedistancebetweentheCTandtherelayis5metersthetotallengthis2x5m=10meterfor6wireconnection,but
only1.2x5m=6.0meterwhen4wireconnectionisused.

%XUGHQRIWKHUHOD\
Example:TheDistancebetweentheCTsandtheprotectionrelayis15meters,4mm2Cuconductorsin4wireconnectionare
used.Theburdenoftherelayinputislessthan20m(5Ainputs).CalculatetheactualburdenoftheCTat75C,theinput
impedanceislessthan0.020fora5Ainput(i.e.burdenlessthan0.5VA)andlessthan0.100fora1Ainput(i.e.lessthan0.1
VA):
Solution:
=0.0216m(75C)forcopperconductor.
R=xL/A,R=0.0216mx(1.2x15m)/4mm2=0.097
BurdenofCT=0.097+0.020=0.117.
UsingCTsofburdenvalueshigherthanrequired,isunscientificsinceitleadstoinaccuratereading(meter)orinaccuratesensing
offault/reportingconditions.
Basically,suchhighvalueofdesignburdenextendssaturationcharacteristicsofCTcoreleadingtolikelydamagetothemeter
connectedacrossitunderoverloadcondition.e.g.Whenweexpectsecurityfactor(ISF)tobe5,thesecondarycurrentshouldbe
restrictedtolessthan5timesincaseprimarycurrentshootstomorethan5timesitsratedvalue.
Insuchanoverloadcondition,thecoreofCTisdesiredtogointosaturation,restrictingthesecondarycurrentthusthemeteris
notdamaged.However,whenweaskforhigherVA,coredoesntgointosaturationduetolessload(ISFismuchhigherthan
desired)whichmaydamagethemeter.
TounderstandtheeffectonAccuracyaspect,letstakeanexampleofaCTwithspecifiedburdenof15VA,andtheactualburden
is2.5VA:15VACTwithlessthan5ISFwillhavesaturationvoltageof15Volts(15/55),andactualburdenof2.5VAthe
saturationvoltagerequiredshallbe(2.5/5x5)2.5Voltsagainst15VoltsresultingISF=30againstrequiredof5.
Example:DecideWhether5A,20VACTissufficientforfollowingcircuit

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/untitled7.png)

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/untitled10.png)
Totalinstrumentburden=2+2+3+2+4=13VA.
Totalpilotloadresistance=2x0.1=0.2ohm.
With5Asecondarycurrent,voltdropinleadsis5x0.2=1V.
Burdenimposedbybothleads=5Ax1V=5VA.
TotalburdenonCT=13+5=18VA.
AstheCTisrated20VA,ithassufficientmargin.

$FFXUDF\&ODVVRI&7
TheCTaccuracyisdeterminedbyitscertifiedaccuracyclasswhichisstampedonnameplate.Forexample,CTaccuracyclassof
0.3meansthattheCTiscertifiedbythemanufacturertobeaccuratetowithin0.3percentofitsratedratiovalueforaprimary
currentof100percentofratedratio.
CTwitharatedratioof200/5withaccuracyclassof0.3wouldoperatewithin0.45percentofitsratedratiovalueforaprimary
currentof100amps.Tobemoreexplicit,foraprimarycurrentof100Aitiscertifiedtoproduceasecondarycurrentbetween
2.489ampsand2.511amps.
Accuracyisspecifiedasapercentageoftherange,andisgivenforthemaximumburdenasexpressedinVA.Thetotalburden
includestheinputresistanceofthemeterandtheloopresistanceofthewireandconnectionsbetweenthecurrenttransformer
andmeter.
Example:Burden=2.0VA.MaximumVoltagedrop=2.0VA/5Amps=0.400Volts.
MaximumResistance=Voltage/Current=04.00Volts/5Amps=0.080Ohms.
Iftheinputresistanceofthemeteris0.010,then0.070isallowedforloopresistanceofthewire,andconnectionsbetweenthe
currenttransformerandthemeter.Thelengthandgaugeofthewiremustbeconsideredinordertoavoidexceedingthe
maximumburden.
Ifresistanceinthe5amploopcausestheburdentobeexceeded,thecurrentwilldrop.Thiswillresultinthemeterreading
lowathighercurrentlevels.
Asinalltransformers,errorsariseduetoaproportionoftheprimaryinputcurrentbeingusedtomagnetizethecoreandnot
transferredtothesecondarywinding.Theproportionoftheprimarycurrentusedforthispurposedeterminestheamountof
error.
Theessenceofgooddesignofmeasuringcurrenttransformersistoensurethatthemagnetizingcurrentislowenoughtoensure
thattheerrorspecifiedfortheaccuracyclassisnotexceeded.
Thisisachievedbyselectingsuitablecorematerialsandtheappropriatecrosssectionalareaofcore.Frequentlyinmeasuring
currentsof50Aandupwards,itisconvenientandtechnicallysoundfortheprimarywindingofaCTtohaveoneturnonly.
InthesemostcommoncasestheCTissuppliedwithasecondarywindingonly,theprimarybeingthecableorbusbarofthe
mainconductorwhichispassedthroughtheCTapertureinthecaseofringCTs(i.e.singleprimaryturn)itshouldbenotedthat
thelowertheratedprimarycurrentthemoredifficultitis(andthemoreexpensiveitis)toachieveagivenaccuracy.
Consideringacoreofcertainfixeddimensionsandmagneticmaterialswithasecondarywindingofsay200turns(currentratio
200/1turnsratio1/200)andsayittakes2amperesofthe200Aprimarycurrenttomagnetizethecore,theerroristhereforeonly
1%approximately.Howeverconsideringa50/1CTwith50secondaryturnsonthesamecoreitstilltakes2amperestomagnetize
tocore.Theerroristhen4%approximately.Toobtaina1%accuracyonthe50/1ringCTamuchlargercoreand/orexpensive
corematerialisrequired
AccuracyClassofMeteringCT:
MeteringClassCT
Class

Applications

0.1To0.2

Precisionmeasurements

0.5

Highgradekilowatthourmetersforcommercialgradekilowatt
hourmeters

Generalindustrialmeasurements

3OR5

Approximatemeasurements

ProtectiveSystem

CTSecondary

VA

Class

Percurrentforphase
&earthfault

1A

2.5

10P20Or5P20

5A

7.5

10P20Or5P20

Unrestrictedearth
fault

1A

2.5

10P20Or5P20

5A

7.5

10P20Or5P20

Sensitiveearthfault

1Aor5A

ClassPXuserelaymanufacturers
formula

Distanceprotection

1Aor5A

ClassPXuserelaymanufacturers
formula

Differential
protection

1Aor5A

ClassPXuserelaymanufacturers
formula

Highimpedance
differential
impedance

1Aor5A

ClassPXuserelaymanufacturers
formula

Highspeedfeeder
protection

1Aor5A

ClassPXuserelaymanufacturers
formula

Motorprotection

1Aor5A

5P10

AccuracyClassofLetterofCT:
MeteringClassCT
AccuracyClass
B

Applications
MeteringPurpose
ProtectionClassCT

CThaslowleakageflux.

CTcanhavesignificantleakageflux.

CTaccuracyisapplicablewithintheentirerangeofsecondary
currentsfrom5to20timesthenominalCTrating.(Typically
woundCTs.)

CTaccuracyappliesatthemaximumratedsecondaryburden
at20timeratedonly.Theratioaccuracycanbeuptofour
timesgreaterthanthelistedvalue,dependingonconnected
burdenandfaultcurrent.(Typicallywindow,busing,orbar
typeCTs.)

AccuracyClassofProtectionCT:
Class

Applications

10P5

Instantaneousovercurrentrelays&tripcoils:2.5VA

10P10

Thermalinversetimerelays:7.5VA

10P10

LowconsumptionRelay:2.5VA

10P10/5

Inversedefinitemin.timerelays(IDMT)overcurrent

10P10

IDMTEarthfaultrelayswithapproximatetimegrading:15VA

5P10

IDMTEarthfaultrelayswithphasefaultstabilityoraccuratetime
grading:15VA

AccuracyClass:MeteringAccuracyasperIEEEC37.20.2b1994

Ratio

B0.1

B0.2

B0.5

B0.9

B1.8

RelayingAccuracy

50:5

1.2

2.4

CorT10

75:5

1.2

2.4

CorT10

100:5

1.2

2.4

CorT10

150:5

0.6

1.2

2.4

CorT20

200:5

0.6

1.2

2.4

CorT20

300:5

0.6

1.2

2.4

2.4

CorT20

400:5

0.3

0.6

1.2

1.2

2.4

CorT50

600:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

1.2

2.4

CorT50

800:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

1.2

CorT50

1200:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

C100

1500:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

C100

2000:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

C100

3000:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

C100

4000:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

C100

,PSRUWDQWRIDFFXUDF\ SKDVHDQJOH
Currenterrorisanerrorthatariseswhenthecurrentvalueoftheactualtransformationratioisnotequaltoratedtransformation
ratio.
Currenterror(%)={(KnxIsIp)x100}/Ip
Kn=ratedtransformationratio,Ip=actualprimarycurrent,Is=actualsecondarycurrent
Example:Incaseofa2000/5Aclass15VAcurrenttransformer
Kn=2000/5=400turn,Ip=2000A,Is=4.9A
Currenterror=((400x4.92000)x100)/2000=2%
Forprotectionclasscurrenttransformer,theaccuracyclassisdesignedbythehighestpermissiblepercentagecompositeerrorat
theaccuracylimitprimarycurrentprescribedfortheaccuracyclassconcerned.
Accuracyclassincludes:5P,10P

%\SKDVHDQJOH
Phaseerroristhedifferenceinphasebetweenprimary&secondarycurrentvectors,thedirectionofthevectorstobezerofora
perfecttransformer.
Youwillexperienceapositivephasedisplacementwhensecondarycurrentvectorleadprimarycurrentvector.
Unitofscaleexpressedinminutes/centradians.
Circularmeasure=(unitinradian)istheratioofthedistancemeasuredalongthearctotheradius.
Angularmeasure=(unitindegree)isobtainedbydividingtheanglesubtendedatthecenterofacircleinto360degequal
divisionknownasdegrees.
Limitsofcurrenterrorandphasedisplacementformeasuringcurrenttransformer(Classes0.1To1)
Accuracy
Class

+/PercentageCurrent(Ratio)
Errorat%RatedCurrent

+/PhaseDisplacementat%RatedCurrent
Minutes

Centiradians

20

100

120

20

100

120

20

100

120

0.1

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1

15

0.45

0.24

0.15

0.15

0.2

0.75

0.35

0.2

0.2

30

15

10

10

0.9

0.45

0.3

0.3

0.5

1.5

0.75

0.5

0.5

90

45

30

30

2.7

1.35

0.9

0.9

1.0

1.5

180

90

60

60

5.4

2.7

1.8

1.8

limitsofcurrenterrorandphasedisplacementformeasuringcurrenttransformerForspecialapplication
Accuracy
Class

+/PercentageCurrent(Ratio)
Errorat%RatedCurrent

+/PhaseDisplacementat%RatedCurrent
Minutes

Centiradians

20

100

120

20

100

120

20

100

120

0.2S

0.75

0.35

0.2

0.2

0.2

30

15

10

10

10

0.9

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.5S

1.50

0.75

0.5

0.5

0.5

90

45

30

30

30

2.7

1.3

0.9

0.9

0.9

limitsofcurrenterrorformeasuringcurrenttransformers(classes3and5)
Accuracy
Class

+/PercentageCurrent(Ratio)
Errorat%RatedCurrent

50

120

&ODVV;&XUUHQW7UDQVIRUPHU
ClassXcurrenttransformerisuseinconjunctionwithhighimpedancecirculatingcurrentdifferentialprotectionrelay,eg
restrictedearthfaultrelay.AsillustratedinIEC600441,theclassXcurrenttransformerisneeded.
ThefollowingillustratesthemethodtosizeaclassXcurrenttransformer.
Step1:calculatingkneepointvoltageVkp
Vkp={2xIft(Rct+Rw)}/k
Vkp=requiredCTkneepointvoltage,Ift=maxtransformerthroughfaultinampere
Rct=CTsecondarywindingresistanceinohms,Rw=loopimpedanceofpilotwirebetweenCTandthe
K=CTtransformationratio
Step2:calculateTransformerthroughfaultIft
Ift=(KVAx1000)/(1.732xVxImpedance)
KVA=transformerratinginkVA,V=transformersecondaryvoltage,Impedance=transformerimpedance
Step3:HowtoobtainRct
TomeasurewhenCTisproduce
Step4:HowtoobtainRw
Thisistheresistanceofthepilotwireusedtoconnectthe5thclassXCTatthetransformerstarpointtotherelay
IntheLVswitchboard.PleaseobtainthisdatafromtheElectricalcontractororconsultant.WeprovideatabletoServeasa
generalguideoncableresistance.
Example:
TransformerCapacity:2500kVA
Transformerimpedance:6%
Voltagesystem:22kV/415V3phase4wire
Currenttransformerratio:4000/5A
Currenttransformertype:ClassXPR10
CurrenttransformerVkp:185V
CurrenttransformerRct:1.02(measured)
PilotwireresistanceRw:25metersusing6.0mmsqcable
=2x25x0.0032=0.16
Ift=(kVAx1000)/(1.732xVximpedance)=(2500x1000)/(1.732x415x0.06)=57,968(Say58,000A)
Vkp={2xIft(Rct+Rw)}/k={2x58000(1.02+0.16)}/800=171.1.

$FFXUDF\/LPLW)DFWRU
StandardAccuracyLimitFactors:5,10,15,20and30.
AccuracyofaCTisanotherparameterwhichisalsospecifiedwithCTclass.Forexample,ifameasuringCTclassis0.5M(or
0.5B10),theaccuracyis99.5%fortheCT,andthemaximumpermissibleCTerrorisonly0.5%.
AccuracylimitFactorisdefinedasthemultipleofratedprimarycurrentuptowhichthetransformerwillcomplywiththe
requirementsofCompositeError.CompositeErroristhedeviationfromanidealCT(asinCurrentError),buttakesaccountof
harmonicsinthesecondarycurrentcausedbynonlinearmagneticconditionsthroughthecycleathigherfluxdensities.
Theelectricalrequirementsofaprotectioncurrenttransformercanthereforebedefinedas:
SelectionofAccuracyClass&LimitFactor.
Class5Pand10Pprotectivecurrenttransformersaregenerallyusedinovercurrentandunrestrictedearthleakageprotection.
Withtheexceptionofsimpletriprelays,theprotectivedeviceusuallyhasanintentionaltimedelay,therebyensuringthatthe
severeeffectoftransientshaspassedbeforetherelayiscalledtooperate.ProtectionCurrentTransformersusedforsuch
applicationsarenormallyworkingundersteadystateconditionsThreeexamplesofsuchprotectionisshown.Insomesystems,it
maybesufficienttosimplydetectafaultandisolatethatcircuit.However,inmorediscriminatingschemes,itisnecessaryto
ensurethataphasetophasefaultdoesnotoperatetheearthfaultrelay.
CalculationoftheAccuracylimitfactor
Fa=FnX((Sin+Sn)/(Sin+Sa))
Fn=RatedAccuracyLimitFactor,Sin=InternalBurdenofCTsecondaryCoil
Sn=RatedBurdenofCT(inVA),Sa=ActualBurdenofCT(inVA)
Example:TheinternalsecondarycoilresistanceoftheCT(5P20)is0.07,thesecondaryburden(includingwiresandrelay)is
0.117andtheCTisrated300/5,5P20,10VA.Calculatetheactualaccuracylimitfactor.
Fn=20(CTdata5P20),Sin=(5A)20.07=1.75VA,Sn=10VA(fromCTdata),
Sa=(5A)20.117=2.925VA
AccuracylimitfactorALF(Fa)=20X((1.75+10)/(1.75+2.925))=50.3

6HOHFWLRQRI&7
1)IndoorsorOutDoor:
DeterminewhereCTneedstobeused.Indoortransformersareusuallylesscostlythanoutdoortransformers.Obviously,ifthe
currenttransformerisgoingtobeenclosedinanoutdoorenclosure,itneednotberatedforoutdooruse.Thisisacommoncostly
errorinjudgmentwhenselectingcurrenttransformers.
2)WhatdoWeneed:
Thefirstthingweneedtoknowthatwhatdegreeofaccuracyisrequired.Example,ifyousimplywanttoknowifamotoris
lightlyoroverloaded,apanelmeterwith2to3%accuracywilllikelysuitforneeds.Inthatcasethecurrenttransformerneedsto
beonly0.6to1.2%accurate.Ontheotherhand,ifwearegoingtodriveaswitchboardtypeinstrumentwith1%accuracy,wewill
wantacurrenttransformerwith0.3to0.6accuracy.Wemustkeepinmindthattheaccuracyratingsarebasedonratedprimary
currentflowingandperANSIstandardsmaybedoubled(0.3becomes0.6%)when10%primarycurrentflows.Asmentioned
earlier,theratedaccuraciesareatstatedburdens.Wemusttakeintoconsiderationnotonlytheburdenoftheload(instrument)
butyoumustconsiderthetotalburden.Thetotalburdenincludestheburdenofthecurrenttransformerssecondarywinding,the
burdenoftheleadsconnectingthesecondarytotheload,andtheburdenoftheloaditself.Thecurrenttransformermustbeable
tosupportthetotalburdenandtoprovidetheaccuracyrequiredatthatburden.Ifwearegoingtodrivearelayyoumustknow
whatrelayaccuracytherelaywillrequire.
3)VoltageClass:
Youmustknowwhatthevoltageisinthecircuittobemonitored.Thiswilldeterminewhatthevoltageclassofthecurrent
transformermustbeasexplainedearlier.
4)PrimaryConductor:
Ifyouhaveselectedacurrenttransformerwithawindowyoumustknowthenumber,typeandsizeoftheprimaryconductor(s)
inordertoselectawindowsizewhichwillaccommodatetheprimaryconductors.
5)Application:
Thevarietyofapplicationsofcurrenttransformersseemstobelimitedonlybyonesimagination.Asnewelectronicequipment
evolvesandplaysagreaterroleinthegeneration,controlandapplicationofelectricalenergy,newdemandswillbeplacedupon
currenttransformermanufacturersanddesignerstoprovidenewproductstomeettheseneeds

6)Safety:
Forpersonnelandequipmentsafetyandmeasurementaccuracy,currentmeasurementsonconductorsathighvoltageshouldbe
madeonlywithaconductingshieldcylinderplacedinsidetheCTaperture.Thereshouldbealowelectricalimpedance
connectionfromoneendonlytoareliablelocalground.Aninnerinsulatingcylinderofadequatevoltageisolationshouldbe
betweentheshieldcylinderandtheconductorathighvoltage.Anyleakage,inducedorbreakdowncurrentbetweenthehigh
voltageconductorandthegroundshieldwillsubstantiallypasstolocalgroundratherthanthroughthesignalcabletosignal
ground.Donotcreateacurrentloopbyconnectingtheshieldcylindertogroundfrombothends.Currentflowinginthisloop
willalsobemeasuredbytheCT.
7)CToutputsignaltermination:
TheCToutputcoaxialcableshouldpreferablybeterminatedin50ohms.CTcharacteristicsareguaranteedonlywhenCTis
terminatedin50ohms.Theterminationshouldpresentsufficientpowerdissipationcapability.WhenCToutputisterminated
in50ohms,itssensitivityishalfthatwhenterminatedinahighimpedanceload.

,QVWDOOLQJRI&7
Measurementsmusthavethesamepolaritytokeepthepowerfactoranddirectionofpowerflowmeasurementsaccurateand
consistent.
MostCTsarelabelledthatshowswhichsideoftheCTshouldfaceeitherthesourceortheload.

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/untitled1.png)

PrimarySide:ThePrimaryofCTismarkedwithH1andH2(oronlymarkingdotononeside)
ThelabelH1ordotdefinesthedirectionasflowingcurrentintotheCT(H1orthedotshouldfacethePowersourceside).H2
sidetoloadfacingdirection
SecondarySide:TheSecondary(Theoutputwires)ofCTismarkedwithX1andX2.
X1correspondstoH1,ortheinputside.TheX1secondaryterminalisthepolarityterminal.Thepolaritymarksofacurrent
transformerindicatethatwhenaprimarycurrententersatthepolaritymark(H1)oftheprimary,acurrentinphasewiththe
primarycurrentandproportionaltoitinmagnitudewillleavethepolarityterminalofthesecondary(X1).
NormallyCTsshouldnotbeinstalledonliveservices.ThepowershouldbedisconnectedwhentheCTsareinstalled.Many
timesthisisnotpossiblebecauseofcriticalloadssuchascomputers,laboratories,etc.thatcannotbeshutdown.SplitcoreCTs
shouldnotbeinstalledonliveuninsulatedbusbarsunderanyconditions.

0RGLILFDWLRQRI3ULPDU\ 6HFRQGDU\7XUQV5DWLR
Thenameplatecurrentratioofthecurrenttransformerisbasedontheconditionthattheprimaryconductorwillbepassedonce
throughthetransformeropening.Ifnecessary,thisratingcanbereducedinevenmultiplesbyloopingthisconductortwoor
moretimesthroughtheopening.
Atransformerhavingaratingof300ampereswillbechangedto75amperesiffourloopsorturnsaremadewiththeprimary
cable.
Theratioofthecurrenttransformercanbealsomodifiedbyalteringthenumberofsecondaryturnsbyforwardorbackwinding
thesecondaryleadthroughthewindowofthecurrenttransformer.
Byaddingsecondaryturns,thesameprimaryamperagewillresultinadecreaseinsecondaryoutput.
Bysubtractingsecondaryturns,thesameprimaryamperagewillresultingreatersecondaryoutput.Againusingthe300:5
example,addingtwosecondaryturnswillrequire310ampsontheprimarytomaintainthe5ampsecondaryoutputor62/1p=
310p/5s.
Subtractingtwosecondaryturnswillonlyrequire290ampsontheprimarytomaintainthe5ampsecondaryoutputor58s/5p=
290p/5s.Theratiomodificationsareachievedinthefollowingmanner:
Toaddsecondaryturns,thewhiteleadshouldbewoundthroughtheCTfromthesideoppositethepolaritymark.
Tosubtractturns,thewhiteleadshouldbewoundthroughtheCTfromthesamesideasthepolaritymark.
1)ModificationsinPrimaryTurnsRatioofCT:
Theratioofthecurrenttransformercanbemodifiedbyaddingmoreprimaryturnstothetransformer.Byaddingprimaryturns,
thecurrentrequiredtomaintainfiveampsonthesecondaryisreduced.
Ka=KnX(Nn/Na)

Ka=ActualTurnsRation.
Kn=NamePlateT/CRatio.
Nn=NamePlateNumberofPrimaryTurns.
Na=ActualNumberofPrimaryTurns.
Example:100:5CurrentTransformers.

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/untitled8.png)
2)ModificationsinSecondaryTurnsRatioofCT:
Formula:Ip/Is=Ns/Np
Ip=PrimaryCurrent,Is=SecondaryCurrent,Np=NoofPrimaryTurns,Ns=NoofSecondaryTurns
Example:A300:5CurrentTransformer.
Theratioofthecurrenttransformercanbemodifiedbyalteringthenumberofsecondaryturnsbyforwardorbackwindingthe
secondaryleadthroughthewindowofthecurrenttransformer.
Byaddingsecondaryturns,thesameprimarycurrentwillresultinadecreaseinsecondaryoutput.Bysubtractingsecondary
turns,thesameprimarycurrentwillresultingreatersecondaryoutput.
Againusingthe300:5exampleaddingfivesecondaryturnswillrequire325ampsontheprimarytomaintainthe5amp
secondaryoutputor:325p/5s=65s/1p
Deducting5secondaryturnswillonlyrequire275ampsontheprimarytomaintainthe5ampsecondaryoutputor:275p/5s=
55s/1p
Theaboveratiomodificationsareachievedinthefollowingmanner:

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/4.png)
CurrentTransformerRatioModification:
CTRatio

NumberofPrimary
Turns

ModifiedRatio

100:5A

50:5A

200:5A

100:5A

300:5A

150:5A

100:5A

33.3:5A

200:5A

66.6:5A

300:5A

100:5A

100:5A

25:5A

200:5A

50:5A

300:5A

75:5A

AprimaryturnisthenumberoftimestheprimaryconductorpassesthroughtheCTswindow.Themainadvantageofthisratio
modificationisyoumaintaintheaccuracyandburdencapabilitiesofthehigherratio.Thehighertheprimaryratingthebetterthe
accuracyandburdenrating.
Youcanmakesmallerratiomodificationadjustmentsbyusingadditiveorsubtractivesecondaryturns.
Forexample,ifyouhaveaCTwitharatioof100:5A.Byaddingoneadditivesecondaryturntheratiomodificationis105:5A,by
addingonsubtractivesecondaryturntheratiomodificationis95:5A.
SubtractivesecondaryturnsareachievedbyplacingtheX1leadthroughthewindowfromtheH1sideandouttheH2side.
AdditivesecondaryturnsareachievedbyplacingtheX1leadthroughthewindowfromtheH2andouttheH1side.
So,whenthereisonlyoneprimaryturneachsecondaryturnmodifiestheprimaryratingby5amperes.Ifthereismorethanone
primaryturneachsecondaryturnvalueischanged(i.e.5Adividedby2primaryturns=2.5A).
Thefollowingtableillustratestheeffectsofdifferentcombinationofprimaryandsecondaryturns:
CTRATIO100:5A
PRIMARY
TURNS

SECONDARY
TURNS

RATIOADJUSTMENT

100:5A

1+

105:5A

95:5A

50:5A

1+

52.5:5A

45.0:5A

33.3:5A

1+

34.97:5A

31.63:5A

$GYDQWDJHVRIXVLQJD&7KDYLQJ$6HFRQGDU\
ThestandardCTsecondarycurrentratingsare1A&5A,TheselectionisbasedontheleadburdenusedforconnectingtheCTto
meters/Relays.5ACTcanbeusedwhereCurrentTransformer&protectivesdevicearelocatedwithinsameSwitchgearPanel.
1ACTispreferredifCTleadsgoesoutoftheSwitchgear.
ForExampleifCTislocatedinSwitchYard&CTleadshavetobetakentorelaypanelslocatedincontrolroomwhichcanbe
away.1ACTispreferredtoreducetheloadburden.ForCTwithveryHighleadlength,CTwithSecondarycurrentratingof0.5
Ampcanbeused.
InlargeGeneratorCircuits,whereprimaryratedcurrentisoftheorderoffewkiloamperesonly,5ACTsareused,1ACTsare
notpreferredsincetheturnsrationsbecomesveryhigh&CTbecomesunwieldy.

'DQJHUZLWK&XUUHQW7UDQVIRUPHU
WhenaCTsecondarycircuitisclosed,currentflowsthroughit,whichisanexactproportionoftheprimarycurrent,regardless
oftheresistanceoftheburden.IntheCThavearatioof1OOO/5Aandtohave1OOOAflowingintheprimaryiscarryingexactly
5A.

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/untitled9.png)
IfthesecondaryterminalsS1andS2areshortcircuited,thereisnovoltagebetweenthem.
Ifnowtheshortcircuitbereplacedbyaresistanceof,say,0.5ohmthesame5Awillflowthrough,causingavoltdropof2.5V
andaburdenof5x2.5=12.5VA.Iftheresistancewereincreasedto5ohmstheterminalvoltagewith5Aflowingwouldriseto
25Vandtheburdento125VA.
Thegreatertheresistance,thegreaterwouldbethevoltageandburdenuntil,asitapproachedinfinity(theopencircuit
condition),soalsointheorywouldthevoltage(andburden)becomeinfinite.Thiscannotofcoursehappeninpracticebecause
theCTwouldsaturateortheterminalsflashoverduetotheveryhighsecondaryvoltagebetweenthem.Butitdoesshowthe
dangerofopencircuitingthesecondaryofrunningCT.lethalvoltagescanbeproducedatthepointofopening.ThisiswhyCT
secondariesareneverfused.
ThedangerfromanopencircuitedCTistwofold.Itcanproducelethalvoltagesandsoisaveryrealdangertopersonnel.The
highvoltageacrossthesecondarywindingcouldalsocauseinsulationfailureinthatwinding,leadingatbesttoinaccuracyand
atworsttoburnoutorfire.
BeforeeveraninstrumentorrelayisremovedfromthesecondaryloopofarunningCT(ifsuchathinghadtobedone),thewires
feedingthatinstrumentmustfirstbesecurelyshortcircuitedatasuitableterminalboxor,better,attheCTitself.Similarly,ifa
runningCTisevertobetakenoutofcircuit,itmustfirstbefirmlyshorted.CTswith1Asecondarysaremoredangerousthan
thosewith5A,astheinducedvoltagesarehigher.
Ammeterresistanceisverylow,thecurrenttransformernormallyworksshortcircuited.
Ifforanyreasontheammeteristakenoutofsecondarywindingthenthesecondarywindingmustbeshortcircuitedwiththe
helpofshortcircuitswitch.
Ifthisisnotdone,thenduetohighm.m.f.willsetuphighfluxinthecoreanditwillproducesexcessivecorelosswhichproduce
heatandhighvoltageacrossthesecondaryterminals
Hencethesecondaryofcurrenttransformerisneverleftopen

6L]LQJRI&7IRU%XLOGLQJ
Newconstruction:sizetheCTtohandleabout80%ofthecircuitbreakercapacity.Ifthebuildingisservedbya2000amp
breaker,use1600amp(2000x0.8)CTs.
Olderbuildings:thepeakdemandcangenerallybedeterminedfromthepowercompanyorfrompastbillings.Inthiscaseadd
20to30%tothepeakdemandandsizetheCTsforthisload.Ifthepeakdemandwas500kW,thepeakcurrentona480/3/60
systemwouldbe500,000/(480x1.73x0.9pf)=669amps.Thisassumesa0.9powerfactor.(Peakcurrentwouldbehigherwitha
lowerpowerFactor.)UseCTsabout20%larger.800:5CTswouldbeagoodselection.
Forolderbuildingswithnodemandhistory,sizetheCTsthesameasfornewconstruction.Wherepossible,usemultitapCTs

sothattheratiocanbereducedifthemaximumloadismuchlessthan80%ofthebreakersize.
CTsthatareusedtomonitormotorloadscanbesizedfromthenameplatefullloadmotoramps.

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AboutJignesh.Parmar
JigneshParmarhascompletedM.Tech(PowerSystemControl),B.E(Electrical)fromGujaratUniversity.Hehasmorethan13years
experienceinPowerTransmissionPowerDistributionElectricalenergytheftdetectionElectricalMaintenanceElectrical
Projects(PlanningDesigningcoordinationExecution).HeisPresentlyassociatewithoneoftheleadingbusinessgroupasaDeputy
ManageratAhmedabad,India.HeisFreelancerProgrammerofAdvanceExcelanddesignusefulExcelSheetsofElectrical
EngineeringasperIS,NEC,IEC,IEEEcodes.HeistechnicalAuthorforElectricalMirrorandElectricalIndiaMagazines.Heis
TechnicalBloggerandFamiliarwithEnglish,Hindi,Gujarati,Frenchlanguages.HewantstoSharehisexperience&knowledgeand
helptechnicalenthusiaststofindsuitablesolutionsandupdatingthemselvesonvariousEngineeringTopics.

5HVSRQVHVWR&XUUHQW7UDQVIRUPHU
biassays:
June16,2011at5:08pm
greatandexcellenttopic
Reply
RajeshSBVsays:
June19,2011at3:45pm
Niceandinformative.Thankyouverymuch.Mayyourtribeincrease.
Regards
SBVRajesh.
Reply
Manishsays:
July18,2011at3:43am
VeryveryinformativeandcomprehensivenoteonCTs
Manymanythanksforthis..
DopostmoreofthismaybeonPTs
Regards
Manish
Reply
sanjeevKumarsays:
May3,2015at7:17pm

dearsir,

dearsir,
ihaveaquestion,howicandecidetheCTratioinRingMainUnit(HTPanel)forprotectionof630KVATransformerand
whatarefactorsonbasesCTRatiocanbecalculated.
javadahamedsays:
July29,2011at11:05am
veryeasyunderstanding,usefulandinformative
thanksforyourtechnicalsharing
javadahamed
Reply
RandolphEssandohsays:
October26,2011at3:01pm
Couldyoupleasesendmemoreinformationaboutadvantagesanddisadvantagesof1ACTsover5ACTsandrelativecosts.
Thanks
Reply
Niveditasays:
October29,2011at10:45am
Thisisusefulaswellasinformative.WhatIamlookingforisisitpossibletoconvert5ampto1000or4000ampthrough
currenttransformerorthroughanytransformer.Pleasewritetomeonnivedita.nivi@gmail.com.
Reply
SarathChandraSaisays:
October30,2011at6:44pm
Bystudyingthesedatailearnnewmorethingsaboutctsandmostofmydoubtsareclarified.Thankyouverymuch.
Reply
Yoganandsays:
November23,2011at9:26am
HowtocalculatephaseangleerrorforCTSpecificationare1:500Turnsratio,5Ainputcurrent,50ohmspurelyresistiveburden
and30ohmswindingDCR.Cananybodyhelpthiswithformula.
Reply
RobinMathewAssistantEngineerKeralaStateElectrictyBoardPathanamthittaRelaySubdivisionsays:
December3,2011at5:37pm
whilewiringCTsoftransformerpanelformeteringcircuitwhereshouldtheCTwirebestarred..iefacingthebusortransformer
side?Tellmeforbothimportandexport..mailmeinrrobinmathew@gmail.com
Reply
RobinMathewAssistantEngineerKeralaStateElectrictyBoardPathanamthittaRelaySubdivisionsays:
December3,2011at5:45pm
HowtocalculatethefaultMVAin66kV&11kVsideoftwo66/11kV,10MVAtransformerswith%Z=10.068eachforsettingREF
relayatboth66kV&11kVsides.LetfaultMVAat66kVfeederbe1500MVA?
Reply
MilindIngale,Asst.Engg.Pragatielectricals.PvtLtd.says:
January26,2012at3:33pm
gooddiscriptiononCT.Pl.givesuggestionhowtoreduceratioerrorandvkoutinCT.
Reply
ATULsays:
January31,2012at3:09pm
howtofindoutkneevalueofctratio2500/5VA15,CLASS=PXRCT(75C)=.45OHMSVK=105V
Reply
kishoresays:
February6,2012at6:23am
howcanwecalculatectratings?itsanyformula?
Reply
KRISHNAPPANsays:
February12,2012at6:17pm
verygoodinformation.canyouclearmydoubt.
Ifiinject100AcurrentthroughP1ofCTprimary,WhatistheangleicanexpectinP2sideofprimary.Itwillcomesame0degree
or180shift.(notinsecondary)pleasewritemekrishnappan2000@yahoo.co.in
Whatistheadvantagesofwemetionep1andp2
Reply
pradipsays:
March1,2012at8:13am
veryverygoodonedear

veryverygoodonedear
GBY
Reply
Zulfiqarsays:
March20,2012at4:43am
Couldyoupleasesendmemoreinformationaboutadvantagesanddisadvantagesof1ACTsover5ACTsandrelativecosts.
Thanks
Reply
Charliemuneysays:
March20,2012at11:45am
Greatone.Thanksfortheinformation
Reply
Mahendrasays:
March30,2012at12:40pm
VeryGood.
CouldyousendmeinformationabouthowtocalculatecoresID,OD,Heights.
Reply
ArunKumarSinghsays:
May7,2012at6:37am
PleasetellthatjustbymeasuringthewindingresistanceoftheSecoundaryofaCTisitpossibletotellweatheritisPSor5P20
calssCT.ifyeswhatisthetheoryofthesame?
Thanks
Reply
gordonsays:
May7,2012at8:10pm
DoyouhaveanyinfoofZenoxandtieinresistorsinLTC?
Reply
nikhilsays:
August7,2012at4:35pm
ifratioangleerrorismore,whatwillhappen
Reply
Hanhsays:
September27,2012at6:48pm
canyoutellmepls:
Witha300/5CTratio,howmuchisthesecondarycurrentifweinject180AintoprimarywindingsWhatistheratioofa1A
currenttransformerifthereis450ampsareflowingintheprimarywinding?
Reply
Jignesh.Parmarsays:
September28,2012at4:55pm
NotgettingPoint!!!
NormallyCTRatiois300/5=60ifyourinjectcurrentis180AthanyourcurrentinCTprimarysideis180/(300/5)=3A
Reply
alisays:
October22,2012at1:36pm
whathappensif600Aisappliedto300/5Act
Abhijeetsays:
November23,2012at10:27am
ThankuverymuchJigneshSir.YoursnotesonCTisreallyusefulformyprojectworkforselectionofCT.
Reply
ashishsays:
January13,2013at1:36pm
iwantlearnalltypeofcurrenttransformer(b.p.l/cbct).ifsomecoachingavailableplstell.
Reply
RaviKumarsays:
February1,2013at5:33pm
sircanutellmemoreaboutyardCTandohmCT.
Reply
rajeshsays:
February21,2013at7:59pm

RespectedSir,HowtoTestBURDENofCT(Ratio60/5,VA10,Cl1).
RajeshKumar
Reply
Abhijitsays:
May12,2013at6:20am
DearMr.PARMAR
Suchagoodinformation,thanksforsharingtheknowledge.
Regards
Abhijit
Reply
Manikandansays:
May24,2013at9:40am
DearJignesh.Parmar,
Pleasehelpme,howtoreducePhaseangleerrorincurrenttransformer..andpleasetelmetheformulaforcalculatingphase
angleerrorincurrenttransformer..
Reply
manoharsays:
June18,2013at10:52am
whymultipletapsrequiredonprimaryofCT,like220kV,20001000/111A?whtisthereasonbehindthis?
Reply
S.SatyanarayanaRaosays:
June23,2013at1:57pm
siriwantworkedexamplesofmeteringcorecurrenttransformer
Reply
HandieRikiesays:
June30,2013at6:41pm
DearSir,thankyouforthegoodInformation.
ihavesomeProblem.
iusetheCT200:5andmykwhmeteris5A,butigetDifferencesoccurmeasurementresultswiththeresultsofcalculationsabout
30%,maybeyoucanhelpmeprovideinformation
Reply
Srinisays:
July6,2013at11:40am
ThanksalotSir.
Reply
Isurusays:
July15,2013at3:56pm
JustwhatIneeded.Perfect!andthanks!
Reply
G.L.Agarwalsays:
July23,2013at5:58am
whatshouldbekneepointvoltageofprimarycurrenttransformerastheabovecalculationissecondrycurrenttransformer.
Reply
trajasekarsays:
July30,2013at3:51pm
sirwhyweshorttheCtseconaryterminals
Reply
PatelVasantsays:
August30,2013at11:00am
Hellosir
Itsissuchausefullarticle
Butsir,canuplztellme,exactlywhatisInsrumentSecurityFactor???
Indetails
Andhowtoitisusedindesigncalculationsofcurrenttransformer???
Reply
johnsays:
September4,2013at5:38pm
hisircanyoupleasetellmeifyoucanconnectakw/hmeterandaammeteronthesamectandifyoucanhowmuchmusttheva

hisircanyoupleasetellmeifyoucanconnectakw/hmeterandaammeteronthesamectandifyoucanhowmuchmusttheva
be
Reply
parthsays:
September5,2013at6:37am
excellentpieceofinformation.itriedmanybooksbutcouldntfindtheinformationthewayiwantedbuthereeverythingis
availableforCTs.thanksparth
Reply
parthsays:
September5,2013at6:40am
HIjignesh.canyoupleasepostanythingonyourblogwhichshowshowtoselectCTratioforearthfaultandsensitiveearthfault
protectionfromasinglelinediagram???
Reply
K.SriRamaPrasadsays:
September9,2013at10:34am
DearMr.Jignesh,
ThanxforaveryusefulinformationaboutCTs
K.SriRamaPrasad,IBTPLtd,Tuticorin,T.N
Reply
Thomassays:
September17,2013at1:03am
Jignesh,
InformationKnown:
300MVATransmissionLine
CTRatio2000/5
Voltage138kV
WhatCTratiowouldIpickformyprotectiverelays?
Thanks,
Reply
maxsays:
September19,2013at8:01am
thanksforthevalidinfo
Reply
Balajisays:
September21,2013at5:25pm
Hi,
Canyoutellmeimportantsofstarpointsofsecondaryanditsearthing.
Andpleasetellwhyweshort/earthsometimeS1orsometimeS2ofallphase
Reply
PNVSURESHsays:
October12,2013at11:31am
goodinformationprovidedforme
Reply
nishachodankarsays:
November6,2013at3:44pm
verygood
Reply
Mohd.ArifKhansays:
November20,2013at9:05pm
thanxfortheusefullinformation
Reply
mehulkumarsays:
December26,2013at7:37am
SIR,
IreadonCTsbutIwanttoknowaboutmeggeringofaCTprimaryorsecondary.whathappensifwemeggeraCT
Reply
anuragsays:

January1,2014at4:52am
Hellosir,Iamlookingforcoredesignformulaofctandpt.Mayyoupleasehelpme.
Reply
ekosays:
January21,2014at5:12am
thanksforinformation.
whatisdifferencebetweenmulticoreandmultiratio?
Reply
SunilBhargavasays:
April8,2014at5:17pm
veryvaluablepreliminaryinformation
.
Reply
Priteshsays:
June8,2014at4:18am
Nicearticalitcovermostoftopicsregardingct
Reply
kannansays:
July22,2014at2:56pm
howcanasameratioCTshavedifferentvalueofresistance
Reply
VishnuGandhisays:
August1,2014at3:29pm
Verynicearticle.Ihaveaquestion,WhatwillbeaccuracyofprotectionCTinmeteringzone.Manypanelammetersare
connectedtosecondaryofprotectionCT.
Reply
adityaregundwarsays:
August4,2014at5:47am
veryveryinformativearticle.thankyousomuch..
Reply
PrashantVanavalesays:
August4,2014at9:08am
howtocalculateI.S.F.?
Reply
huysays:
August7,2014at2:25am
cantellmeaboutaccuracyclass1.0and3.
Reply
DhavalTamakuwalasays:
October9,2014at6:41am
ReallyusefulArticleThanks
IwanttoknowmoreaboutCurrenttransformeratmeteringside.(CTusedinsidepanelmeters).whataremajordifference
betweenexternalCT&meteringCT?Designconsiderations?etc.
CurrentTransformerhasprimary1turnandsecondarysidemultipleturns.
WhatwillhappenifvoltageisappliedonsecondarysideoftheCT,Ifprimaryhasonly1numberofturn.willitinducecurrentin
primary?anyformula?example?
Onceagainthanksfortopic
Reply
Jimsays:
October13,2014at10:46pm
CanCThavedualaccuracy?Ihavea138kVcircuitbreakerwithabushingCTclassC800&0.3B1.8
Reply
kwamekulafesays:
November17,2014at2:36pm
pleasehelpmefindtheshortcircuitcurrentfor11KVand33KVcurrenttransformer
Reply
VishnuGandhisays:

November27,2014at10:34pm
VeryniceinformationJagdish.Pleasehelpformyfollowingtwoissues.
1.CanIuse50:5CTinplaceof10:1CTforcorebalance?Whatiskeydifferencebetweentwo?2.Inourall4kVpanelswehave
ammeterscoonectedonsecondaryofprotectionCT.WhatisaccuracyofprotectionCTinmeteringzone?AnyroughIdea.
Reply
dsnegisays:
November29,2014at10:52pm
howcurrentdirectionisdefinedinCT
Reply
rushabhsays:
January5,2015at2:27pm
verygoodsir,
thanksalot.
Reply
chandrakumarmangalsays:
January15,2015at1:15pm
yourctleactureisgoodformaintenanceengg&purchasetkssir
Reply
Boopathisays:
January18,2015at7:28am
Niceandusefulinformation.Thankyouverymuch.
Reply
Danushka.K.Ksays:
January22,2015at7:13am
Ifitispossibletoconnect2CTsparallel(S1intoS1)andthentothepoweranalyzer,tomeasureasharedloadoftwosidesofa
commonbusbarset?,
Reply
CALIXTUSTOCHIsays:
February5,2015at11:54am
thankyouverymuchsir
Reply
yuvarajansays:
February28,2015at10:47am
howtofindminimumcurrentenergisedintheCT.
Reply
H.SURYANARAYANARAOsays:
March3,2015at7:12am
DearParmar:weareindebtedtoyoufortheinformationyouhavecollectedandmadeavailabletous
Reply
P.ManojKumarPatrosays:
April28,2015at12:50pm
DearSir,
PleasetellmethereisoneonecustomerisrequiredPFtestterminalincaseofCT,whatisthemeaningforthesame.Itis
applicableinoilcooledCTs?
Reply
sowmyasays:
April29,2015at7:19pm
DearSir,kindlyclarifyinsimplelaymanterms.
CurrentthroughCTmeterviaTransformerfromthemainlines.
Ihaveacurrenttransformerwith1mainmeteroutsidethebuildingandacontrolpanelhaving5CTmeterswithblackround
coilsinsidethebuilding.Iwanttoknow,A)whencurrentpassthroughtheTransformers,willthecurrentbereducedorbethe
sameandafterthatB)whencurrentpassthroughtheCTmeterswithblackroundcoils,willthecurrentbereducedorbethe
same.C)intheaboveprocesswillthereadingofthemainmeterbesameordifferent,fromthetotalreadingofallthe5CT
meters.
Reply
sowmyasays:
April30,2015at7:52am
Dearsir,kindlyclarifyissimplelaymanwords,

Dearsir,kindlyclarifyissimplelaymanwords,
CurrentthroughCTmeterviaTransformerfromthemainlines.
Ihaveacurrenttransformerwith1mainmeteroutsidethebuildingandacontrolpanelhaving5CTmeterswithblackround
coilsinsidethebuilding.Iwanttoknow,A)whencurrentpassthroughtheTransformers,willthecurrentbereducedorbethe
sameandafterthatB)whencurrentpassthroughtheCTmeterswithblackroundcoils,willthecurrentbereducedorbethe
same.C)intheaboveprocesswillthereadingofthemainmeterbesameordifferent,fromthetotalreadingofallthe5CT
meters.
Reply
elektmsays:
May20,2015at1:07pm
Pleasehelp,Ineedtoinstall100ACTKWHmeter,sowhichsizeoftheCTineedtouse?
Reply
ravisankarsays:
July11,2015at5:55am
SharedgoodknowledgeaboutbasicsofCTs.Thankyouandrequestyoutopleasesharesomeknowledgeaboutstressshield
connectionohhighratingwindowtypeCT
Reply
jigyeshsharmasays:
July22,2015at1:21am
HowtodecidetheshortingneutralpointinCTsecondariesfordifferentialprotection?
Reply
rangasays:
July24,2015at7:38am
vvvvvvgood
Reply
Atifsays:
July28,2015at7:49pm
SircanyouprovidesuchausefulandcomprehensiveinformationaboutPT?Icouldtfoundsucharticleinthiswebsite.
Reply
shraddharasalsays:
July31,2015at3:42am
DearSir,
ThisisveryinformativeandusefulinformationofCT.Thankusomuch.ItclearsmyallconfusionaboutCT.
Reply
Manikandansays:
August18,2015at6:51am
DearJignesh.Parmar,
Pleasehelpme,howtoreducePhaseangleerrorincurrenttransformer..andpleasetelmetheformulaforcalculatingphase
angleerrorincurrenttransformer..
Reply

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