1.

Structure characteristics
Structure
Span
Level height:
Bay
Location:

6 stories (P+5E)
7.5 m
4m
7.5 m
Timsoara

The columns are are made from europrofiles, having a Maltese cross cross-section. Profiles
used-HE650B
Beams- principal beams are IPE 550
-secondary beams IPE 400

Structura cladirii

Vedere in plan

Sectiune transversala

Sectiune longitudinala

Cadrele din transversal si longitudinale sunt cadre cu noduri rigide(MRF).Planseul structurii este realizat din
beton armat si reazema pe grinzile secundare.

2. Design of the structure

2.1 Loads
Permanent load- 5 kN/sqm
Live load

-4 kN/sqm

Loads by tributary area for intermediary beams

Permanent load: 5 kN/sqm x 1.875 =9.375 kN/m
Live load

: 4 kN/sqm x1.875=4.68 kN/m

Loads by tributary area for end beams

Permanent load: 5 kN/sqm x 0.9475 =4.68 kN/m
Live load

: 4 kN/sqm x0.9475=4.68 kN/m

Permanent load

Live load

2.2 Calculation of masses

M3

M1
M11

M2

M1=36 t
M2=18 t
M3=9 t

2.3 Seismic action

Location Timisoara
Ag=0.20g
TB=0.14 s

TC=0.7 s

TD=3.00 s

Behaviour factor for moment resisting frame is q=6.5

Design response spectrum obtained and introduce in Sap200

2.4 Load combinations

2.4.1 Ultimate limit states combination
1.35 P + 1.5 L
2.4.2 Serviceability limit states combinations
1 P + 1L
2.4.3 Seismic combination
1 P + 0.4 L + Aed
For the design of the columns the following combination was introduced
1 P + 0.4 L + Aed where is the overstrength factor equal to 3

2.5 Structures modes of vibration

Mode 1 T=1.03 s

Mode 2 T=1.00 s

Mode 3 T=0.88 s

TABLE: Modal Participating Mass Ratios

OutputCase StepType StepNum Period
UX
UY
UZ
SumUX SumUY SumUZ
RX
Text
Text Unitless Sec Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless
MODAL
Mode
1 1.033347 0.78969
0
0 0.78969
0
0
0
MODAL
Mode
2 1.005628
0 0.79128
0 0.78969 0.79128
0 0.92829
MODAL
Mode
3 0.888876
0
0
0 0.78969 0.79128
0
0
MODAL
Mode
4 0.308018 0.11453
0
0 0.90422 0.79128
0
0
MODAL
Mode
5 0.300869
0 0.11367
0 0.90422 0.90495
0 0.00031
MODAL
Mode
6 0.265633
0
0
0 0.90422 0.90495
0
0
MODAL
Mode
7 0.155558 0.05032
0 2.995E-19 0.95454 0.90495 3.003E-19 5.511E-19
MODAL
Mode
8 0.152792
0 0.04989 6.911E-19 0.95454 0.95484 9.915E-19 0.00292
MODAL
Mode
9 0.134677
0
0 8.786E-20 0.95454 0.95484 1.079E-18 1.579E-20
MODAL
Mode
10 0.094599 0.0272
0 7.798E-19 0.98175 0.95484 1.859E-18 1.667E-16
MODAL
Mode
11 0.093327 1.192E-20 0.02697 3.841E-17 0.98175 0.98181 4.027E-17 0.00015
MODAL
Mode
12 0.082097
0
0 1.858E-17 0.98175 0.98181 5.885E-17 3.109E-18

RY
Unitless
0.95156
0
0
0.00026
0
0
0.00305
1.8E-19
1.111E-20
0.00015
3.444E-17
1.78E-18

RZ
Unitless
0
0
0.79088
0
0
0.11365
0
0
0.05012
0
0
0.02711

Sum of effective modal mass must be higher then 90% of the total mass of the structure

2.6 Checking of displacements

2.6.1 Checking of displacements at SLS
The displacements at SLS were checked form the following combination
1.0 P + 0.3 L + vqAED where v=0.5 and q=6.5

SumRX
Unitless
0
0.92829
0.92829
0.92829
0.9286
0.9286
0.9286
0.93152
0.93152
0.93152
0.93167
0.93167

SumRY
Unitless
0.95156
0.95156
0.95156
0.95182
0.95182
0.95182
0.95487
0.95487
0.95487
0.95501
0.95501
0.95501

SumRZ
Unitless
0
0
0.79088
0.79088
0.79088
0.90453
0.90453
0.90453
0.95465
0.95465
0.95465
0.98176

Displacements on X direction
Nivel

Dr,SLS [mm]
1
2
3
4
5
6

Dr,a SLS

5.2
9.75
10.07
8.77
6.82
4.55

26.25

Displacements on Y direction
Nivel
1
2
3
4
5
6

Dr,SLS [mm]
4.87
9.42
9.42
7.15
6.17
4.22

Dr,a SLS
26.25

2.6.2 Checking of displacements at ULS

The displacements at SLS were checked form the following combination
1.0 P + 0.3 L + cqAED and q=6.5 and c=1
Displacements on X direction
Nivel
1
2
3
4
5
6

Dr,SLS [mm]
10.2
19.5
20.14
17.54
13.64
9.1

Dr,a SLS

Dr,SLS [mm]
9.74
18.84
18.84
14.3
12.34
8.44

Dr,a SLS

87.5

Displacements on Y direction
Nivel
1
2
3
4
5
6

87.5

2.7 Checking for the stability of the structure under gravity loads.
Second order effects P-
The verification was done under the following case of loading
1.35 p + 1.5 L
In Sap2000 a new load case was create,type buckling.
After the analysis, the coefficient of critical loading crit was obtained as being 33.
Because if this the second order effects can be neglected and the structure is classified as
being a structure with fixed joints crit.>10

2.8 Checking the resistance of the beams

The most demanding combination is
1.35 P +1.5 L +Imperfections.

2.9 Checking the resistance of the columns

For the column verification a new combination was introduced tacking into account the
overstrength of the columns
1.0 P +0.3 L + AED
Where is an overstrength factor equal to 3.
=1.1 ov Mpl,RD/MED

Tying method
Ties have to be placed:
Around the perimeter at each level and;
Internally in two perpendicular directions for the tying of the columns and the walls

Key element method

Exceptional event: impact of a vehicle

Column 1

Column 2

2 facades are considered with the 2 shown columns.

Loads are considered for the impact with a vehicle:

-on X direction a force of 500 kN
-on Y direction a force of 250 kN.
-the forces are not considered in the same time.

Three situations are taken into account

1. Column 1 under force of 500 kN at 1.5 m height- X direction
2. Column 1 under force of 250 kN at 1.5 m height- Y direction
3. Column 2 under force of 500 kN at 1.5 m height- X direction

Checking of the column

Situation 2:Column under force of 250 kN-Y direction

Bending moment diagram from the concentrated force

Checking of the column

Alternate path load method

Study the load redistribution within the structure following an extreme loading
A supporting member (column) is removed one at a time, to ensure that the building remains
stable and the admissible local damage is not exceeded.
After the removal of the member the structure must remain steady as a whole.
For this method, 4 simplified scenarios are taken into account. Each scenario considers the
removal of a different column form the ground floor.
First scenario: marginal column
Second scenario: corner column
Third scenario: internal column
Fourth scenario: Corner and marginal column

First scenario: Removal of a marginal column

Loads assessment
For the analysis the following combination of loads is considered
1.0 P + 0.5 L
This combination will be denoted as the Accidental combination

Step 1
From the accidental combination, the axial force in the column to be removed is obtained.
NED=1420 kN.

Step 2
The column is removed, and the axial force from the column is introduced as a concentrated
force

Step 3
Defining the ramp functions.2 ramp functions are defined.1 function for the loads from the
accidental combination and the other function for the load for the axial force in the column.
Function 1-for the loads from the accidental combination

At time equal to 0 - value of loading is 0

At time equal to 1 value of loading is 1
At time equal to 4 - value of loading is 1

Function 2 for the axial load in the column

The removal of the column should be made instantaneously.\

Step 5
A time history load case will be created, where the 2 types of loading will be introduced-the
gravity loads form the accidental combination and the loads form the removal of the column.

Step 6
Assignment of plastic hinges
At the end of each beam, plastic hinges will be assigned

Results

It can be observed that the maximum displacement of the joint, above the removed column is
32.8 mm
Rotation: 0.0017 rad
The elements remain the elastic zone, no plastic hinges are formed.

Alternate path load method Scenario II

Removal of a corner column

The same steps are to be followed.

Results

Maximum displacement of the joint 30.1 mm

Rotation 0.0021 rad.
No plastic hinges are formed.

Alternate path load method Scenario III

Removal of a central column

Same steps are to be followed

Results

Maximum displacement of the joint is 41.9 mm.

Rotation is 0.0001 rad.
No plastic hinges are formed

Alternate path load method Scenario III

Removal of a corner and a marginal column.

The columns will be consider inefficient in the same time.

Results

Displacements at the corner joint

Max displacement is at the corner joint-62.1 mm

Rotation 0.00259 rad
No plastic hinges are formed

Displacements at the marginal joint

Displacement of the joint 52.9 mm.

Rotation 0.00217 rad.
No plastic hinges are formed.