WELDED CONTINUOUS FRAMES AND THEIR COMPONENTS

MOMENT-CURVATURE-THRUST PROGRAM
FOR WID E FLANG E SHAP ES
<aD

DEPARTMENT OF CIVil ENGINEERING

\.fRITZ ENGINEERING LABORATORY

by

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY
".' BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA

"\.\1..

Yuhshi Fukumoto

This work has been carried out as part of an

investigation sponsored jointly by the Welding Research
Council and the Department of the Navy with funds
furnished by the following:
American Institute of Steel Construction
American Iron and Steel Institute
Institute of Research, Lehigh University
Column Research Council (AdvisQry)
Office of Naval Research (Contra~~~Noc 610 (03)
Bureau of Ships
Bureau of Yards and Docks
Note:

For distribution to~research members in

Fr~~z'Engineering Laboratory only.

Fritz Engineering Laboratory

Department of Civil Engineering
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, pennsylvania
August, 1,963

Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report Noo 205Ao37

205A.37

SYNOPSIS
A computational procedure for the determination of
the moment-curvature-thrust relationships is presented for asrolled steel wide-flange beam-columns bent about their strong
axis.
The computer program (WIZ language, GE 225 computer)
is developed for the determination of the moment-curvaturethrust curves of wide-flange shapes under the presence of the
cooling residual stresses.
Comparisons of the moment-curvature-thrust curves
are given for different wide-flange shapes, yield stresses
and residual stress distributions.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
page

SYNOPSIS

i.

1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

COMPUTER PROGRAM

3.

DISCUSSION

4.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

5.

FIGURES

10

6.

APPENDICES

18

NOTATION;

22

8.

REFERENCES

24

..

205A.37

-1-

1.

INTRODUCTION

The determination of the

M-~-P

relationships is

accomplished by assuming a specific stress distribution, and

thus a yielded pattern, and then computing the corresponding
value of P, M and

p=10

from geometry and equilibrium, that is,

dA ;

'oM =

la-

ydA ;

The stress-strain diagram of the member is assumed

to be ideally elastic-plastic (Fig. 1), and the cross section
is an idealized wide-flange shape where the variation in the
thickness of the flanges and the fillets at the toe are
neglected (Fig. 2).

Cooling residual stresses are present

along the member with the assumed distribution(l) as shown in

Fig. 2.
As the moment is increased under a given constant
axial thrust, yielding will first occur at the outside tips
of the compression flange where the compressive residual stress
is maximum, and as M is increased, yielding will continue to
penetrate through the flange.

Eventually yielding occurs in

the tension flange and the web, and finally the full plastic
condition is developed.

20SA.37

-2-

The non-dimensionalized M/My -

0/0y

- p/py relation-

ships about the strong axis have been determined for the
following five different stages of yielding in wide-flange
sections containing residual stresses:
(1) Elastic case (Fig. 3a)
(2) Partial yielding in the compression flange,
with yielding progressing from the flange
tips towards the center while the web and
the tension flange remain elastic (Fig. 3b)o
(3) Partial yielding in the compression flange,
in the tension zones of the web and in the
tension flange (Fig. 3c).
(4) Partial yielding in the compressed part of
the web, while the remainder of the web and
the tension flange are elastic and the com-

pression flange is fully plastic (Fig

3d)o

(5) Partial yielding in both the compressiDn and

tension zones of the web, and full plasticity
in the compression and tension flanges (Figg 3e)o
The five yielded patterns enumerated above do not
include all the stages of yielding which are encountered in
a wide-flange shape which contains the residual stresses shown

in

Fig~

2, but they permit the construction of the

M-~-P

curves

over the ranges of most importance.

The equations for M-0-p relationships are quite

complicated and cumbersome, and a semi-graphical method has
been used previously to determine

M~~-P

curves for specified

cross sections (1)(2)

0

Since it was desired to utilize a digital computer

for the work, the equations here were solved analyticallyQ

The formulas are summarized in Table 1 in Refs. (3) and (4)0
The table contains the following items for each different
yielding pattern shown in Fig. 3.
(1) Given parameters (that is, cross-sectional
dimensions, P/py , 0/0y , material properties).

(2) Limits of the formulas.

(3) The extent at yielding, a,

, etc.

(4) The moment equations which correspond to

the specified curvature, thrust and the
yield patterno

COMPUTER PROGRAM

A computer program (WIZ language) for the digital

computer GE 225 has been set up for the determination of the
M-0-p relationshipso

The program includes the M-0-p

relation~

ships for cases (b), (d) and (e) in Fig. 3. *

A general flow diagram of the M-0-P program is shown
in Fig. 40

The computational procedures are explained as

follows:

(1) The information required as input data:*

(a) Cross-sectional dimensions, that is,
b, d, t, and w (see Fig. 2)t

(b) Rc = ~cAry, ratio of the maximum compressive residual stresses, lr rc' to the
yield stress, (f'yo

(c)

Inc~ements

of curvature, kl, k2, k3 and

k4' where kl is the increment of curvature for the yield pattern of Figo 3 (b),

k 2 is for case (d) in Figo 3 or f/J/f/Jy=S.O,

k3 is for case (e) in

Fig~

3 or f/J/f/Jy=lO.O,

and k4 is for f/J/f/J y =20.

*
,

The program for case (c) in Figo 3 is developed only for pip =0
as a separate program. Input instructions are given in Appe~=
d,ix B for this case-~ and, Ap~endix A for the general cq.se

~);~"~--:C~:-TS:;;::':~~'~::;-:;~<:,r;,:~,';::t';V',ftf"~~~~ {tti~;'T~~-:~.' "

~
,

. ~...

::

t',;.,":: i ;:;f"~r?TJ:::i'~'(,'\''''';~,:7=':;T --":-"~- ,"-- -'-e- - . - - - - - ""

'

~ ~. ~

.....

"

_'.' ~'-:., ",'-_.~~~~j~~:~::;'.:c;.,,~:Z~~-~~~~~~. ~ ~

c, .

.'- -

,.

-s~

205A 037

(d) The value of P/Py

The moment-curvature

relationships will be computed under a

constant value of p/Py
(2) The program will give the shape factor, f,

and also the non-dimensionalized modified

plastic moment, Mpc/My , for the specified

wide-flange shape and the axial

thrust~

(3) The program calculates the yield extensions

(}, ~ , or l'1, and ~ 2 for the specified

f/J/f/J y

The computer starts to calculate with the

initial value of

f/J/f/J y

the elastic limit.

which corresponds to

It will check the cal-

culated yield extensions with the limits

which are defined for each different yield
pattern, and it will determine the correct
yield pattern"
(4) The computer will calculate the value M/My

for the ~/0y and for the corresponding yield

pattern.

If the specified

f/J/f/J y

is beyond or

between these yield patterns, the program will

give new values of

f/J/f/J y

until it finds the

corresponding yield patterns

-6-

(5) The M/My -

~/~y

yield extensions are printed

as the results and at the same time

the

M/My - ~/0y values are punched on cards.*

(6) If the 0/0 y is less than 20,** the program

will repeat the same process for the new

0/~y.

The increments of 0/0 y will be given

by Step (1) (c)o

The program will return to

"start H when 0/0y reaches 20 and read another

set of input data.

**

These cards can be used as the input data for calculating

the column deflection curves or the deformations of the
beam-columns in the inelastic range.
% =20 is arbitrarily picked to be assumed the value

whi6h gives

M/.My

in the nearly flat portion of the curve.

-7-

205A.37

3.

DISCUSSION

Comparisons of the M-0-p relationships for different

wide-flange shapes and for different magnitudes of the yield

stresses and the residual stresses will be made in this sectiono
Wide-Flange Shapes
The M-0-p relationships can be presented as a

family of curves, with M/My as the ordinate and 0/0y as the

abscissa; each curve is for a constant value of p/Py .

curves for the 8WF31 section are shown in Fig.

5~

Such

Also

shown on the curves in Fig. 5 are the zones in which the

various patterns of yielding given in Fig. 3 occur.

It can

be seen that yield patterns (b) and (c) are the most prevalent
ones for p/py=O and yield patterns (b) and (d) are the most
prevalent ones if an appreciable axial thrust exists
In Fig. 6 the
wide-flange shapes.

M-~-P

curves are compared for different

One is for the 8WF31 section (f

and the other is for the 14WF246 section (f

p/p y = 0.4.

These two shapes

(P/Py~Oo2).

repre~ent

= 1 107)
q

= 1 167) for
0

the lower and higher

shape factor among the common wide flange shapes~*

For wide-flange shapes normally used as columns the shape

factor varies from 1.10 to 1 23 with an average value of
1.137 and a mode (most frequently observed value) of
1 115(5)0
0

-8-

In Fig. 7 the curves for the 8WF31 and the 14WF246

section are shown with M/MY as ordinate.

The

M-~-P

curves

become close together and are nearly independent of the shape

factors when the curves are

M/M p -

~/~y

preser~ted

on the non-dimensionalized

ordinates for a constant value of P/p y

Yield Stresses
When the M-0-p relationships are given by the nondimensionalized M/M y -

~/~y

- pip

parameters, the relation.

ships are independent of the influence of the different

yield stress levels.
Residual Str.esses

In Fig o 8 the M-0-p curves are shown with different

magnitudes of the residual stresses,

Rc =~rc/ry,

for

the 8WF3l section and P/p y = 0.2.

The different magnitudes of the residual stresses
change the M-0-p curves considerably at the early stage (at
the commencement of yielding) where the inelastic lateral
instability phenomena become important~3)(4)

..-

-9-

205A.37

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is part of a general investigation "Welded

Continuous Frames and Their Components" currently being carried
out at the Fritz Engineering Laboratory of the Civil Engineer-

ing Department of Lehigh University under the general

of Lynn S. Beedle.

dire~tion

Wo J. Eney is head of the Civil Engineering

Department and the head of Fritz Engineering Laboratory.

The

investigation is sponsored jointly by the Welding Research

Council and the Department of the Navy, with funds furnished
by the American

Insti~ute

of Steel Construction, the American

Iron and Steel Institute, Lehigh University Institute of Research,

the Office of Naval Research, the Bureau of Ships, and the Bureau
of Yards and Docks

The Column Research

C~~ncil

acts in an

advisory capacity.
The author wishes to express his appreciation to

Dr o Theodore Ve Galambos for his fruitful suggestions and to

Messrs

Pierre Chevin and Peter Adams for their help in pro-

gramming of the computationso

-10-

205A 037

5.

FIGURES

11

205A.37

C/)

en
w
a::
J-

en

STRAIN

IDEALIZED STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

FIG. 1

O'"rc

art

tr

---'

l-t-----b _-=-~.---..;..I__

tTrt

CTrt

FIG. 2

ASSUMED COOLING RESIDUAL STRESS PATTERN

tv

l.n

>

'"'
ab

ab

H
JId

"'V"i

(a)

(b)

FIG. 3

( c)

.I vd

I'----~-

(d)

(e)

YIELD PATTERNS FOR WIDE-FLANGE CROSS-SECTION

t-l

V1

>
W

f/J/epy

"-J

Out of
limits

=f/J~y + K, ,K2 ,K 3
or K4

Calculate

M/M y
for Fig. 3(b)

Read data

w::

Rc
K, ,K 2,K3 !<4

'7py

No

Calculate
yield
extensions
a, y, )'j'Y2

Print

Check limits
for each yield

My-

pattern

ep Yield
epy - ratio

Calculate

M/M y
for Fig. 3 (d)
Card
Calculate

M/M y
for Fig. 3( e)

FIG. 4

BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR C01:1PUTATIONAL PROCEDURES

Jo-L

l..U

(0 )

.f.y =0

(b) .(c)

0.2

1.0

My

\J1

>

pc

M = 1.003
.. My

v.>

-....,J

----~

(0 )

M
My

Mp = 1.107

(e) for

T", >8.95

0.4

0.6

=0.765

=0.517

0.5

(d)

-t/J

4>y

FIG. 5

MOMENT-CURVATURE-THRUST RELATIONSHIPS,
FOR STRONG AXIS BENDING, 8WF31, Rc =O.3

t-J

+'

Vt

'-l

1.0

14YF246

~=O.8128
My ( 14 YF246 )

M
My

=0.7649
(8~31)

8YF31

1:=0.4
Py
U rc =O.3-cry

2.0

1.0

3.0

cfyepy
}-\

Vi

FIG. 6

MOMENT-CURVATURE-THRUST RELATIONSHIPS
FOR STRONG AXIS BENDING, 8WF31~ 14WF246

I"

VI

.>w

........

1.0

8 YF31

pc =0.6963

Mp

(14 w=- 246)

=0.6912

M
Mp

14

w=-

(8VF31)

246

0.5

.f.
=0.4
P
y

crrc = 0.3 o-y

1.0

0.2

47y

1 _

3.0

u""\

FIG. 7

MOMENT-CURVATURE-THRUST RELATIONSHIPS,
USING M/~ AS ORDINATE

pc

My

1.0

= I. 003
N

Ln

>

'-oJ

0.9

arc=OJ cry

urc=O.2 CTy
arc: 0.3 o-y

0.8

M
My
P
F?=O.2

0.7

w:-

31

0.6

0.5

2.0

1.0

3.0

</YeP.

t--l
--....j

FIG. 8

MOMENT-CURVATURE-THRUST RELATIONSHIPS,
SHOWING INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESS

LEVEL

205A.37

-18-

APPENDICES

INSTRUCTION FOR THE M-0-p PROGRAM

Input Data
Punch the corresponding numerical data appearing in

the following items:

1st card (a):

WF B D T WRC

Example 8WF31,

~rc

Punch 80*31 8~O

2nd card (b):

kl

k2

Example 0.05

3rd card (c):

k3
0.2

= O.3ry

8.0

0.433

0.288

0.3

k4
1

p/py

If only one set of M/My versus 0/0y is desired,

after (c), place the "END" card followed by a blank card.

The program will stop by reading the End card as a 'data

If other sets of MA1y versus 0/0y are needed, the

following different cases may be incorporated:
(1) Only pipy changes; after (c) place another card
(c) with the new p/py
(2) Either one of the coefficients kl, k 2 , k3' k4
changes, after (c) place a card with It-I", then

0 is zero not the letter.

-19-

card (b) with the new set of k 1 , k 2 , k 3 , k4'

and card (c) with the new p/P y
(3) Either one of the values WF shape on Rc changes;
after (c) place a card with tt-1-1 '1, then cards

(a) (b) and (c) with the new set of values

In the data deck, the first card will be of the

card (a) type and the last one will be of the card (c) type,

then "END" card and a blank card.

Computer Output

The following is an example of the

computer~'output:

Printed
140246 $ WF
(Interpreted as 14WF246)

1.1672498 + 00 $ F
(f = 1.1672498;shape ,factor)

100508321

M/My

O/Oy

.',' (0/0 y )

AL
(a)

00 $ MPCOMY
(Mpc/My = 1(0508321)"

2 0000000 - 01 $ POpy
(p /p y = 0.2)

GA

GAl

(t)

( )t 1) ,

GA2
(,(2)

Punched

6l\e pair of M/My ve'rsu.$ (IJ/0 y values on"each .

card o

Interpretation of results:
(1) in the last two printed lines"

f/J/f/J y

= 200

and '/J/f/J y

that is, for

-1, the value of

t',

~l'

and 'l/ 2 are not to be considered.

The computer

simply prints what is in the corresponding

memory lQcation.
(2) For ~/~y = 200 (=00)

'/J/ '/Jy

= -1

Mpc/My

M/My

M/My

= -1

These four values are placed at the end of the

output data artificially.

B.

INSTRUCTION FOR THE

(P/Py = 0)

M-~-P

PROGRAM FOR CASE (c) IN

FIG. 3.

Input Data

Punch the corresponding numerical data appearing in

the following items:
1st card (a):

2nd card (b):

~/'/Jy

RC

(=F}

The elastic limit value of '/J/'/Jy may be punched on

the 2nd card o

If only one set of M/My versus '/J/'/Jy is desired,

after (b), place the,t'E;ND I1 card followed by a blank card o

The

program will stop by reading the End card as a data o

If other sets of M/My versus C/J/'/Jy are needed, after (b),

-21-

place a card (a) with new set of B D T

W RC and card (b)

with the new 0/0y

In the data deck, the first card will be of the card
(a) type and the last one will be of the card (b) type, then
"END" card and a blank: card

Computer Output

The following is an example of the computer output:

Printed

Al
204327348-01
(C\ =0024327348)
.,

OlDY
('/J / 0y )

Mo/MY

(M/~)

'ALPHA

( Q!)

('1')

()1)

*------------~----------------------ell (=Al) represents the lower limit

starts to penetrate into
the tension flangeo ~

0('" q. at which yielding

the-~en~ion

zones'6f .the

w~b

and

-22-

205A~37

NOTATION

Area of cross section

Flange width

Depth of section

Shape factor, f = Z/S

Bending moment
Plastic moment
Plastic moment modified to include the effect

of axial thrust
My

Moment at which yielding first occurs in flexure,

My

sry

Axial thrust
Axial thrust corresponding to yield stress level,
P y = Al"y

Rc = \rrc/ry, Rt = rrtJJ'y
Section modulus about strong axis
t

Flange thickness

Web thickness

Plastic modulus
Coefficients indicating yielding of cross
section in Fig. 3

-23-

205A.37

Lower limit value of a at which yielding in

tension zones of the web and in the tension

flange starts to penetrate

Maximum compressive and tensile residual stress,
respectively

Yield stress level

Curvature
Curvature corresponding to first yield in flexure

-24-

205A.37

REFERENC ES

1.

Ketter, R. Lo, Kaminsky, E. L., Beedle, Lo S.

PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS OF WIDE-FLANGE BEAM-COLUMNS,
ASeE Trans. Volo 120, po 1058, 1955.

2.

Galambos, To V.
INELASTIC LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WIDE-FLANGE COLUMNS, Ph.D.
Dissertation, Lehigh University, 1959.

3.

Fukumoto, Y.
INELASTIC LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF BEAMCOLUMNS, Ph.D. Dissertation, Lehigh University,
1963.

Galambos, T. V., Fukumoto, Y.

INELASTIC LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF BEAMCOLUMNS, Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report

Noo 205A.34, Lehigh University, August 1963.
5.

WRC-ASCE

COMMENTARY ON PLASTIC DESIGN IN STEEL, Manual 41,

19610