MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

Problem 1
A small turbine, shown in the gure is operate at part load by throttling a 0.25kg/s steam supply
at 1.4MPa, 250 C down to 1.1MPa before it enters the turbine and the exhaust is at 10kPa. If the
turbine produces 110kW, nd the exhaust temperature (and quality if saturated).
I. Problem description
Given: Water

P3 = 10kPa
t = 110kW
W

m
= 0.25kg/s
P1 = 1.4MPa, T1 = 250C

Find

T3 =?, x3 =?

P2 = 1.1MPa
Figure

II. Assumptions

Steady state process:

d()
dt

= 0.

III. Analytical Solution

1. From conservation of mass:

dm
dt

m
in

m
out

C.V. around the valve:

0=m
1m
2
C.V. around the turbine:

0=m
2m
3

The same mass ow rate m is found at any station:

m
1=m
2=m
3=m

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

2. First law for an open system, or control volume, can be used to nd missing properties:
X
X
dEc.v.
c.v. +
f low in W
f low out
= Q c.v. W
m
in ein
m
out eout + W
dt

where e = u + ke + pe , W f low =

c.v. = W
shaf t
mP
v , and in general, W

shaf t = 0.
For a C.V. around the valve: Neglecting ke + pe and W
0 = mu
1 mu
2 + mP
1 v1 mP
2 v2
u1 + P1 v1 = u2 + P2 v2
h1 = h2
shaf t = W
t.
For a C.V. around the turbine: Neglecting ke + pe and W
t + mP
0 = mu
2 mu
3W
2 v2 mP
3 v3
t
0=m
(u2 + P2 v2 u3 P3 v3 ) W
t=m
W
(h2 h3 )
h3 = h2

t
W
m

State 3: Found from h3 and P3 .

IV. Numerical Solution

State 1: P1 = 1.4MPa, T1 = 250C with the use of Table B.1.3 h1 = 2927.2kJ/kg
State 2: h2 = h1 = 2927.2kJ/kg

h3 = h2

t
W
m

= 2927.2

110
0.25

= 2487.2kJ/kg

State 3: from h3 = 2487.2kJ/kg and P3 = 10kPa, and Table B.1.2

T3 = 45.8C (Saturated)
x3 =

h3 hf @P
hf g@P

2487.2191.8
2392.8

= 0.959

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

Problem 2
The compressor of a large gas turbine receives air from the ambient at 95kPa, 20 C, with a low velocity.
At the compressor discharge, air exits at 1.52MPa, 430 C, with velocity of 90m/s. The power input
to the compressor is 5000kW. Determine the mass ow rate of air through the unit.
I Problem description
Known: Air

c = 5000kW
W

P1 = 95kPa, T1 = 20C

Find

ke1 0

m
=?

P2 = 1.52MPa, T2 = 430C

Using

Cpo = 1.004kJ/kgK

V2 = 90m/s

II. Assumptions

Steady state process, d()

dt = 0, negligible potential energy, and kinetic energy is only important at the
exit of the compressor. First approximation using constant Cpo , considering that T is not too large,
T < 500K.
III. Analytical Solution

1. From conservation of mass, the same mass ow rate m is found at any station:

dm
dt

=m
in m
out

C.V. around the compressor:

0=m
1m
2m
1=m
2=m

2. First law for an open system, or control volume, can be used to nd the ow rate:
dE
shaf t + m
f low in W
f low out
= Q W
in ein m
out eout + W
dt

where e = u + ke + pe = u + V2 + gz and W f low = mP

v
shaf t = W
c.
For a C.V. around the compressor: Neglecting ke1 + pe1 and pe2 , and W
c+m
0=W
(u1 ) m
(u2 + ke2 ) + mP
1 v1 mP
2 v2
c
0=m
(u1 + P1 v1 u2 P2 v2 ke2 ) + W

Since ke
=


V2
2

0=m
h1 h2

V22
2

c
+W

MAE 91 Summer 2013

c
W

m
=

h2 h1 +

Problem Set 4: Solutions

V2
2
2

For air, assume ideal gas, constant Cpo , then h2 h1 = Cpo (T2 T )

IV. Numerical solution

The mass ow rate is given by,

m
=

c
W
Cpo (T2 T )+

V2
2
2

5000
2
1
1.004(43020)+ 902 1000

= 12.0kg/s

Note the division 1/1000:

i
h 2i
h
2
The units of [kJ/kg] = [kN m/kg] = 1000 [N m/kg] = 1000 kg ms2 /kg = 1000 ms2

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

Problem 3
The main waterline into a tall building has a pressure of 600kPa at 5m below ground level. A pump
brings the pressure up so the water can be delivered at 200kPa at the top oor 150m above ground
level. Assume a ow rate of 10kg/s liquid water at 10C and neglect any dierence in kinetic energy
and internal energy u. Find the power of the pump.
I Problem description
Given:

z2 = 150m

Water m = 10kg/s

T = 10C

P1 = 600kPa

ke = 0, u = 0
Find:

z1 = 5m

=?
W

P2 = 200kPa
Figure

II. Assumptions

Steady state process, negligible change of the kinetic energy and the internal energy. Inlet and outlet
temperature is the same.
III. Analytical Solution

1. From conservation of mass, the same mass ow rate m is found at any station:

dm
dt

=m
in m
out

C.V. around the pump and the pipe:

0=m
1m
2m
1=m
2=m

2. First law for an open system, or control volume, can be used to nd the power of the pump:
5

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

dEC.V.
shaf t + m
f low in W
f low out
= Q W
in ein m
out eout + W
dt

where e = u + ke + pe and W f low = mP

v
For a CV around the whole pipe, including the pump: Neglecting ke1 and ke2 , Q = 0
and W shaf t = W p . Note that the sign convention for the pump was already chosen and

negative means it goes into the system.





V2
V2
p+m
0=W
u1 + 21 + gz1 m
u2 + 22 + gz2 + mP
1 v1 mP
2 v2


V2
V2
p
0=m
u1 + 21 + P1 v1 + gz1 u2 22 P2 v2 gz2 + W
V22
2

V12
2

= 0, and u = u2 u1 = 0
p
0=m
(P1 v1 + gz1 P2 v2 gz2 ) + W

Since ke =

Since the temperature is assumed to be the same, v1 = v2 = v

p
0=m
[v (P1 P2 ) + g (z1 z2 )] + W

Then,
p=m
W
[v (P2 P1 ) + g (z2 z1 )]

IV. Numerical solution



1
p=m
W
[v (P2 P1 ) + g (z2 z1 )] = 10 0.001 (200 600) + 9.8 [100 (5)] 1000
= 6.29kW

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

Problem 4
A modern jet engine has a temperature after combustion of about 1500K at 3200kPa as it enters the
turbine section, see state 3 Figure shown. The compressor inlet is 80kPa, 260K state 1 and outlet state
2 is 3300kPa, 780K; the turbine outlet state 4 into the nozzle is 400kPa, 900K and nozzle exit (state 5)
at 80kPa, 640K. Neglect any heat transfer and neglect kinetic energy except out of the nozzle. Find
the compressor and turbine specic work terms and the nozzle exit velocity.
I Problem description
Given: Air

P5 = 80kPa, T5 = 640K

P1 = 80kPa, T1 = 260K

Find:

P2 = 3.3MPa, T2 = 780K
P3 = 3.2MPa, T3 = 1500K

w t =?, w c =?

P4 = 400kPa, T4 = 900K

V5 =?

II. Assumption

No heat transfer on the compressor or turbine. Kinetic energy is only important at the exit of the
nozzle. Potential energy is negligible. T is large, constant Cp is not recommendable.
III. Analytical Solution

1. From conservation of mass, the same mass ow rate m is found at any station:
C.V. around the compressor:

0=m
1m
2
C.V. around the combustor:

0=m
2m
3

dm
dt

=m
in m
out

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

C.V. around the turbine:

0=m
3m
4
C.V. around the nozzle:

0=m
4m
5m
1=m
2=m
3=m
4=m
5=m

2. First law for an open system, or control volume, can be used to nd the power of the devices:
dE
shaf t + m
f low in W
f low out
= Q W
in ein m
out eout + W
dt

where e = u + ke + pe and W f low = mP

v
dE
shaf t + m
= Q W
in (h + ke + pe)in m
out (h + ke + pe)out
dt
shaf t = W
c.
C.V. around the compressor: Neglecting ke1 and ke2 , Q = 0 and W




2
2
V
V
c+m
0=W
h1 + 1 m
h2 + 2
2

c+m
0=W
(h1 h2 )
w c =

c
W
m

= h2 h1

shaf t = 0, and neglecting ke2 and ke3 .

C.V. around the combustor: W




2
V2
V
h3 + 3
0 = Q comb + m
h2 + 2 m
2

Q comb = m
(h3 h2 )
shaf t = W
t.
C.V. around the turbine: Neglecting ke3 and ke4 , Q = 0 and W




2
2
V
V
t+m
0 = W
h3 + 3 m
h4 + 4
2

t+m
0 = W
(h3 h4 )
w t =

t
W
m

= h3 h4

shaf t = 0.
C.V. around the nozzle: Neglecting ke4 , Q = 0 and W




2
2
V
V
0=m
h4 + 24 m
h5 + 25


V2
0=m
h4 h5 25
V52
2

= h4 h5
p
V5 = 2 (h4 h5 )

IV. Numerical solution

States are obtained from from Table A.7.1, h = h (T )

At T1 = 260K, h1 = 260.32kJ/kg
8

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

At T2 = 780K, h2 = 800.28kJ/kg
At T3 = 1500K, h3 = 1635.80kJ/kg
At T4 = 900K, h4 = 933.15kJ/kg
At T5 = 640K, h5 = 649.53kJ/kg
w c =
w t =
V5 =

c
W
m

t
W
m

= h2 h1 = 800.28 260.32 = 539.36kJ/kg

= h3 h4 = 1635.8 933.15 = 702.65kJ/kg

p
2 (h5 h4 ) = 2 (933.15 649.53) 1000 = 753m/s

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

Problem 5
A heat exchanger, shown in Figure, is used to cool an air ow from 800K to 360K, both states at
1MPa. The coolant is a water ow at 15C , 0.1MPa. If the water leaves as saturated vapor, nd the
ratio of the ow rates mH2O /mair .
I Problem description
Given:

P3 = 100kPa, T3 = 15C

-Air:

P4 = 100kPa, x4 = 1

P1 = 1MPa, T1 = 800K

Find:

P2 = 1MPa, T2 = 360K

-Water:

mH2O /mair

1. From conservation of mass

dm
dt

=m
in m
out

C.V. for air:

0=m
1m
2 m
1=m
2=m
air
C.V. for water:

0=m
3m
4m
3=m
4=m
water

1. First law for an open system, or control volume, can be used to nd the power of the devices:
dEc.v.
shaf t + m
f low in W
f low out
= Q c.v. W
in ein m
out eout + W
dt

where e = u + ke + pe and W f low = mP

v
dEc.v.
shaf t + m
= Q c.v. W
in (h + ke + pe)in m
out (h + ke + pe)out
dt

10

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

C.V. around the heat exchanger (Water+Air): Neglecting ke and pe, the whole device is
rigid W shaf t = 0 and does not exchange heat with the exterior Q c.v. = 0, only between

water and air.

0=m
1 (h1 ) m
2 (h2 ) + m
3 (h3 ) m
4 (h4 )
0=m
air (h1 h2 ) + m
water (h3 h4 )
m
water (h4 h3 ) = m
air (h1 h2 )
m
water
m
air

h1 h2
h4 h3

IV. Numerical solution

States:

 Air: obtained from from Table A.7.1 for air, h = h (T )

At T1 = 800K, h1 = 822.29kJ/kg
At T2 = 360K, h2 = 360.86kJ/kg
 Water: obtained from from Table B.1
Compressed liquid at T3 = 15C , Table B.1.1 h3 = hf @T3 = 62.98kJ/kg
Saturated vapor at P4 = 100kPa, Table B.1.2 h4 = hg@P4 = 2675.5kJ/kg
Then,

m
water
h1 h2
822.29 360.86
= 0.1766
=
=
m
air
h4 h3
2675.5 62.98

11

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

Problem 6
A R-410a heat pump cycle shown in Figure has a R 410a ow rate of 0.05kg/s with 5kW into the
compressor. The following data are given,

Calculate the heat transfer from the compressor, the heat transfer from the R410a in the condenser
and the heat transfer to the R 410a in the evaporator.
I Problem description
Given:

comp = 5kW
W

R-410a

Find:

m
= 0.05kg/s

Table

Q comp , Q cond , Q evap

Sketch

II. Analytical Solution

1. From conservation of mass, the same mass ow rate m is found at any station:
C.V. around the compressor:

0=m
6m
1

12

dm
dt

=m
in m
out

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

C.V. around the condenser:

0=m
2m
3
C.V. around the valve:

0=m
3m
4
C.V. around the evaporator:

0=m
4m
5m
1=m
2=m
3=m
4=m
5=m

2. First law for an open system, or control volume, can be used to nd the rate of heat transfer:
dE
shaf t + m
f low in W
f low out
= Q W
in ein m
out eout + W
dt

where e = u + ke + pe and W f low = mP

v
dE
shaf t + m
= Q W
in (h + ke + pe)in m
out (h + ke + pe)out
dt
shaf t = W
comp .
C.V. around the compressor: Neglecting ke and pe, and W
comp + m
0 = Q comp + W
(h6 ) m
(h1 )
comp
Q comp = m
(h1 h6 ) W
shaf t = 0, and neglecting ke, pe.
C.V. around the condenser: W
0 = Q cond + m
(h2 ) m
(h3 )
Q cond = m
(h3 h2 )
shaf t = 0.
C.V. around the valve: Neglecting ke and pe, Q valve = 0 and W
0=m
(h3 ) m
(h4 )
h4 = h3
shaf t = 0.
C.V. around the evaporator: Neglecting ke and pe, and W
0 = Qevap + m
(h4 ) m
(h5 )
Qevap = m
(h5 h4 )

III. Numerical Solution

comp = 0.05 (377 367) 5.0 = 0.35kW
Q comp = m
(h1 h6 ) W

Qcond = m
(h3 h2 ) = 0.05 (134 367) = 11.65kW
Qevap = m
(h5 h4 ) = 0.05 (280 134) = 7.3kW

13

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

Problem 7
A 25-L tank, shown in Figure bellow, that is initially evacuated is connected by a valve to an air
supply line owing air at 20 C , 800kPa. The valve is opened, and air ows into the tank until the
pressure reaches 600kPa. Determine the nal temperature and mass inside the tank, assuming the
process is adiabatic. Develop an expression for the relation between the line temperature and the nal
temperature using constant specic heats.
I Problem description
Given: Air

Pf inal = 600kPa

VT ank = 0.025m3

Find:

TLine = 20C , Pline = 800kPa

Tf inal =?

Sketch

II. Assumption

Constant specic heat. Tank is adiabatic. Tank is initially empty. Air can be treated as an ideal gas.
III. Analytical Solution

1. From conservation of mass, the amount of mass that lled up the tank can be found:
m
in m
out
C.V. around the Tank:
dm
dt

=m
in

 Integrating, from the initial time, to , to the nal time, tf ,

14

dm
dt

MAE 91 Summer 2013

tf
to

dm
dt dt

tf
to

Problem Set 4: Solutions

m
in dt mf T ank mo T ank =

tf
to

dmin
dt dt

mf mo =

mf in
mo in

dmin

mf mo = min

 Since the tank is initially empty, mo = 0, so

mf = min

1. First law for an open system, or control volume, can be used to nd the nal state:
dE
c.v. + m
= Q W
in (h + ke + pe)in m
out (h + ke + pe)out
dt
c.v. = 0 (rigid boundary) and Q = 0
C.V. around the tank: Neglecting ke and pe, W

(adiabatic wall). Consider that E = U + KE + P E , so in this case,

dU
dt

dE
dt

dU
dt

=m
in hin m
out hout

 Considering m
out = 0, the energy balance reduces to,
dU
dt

=m
in hin

 Integrating from the initial time, to , to the nal time, tf ,

tf
to

dU
dt dt

tf
to

m
in hin dt

 Since the line is always at the same properties, hin is constant, and we already know

that ttof m in dt = min

Uf Uo = hin

tf
to

m
in dt = hin min Uo = mo uo = 0

mf uf = hin min , since mf = min , then

uf = hline

2. Mass is obtained from ideal gas law P V = mRT ,

mf inal =

Pf VT ank
Rair Tf

3. Using constant specic heats u = Cvo T and ideal gas law P v = RT :

uf = hline uf = uline + Pline vline = uline + Rair Tline
uf uline = Rair Tline Cvo (Tf Tline ) = Rair Tline
Cvo Tf = Cvo Tline + Rair Tline Tf =

(Cvo +Rair )
Tline
Cvo

Since Cpo Cvo = R and Cpo /Cvo = k

Tf =

Cpo
Cvo Tline

Tf = kTline

15

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

IV. Numerical Solution

Since, uf = hline the nal state can be obtained by table A.7. So, uf = hline = 293.64kJ/kg.
Given that uf = 293.64kJ/kg, then Tf = 410.0K
Then, the nal mass in the tank is,
mf inal =

Pf VT ank
Rair Tf

6000.025
0.287410

= 0.1275kg

From constant specic heat, kair = 1.40, then

Tf = kTline = 1.40 293.2 = 410.5K

16

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

Problem 8
A mass-loaded piston/cylinder, shown in Figure, containing air is at 300kPa, 17 C with a volume of
0.25m3 , while at the stops V = 1m3 . An air line, 500kPa, 600K, is connected by a valve that is then
opened until a nal inside pressure of 400kPa is reached, at which point T = 350K. Find the air mass
that enters, the work, and heat transfer.
I Problem description
Given: Air

Vstops = 1m3

P1 = 300kPa, T1 = 17C , V1 = 0.25m3

Find:

P2 = 400kPa, T2 = 350K
Pline = 500kPa, Tline = 600K

min =? , 1 W2 =?, 1 Q2 =?

Sketch

II. Assumption

Air can be treated as an ideal gas. Enthalpy is a function of temperature only. Potential and kinetic
energy of air is neglected.
III. Analytical Solution

1. Conservation of mass is used to balance the initial mass with the exchanged mass:
m
out
C.V. around the air contained in the piston:
dm
dt

=m
in

Integrating, from the initial time, to , to the nal time, tf ,

17

dm
dt

=m
in

MAE 91 Summer 2013

tf
to

dm
dt dt

tf
to

Problem Set 4: Solutions

m
in dt mf cylinder mo cylinder =

tf
to

dmin
dt dt

mf mo =

mf in
mo in

dmin

mf mo = min
The initial mass is found from ideal gas: P V = mRair T
P1 V1
Rair T1

mo =

The volume inside the cylinder expands at constant pressure, P1 , until the piston reaches

the stops. Then is when the pressure increases. Since P2 > P1 , the stop is reached and
V2 = Vstops . The nal mass is,
P 2 V2
Rair T2

mf =

Then,

min =

P 2 V2
Rair T2

P1 V1
Rair T1

2. Work for a constant pressure process 1 1a and constant volume 1a 2 is,

1 W2

2
1

W =

1a
1

W +

1a

W =

1a
1

W =

VStops
V1

P dV = P1 (V2 V1 )

3. First law for an open system, or control volume, can be used to nd the heat transfer:
dE
c.v. + m
= Q W
in (h + ke + pe)in m
out (h + ke + pe)out
dt
C.V. around the air: Neglecting ke and pe. Consider that E = U + KE + P E , so in this

case,
dU
dt

dE
dt

dU
dt

c.v. + m
= Q W
in hin m
out hout

Considering m
out = 0, the energy balance reduces to,
dU

= Q Wc.v. + m
line hin
dt

Integrating from the initial time, to , to the nal time, tf ,

tf dU
t
tf W
tf
dt = tof Q
in hin dt
t dt to t dt + to m
to dt
Since the line is always at the same properties, hin is constant and

2
tf W
2
Also, ttof Q
t dt = 1 Q =1 Q2 , and to t dt = 1 W =1 W2 .

tf
to

m
in hin dt = hin min .

Uf Uo =1 Q2 1 W2 + hin min
Solving for 1 Q2 :
1 Q2

= Uf Uo + 1 W2 hin min

Since, Uf = mf uf = m2 u2 , Uo = m1 u1 , and hin = hline then

1 Q2

= m2 u2 m1 u1 + 1 W2 min hline

Enthalpy and internal energy is obtained from table A.7.1 at the given temperature and

pressure.

18

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 4: Solutions

IV. Numerical Solution

Computing the initial and nal mass,

m1 =
m2 =

P 1 V1
Rair T1
P 2 V2
Rair T2

=
=

3000.25
0.287290.2 = 0.90kg
4001
0.287350 = 3.982kg

The mass that enters is,

min = m2 m1 = 3.0982 0.9 = 3.082kg

The work done by the air is,

1 W2

= P1 (V2 V1 ) = 300 (1 0.25) = 225kJ

States are:
T1 = 290.2K u1 = 207.2kJ/kg
T2 = 350K u2 = 250.3kJ/kg
Tline = 600K hline = 607.3kJ/kg

The heat transfer going into the system is,

1 Q2

= m2 u2 m1 u1 + 1 W2 min hline

1 Q2

= 3.982 250.3 0.9 207.2 + 225 3.082 607.3 = 836.5kJ/kg

Note: the heat goes out of the system.

19