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Digital multi-meter
Function Generator
Breadboard
Probes [3]
Resistors ( 1K, 10K)
Theory:
In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement (or flow) of electric charge periodically
reverses direction. An electric charge would for instance move forward, then backward, then
forward, then backward, over and over again. In direct current (DC), the movement (or
flow) of electric charge is only in one direction.
Average value: Average value of an alternating current is expressed by that steady DC
current which transfer across any circuit the same charge as is transferred by that AC during
the same time period.
Root Mean Square (RMS) Value: The RMS value of an alternating current is expressed by
that steady DC current which when flowing through a given circuit for given time produces
same heat as produced by that AC through the sane circuit for the same time period. In the
common case of alternating current when I(t) is a sinusoidal current, as is approximately true
for mains power, the RMS value is easy to calculate from the continuous case equation above.
If we define Ip to be the peak current, then in general form
Where t is time and is the angular frequency ( = 2/T, where T is the period of the wave).
For a sinusoidal voltage,
.
,
The factor
is called the crest factor, which varies for different waveforms. For a triangle
Circuit Diagram:
Observations:
i)
Draw the waveform of voltage across resistor 10 K for (Sinusoidal, Triangular
and Square wave input of 1 KHz with peak to peak voltage 6V.
T/4
T/2
3T/4
5T/4
3T/2
7T/4
2T
i)
ii)
iv)
T/4
T/2
3T/4
5T/4
3T/2
7T/4
2T
i)
ii)
iv)
T/4
T/2
3T/4
5T/4
3T/2
7T/4
2T
i)
ii)
iv)
T/4
T/2
3T/4
5T/4
3T/2
7T/4
2T
i)
ii)
iv)
Frequency
2V
4V
6V
2V
4V
6V
2V
100 Hz
100 Hz
100 Hz
1000 Hz
1000 Hz
1000 Hz
10 KHz
4V
10 KHz
6V
10 KHz
Avg.
Square
RMS
Avg.
Triangular
RMS
Avg.
RMS
2V
4V
6V
8V
Avg.
RMS
Pulsating
DC Pulsating
(Sinusodial)
(Square)
Avg.
RMS
Avg.
DC
RMS
Exercises:
1) Calculate the RMS value (using integration approach) for (any one peak value) of
sinusoidal square and triangular wave.
2) For same peak to peak value which signal has highest RMS value?
3) Which signals have same RMS and peak value?
4) Which signal has same RMS and average value?
5) Verify the voltage divider rule for resistive circuit.
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Performance Date
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