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ab
as
= area
Ac
Acp
Ae
= effective tension area of concrete surrounding the main tension reinforcement and
Ag
Ah
Al
Ao
= area enclosed by the tube resisting torsion measured at mid thickness of wall
Aoh
Aps
As
As
Ask
= area of skin reinforcement per unit height in one side face, in.2/ft.
Avh
s2, in.2
A1
A2
= the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered
wedge contained wholly within the support and having for its upper base the loaded
area, and having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal.
b
bo
bt
= width of that part of cross section containing the closed stirrups resisting torsion, in.
= width of the critical section , measured in the direction of the span for which moments
= width of the critical section ,measured in the direction perpendicular to b1, in.
c1
direction of the span for which moments are being determined, in.
c2 = size of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or bracket measured
transverse to the direction of the span for which
moments are being determined, in.
c
cc = clear cover from the nearest surface in tension to the surface of the flexural tension
reinforcement, in.
Cm = a factor relating actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform moment diagram
D
db
ds
dt
dp
Ec
EI
= loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined densities and controllable
f cr = required average compressive strength of concrete used as the basis for selection of
concrete proportions, psi
fct
fpe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after allowance for
all prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally
applied loads, psi
fpu
fy
fyh
fyv
fyl
= loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or related
hv
hw
Ktr
la
Icr
ld
= development length
ldb
ldh
outside end of hook (straight embedment length between critical section and start of hook
Ie
Ig
reinforcement,
ln
= length of clear span in long direction of two way construction, measured face-to-face of
supports in slabs without beams and face-toface of beams or other supports in other cases,
lu
lv
lw
Ma
Mcr
Mm
Mmax = maximum factored moment at section due to externally applied loads, in.-lb
Mp
Ms
Mu
Mv
M1
taken as positive for compression, negative for tension, and to include effects of tension due to
creep and shrinkage, lb
Nuc = factored tensile force applied at top of bracket or corbel acting simultaneously with Vu ,
to be taken as positive for tension, lb
Pb = nominal axial load strength at balanced strain conditions., lb
Pc
= critical load. lb
reinforcement,
s1 = spacing of vertical reinforcement in wall, in.
s2 = spacing of shear or torsion reinforcement in direction perpendicular to longitudinal
reinforcement or spacing of horizontal reinforcement in wall, in.
t
Vi
= factored shear force at section due to externally applied loads occurring simultaneously
with Mmax, lb
Vn
Vp
Vs
wc
wu
= factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab
yt
connections = 1 _ f
= number of identical arms of shearhead
ns = moment magnification factor for frames braced against sidesway, to reflect effects
of member curvature between ends of compression member
s
= moment magnification factor for frames not braced against sidesway, to reflect lateral
= relative lateral deflection between the top and bottom of a story due to Vu , computed
w ,pw ,w = reinforcement indices for flanged sections computed as for w, wp, and w
except that b shall be the web width, and reinforcement area shall be that required to develop
compressive strength of web only