THIS IS ENGINEERING VIDEO

ENGG1803 PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

Bridge Over Troubled Water Project Technical Information

Tuesday, Week 5 (26th August, 2014)

Course Manager | Amy Clark

FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING &
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGIES

Administration
Short Reports 2 (1.5%) Marks have been released via the My
Grades tab available on LMS.
Essay Reports (15%) Marks will be released via the My Grades
tab available on LMS on Thursday.
Project Proposals (2%) Due in class TODAY!
Project Presentations (10%) Tuesday/Thursday of Week 7.
Plagiarism Zero tolerance policy. Plagiarism will attract an
immediate zero grade. Further action may be taken.
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WORD CRIMES VIDEO

English Literacy in Engineering

LHS 0 = RHS 0 = 0

Word Crimes Weird Al

Academic Language Be technical, rigorous, and critically evaluative!
Grammar Proof read your work!
Translations ESL students should consider contacting CET for support.
Academic Resources The use of academic resources was largely poor.
Use the university databases!
Referencing In-text citations needed work across the board.
[ir]RELEVANT Graphics
Formatting Layout
Essay Report Content
- Quality of 3 Challenges/Improvements
- Project Management
- Reflection Statements
7

The Learning Centre

http://sydney.edu.au/stuserv/learning_centre/

Centre for English Teaching

http://sydney.edu.au/cet/

The Innovation Process

We have completed;
Three Assessment Submissions Soon to be four!
Information Skills John Curries lecture.
Creativity & Engineering John Curries lecture.
Tutorial Exercises
- CARDS Source Analysis
- Brainstormed Project Design Alternatives.
- INNOVATION PHASE 1: SCAMPER Analysis.
- We are about to enter INNOVATION PHASE 2: Evaluating Options.

10

The Innovation Process

11

Bridge Over Troubled Water

The availability of safe public transportation is a privilege that is
easily taken for granted in the developed world. In the developing
world the opposite is true.
(Ayodele 2008)

Arps, P 2011, Bamboo Bridge, photograph, viewed 15 July 2014, <http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong _Cham_Province>

Step 1: Project Brief.

The project brief is available for download from the LMS
(eLearning) site under the Project Information tab.
Additional information will become available as it
becomes relevant with project progression.
Please, read the brief thoroughly! Approach your
lecturers and tutors as your professional clients. You
must fully understand the requirements!
Have YOU done this?

Step 2: Project Objective

1: The objective of this project is to develop a stormresistant, all-weather bridge structure that facilitates
daily migratory patterns for use by residents of the Tonle
Sap river system of the Kingdom of Cambodia.
Identify:
-Who?
Residents of the Tonle Sap
-What?
Transport infrastructure
-Where?
Tonle Sap, Cambodia
-Why?
Define the imperative
Do you understand the project objective

Step 3: The Imperative?

The backbone of any sustainable development is physical
infrastructure: roads and bridges, railways, [and] ports and
inland waterwaysCambodia still lacks [the] physical
infrastructure [needed to promote] social and economic
development.
(Sum 2008)
It is the obligation of all engineers as humanitarians to
consider such imperatives.

Have you defined YOUR imperative?

Socioeconomic Context Imperative

2 of the project brief outlines a contextual overview of
the Tonle Sap context.
Consider the written language endeavour for this
standard!
W h a t i s t h e i m p e r a t i v e ( n e e d ) f o r t h i s
infrastructure?
How do other inadequacies (e.g. in sanitation) effect
our imperative?
Have you conducted preliminary
contextual research?

Step 4: Project Scope

3: You will design and construct a storm-resistant,
all-weather bridge structure that facilitates daily
migratory patterns for use by residents of the Tonle
Sap river system.
This is a basic job specification only!
The project scope is self-determined by students.
Have you defined your scope?

The Knack

Remember
this?

WATCH >> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8vHhgh6oM0

Preliminary Project Steps

The
Project

Literature
Review
Research

Focus
Topics
Research Tonle Sap
social demographics,
geography, sanitation
statistics, etc.

Cambodian Context

Consider the
imperative! How is
transport
mismanaged?

Define project scope!

Bridge Over Troubled

Water

Structural and
material design.
Existing Bridge
Design Techniques
Supportive technical
calculations!

For Today!

Step 4: Project Requirements

1. Compile a team constitution.
2. Analyse the socio-economic context of Tonle Sap, Cambodia.
3. Define your project scope and analyse the relevant technical
requirements.
4. Develop at least 3 approaches to the provision of an all-weather
bridge structure.
5. Evaluate the options.
6. Perform a presentation.
7. Compile a detailed design report.
8. Develop and construct an operating prototype.
9. Submit a detailed, final project report.
10. Submit a detailed reflection on your learning experiences.

Step 5: Technical Calculations

You must support your designs with financial and
technical calculations!
-Energy transformations,
-Load calculations,
-Project scaling and Reynolds
QUICK!
equivalence, and
Write that down!
-Financial justifications:
Costing analyses and budgeting,
Expected performance calculations, and
Financial projections (revenue estimates, PNL statements, payback period estimates).

Escher and Engineering

A little
confused?

XrayMike (blogger) 2013, If M. C. Escher had been a construction

worker, weblog post, Collapse of Industrial Civilisation, viewed 1
August 2013, <http://collapseofindustrialcivilization.com/2013/05/>

Easier than I Thought!

Your tutors
are here to
help!

WATCH >> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IATjP95bZro

1: Economic Feasibility
Financial justifications:
Costing analyses and budgeting,
E x p e c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e
calculations, and
Financial projections (revenue
estimates, PNL (profits and
loss) statements, payback
period estimates).
Refer to textbook Chapter 10:
Evaluating Options. You will be
doing some practise financial
questions in the tutorials today.

You were asked to

read this chapter
for Tuesday
classes. If you have
not, you will fall
behind in tutorials!

The BIG Picture

Think about what you are doing!
T h r o u g h y o u r f i n a n c i a l c a l c u l a t i o n s y o u a r e
demonstrating to your client, your lecturers and tutors,
that your project is economically feasible.
You need to;
- Cost materials
- Detail resource funding (i.e. who will you hire to develop and build
your prototype?)
- Consider, how will you source funds?

Dont forget about the time value of money (refer

textbook pg. 468 Economic Feasibility)!

Specificity to Project Scope

Remember, the specific structural mechanisms you
employ will be specific to your project scope.
You must include financial calculations AND some other
form of technical calculations!
You must define what it is that your bridge will be used
for (based on your selected target market). This will then
inform your technical design.
The onus is on
YOU to justify your
methodology!

2: Structural Design
Member Design
-Design by Axial Loads
-Tensile members
-Compression members
-Member Types
-Cables
-Member Sizing based on load magnitudes.
Connections Design imperative for transferring
loads and bending moments.

2: Material Design
Strength/Load Bearing Capacity
Flexural Rigidity
Ductility and Ductile Failure
Corrosion Resistance
UV Resistance
Resource Availability
Price Point
Context-Dependency

3: Construction Processes
Project Management skills are imperative to
ensuring structural integrity is maintained throughout
construction.
Not only must designs be structural sound upon
completion, but also DURING construction.
Consider the following How Stuff Works video:
-http://science.howstuffworks.com/bridge-buildingvideos-playlist.htm

I got 99 Problems But A Bridge Aint One!

30

3: Dead and Imposed Actions

Australian Standards, AS/NZS 1170: Structural Design Actions:
- You may access SAI Global (an online database storing all the
Australian Standards) using your UniKey and password via the
LIBRARY website.
- Go to:
University of Sydney library page.
Select Databases and Electronic Resources tab.
Select Engineering under Databases by Subject heading.
Select Australian Standards Online.
You will be prompted to login using your UniKey.
Agree to usage conditions.
You will now find yourself on the SAI Global homepage. Search the aforementioned
standards, AS/NZS 1170!

Keep to the Code!

32

Using the Standards

Consider,

-ULTIMATE limit states,

-SERVICEABILITY limit states.
For,

Do you know
what these terms
mean?

-DEAD loads/actions
- We specify the amount of materials used. We can look up
standard densities for the materials used. How can we then
determine the load from each material?
Consider the definition of density and Newtons laws: = m/V AND F = ma!

-IMPOSED loads/actions

4: Rudimentary Fluid Mechanics

We are building on water, so we must consider the basic
principles of fluid mechanics.
- We have the dead and imposed loads, so we know the weight.
- We know Archimedes Principle:
- The buoyancy force has a magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and is
directed vertically upward.

- How can we increase the buoyancy force to support the weight of

our structure?
That is, how can we
make our object
displace more
water?

Flow Rate, Q
You are able to control how high your device floats in
the water by controlling how much water the floatation
tanks hold, allowing inflow and outflow.
We need to consider flow rates!

-Flow Rate, Q = v x A, where

-v denotes velocity (m/s), and

You will run

through a
sample
calculation with
your tutors!

-A denotes the cross-sectional area of the opening

(m2).
These will be approximate calculations. You should TEST the
rate BEFORE the assessable prototype testing day!

Reynolds Number (Re)

In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless
quantity that is used to assist in predicting similar flow patterns in
different fluid flow scenarios.
The Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to
viscous forces. Hence, the number quantifies the relative
importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions.

High Reynolds numbers indicate turbulent flow. Low Reynolds

numbers indicate laminar flow.
But what is Reynolds equivalence? And how does it come into
play when prototyping?
36

Reynolds Equivalence
A prototype aircraft is intended to fly at 600 km / h. We will
study a model in a wind tunnel at 1 : 20 scale respecting the
Reynolds number condition.
a) If the conditions of pressure and temperature are the same
in the wind tunnel as in the atmosphere, what must be the
air velocity in the wind tunnel ?
b) For the previous test, calculate the forces applied to the
model and the prototype.

Appropriated from CIVL3612: Fluid Mechanics 2

37

Solution (a)

38

Solution (b)

39

Review of Technical Requirements

You must support your designs with scientific
principles, and financial and technical calculations!
-Buoyancy and basic fluid mechanics calculations,
-Load calculations,
-Project scaling, and
-Financial justifications:
Costing analyses and budgeting,
Expected performance calculations, and
Financial projections (revenue estimates, PNL statements, payback period
estimates).

Putting Theory into Practise

Your tutors will run you through some examples in
todays tutorials.
You must use technical calculations to support your
designs. However, the calculations you specify will
be unique for each project.
Choose wisely!
And, if in
doubt, ASK!

Thoughts and Works

Reference List
AAC International 2012, Cambodia Water Projects, screenshot from video, viewed 9 July 2013,
<http://vimeo.com/28914220>
Arps, P 2011, Bamboo Bridge, photograph, viewed 15 July 2014, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong
_Cham_Province>
H20U 2007, Hach Company, accessed 22 August 2013, <http://www.h2ou.com/h2trtmntstages.htm>
Hearn, K 2006, Lack of Toilets Harming Health of Billions, UN Report Says, in National Geographic News,
accessed 20 September 2009, from <http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/11/061115toilets.html>
Sum, M. (2008), Infrastructure Development in Cambodia, in Kumar, N. (ed.), International Infrastructure
Development in East Asia Towards Balanced Regional Development and Integration, ERIA Research
Project Report 2007-2, Chiba: IDE-JETRO, pp.32-84.
XrayMike (blogger) 2013, If M. C. Escher had been a construction worker, weblog post, Collapse of
Industrial Civilisation, viewed 1 August 2013, <http://collapseofindustrialcivilization.com/2013/05/>