Assignment on

Tourism planning & development

Question 1: The importance of planning tourism.

With the upcoming peak demand of it, tourism planning is facing higher standard and requirements.
China Tourism Industries Festival(CTIF) and Tourism Planning Productivity Forum was held in
Tianjin in 2010, the concept of Tourism Planning Productivity was officially introduced at the forum.
The planning is a big improvement from planned economy to market economy, which is also the
requirement of rationalization and profitability of market economy. The quality and execution of
tourism planning is an important standard to measure the level of regional economic development
even the overall national strength, it will also effect the profitability of tourism industry directly.
Definition of Tourism Planning:
Gunn1992pointed out that tourism industry originated from tourists desire to travel, ended with
the satisfaction of the desire. Therefore, without paying little attention to the demand, planning should
make meeting tourists desire its initial target. He thought that tourism planning is a course to
determine an appropriate prospective action after a series of choices. The course is dynamic,
interactive. The prospective action is the achievement of goals as well as the formulation of policies.
The importance of planning tourism:
Summary of your proposal: Planning will provide the summary of the intended product/service and
target market group(s), a description of industry trends, your competitive positioning, management
highlights and the financing request at hand.
Subscription of your business goals/objectives: Planning helps to set goals related to sales volume,
market share, visitor satisfaction, repeat visitation and/or other similar targets.
Marketing plan: That includes a description of products/services to be offered and an analysis of the
market, trends, competition and identification of your target markets. It should also highlight your
sales and promotional strategy. You may choose to do a more detailed marketing plan to supplement
the business plan.
Financial plan: That includes projected income statements, cash flow statements and pro forma
balance sheets that provide detailed monthly operating forecasts for the first year of operation and
annual forecasts for the next two to three years (includes opening balance sheet and statement of
construction/start-up costs and sources of financing). A discussion of debt and equity financing
sources and the corresponding ratio analysis are required. Include financial statements with previous
years balance sheets and income statements (for an existing business). May also include personal net
worth statements of the shareholders.

Management plan: Which will set out the organizational form and structure of the business. It should
highlight the skills, experience and responsibilities of the management team.
Background: Planning helps to identify who is involved, what other business ventures is he/she
involved in and what is his/her track record in business.
Operations plan: Planning will discuss operational parameters such as hours of operation,
insurance, risk management practices, cash/credit handling, procurement, staff training, etc.
Project schedule: It will cover government and financial approvals, construction period and
preparation time before the development opens its doors. Planning will help to do it.
Staffing plan: It is based upon detailed human resource requirements. Summarize duties,
responsibilities and reporting relationships. You may choose to do a more detailed human resource
plan to supplement the business plan.
Environmental/green position: Outline how you will address social and environment obligations in
your area, such as volunteerism, recycling and alternative energy sources.
Critical risks and assumptions: Planning analysis should outline your underlying assumptions in
support of the business plan. The major risks facing your proposed business operation should also be
summarized with contingency plans you will adopt to mitigate the negative impact of these risks.
Bottom Line: You need a well-conceived business concept that is both feasible and financially
viable. Planning will help to do it. Private investors and lenders will require a well prepared business
plan to assess the merits of your project, and to determine whether they are interested in considering
financing for your business.
The importance of planning is stated above in short.

Question 2: Approaches to tourism planning

TOURISM PLANNING APPROACHES

A number of different planning approaches have evolved to meet the changing development demands
and characteristics of the tourism industry and the global increase in visitor numbers. The first of
these, the often criticized economic approach to tourism planning, reflected the confidence in the
tourism sector, and a level of ignorance regarding the impacts of tourism on the destination. The
second phase, the land use approach, was also grounded in a period when the negative impacts had
not been realized or were minimal enough to be hidden or ignored. Similar to the environmental
approach, the community approach to tourism planning stemmed from the realization that tourism
was having irreversible and damaging effects to the communities and cultures that were exposed to
tourism, and that alternative planning and management was needed to develop more socially
acceptable guidelines for tourism expansion. The sustainable approach to tourism planning developed
from broader international concerns over ecological issues. Sustainable development has been
advocated for the tourism sector as a possible solution.

TOURISM PLANNING APPROACHES CLASSIFICATION:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Boosterism
The economic tradition
The physical/spatial approach
A community oriented approach
Sustainable approach to tourism planning

BOOSTERISM

Boosterism has long been the dominant towards tourism development.

It is simplistic attitude that tourism development is inherently good and benefits to the hosts.

Little consideration is given to the potential negative, economic, social and environmental
impacts of tourism

Instead, cultural and natural resources are regarded as objects to be exploited for the sake of
tourism development

Residents of tourists destination are not involved in the decision-making and planning
process.

Boosterism is still used by politicians who believe that economic growth is always to be
promoted.

THE ECONOMIC TRADITION

Tourism is seen as an industry

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Government use tourism to promote growth and development in specific areas

Use of marketing and promotion to attract the type of visitors

Economic goals given more priority over ecological & social issues

Limited attention is given to impacts of tourism

Satisfaction of visitors, positive attitudes towards tourists in host communities not answered

THE PHYSICAL/SPATIAL APPROACH

Development defined in environmental terms

Ecological basis for development

Concentration or dispersal of visitors

Visitor management

Physical carrying capacity

Limited attention is given to social and cultural attributes of the destination

A COMMUNITY ORIENTED APPROACH

engages with and involve local people at the destination

enhancing their economic livelihoods

protecting their cultural values and

preserving the natural environment.

Development defined as socio-cultural terms

Need for local control

Search for balanced development

Search for alternatives to mass tourism

It is therefore a bottom-up approach

Under this approach, residents are regarded as the focal point of the tourism planning
exercise.

Community development

Awareness & education

Social impact assessment

SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO TOURISM PLANNING

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Sustainable development with its primary objectives promising, lasting and secure
livelihoods which minimize resource depletion, environmental degradation, cultural
disturbance and social instability.

Sustainable tourism development concept has been often criticized for its contradictory goals
that never achieved.

Achieving sustainability requires:

Co-operation

Industry co-ordination/collaboration

Consumer awareness

Producer awareness

Question 3: The tourism planning process

Tourism planning process:

tourism Is one of many activities in a community or region that requires planning and
coordination. By planning we know planning is the process of identifying objectives and
defining and evaluating methods of achieving theme. Like any planning, tourism planning is
goal oriented, striving to achieve certain objectives by matching available resources and
programs with the needs and wants of people.

There are six steps in tourism planning process:

Define goals and objectives

Identify the tourism system

Generate alternatives

Evaluate alternatives

Select and implement

Monitor and evaluate

Defining goals and objectives: Obtaining clear statements of goals and objectives is difficult,
but important. Ideally, tourism development goals should flow from more general community
goals and objectives. It is important to understand how a tourism plan serves these broader
purposes. If tourism is defined as a means of serving broader community goals, it makes
sense to develop plans with more specific tourism development objectives. These are
generally defined through a continuing process in which various groups and organizations in
a community work together toward common goals. Having understanding of tourism and the
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tourism system in community is the first step toward defining goals and objectives for
tourism development.
Identifying the tourism system: By system we know combination of elements that work
together to achieve a common goal. In tourism there are several element like attractions,
community, amenities etc. work together to increase tourist satisfaction as well as profit
maximization.
We can begin to clarify the tourism system by breaking it down into three subsystems:

Tourism
resources

Tourism
system
Tourism
market

Tourism
organizations

Tourism resources: Resources are natural, cultural, human, and capital resources that either
used or can be used or can be used to attract or serve tourists.
Natural Resources: natural resources are Climate seasons, Water resources-lakes, streams,
waterfalls, Flora forest, flowers, shrubs, wild edibles, Funa-fish, wildlife, Geographical
resources-topography, soils ,sand dunes, beaches, caves, rocks and minerals, fossils, Scenery.
Cultural resources: cultural resources are historic building, sites, monument, shrines,
cuisine, ethnic culture, industry, government, religion etc.
Human resources: human resources include hospitality skills, management skills, seasonal
labour force, performing artists(music, drama, art, storytellers etc.), local population etc.
Capital resources: availability of capital, financing, infrastructure, such as: transportation
roads, airports, rail road, harbor and marinas, trails and walkway are the main capital
resources.
Tourism organization: tourism organization are those institution or industry which do
planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling the total tourism activities. Tourism

organizations are accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, information, recreation

facilities and services, entertainment, special festivals and events etc.
Tourism market: in a general tourism plan, some clear tourism market segment should be
identified. We can divide the total tourism market into following segments:

Geographic market areas

Trip categories
Activity or trip purpose.

Generating alternatives: generating alternative development and marketing options to meet

goals requires some creative thinking and brainstorming. The errors made at this stage are
usually is thinking too narrowly or screening out alternatives permanently. It is wise to solicit
a wide range of options from a diverse group of people. If tourism expertise is lacking in
community, seek help and advice from outside the community.
Evaluating alternatives: there are usually two parts to a systematic evaluation of tourism
development and marketing alternatives: 1) Feasibility analysis, and 2)Impact assessment.
Feasibility analysis: screen alternatives and eliminate those that are not feasible due to
economic, environmental, political, legal or other factors.
Impact assessment: when evaluating alternative development and marketing strategies it is
important to understand the impacts, both positive and negative, of proposed actions. There
are mainly three types of impacts: economic impacts (sales, revenue, income, employment,
taxes, infrastructure costs ,etc.), environmental impacts (lands, water, air, infrastructure, flora
and fauna), social impacts ( population structure and distribution, values and attitudes,
education, occupations, safety and security, quality of life ect.)
Selection and implementation: after evaluating the alternatives the next step is to select the
best plan which is more appropriate for tourism development, and implement the plan in
proper way so that it can accomplish its predefined goals.
Monitoring and Evaluation: the last step of tourism planning is monitoring and evaluating.
When implementing plan we have to careful about deviation or error. And should have
identify error so that we can rectify the deviation. And we need to evaluate the total plan
whether its accomplish its goals or not.
Successful tourism planning and development means serving both tourist and local residents.
We have to remember that tourism should serve the community first and the tourists second.
Tourism development must be compatible with other activities in the area and be supported
by the local people.

Question 4.Forms of tourism development

From of tourism development:

Introduction : Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. Tourism can be domestic or
international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's
balance of payments. Today, tourism is a major source of income for many countries, and affects the
economy of both the source and host countries, in some cases being of vital importance.
Tourism : Tourism is travel for recreation, leisure, religious, family or business purposes, usually for
a limited duration. Tourism is commonly associated with international travel, but may also refer to
travel to another place within the same country. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as
people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.
Significance of tourism: Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many countries.
Its importance was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as "an activity
essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational, and
economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations. Tourism brings in large
amounts of income into a local economy in the form of payment for goods and services needed by
tourists, accounting for 30% of the world's trade of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and
services.It also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated
with tourism. The service industries which benefit from tourism include transportation services, such
as airlines, cruise ships, and taxicabs; hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels
and resorts; and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music
venues, and theatres. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, clothing and
other supplies.
Froms of tourism development: There has been an up-trend in tourism over the last few decades,
especially in Europe, where international travel for short breaks is common. Tourists have a wide
range of budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them.
For example, some people prefer simple beach vacations, while others want more specialised
holidays, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays or niche market-targeted destination hotels. To
consider tourist different forms of tourism developed. These are:
Ecotourism: Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine,
and usually protected areas that strives to be low-impact and (often) small-scale. It helps educate the
traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political
empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human
rights.Take only memories and leave only footprints is a very common slogan in protected
areas.Tourist destinations are shifting to low carbon emissions following the trend of visitors more
focused in being environmentally responsible adopting a sustainable behavior.
Pro poor tourism: Pro-poor tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries,
has been receiving increasing attention by those involved in development; the issue has been
addressed through small-scale projects in local communities and through attempts by Ministries of
Tourism to attract large numbers of tourists.
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Recession tourism : Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world
economic crisis. Identified by American entrepreneur Matt Landau (2007), recession tourism is
defined by low-cost, high-value experiences taking place of once-popular generic retreats. Various
recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low
costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their
money travels further.
Medical tourism : When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical
procedure, particularly in Southeast Asia, India, Eastern Europe and where there are different
regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g. dentistry), traveling to take
advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".
Educational tourism: Educational tourism is developed because of the growing popularity of
teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of classroom
environment. In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting
another country to learn about the culture, study tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the
classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.
Experiential Tourism : Experiential travel (or "immersion travel") is one of the major market trends
in the modern tourism industry. It is an approach to travelling which focuses on experiencing a
country, city or particular place by connecting to its history, people, food and culture. The term
Experiential Travel is already mentioned in publications from 1985 - however it was discovered as
a meaningful market trend much later.
Dark tourism : One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)
as "dark" tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of
horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for example: concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a small
niche market, driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, education, macabre
curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.
Social tourism: Social tourism is the extension of the benefits of tourism to disadvantaged people
who otherwise could not afford to travel for their education of recreation. It includes youth hostels and
low-priced holiday accommodation run by church and voluntary organisations, trade unions, or in
Communist times publicly owned enterprises. In May 1959, at the second Congress of Social Tourism
in Austria, Walter Hunziker proposed the following definition: Social tourism is a type of tourism
practiced by low income groups, and which is rendered possible and facilitated by entirely separate
and therefore easily recognizable services".

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Figure 1:The Tourism System:

POPULATION

Demand side

Interest to travel & Ability to travel

INFORMATION

TRANSPORTATION

PROMOTION

Volume & quality of all modes

ATTRACTION
Resource development for quality
visitor satisfaction

SERVICES

Supply side

Variety & quality of food, lodging,

products

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Question 5.Policy consideration & structure planning.

Bangladesh is a developing country and not so developed in tourism. so planning should be made for
developing new region, destination and site scale. when tourism planning policy is made we need to
follow some key consideration.
Choosing the best location:
In order to be commercially competitive and thus successful, tourism developers will choose sites that
are accessible to visitors, and design their developments in such a way that visitors can readily and
conveniently enjoy the attraction or facility.
Wherever possible and feasible for the development concerned, they should look to:
locate the development close to public transport interchanges and bus routes which will not only
help to reduce travel by car but also enable wider range of people to visit the attraction;
produce green transport plans - these are often appropriate for larger schemes where there may be
scope to reduce private car travel by providing dedicated bus services or greater access by walking or
cycling. Park-and-ride provision can be an element of this, as can schemes which provide discounts
for those arriving by public transport; and
establish a visitor management programme this can be a particularly appropriate solution where an
attraction or its surroundings are subject to or the cause of congestion. It may also be advisable where
an attraction is fragile or sensitive to use by a large number of people. Visitor management may be
achieved by regulating flow (e.g. timed ticket sales) or via development.
Design and sustainability:
Good design is important for tourism because:
tourism is essentially a commercial activity and its success will depend upon how attractive it is to
visitors;
in areas with many tourist attractions, it is important that each attraction is perceived as contributing
to the overall experience; and
wherever tourist proposals are to be situated, it is important that they complement and improve the
wider built and natural environment

Two important aspects of design will be layout and accessibility:

In order to be accessible and used by a wide range of people, tourism developments should be
designed to be:
physically accessible, including to people with impaired mobility and to
people with other disabilities such as impaired sight or hearing;
socially inclusive, facilitating use by all sectors of the community;
a positive contribution to the host community;
safe and healthy; and
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 attractive
Contributing to the environment

Tourism developments may offer considerable opportunities to conserve and enhance the local
environment and its inherent qualities. Such advantages will be important considerations in assessing
the overall sustainability, and thus acceptability, of a particular proposal. Developers of tourism
projects should therefore consider whether new developments can:
protect and enhance the visual quality of the site and its surroundings, to ensure that the
development fits in well with its environs;
respect the historic interest of the surrounding buildings and areas and ensuring that proposals do not
adversely affect the historic environment that people value;
protect and improve biodiversity.
achieve small-scale improvements to sustainability, for example by recycling waste, using
renewable energy and sourcing produce and materials locally.

Infrastructure Setting Considerations

High-end and low-end visitors will have quite different expectations, needs and motivations. Though
low-end tourists may be quite happy with tent structures, high-end tourists would prefer, and pay for,
enclosed rooms with private baths and other amenities. Facilities and infrastructure need to respond to
actual and expected needs. When determining exactly where buildings and infrastructure should be
located, planners should take into consideration the following:
General Considerations:
Environmental impacts should take precedence over development considerations.
Do not be overly constrained by familiar, traditional patterns of landscape use. Consider using the
landscape in new ways.
Maintain both ecological integrity and economic viability.
Emphasize simplicity, while respecting basic human needs of comfort and safety.
Take full advantage of natural features such as wind, sun, shade, slopes, and vegetation.
Assess feasibility of development in long-term social and environmental costs, not just short-term
construction costs.
Plan to implement development in phases, to allow for the monitoring of cumulative
impacts and the consequent adjustments for the next phase.

environmental

Specific Considerations:
Capacity . As difficult as it may be to determine, every site has a limit for development and human
activity. A detailed site analysis should determine this limit based on the sensitivity of the sites
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resources, the ability of the land to regenerate and the mitigating factors incorporated into the sites
design.
Density. Setting of facilities should carefully weigh the relative merits of concentration versus
dispersal of visitor use. Natural landscape values may be easier to maintain if facilities are carefully
dispersed. Conversely, concentration of structures leaves more undisturbed natural areas.
Wildlife. Avoid the disruption of movement, nesting patterns, feeding and roosting sites of
threatened, endangered or focal wildlife species by sensitive setting of development and by limits set
on construction activity and facility operation.
Views:
Views are critical and reinforce a visitors experience.
.
Natural Hazards
. Development should be located with consideration of natural hazards such as precipitous slopes,
dangerous animals and plants, and hazardous water areas.
Energy and Utilities.
Conventional energy and utility systems are often minimal or nonexistent in potential ecotourism
sites. Setting should consider possible connections to off-site utilities or, more likely, spatial needs
for on-site utilities:
Ventilation
Infrastructure should be placed to take advantage of natural ventilation possibilities when consistent
with aesthetic and other considerations. Organic waste - Consider environmentally appropriate
technologies and facilities for the treatment of organic wastes, such as composting, septic tanks and
biogas tanks. On-site utilities - Remember to plan for any necessary facilities such as facilities for
trash storage until removal from the site, solar panels or other appropriate energy sources,
maintenance buildings, and sites for treatment of gray water. Water - Water sources should be located
where other activities will not impact them and in such a manner that water use will not significantly
alter existing watercourses.
.

Visitor Circulation System:

Infrastructure elements such as lodging and trails should be located to optimize visitor circulation:
minimum distances, minimum disturbance to natural features, easily located by visitors, etc.

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6. Economic, environmental and socio-cultural consideration:

Tourism impact greatly on economy, environment and on our culture. Tourism add extra value on our
economy, environment and culture. special design and management help us to protect our resources.

Economic consideration:
1. Primary consideration

a. Business receipts
b. Income

. Labor and proprietors income

. Corporate profits, dividends, interest, and rent

C. Employment

Private employment
Public employment

d. Government receipts
2. Secondary consideration

a. Indirect benefits generated by primary business outlets

b. Induced benefits generated by spending of primary income
Environmental consideration:
1 . Environmental Degradation
a .water pollution
b .air pollution
c .sound pollution
2. Environmental deterioration
Socio-cultural consideration:

Population stability
Standard of living
Traditions/language
Visitor/resident mix
Social problems
Crime/disruption
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Question 7.Planning the institutional elements.

As well as other element planning institutional element planning is also required . Institutional
elements for effective tourism development planning includes:Organizational structures, especially government tourism offices and private sector tourism
associations.
Tourism-related legislation and regulations, such as standards and licensing requirements for hotels
and tour and travel agencies
Education and training programs, and training institutions to prepare persons to work effectively in
tourism.
Availability of financial capital to develop tourist attractions, services and infrastructures, and
mechanisms to attract capital investment.
Marketing strategies and promotion programs to inform visitors and induce them to visit, and visitor
information facilities and services .
Travel facilitation of immigration, customs and other facilities and services at the entry and exit
points.
Enhance and distribute the economic benefits of tourism, environmental protection measures,
reducing adverse social impacts, and conservation of the cultural heritage.
Effective tourism development must be planned in an integrated manner with all components of the
tourism system.
Planning must be integrated with overall development policies. If it is performed correctly benefits
will accrue to the entire community as well as its visitors.

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Question 8.Tourism market planning.

One of the most important steps a business or community can take to improve the effectiveness and
efficiency of their marketing efforts is to develop a written marketing plan. This plan will guide their
marketing decisions and assist them in allocating marketing resources.
The plan should includes:
(1) The overall business objectives
(2) An assessment of the market environment
(3) A business/community
(4) Market identification /segmentation
(5) The marketing objectives for each segment
(6) The marketing strategies or mixes
(7) An implementation plan
(8) The marketing budget
(9) A method for evaluation and change.

OVERALL BUSINESS OBJECTIVES

Businesses, agencies, and communities should develop overall objectives and regularly monitor their
progress. The objectives should provide guidance for all decisions including finances, personnel and
marketing. They should be quantitative and measurable statements of what the business or community
wants to accomplish over a specified period of time. Business objectives are often stated in terms of
sales, profits, market shares or occupancy rates etc.

MARKET ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS

The next step in developing a marketing plan is to assess the impact of environmental factors such as
economic, social and political . Changes in these factors can create marketing opportunities as well as
problems.
Some of the important trends that bear watching: -

(1) Population growth and movement;

(2) Rural community growth compared to metropolitan areas;
(3) Number of adult women employed outside the home;
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(4) The impact of two wage earner households on real family income;
(5) The number of retired persons with the financial ability to travel;

BUSINESS AND COMMUNITY PROFILES

Too many communities attempt to market themselves as tourist destinations without accurate
information about their resources and how well their customers are satisfied. Without this
information, it is difficult to make other decisions in the planning process. Included should be such
things as recreational and entertainment facilities, cultural and historic sites, overnight
accommodations, restaurants, shopping opportunities, special events etc.

MARKET SEGMENTATION / IDENTIFICATION

Recreation and tourism businesses and communities often make the mistake of attempting to be all
things to all people. Marketing is strongly based on market segmentation and target marketing.
Market segmentation is the process of:-

(1) Taking existing or potential customers/visitors and categorizing them into groups
(2) Selecting the most promising segments as "target markets;" and
(3) Designing "marketing mixes,"

There is no unique or best way to segment markets, but ways in which customers can be
grouped are:

(1) Location of residence---instate, out-of-state, local;

(2) Demographics---age, income, family status, education;
(3) Equipment ownership/use---RV's, sailboats, canoes, tents, snowmobiles;
(4) Important product attributes---price, quality, quantity; and
(5) Lifestyle attributes---activities, interests, opinions.

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MARKETING OBJECTIVES FOR EACH SEGMENT

Marketing objectives which contribute to the accomplishment of the overall business objectives
should be established for each target market. Objectives serve a number of functions including:

(1) Guidance for developing marketing mixes for different target markets;
(2) Information for allocating the marketing budget between target markets;
(3) A basis for objectively evaluating the effectiveness of the marketing mixes and
(4) A framework for integrating the different marketing mixes into the overall marketing plan.

MARKETING STRATEGY (MIX)

The marketing strategy, or mix, should be viewed as a package of offerings designed to attract and
serve the customer or visitor. Recreation and tourism businesses and communities should develop
both external and internal marketing mixes for different target markets.

External Mix
The external marketing mix includes product/service, price, place/location, and promotion.

Internal Mix
The internal mix includes hospitality and guest relations, quality control, personal selling, and
employee moral.

MARKETING BUDGET
Successful marketing requires that sufficient money and personnel time be made available to
implement activities comprising the marketing strategy. A marketing budget is a financial plan which
shows the total amount to be spent on marketing during different times of the year and how it is to be
allocated among alternative activities. Separate marketing budgets should be developed for each
marketing mix strategy.
IMPLEMENTATION

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Many well designed marketing plans fail because they are poorly executed. Businesses, agencies, and
communities can increase the likelihood of successful implementation if they - identify specific tasks
which must be accomplished ,assign responsibility for different tasks, develop time lines and
deadlines, regularly monitor and evaluate progress.

EVALUATION
It is important that marketing efforts be continually evaluated. This will improve the effectiveness of
marketing strategies by quickly identifying differences between
actual results and expected performance
A framework for evaluation would include: (1) Determining which elements of the different marketing mixes are most important to evaluate.
(2) Establishing performance standards to compare against actual results.
(3) Development of formal and informal methods for collecting data on actual results.
(4) Comparison of results with objectives and
(5) Determination of needed changes.

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Question 9.Implementing & monitoring the plan.

Introduction to Implementation and Monitoring

With the implementation of the strategic programme and the action plan, the management cycle
reaches its very core: all the preceding assessment and planning has the overall objective of improving
the way the city functions in terms of sustainable development. The implementation is where it shows.
The implementation is a demanding task in terms of organization and coordination of all the parallel
actions that will take place. A crucial condition is a solid communication and involvement approach
and the organizational setup. Cooperation with and between various stakeholders assures that the
different actors buy in to the implementation process. Therefore, implementation is based on the
foundation which is a combination of the action plan, the organizational setup and above all
communication and involvement. The approval of the action plan by the city council may be a
determining success factor, as it legitimizes actions and gives them a required priority.

Monitoring
Good management practices include regular monitoring on both a short- and long-term basis. An
effective monitoring process provides ongoing, systematic information that strengthens project
implementation. The monitoring process provides an opportunity to:

a) compare implementation efforts with original goals and targets,

b) determine whether sufficient progress is being made toward achieving expected results, and,
c) determine whether the time schedule is observed.
Monitoring is not an event that occurs at the end of a management cycle, but rather is an ongoing
process that helps decision-makers to better understand the effectiveness of the action or system.
An effective monitoring and evaluation programme requires collecting and analyzing important data
on a periodic basis throughout the management cycle of a project. This

An effective monitoring and reporting system ideally includes the following elements:

Clearly articulated targets and a set of indicators to measure performance;

A schedule and set of guidelines for all responsible parties to report to each other;
An opportunity for responsible parties and stakeholders to periodically meet to coordinate
actions and review each others performance
A link between the evaluation reports and relevant statutory planning cycles of the
municipality, such as annual budgeting and capital planning, so that the municipality can
adjust its plans as based on the actions taken by other sectors.

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Pressures state - impact response

When applying the analytical framework of pressures state - impact response to monitoring, it
becomes obvious that all of the four areas need to be monitored. Ideally, this has already been taken
into account when choosing the indicators. If not, the indicators can still be sorted at this point
according to the schematic to facilitate the analysis:

What is effective strategic plan implementation?

Implementation effectiveness can be measured by how well the business meets the financial
projections set out in the strategic plan.
To achieve effective implementation, a business must ensure that any changes initiated by the
strategic plan are reflected in areas such as budgeting, reward schemes and information systems.
The overall goal is to integrate the results of strategic planning with daily, weekly and monthly
routines.
The goals articulated in the strategic plan should drive marketing and sales efforts, human resources
practices and research and development. These goals become a central part of the business by
guiding daily operational activities.

Four fundamentals of strategic plan implementation

Once you have a robust strategic plan in place, the following actions are crucial to successful
implementation.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Avoid common implementation mistakes.

Reach out to stakeholders.
Measure progress in the strategic plan.
Monitor the strategic plan.

22

Question 10.Tourism development funding.

Answer: Tourism associations ,government, economic development corporations,

municipalities, not-for-profit organizations and businesses interested in undertaking tourismrelated initiatives means providing fund which support tourism product development,
industry development and increased visitation.
Necessity of funding in tourism: The Tourism Development Fund supports projects that
encourage three key streams:(1)tourism investment( 2)tourism product development and(
3)industry capacity building. The Tourism Development Fund program provides non-capital,
project-based funding to:

develop research-based innovative and emerging tourism sectors;

support tourism organizations capacity building;

encourage new private sector tourism investment attraction; and

enhance Ontarios overall economic competitiveness and opportunities for the Ontario
tourism industry.
The mandatory requirements: .The Tourism Investment Attraction stream, the Tourism
Product Development stream and the Industry Capacity Building stream accept applications
from tourism associations, not-for-profit organizations, municipalities, and national and/or
provincial industry sector associations. Each application must confirm compliance with the
following:

Legal status of organization applying i.e., established by or under legislation;

federally or provincially incorporated.

Applicant is not in default of the terms and conditions of any grant or loan agreement
with any ministry or agency of the Government.

Applicant has at least $2 million General Commercial Liability insurance coverage.

None of the proposed expenses will be used for recurring costs to run the applicant
organization. A confirmed cash contribution of at least 20 per cent of the total cash expenses
for your proposed project must be made by your organization and a total of 50 per cent by
your organization and your project partners.
The eligible expenses:
Eligible expenses for Tourism Development Fund applications include, but are not limited to:

Consulting services and project management.

Research costs.
23

Tourism sector strategic planning.

Business plan support, economic assessments and feasibility studies.

Organizational development and capacity building.

Conference organization costs including speaker fees.

Project-related permits, fees and other similar charges.

Other costs deemed reasonable.

Tourism Funding Programs :

We have a number of tourism industry funding programs designed to help small businesses
develop and grow. Please consult these resources for the one that will help in reaching
desired goals.

Tourism Operator Partnership Program

Tourism Development Investment Fund

Tourism Marketing Partnership Program

Industry Development Funding Program

Business Development

24

Question 11.Tourism planning approaches of Bangladesh

Answer: Tourism has become a very important and dynamic sector in the world economy,
particularly in Bangladesh. Its growth affects not only the activities directly linked to tourism
but also other sectors. Bangladesh provides a unique offering and promising appeal to the
local and international tourism community for its various destinations, locations and heritage.
So integrated tourism approaches are needed for its sustainable development.

APPROACHES TO TOURISM IN BANGLADESH:

An economic, industry-oriented approach

A physical/spatial approach

A community-oriented approach

Sustainable tourism approach

Managing tourism growth

It is simplistic attitude that tourism development is inherently good and benefits to the hosts
Little consideration is given to the potential negative, economic, social and environmental
impacts of tourism.

Tourism is seen as an industry approach:

Government use tourism to promote growth and development in specific areas

Use of marketing and promotion to attract the type of visitors

Economic goals given more priority over ecological & social issues

Limited attention is given to impacts

A physical/spatial approach:

Ecological basis for development

Concentration or dispersal of visitors

Visitor management

Physical carrying capacity

Limited attention is given to social and cultural attributes of the destination.

25

Community-oriented approach is:

To engage with and involve in local people at the destination

To enhance their economic livelihoods while protecting their cultural values.

To preserve the natural environment

Sustainable development with its primary objectives promising, lasting and secure
livelihoods which minimize resource depletion, environmental degradation, cultural
disturbance and social instability. Sustainable tourism development concept has been often
criticized for its contradictory goals that never achieved.
Sustainable tourism approach: Achieving sustainability requires:

Co-operation

Industry co-ordination/collaboration

Consumer awareness and Producer awareness

Controlling and managing the growth

Allow residents to adjust

Balance with infrastructure development

Integration with the development of other economic sectors

Minimising the impacts of the increasing arrivals of tourists

Quality development, quantity development and location development

The process for more carefully deciding whether to build things is called EIA. This resulted
in raising the public awareness.

Bangladesh have decided that it wants such development only if it meet certain standards of
quality. Government planners have determined that mass tourism would be inappropriate in
most locations .Bangladesh have been successfully promoting sustainable tourism through
strategies emphasize on quality and location.

26

Question 12.Survey & evaluation of tourist in Bangladesh tourism plan.

Introduction:
Bangladesh is a land of scenic beauty. The country is blessed with natural beauty which attracts the
tourists. It has beautiful beaches as well as the longest beach in the world. It is proud of its beautiful
heritage and historical relics. To make best use of the natural gift ,the country has developed facilities
of modern hotels ,motels, rest houses ,youth inns and restaurants, well modern modes of
communication ,are available at all tourist attractions.
Now for the globalization facility the scope of tourism industry is increasing.That is also a better way
of generationg, sustainable GDP for Bangladesh.The contribution of Travel &Tourism to Gross
Domestic Product is expected to stay the same at 5,6% in 2009-2012 and GDP growth for Travel
&Tourism economy is expected to be 5.78% in current situation.

Tourism Attraction In Bangladesh: Bangladesh is a land of full of natural beauty.There are some
tourists attractions which are really potential to contribute the National economy.Some of them are
shown below:

Attraction in Dhaka Division

Sonargaon:
Bangladesh

The

capital

Attraction inChittagong

Attraction in Sylhet

of Port City of Chittagong

jaflong

Central Shahid Minar:The

symbol of Bengal
Dhaka zoo

Himchori ,Moheskhali,
beach at Coxs bazar
Khagrachori

Swharwardy Uddan

Choto katra
Bara katra
Museum of National leaders
Ahsan Monjil museum

Chondraghonac: The biggest

paper mill in asia
Kaptai lake, Buddhtis Temple at
Rangamati
Sitakunda
Foys Lake
Shrine of Aminat
Court Building museum

National museum
Bangabondhu Memorial Museum
Bahadur Shah park
Lalbagh Fort
National memiorial of Dhaka
-

Chimbuk,bandarban
Nilgiri,Bandarban
Boga lake,sonamondir
Kaokaradong at Bandarban
-

National Art Gallery

Inani Lawchara
Tangore haor At Sunamgang

Hakaluki haor at Moulovibazar

The shrine of Khan Jahan Ali
Tamabil
Tea garden of srimongal
Shah Edgah of sylhet
JaintiapurTown:The capital of
ancient kingdom
Gour gabinda Fort
Shahi Edgah of sylhet
Temple of Sri Chitanya Dev
-

27

Tourist arrival In Bangla desh:Every year tourists come to visit the Bangladesh to see the natural
beauty of Bangladesh. The arrival of Tourists from 1997-2005 are given below:
Year
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003

No of tourist Arrival
182420
171961
172781
199211
207199
207246
244509

Percentage
8.57
8.08
8.12
9.36
9.74
9.74
11.49

2004
2005
Total:

271270
200311
2128174

12.75
9.41
100

The most Famous Tourist Attractions In Bangladesh:

Coxs Bazar: Coxs Bazar is the longest sea Beach in Bangladesh.I t is famous for mles of Golden
sands,Towering cliffs,surfing waves,rare conch shells,colorful pagodas,Buddhist temple and
tribes,delightful sea food .Coxs Bazar is the tourist capital of Bangladesh.Having the worlds
longest(120 km),beach sloping gently down to the blue waters of theBay of Bengal.
Saint Martin:
St. Martin island is a anothers coral island in the world. Tourists can drink the fresh coconut juice
from st.martin island. Saint Martin island is famous for coconut trees.
This small coral island about 10km (6mi) southwest of the southern tip of the mainland is a tropical
clich, with beaches fringed with coconut palms and bountiful marine life. It measures only 8 sq km
(3 sq mi), shrinking to about 5 sq km (2 sq mi) during high tide.

Maheskhali:
An island off the coast of Coxs Bazaar. It has an area of 268 square kilometers. Through the center of
the island and along the eastern coast line rises a range of low hills, 300 feet high; but the coast to the
west and north is a low-lying treat, fringed by mangrove jungle. In the hills on the coast is built the
shrine of Adinath, dedicated to Siva.

Bandarban:
The Bandarban hill district is 92-km distance from Chittagong and is situated in the southwest flank
of Myanmar hill range. This is the most attractive place to visit and to get a touch of tribal life, Here
tourist will see the Moorang tribal villages, traditional markets and Buddhist Temple Shaila Prepat
28

and Chimbook Hill. Trekking to the hilltop (3800 feet high pick) has got a spectacular natural
attraction.

Paharpur:
The biggest Buddhist monastery in the south of Himalayas having gigantic pyramidal temple with 177
monastic cells and numerous votive stupas lays at Paharpur a picturesque village of Jamalganj under
greater Rajshahi district. The Paharpur Museum has got the rich collection of a terracotta plaque,
images of different gods & goddesses including the Buddhist status, relics, copper plates and other
objects.
Mohasthangarh:
Mohasthangarh is invariably an ancient fortified city acclaimed to be the oldest settlement and the
most prominent archaeological site of Bangladesh. The oldest layer dates back to 300 B.C. The
ancient Pundranagara, the capital of Emperor Chandragupta. The rich archaeological museum of
Mohasthangarh have got rare collection of antiquities, terracotta objects with many other relics
recovered from the site.

Hill track of Rangamati : Rangamati is the hill track district in Bangladesh.Many of the people are
Buddhist here. This district is famous for the sky touching mountain,water Lake and hanging pool.
SWOT Analysis:
SWOT stands for Strength, Weakness, and Opportunity & Threats. So SWOT analysis of tourism
attractions are given below:
Strength:

Worlds longest beach.

Ensure customer security.

Best quality service at reasonable price.

Secure transportations.

Hospitability management.

Unique forest like Sundarban.

Introducing distinctive entertainment program.

Weakness:

Incapability to cover all the tourist spot in Bangladesh.

29

Limited capital.

Limited area of operation.

Lack of modern technology.

Opportunities:

Possibility to develop new tourist areas in Bangladesh.

Involvement of govt. incentives.

Expansion of tourist places information through internet.

Develop the existing tourist places to attract more tourists.

Number of tourist is increasing day by day.

Threats:

Political instability.

Economic inflation.

Natural disasters.

lack of communication facility

Findings:
1. Tourism industry of Bangladesh has a greater impact and prospect in the overall socio-economic
condition of Bangladesh.
2. Bangladesh has a large number of known and unknown tourist spot around the country such as
Coxs Bazar, Kuakata, Kantajee Tample,Saint Martins Island, Sonargoan, Syllet, Sundarbans,
Ramsagor, and soon.
3. In the Bangladesh, tourism has not achieved the optimal level of development and status .
4. A large number of tourists come to visit Bangladesh each and every year. Though these number can
be increased through proper steps and policies.
5. National tourism policy was formed in 1992. And in the 2012 it is developed and updated. But yet
it needs some additional change in the whole policy.
6. Tourism master plan of Bangladesh was formed in 1988. But now the world is more competitive in
every sector. So it need some change to compete with the other country.
7. Though communication and transport system in Bangladesh is quite well established, the
infrastructure in the tourist places is yet to be fully developed.
8. People of Bangladesh are generally very hospitable and tourist friendly.
9. The country possesses some unique archaeological sites, cultural heritageand eco-tourism
products..
30

Recommendations

Aim for sustainability

Actions through increased cooperation

Knowledge the inspiration to act wisely

To develop Security system

To develop Transportation System

To increase tourist rest house,standard hotel,motel

To ensure the involvement of local community.Conclusion

It is evident from the above discussion that tourism worldwide including in the Bangladesh is an
expanding sector. It is already a significant source of foreign exchange earning and employment
generation in our country. Bangladesh has potentials to harness, individually and collectively, for
development of tourism sector. However, the progress in cooperation in this area in our region is quite
slow, with no substantive achievement even in any particular area. Low levels of inter-regional
tourism within Bangladesh need to be addressed. It is expected that the governments of Bangladesh,
with lessons learned from other groups in the world, will take vigorous steps to remove the barriers
standing in the way. Bangladesh has many lessons to learn from other countries in the world.

31

Question 13.Tourism carrying capacity study of Bangladesh.

Concept of Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment arises from the notion that, as overcrowding by
the tourists is harmful and can destroy the natural, social and ecological system of a destination,
acceptable level of tourist density must be ensured. Thus, TCCA is estimated and applied nearly in
every remarkable destination in the world, particularly in the developed countries. For overall
Bangladesh tourist destinations , assessment and implementation of TCC is particularly important. It
is thus one of most attractive tourist destinations and a huge number of tourists visit the country
during the peak tourism season. The country is very small in size. In this circumstance, to protect both
the destinations and also the tourism industry, a sustainable balance is needed. Carrying capacity
assessment can serve this purpose, but no significant work has been done in this regard yet.

1.Physical carrying capacity

Considered factors
a.Total area
b. Average required area
c. Average number of Tourists
d. Distance between tourists groups from each others
e. Average time spend

2.Real carrying capacity

corrective factors:
a. temperature closer.
b. tourists safety factors
c .Bad weather
d. Accommodation limiting factors
e. Transportation limiting factors
3. Effective carrying capacity
a. Water and energy power supply
b. Condition of waiting houses.
Managing capacity
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Question 14.Tourism development policy of Bangladesh.

Tourism development policy of Bangladesh

Tourism can be a sweeping agent of change. In consequence, tourism planning too often in this
industry is based exclusively on isolated economic criteria. In recent years, tourism has become one of
the fastest growing sectors of the world economy and is widely recognized for its contribution to
national economic development. However, the main aim of this policy is to propose a development
framework for Bangladesh tourism industry within which the impact of characteristics of tourism
industry can be captured and analyzed.

The National Tourism Policy of Bangladesh was declared in 1992. Its main objectives are:
1)

To create interest in tourism among the people

2)

To preserve, protect, develop and maintain tourism resources

3)

To take steps for poverty-alleviation through creating employment

4)

To build a positive image of the country abroad

5)

To open up a recognized sector for private capital investment

6)

To arrange entertainment and recreation

7)

To strengthen national solidarity and integrity.

In line with the policy, the Bangladeshi Government provides incentives to attract private sector
partners. The incentives include tax-holiday, loans, concession rates for taxes and duties and in
specific cases, allotment of land etc.

Tourism Development embodied (a) the sustainable development and maintenance of tourism
attractions, facilities and infrastructure, (b) expanding the range of products and services available to
meet the needs of tourists, (c) building a tourism culture and awareness, and (d) building capacity of
local business to benefit from the opportunities offered through the tourism industry.

Courses of actions for constructing effective framework for tourism development in Bangladesh:
The certain observations of the researcher after assessing intense interview with the stakeholders have
been recognized for drawing attention to the concerned quarters of the Bangladesh tourism industry to
boost up the tourism potentials in Bangladesh.
These are revealed below:
33

1. The tourism quality is to provide for all types of tourist should be in a top class to make sure
tourism sector in Bangladesh is in a right track.
2. Bangladesh has to formulate and develop environment-friendly tourism products, and promote its
cultural and natural heritage to ensure the sustainability of its tourism industry.
3. Ethical integrity is to maintain for allowing tourists to have a more authentic experience as well as
ensuring the local communities to have more benefit.
4. The responsible planner must take into account the life of the community as a whole.
5. Cultural tourism which refers to travel directed towards experiencing the arts, heritage and special
character of a place is to be designed for the both local and foreign tourists.
6. Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is required for influencing potential tourists attitude
and behavior toward Bangladesh as a tourism destination.
7. In particular, there should be community involvement in the planning process.
8. Create tourism stakeholders perceptions of the benefits and costs of tourism by social exchange
theory that provides a theoretical foundation for identifying benefits and costs of tourism.
9. Be aware of tourist information search behavior to influence travelers for making travel decision.
10. Carry out research and development program on both theoretical and applied aspects of tourism to
identify the main motivational factors that attract foreign tourists to visit the country

34

Question 15. Tourism planning in Bangladesh.

In this plan document one can find a situational analysis of the key assets, constraints and
opportunities facing Bangladesh tourism industry. The goals that were set at the start of the process;
recommendations in eight areas of focus, from product development to transportation; and ideas for
implementation of the plan.
Tourism Plan Background
The Bangladesh Tourism Plan follows the process which recommended seven actions be taken by
Tourism administration, including the creation of Tourism in Bangladesh and the Tourism City of
Bangladesh in Tourism Master Plan. Furthermore, this has been designed to build on the four key
pillars of destination management:
Marketing: Develop a unified tourism industry, allowing collaboration on marketing where
appropriate with a focus on tourism customers.
Planning: Encourage a regional Tourism Master Plan with a focus on stakeholder interests.
Policy: Establish a forum to develop industry consensus with a focus on influencing policy makers.
Product: Build energy through product development with a focus on attracting investors.

The plan is intended to close the gap between the demand side of the equation (development side) and
the supply side (new products and services / tourism business owners /investors and policy makers at
the City and other levels of government). The planning also intended to provide a consensus between
the stakeholders who participate in decision making on tourism-related development for the City and
advising investors /businesses on where they should be putting their energies. A broad range of input
and opinions have been considered as part of this process with more than 180 one-on one stakeholder
interviews conducted by Resonance Consultancy and participation of more than 2,000 residents and
business leaders via an online survey.
Based on this input, key issues and opportunities for potential products, amenities, programming and
experiences broadly supported by both the tourism industry and local residents have been identified
in areas such as transportation, visitor experience, events, product development, partnerships and
alliances, tourism infrastructure, marketing of neighbourhoods, and public affairs and advocacy on
tourism related policies and issues.
For smooth implementation of the project, the government has already finalised tourism act and
tourism policy.
The tourism act has been approved by the cabinet and is awaiting passage by parliament.
The tourism policy would be announced soon.
Civil aviation and tourism ministry sources said the tourism act would be passed in the next session of
parliament.

35

When in force, this law would help achieve a revolutionary progress in tourism sector.
It will establish the sole control of the civil aviation and tourism ministry on the countrys tourist
spots.
As per the new law, no structures could be built in any area of tourism without approval of the
ministry or concerned authorities.
Besides, development activities would be carried out in those areas as per the government plan.
In the proposed law, there is a provision for developing special tourist zones for foreigners.
Ministry sources said an exclusive tourist zone is likely to be set up in Coxs Bazar at the initial
stage.
There are other rules and regulations in the law for development of tourism sector.
Along with these, the government is implementing a 10-year mega plan in three phases.
Under the plan, 2,200 modern and attractive tourist spots would be developed in the country.
Local government division, city corporations, department of environment, district administrations and
other departments and agencies would work in coordination to this end.
The country is currently earning a revenue of Taka 500 to 600 from the tourism sector.
The revenue earning from the sector was Taka 449.38 crore in 2005, Taka 553.6 crore in 2006, Taka
526.51 crore in 2007, Taka 612.45 crore in 2008 and Taka 573.79 crore in 2009.
After implementation of the governments mega plan, the number of foreign tourists would increase
to 40 lakh in next 10 years.
This will create the opportunity of earning Taka 3,000 to 5,000 from the sector, according to sources
in civil aviation and tourism ministry.

36

Question 16.Tourism development plan of Bangladesh

Planning objectives
Formulate a long-term development framework for tourism (10-20 years) with emphasis on policy
and strategy, planning, institutional strengthening, legislation and regulation, product development
and diversification, marketing and promotion, tourism infrastructure and superstructure, economic
impact of tourism and tourism investment, human resource development, and socio-cultural and
environmental impacts of tourism. It includes a short term (three-year) action plan for priority actions
to be undertaken for sustainable tourism development, and preparation of several demonstration
projects for pilot areas.
Duration
4-12 months
Total budget

Budget depends on scope and nature of project

Target beneficiaries

Destination Management organizations

National Tourism Administration
Provincial Governments
Local communities
Local authorities

Tourism development master plan

A Tourism Development Master Plan which provides an organized and structured framework for
tourism development and promotion.
Methodology
Three phase approach:
Phase 1
37

Project formulation mission which analyses the current tourism scenario and prepares a project
document for the formulation of a Tourism master plan. Obtaining a clear statement of goals and
objectives is the part of Phase 1.
Phase 2
Formulation of a Tourism Development Master Plan which
focuses on the following sectors:
Transport
accommodation
tourist activities
product development
tourism zoning
marketing and promotion
institutional framework
statistics and research
legislation and regulation and
quality standards of tourism services
The Plan prioritizes actions for each sector and includes an Action Plan defining roles and
responsibilities of various stakeholders, timelines, indicative budgets, monitoring guidelines, and,
success criteria.
Phase 3
Implementation of the Master Plan of Bangladesh by providing technical assistance to the
Government in implementing the priority recommendations of the Master Plan.
Note: Tourism Development Master Plans of Bangladesh can be formulated at a national or local
level. Furthermore, they can also be thematic in nature

rural tourism
community-based tourism
mountain tourism
coastal tourism
ecotourism and
spa tourism etc.
38

Question 17.Tourism development strategy of Cyprus

The Tourism Strategy of 20112015 (henceforth referred to as Strategy) provides a coherent and
comprehensive presentation of the development of the tourism sector and the positioning of Cyprus
on the International tourism scene.
The study comprises of eleven themed areas, Some of the themes constitute a comprehensive
approach of the issue they focus on, whereas others are linked with and are dependent on others at a
horizontal level. These themes were selected and developed so as to optimize the attainment of the
aims or objectives of the Strategy as regards to:
a) an increase in total direct and indirect tourism receipts;
b) an increase in arrivals,
c) dealing with the phenomenon of seasonality and subsequently the alleviation of the negative results
it creates;
d) improving the viability of tourism enterprises and
e) upgrading the overall tourism experience offered by Cyprus by providing an enhanced tourist
product with significant value added.
Section one presents the strategy as with regards the development of the Cyprus Tourism Product and
covers five main sectors of the tourist product, namely accommodation, catering establishments,
the organization of travel and sightseeing tours, marine tourism and special interest tourism.
Section two examines issues of tourist development relative to the political and economic
environment of the European Union. More specifically, within the framework of the programming
period of 2014 and after, the CTO will decide and rank its priorities based on the guidelines and
objectives of the relevant European policies.
Third section of the 2011-2015 Strategy. The ultimate objective of the proposed actions is to establish
Cyprus as an all year round tourist destination, thus aiming at the longest possible operating period for
hotels, catering and other tourist businesses and by extension, improving their viability as well as
curbing the problem of unemployment in tourist areas by extending the employment of staff
throughout the year.
Section four examines the role of the Regional Tourism Development and Promotion Boards.
Proposals cover ways to improve cooperation and ensure the active participation of local/regional
public, private stakeholders in tourism so that the Boards can acquire the capacity to tackle regional
problems and resolve them with flexibility.
Section five turns to those employed in the tourism sector, as well as to every citizen of Cyprus, as the
most decisive factor in shaping a positive appraisal of the countrys tourist product.
Section six focuses on the need to promote Investment Initiatives with the aim of upgrading the tourist
product, taking into consideration the demands of the targeted tourist markets of Cyprus.

39

Section seven focuses on Environmental issues within the framework of the model of sustainable
tourism development, with regards to the natural and the built environment (street level).
The section eight is a comprehensive plan to create and operate a Tourism Observatory within the
CTO, which will gradually take over the issue of carrying out studies in the tourism sector.
Section nine aims at the strategic goal to create large development projects which will contribute to
improving the image of Cyprus as a tourist destination.
Section ten covers an analytical Marketing Tourism Plan which includes substantiated targeting of
specific segments of the tourist market, the development of viable marketing targets and the use of
implementable strategies.
The last section sets out the factors which are crucial to the success of this strategy through the
development and implementation of an effective monitoring mechanism which sets out to monitor and
appraise the implementation results, at all stages.

40

Question 18.Tourism development strategy of Mongolia:

Tourism in Mongolia was extremely limited by the Communist Government, but has been expanding
following the 1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia in the wake of the collapse of the USSR and
the Revolutions of 1989. Mongolia is a unique and relatively unexplored travel destination that offers
a great combination of scenic natural features, a wide variety of untouched landscapes, nomadic life
style and culture.
Vision of the National Tourism Center is to implement the policy on developing the tourism sector
reflected in the National development Strategy, provide the Mongolian businesses and citizens
running the tourism activities with information and service, and promote them.
Its main development strategies are the following:

Implement the measures highlighted in the National development strategy and

Government Action Plan as an guidance
Arrange cooperative data base on the Mongolian tourism nationwide and abroad.
Set up the incorporative data base on the Mongolian tourism and make it generally
available through website and in publication forms
Conduct permanently the specialized training so as to increase the capacity of the
tourism sectors personnel
Research and analyze the domestic and foreign markets and provide the decision
making instances with information
In collaboration with foreign contributes implement the projects and programs for
developing the tourism products and improving the service quality
Coverage of the activities
the Government of Mongolia offers special tax exemption equaling up to 10 percent
of the total investment if offered for construction of high-rated hotels and tourist
complexes.
Licenses for tourism business were abolished and service provided by tour operators
for expatriate visitors is now exempt from VAT.
Standards and regulations are largely non-restrictive, with no complicated layers of
bureaucracy issuing permission and exercising control.

In the forthcoming years, the Center will put up forth its all strength in order to publicize
Mongolias tourism abroad as well as improve the service of the sector in the country and
provide its sustainable development.

41

Question 19.Tourism development strategy of Uganda:

Tourism in Uganda is focused on Uganda's landscape and wildlife. It is a major driver of
employment, investment and foreign exchange, contributing 4.9 trillion Ugandan shillings to
Uganda's GDP in the financial year 2012-13.Tourism can be used to fight poverty in Uganda.
The study comprises of thirteen themed areas, Some of the themes constitute a comprehensive
approach of the issue they focus on, whereas others are linked with and are dependent on others To
plan and develop the tourism sector with due regard to the economic, social, environmental and
cultural consequences of such
1. To formulate, promote and monitor implementation of policies for sustainable growth of the
sector, in consultation with the private sector and line institutions of Government.
2. To supervise, monitor, regulate and coordinate the sector.
3. To ensure compliance with best practices (environmental, social and economic) by tourists,
tour operators and owners of the tourist facilities.
4. To initiate, develop and promote domestic, regional and international cooperation in the field
of tourism.
5. Monitor and evaluate the implementation of the policies, legislation, national plans and
guidelines on Tourism.
6. To support and guide the Uganda Tourism Board and the Hotel and Tourism Training
Institute in performing their tasks.
7. To develop and diversify the tourism products.
8. To support training of staff in the tourism industry and development of business development
services for tourism in cooperation with the private sector among others.
9. To collect, process and distribute tourism statistics
10. To liaise with international organizations and any other relevant entities involved in tourist
development.
11. To create and ensure an enabling environment for tourism development.
12. To create awareness of the tourism industry.

To develop and promote the tourism, wildlife and heritage resources for enhancement of Uganda as a
competitive and preferred tourist destination, with accelerated sector contribution to the national
economy.

42

Question 20.Tourism development plan of the Philippines.

Tourism is one of the major contributor to the economy of the Philippines, contributing 5.9% to the
Philippine GDP in 2011. The Philippines is an archipelagic country composed of 7,107 islands. The
country's rich biodiversity is the main tourist attraction of the Philippines. Its beaches, mountains,
rainforests, islands and diving spots are among the country's most popular tourist destinations. The
country's rich historical and cultural heritage is also one of the attractions of the Philippines.
Strategic Development Plan:
An environmentally and socially responsible tourism that delivers more widely distributed income
and employment opportunities.
TO BECOME THE MUST EXPERIENCE DESTINATION IN ASIA.
Improving market access and connectivity

Rapidly expand capacity of secondary international airports

Expand connectivity between Philippines and its key growth markets

Implement a strategic access infrastructure program between secondary international

airports and strategic destinations

Developing and marketing competitive tourist destinations and products

Implement a sustainable tourism destination infrastructure program

Develop diversified tourism products that engage local communities

Implement a PPP-based mandatory tourism enterprise accreditation system and

facilitate tourism investment and lower cost of business

Safeguarding natural & cultural heritage and vulnerable groups

PPP-based marketing strategy and action plan

Improving tourism institutional, governance and human resource capacities

Institutionalize roles and responsibilities of DOT and LGUs

Develop a competent well motivated and productive tourism workforce

Improve governance in the area of safety, security, and in dealing with tourists

43

Question 21.Resort development strategy of Mexico.

These goals represent the Mexicos relative accomplishments and of improvements to the community
in a tourism context, manifested in the perceptions and experiences gained by visitors over the term of
the strategy, and bolstered by its projects. Relative measurements of these goals will be garnered
through some or all of the key General Performance and Evaluation Factors listed in the fourth goal to
establish annual performance measuring in terms of Mexico

1. Improve and Enhance the Built Environment - in order to:

Increase general attractiveness of community in Mexico City.
Establish perceptions consistent with brand positioning in Mexico City.
Provide accessibility to community and virtual information in Mexico City.
Focus visitors to community portals, destinations, and cultural nodes in Mexico City.
Raise visitor confidence in way finding and directions in Mexico City.
Establish and imprint market awareness and identity of the community in Mexico.

Projects/Initiatives:
Visitor Sign Program
Community Wireless Service
Highway1 Corridor Enhancement

1. Enhance Cultural Vibrancy and Identity - in order to:

Increase general attractiveness of community in Mexico.
Build rationale for destination status in Mexico City.
Establish perceptions consistent with brand positioning in Mexico .
Increase length and number of overnight stays in Mexico
Create a compelling reason for visitation in Mexico.
Projects/Initiatives
Community Banner Program
Public Art Program
Community Square Amenity Hub

44

1. Enhance Key Existing Tourism Product Infrastructure - in order to:

Increase frequency and scope of use
Increase length and number of overnight stays
Build rationale for destination status
Expand repertoire of destination activities
Projects/Initiatives

Shuttle Study
Snowmobile Trail Maintenance
Nordic Centre Completion
Bike Share Phase II

1. Establish and Annually Report on Performance Measuring

Key General Performance and Evaluation Factors
FAM Tours
Travel Trade visits (individual)
Media placements and unpaid media value
Newsletter recipients
Facebook / twitter fans and followers
Accommodations searched on website
Consumer and Trade show stand visitors
Literature requested / downloaded
Length of stay
Number of visitors
Unique Visitors to Tourismgolden.ca
Prompted and level of awareness of Golden
Visitor perceptions/satisfaction of Golden
Total social media subscribers
Co-op marketing support ratio
Improvement in write ups of Golden in travel guides
Positive and trending satisfaction and perception surveys

45

 Increase in clientele for local businesses

Anecdotal reporting of visitors and locals
Increasing performance and events attendance
Increased use of services in the community Projects/Initiatives Monitoring Success
Here is all the resort development strategy of Mexico City.

46

Question 22. Village tourism in Senegal

Tourism in Senegal is a vital part of this West African nation's economy. Resort vacations are often
supplemented by wildlife and nature tours of areas like the Sine-Saloum Delta, the Grande Cte
(north of Dakar), the Lac Rose, and Senegal River delta in the north (near Saint-Louis). Historic sites
around Dakar, Gore Island, Museums, and monuments draw visitors. To the north, the colonial
island town of Saint-Louis is visited for its long history and colonial architecture. There are also safari
trips offered to see wildlife, perhaps limited by east or South African standards. Senegal has a small
but developing National Park and Reserve System. Notable among these are the Langue de Barbarie
National Park and Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary which provide wildlife habitat in the dunes and
mangrove swamps surrounding the mouth of the Senegal River near picturesque city of Saint-Louis.

The Niokolo-Koba National Park is a World Heritage Site and natural protected area in south eastern
Senegal near the Guinea-Bissau border which protects a large variety of wild animals, including
Hippopotamuses, elephants, and lions. Largely undeveloped, the area is remote and lacks tourist
infrastructure, but is a destination for specialty tours.

Senegal has a middle class prosperous enough to support local tourism, as well a large population of
Senegalese living abroad. Apart from visits to family and friends, the city of Dakar supports a local
industry of holiday spots frequented by city dwellers. The beaches and islands to the north of the city,
at places like Yoff and Ngor, are particularly popular for Senegalese tourists. Senegalese, other
African visitors, and expatriates often travel to religious sites and festivals, especially those connected
with powerful Sufi Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal.

One of the best examples of planned and programmed village tourismdevelopment is located in the
Lower Casamance region of Senegal. This programme wasdeveloped in the 1970s in response to
concerns by the government that tourism inSenegal at that time was based primarily on beach resorts
and urban hotels withorganized excursions taken into the countryside. This type of tourism did not
offertourists the opportunity to experience the African way of life and meet Africans in thecontext of
their own environment and society. Also there was concern about the need toprovide a variety of jobs
and income to young people in the villages. Many youngvillagers were migrating to the cities in order
to improve their lives economically.Additionally, the villages needed money to finance community
facilities and services.

47

Question 23.Enhancement of economic benefits in the Tibet

tourism plan.

Several approaches can be used to enhance overall economic benefits of Tibet tourism, in terms of
both total benefits and of distribution of these benefits geographically and socially.

Increasing Tourist Length of Stay and Spending in Tibet

Spreading Tourism Development and Its Benefits Geographically in Tibet tourism
Maximizing Employment of Nationals in Tourism
Optimizing Tax Revenues from Tourism
Encouraging Locally Owned and Managed Tourism Enterprises

This is the way to get enhancing the overall economic benefits of Tibet tourism .

48

Question 24.Environmental management of tourism in the Maldives.

opportunities offered by Hulhule

Airport. This essentially informal development managed to
generate almost 3,500 bed Introduction: Tourism depends on environmental quality more than any
other activity and a central precept that has been preached in tourism is not to kill the goose that lays
the golden eggs. Yet, in general, it is characterized by rapid, short-term development which more
often than not damages the very environment. Without careful attention, the balance between the
volume and type of tourist activity, and the sensitivity and carrying capacities of the resources being
developed, tourism projects can be not only environmentally harmful but also economically selfdefeating.
Tourism in the Maldives exists solely due to the physical and geographic features of the coral islands.
The beauty of the underwater world at the reefs, clean water in the lagoons, white and pristine sandy
beaches, a rich island vegetation and ideal tropical climate which form a virtual paradise that attracts
tourists from Europe and Asia.
Environmental management of tourism in the Maldives: During the first decade of tourism
development, there was no specifically planned development; rather, tourism took place according to
individual private sector initiatives in locations that offered market advantages principally related to
the accessspaces of international quality and the industry was achieving enviable occupancy rates of
up to 80 percent in the high season.
The first formal initiative to plan, in an integrated way, the future development of the tourism industry
in the Maldives, came when the Department of Tourism and Foreign Investment commissioned Dan
group International in November 1980 to carry out a Maldives Tourism Development Plan. This longrange (10 years), tourism development plan was prepared for the Maldives in May 1983 and some,
but not all, of its recommendations were considered feasible for implementation.
The tourism plan provided some ideas for development. However, to date, most of the tourism
planning and management has resulted From government initiatives, based on its evaluation of the
best forms and standards of development Many of the governments present approaches and standards
have evolved through the monitoring of the earlier phases of development to determine what is most
suitable. Approaches and standards have been refined and some abandoned based on the experience
gained from previous types of development. By government policy, the resorts are located on
uninhabited islands, in order to reduce any possible socio-cultural impacts. Also most islands are too
small to contain both resorts and traditional villages. These islands are owned by the government and
it can allocate them for resort use as needed.
The resort developer receives a long-term lease and pays an annual rent that is calculated individually
for each island. The resorts must supply their own infrastructure of electric power, water supply,
sewage and solid waste disposal, boat dock and recreation facilities. They must also provide housing
and related facilities for the resort employees. The families of the resort employees remain on their
home islands, often some distance away. The government policy has been to expand tourism for its
economic benefits, but in a systematic manner of staged development. In the late 1980s, Kaafu Atoll
was considered saturated with resort development. This decision was made within the framework of
maintaining high environmental standards for the existing resorts, and retaining sufficient land for
village and urban expansion and recreation parks.
49

All new resort development was then programmed to take place in Alif atoll, which is accessible by
sea and air from the international airport. In parallel the government policy turned to encourage
expansion and upgrading of existing resorts to higher standards, including meeting present
environmental quality standards. This upgrading was considered necessary to maintain the viability
and competitiveness of these resorts and to maintain all tourism development at a reasonably high
level, catering to quality tourist markets. As an inducement to achieve these objectives, resort leases
were extended from 10 to 21 years and much of this upgrading has been accomplished.
The issues that are examined in the new Tourism Master Plan draft include new markets, priority
markets, air travel and other transportation issues, tourism infrastructure development, legal aspects,
human resource development, gender situation, socio-cultural aspects and environmental impacts.

National Legislation:
The Department of Tourism and Foreign Investment was organized in 1978 and made responsible for
supervision, co-ordination and maintaining standards of tourist services in the country. To develop
and regulate tourism, and simultaneously to strengthen the institutional framework for administering
and monitoring the industry, this department was renamed the Department of Tourism in November
1982 and made solely responsible for tourism management. In 1984, the Tourism Advisory Board
was established as a consultative body affiliated to the tourism authority.
The Ministry of Planning and Environment was established in 1988. This Ministry is responsible for
the formulation of policies on environment, environmental guidance to other development sectors, the
implementation of environmental impact assessment and the designation of protected areas.
Environmental Impact Assessment:
The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93) provided the basic framework
for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process in the Maldives and under Article 5 (1) of
the Act, an impact assessment study shall be submitted to the Ministry of Planning, Human Resources
and Environment (MPHRE) before implementing any activity that may have an impact on the
environment. According to the EIA guidelines issued by MPHRE all new resort developments require
an EIA study before approval for development can be made.
Architectural and Design Controls:
The design of resort buildings is controlled so that they are well integrated into the island
environment, take advantage of the tropical climate and use local building materials to the extent
possible, such as thatch roofs. Previously many buildings were constructed from coral mined from the
reefs. However, the use of coral is now restricted and use of imported materials is now encouraged,
although these are expensive by local standards. Coral and sand mining from resorts and their house
reefs is strictly prohibited. Hard engineering solutions for dynamic coastlines are discouraged and
construction of solid jetties and groins are controlled. Design of boat piers and jetties should be in
such a way that they do not obstruct the original flow of currents or disrupt the wave climate within
the lagoon.
Waste Disposal:
50

According to the regulations issued by the Ministry of Tourism, garbage from tourist resorts should be
disposed of in a manner that would not cause any damage to the environment. All garbage disposed
into the sea should be done as far away into the sea as necessary in order to ensure that it does not get
washed onto any islands with the current. Tourist resorts are required to have incinerators and
compactors adequate in size to burn all flammable materials and crush all the cans respectively. Those
who lack these facilities are not allowed to operate. Plastic or polythene bags should not be thrown
into the sea and such material should be burnt. Those who contravene these regulations are subject to
fines and penalties. Two airlines have joined in the effort to keep Maldives clean by arranging for
waste to be carried back to Europe. Under this program all tourists who fly in to the Maldives in these
airlines are given a bag and asked to bring to the airport, all the waste they produce during their stay
in the Maldives when they depart. The airlines carry the waste to the original destination for recycling
free of charge. Under sewage and excreta disposal the tourism book of regulation specifies that the
sewage system should be prepared such that pollution of water supplies, beaches and other areas are
prevented; nuisance, ugly sights, and unpleasant odors do not occur, human wastes do not come into
contact with people, animal and food; and breeding of flies and mosquitoes will be prevented.
Biodiversity Conservation:
To protect and preserve marine biodiversity a number of measures have been prescribed. Spear,
poison and dynamite fishing are strictly prohibited. Net and trap fishing are controlled and confined to
certain areas. Removal of shells, juvenile lobsters and lobsters ready to lay eggs are strictly
prohibited. The catching of turtles is strictly prohibited and trade in all turtle products is banned. The
commercial exploitation and export of a number of other species is also banned. Resort operators also
voluntarily prohibit the catching fishing, anchoring, removal of coral and other destructive activities
are prohibited.
Conclusion:
Tourism in the Maldives began in 1972 and it then evokes the image of a lost paradise. The tourism
industry of the Maldives is dependent entirely on environmental quality and since it established itself
in the tourism market and it has maintained its strong position in a rapidly growing market. A few
critics in the 1980s proclaimed that environmental pollution had begun to rear its ugly head in the
Maldives. However, the natural resources of the Maldives are still in a sufficiently pristine state and
of very high aesthetic quality and environmental concerns are few.

51

Question 25.Environmental impact management in the Tibet tourism plan.

Tibet has thinner air, more sunlight, lower temperatures and less precipitation than other areas in
China. The air contains only 150-170 grams oxygen per cubic meter, 62-65.4 percent that of plain
areas. The degree of industrial and other pollution in Tibet is comparatively light. No major instance
of environmental pollution has ever occurred and there is no acid rain. Whenever a construction
project with potential environmental effects is begun, there is an evaluation of environmental impact
Preserving their precious environment is part of the values cherished in the Tibetan culture. Therefore,
all the efforts will be undertaken to promote an ecologically responsible tourism. However, we should
keep in mind that one of the most urgent ecological problems that the Tibetan areas face right now is
the damage to the fragile soil due to overgrazing. Therefore, providing the local herders with
additional revenues also a top priority, because it will allow them to reduce their livestock.

Governmental policy to manage the environmental impact of tourism in Tibet:

The government of the Tibet Autonomous Region established an environment protection agency in
1975 and an environment protection committee in 1990. Environmental protection laws and
regulations concern forests, wild plants and animals, species preservation, ecological agriculture and
animal husbandry, headwaters, natural and man-made sites deserving of protection for scenic or
cultural and historic reasons, valuable geological landforms, and mountains. For many years hard
work has gone to preventing forest fires and planting more trees.

In recent years, the Standing Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Regional People's
Congress and the regional government have issued a series of regional laws and
administrative regulations geared to environmental protection, including the

"Tibet Autonomous Region Environmental Protection Ordinance,"

"Tibet Autonomous Region Forest Protection Ordinance,"
"Interim Provisions for Grassland Management in the Tibet Autonomous Region,"
"Tibet Autonomous Region People's Government Proclamation on the Protection of
Aquatic Resources" and
"Tibet Autonomous Region Administrative Procedures for Environmental
Protection in Construction Projects."
There are 20 regulations governing the protection of wild animals.

52

Question 26. Socio-cultural programme in the tourism plan of Bangladesh.

Socio-cultural program are socially accepted cultural program when we make a tourism plan we
need to consider those socio- cultural program because those program could be a great attraction
for the tourist.
The socio-cultural programs in Bangladesh are discussed below:
Pahela Baishakh
The advent of Bengali New Year is gaily observed throughout the country. The Day (mid-April) is
a public holiday. Most colorful daylong gatherings along with arrangement of cultural program
and traditional Panta at Ramna Park, Dhaka is a special feature of Pahela Baishakh. Tournaments,
boat races etc. are held in cities and villages amidst great jubilation. Many fairs are held in Dhaka
and other towns and villages.
Independence Day
March 26 is the day of Independence of Bangladesh. It is the biggest state festival. This day is
most befittingly observed and the capital wears a festive look. It is a public holiday. The citizens
of Dhaka wake up early in the morning with the booming of guns heralding the day. Citizens
including government leaders and sociopolitical organizations and freedom fighters place floral
wreaths at the National Martyrs Monument at Savar. Bangla Academy, Bangladesh Shilpakala
Academy and other socio-cultural organizations hold cultural functions. At night the main public
buildings are tastefully illuminated to give the capital city a dazzling look. Similar functions are
arranged in other parts of the country.
21st Feb, the National Mourning Day and World Mother Language Day
21 February is observed throughout the country to pay respect and homage to the sacred souls of
the martyrs' of Language Movement of 1952. Blood was shed on this day at the Central Shahid
Minar (near Dhaka Medical College Hospital) area to establish Bangla as a state language of the
then Pakistan. All subsequent movements including struggle for independence owe their origin to
the historic language movement. The Shahid Minar (martyrs monument) is the symbol of sacrifice
for Bangla, the mother tongue. The day is closed holiday. Mourning procedure begin in Dhaka at
midnight with the song Amar vaier raktay rangano ekushay February (21st February, the day
stained with my brothers' blood). Nationals pay homage to the martyrs by placing flora wreaths at
the Shahid Minar. Very recently the day has been declared World Mother Language Day by
UNESCO.

53

Eid-e-Miladunnabi
Eid-e-Miladunnabi is the birth and death day of Prophet Muhammad (s). He was born and died the
same day on 12th Rabiul Awal (Lunar Month). The day is national holiday, national flag is flown
atop public and private houses and special food is served in orphanages, hospitals and jails. At
night important public buildings are illuminated and milad mahfils are held.

Eid-ul-Fitr
The biggest Muslim festival observed throughout the world. This is held on the day following the
Ramadan or the month of fasting. In Dhaka big congregations are held at the National Eidgah and
many mosques.
Eid-ul-Azha
Second biggest festival of the Muslims. It is held marking the Hajj in Mecca on the 10 th Zilhaj, the
lunar month. Eid congregations are held throughout the country. Animals are sacrificed in
reminiscence of Hazrat Ibrahim's (AM) preparedness for the supreme sacrifice of his beloved son
to Allah. It is a public holiday.
Muharram
Muharram procession is a ceremonial mournful procession of Muslim community. A large
procession is brought out from the Hussaini Dalan Imambara on 10th Muharram in memory of the
tragic martyrdom of Imam Hussain (RA) on this day at Karbala in Iraq. Same observations are
made elsewhere in the country.
Durga Puja
Durga Puja, the biggest festival of the Hindu community continues for ten days, the last three days
being culmination with the idol immersed in rivers. In Dhaka the big celebrations are held at
Dhakeswari Temple, where a fair is also held and at the Ram Krishna Mission.
Christmas
Christmas, popularly called "Bara Din (Big Day)", is celebrated with pomp in Dhaka and
elsewhere in the country. Several day-long large gatherings are held at St. Mary's Cathedral at
Ramna, Portuguese Church at Tejgaon, Church of Bangladesh (Protestant) on Johnson Road and
Bangladesh Baptist Sangha at Sadarghat Dhaka. Functions include illumination of churches,
decorating Christmas tree and other Christian festivities.

54

Rabindra & Nazrul Jayanti

Birth anniversary of the noble laureate Rabindranath Tagore on 25th Baishakh (May) and that of
the National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam on 11th Jaystha (May) are observed throughout the country.
Their death anniversaries are also marked in the same way. Big gatherings and song sessions
organized by socio-cultural organizations are salient features of the observance of the days.
Tagore is the writer of our national anthem while National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam is famous as
Rebel Poet.
There are various other festivals that are habitually observed by Bangalees all the year round.
Tribal festival in Bangladesh:
The most important festivals celebrated by the Chakmas are Bizhu and Buddha Purnima.
The common and regular festivals of Garo are those connected with agricultural operations. Greatest
among Garo festivals is the Wangala, usually celebrated in October or November, is thank-giving
after harvest in which Saljong, the god who provides mankind with Natures bounties and ensures
their prosperity, is honored.Tumda and the other Tamak, besides Tiriao or flute are the main festival
of Soutail.

55

Question-27:- Investment incentive in Bangladesh tourism plan.

Bangladesh is a beautiful country with various natural resources. So tourism can be a potential sector
for receiving foreign investment. As far as Asia tourism is concerned, Bangladesh is receiving
international interests from worldwide audience when it comes to traveling. The country offers
various historical, cultural, and significant unique destinations for tourists. Among these are the Royal
Bengal Tiger, Coxs Bazar sea-beach, and Sylhets tea gardens. The biggest mangrove forest in the
world is found in Bangladesh. It is called as the Deer and the Sundarbans, which offers amazing
tourist attraction because of its unique bio-diversity.
Dotting the countryside of Bangladesh are other landmarks, monuments, Hindu temples, Buddhist
monasteries, and ancient mosques. There are also excellent resort and hotel facilities for great stay.
Chittagong and Dhaka have spacious facilities for recreational, entertainment, restaurants, and hotel
rooms.
The Board of Investment plays a vital role to explore the facilities of foreign investment in tourism
sector. The objectives of Board of Investment are outline below:
Promoting
Bangladesh
to
both
local
and
foreign
investors;
Providing all the facilities needed for the industrial sector in Bangladesh to grow;
Registering all ongoing and new industrial projects and provide all the required
technical support;
Issuing work permit;
Approving
royalty
payment
and
all
technical
assistance
Approving import facility to the industries so that they can import machineries

fees;

and raw materials;

Allowing
land
in
the
industrial
Resolving disputes between investors.

areas

to

build

new

industries;

and

The utility services of the Board of Investment include:

Providing counseling facility prior to the investment;
Providing electricity connection;
Providing gas connection;
Providing water and sewerage connection;
Providing telecommunication facilities; and
Making sure that the whole project is eco-friendly.
Investment Incentives for Tourism
The independent administration of Bangladesh is extremely dedicated in motivating and transforming
a distress economy to a wealthy and influential resource in just a span of time. It had launched the
investment and industrial policies in modern years by decreasing practical power over classified
investment and launching in many zones.
The major incentives in Bangladesh are as follows:

Tax Exemptions covering 5-7 years

56

Duty export-oriented industry is not imposed with import duty, but for other industries, five
percent of ad valorem is imposed for each industry
Tax Law foreign investors can avoid double taxation because of bilateral arrangements.
Expatriate employees in specified industries are exempted of income tax of equal to three
years. This is for pertinent schedule of Income Tax decree.
Remittance facilities for all-inclusive repatriation of profit, and divided/invested capital are
provided.
Exit on behalf of the investor, the AGM or EGM can decide on shutting down the
investment. As soon as the foreign investor finalizes the paperwork to exit or leave the
country, he/she can send back the sales profits after getting suitable endorsement from the
countrys Central Bank.
Ownership any foreign investor can put up industries either in mutual partnership with local
collaborate or wholly owned.

57

Question 27.Investment incentives in Bangladesh tourism plan.

Bangladesh is a beautiful country with various natural resources. So tourism can be a potential sector
for receiving foreign investment. As far as Asia tourism is concerned, Bangladesh is receiving
international interests from worldwide audience when it comes to traveling. The country offers
various historical, cultural, and significant unique destinations for tourists. Among these are the Royal
Bengal Tiger, Coxs Bazar sea-beach, and Sylhets tea gardens. The biggest mangrove forest in the
world is found in Bangladesh. It is called as the Deer and the Sundarbans, which offers amazing
tourist attraction because of its unique bio-diversity.
Dotting the countryside of Bangladesh are other landmarks, monuments, Hindu temples, Buddhist
monasteries, and ancient mosques. There are also excellent resort and hotel facilities for great stay.
Chittagong and Dhaka have spacious facilities for recreational, entertainment, restaurants, and hotel
rooms.
The Board of Investment plays a vital role to explore the facilities of foreign investment in tourism
sector. The objectives of Board of Investment are outline below:

Promoting Bangladesh to both local and foreign investors;

Providing all the facilities needed for the industrial sector in Bangladesh to grow;
Registering all ongoing and new industrial projects and provide all the required technical support;
Issuing work permit;
Approving royalty payment and all technical assistance fees;
Approving import facility to the industries so that they can import machineries and raw materials;
Allowing land in the industrial areas to build new industries; and
Resolving disputes between investors.The utility services of the Board of Investment include:

Providing counseling facility prior to the investment;

Providing electricity connection;

Providing gas connection;

Providing water and sewerage connection;

Providing telecommunication facilities; and

Making sure that the whole project is eco-friendly.

Investment Incentives for Tourism

The independent administration of Bangladesh is extremely dedicated in motivating and transforming
a distress economy to a wealthy and influential resource in just a span of time. It had launched the
58

investment and industrial policies in modern years by decreasing practical power over classified
investment and launching in many zones.

The major incentives in Bangladesh are as follows:

Tax Exemptions covering 5-7 years

Duty export-oriented industry is not imposed with import duty, but for other industries, five percent
of ad valorem is imposed for each industry

Tax Law foreign investors can avoid double taxation because of bilateral arrangements. Expatriate
employees in specified industries are exempted of income tax of equal to three years. This is for
pertinent schedule of Income Tax decree.

Remittance facilities for all-inclusive repatriation of profit, and divided/invested capital are
provided.

Exit on behalf of the investor, the AGM or EGM can decide on shutting down the investment. As
soon as the foreign investor finalizes the paperwork to exit or leave the country, he/she can send back
the sales profits after getting suitable endorsement from the countrys Central Bank.

Ownership any foreign investor can put up industries either in mutual partnership with local
collaborate or wholly owned.

59

Question 28.Manpower planning & training in Bangladesh tourism plan.

Manpower Planning which is also called as Human Resource Planning consists of putting right
number of people, right kind of people at the right place, right time, doing the right things for which
they are suited for the achievement of goals of the organization. Human Resource Planning has got
an important place in the arena of industrialization. Human Resource Planning has to be a systems
approach and is carried out in a set procedure. The procedure is as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Analysing the current manpower inventory

Making future manpower forecasts
Developing employment programmes
Design training programmes

Steps in Manpower Planning

1. Analysing the current manpower
inventory- Before a manager makes
forecast of future manpower, the current
manpower status has to be analysed. For
this the following things have to be
noted Type of organization
Number of departments
Number and quantity of such
departments
Employees in these work units
Once these factors are registered by a
manager, he goes for the future
forecasting.
2. Making future manpower forecasts- Once the factors affecting the future manpower
forecasts are known, planning can be done for the future manpower requirements in several
work units.
The Manpower forecasting techniques commonly employed by the organizations are as
follows:
i.
ii.

iii.
iv.
v.

Expert Forecasts: This includes informal decisions, formal expert surveys and
Delphi technique.
Trend Analysis: Manpower needs can be projected through extrapolation (projecting
past trends), indexation (using base year as basis), and statistical analysis (central
tendency measure).
Work Load Analysis: It is dependent upon the nature of work load in a department,
in a branch or in a division.
Work Force Analysis: Whenever production and time period has to be analysed, due
allowances have to be made for getting net manpower requirements.
Other methods: Several Mathematical models, with the aid of computers are used to
forecast manpower needs, like budget and planning analysis, regression, new venture
analysis.
60

3. Developing employment programmes- Once the current inventory is compared with future
forecasts, the employment programmes can be framed and developed accordingly, which will
include recruitment, selection procedures and placement plans.
4. Design training programmes- These will be based upon extent of diversification, expansion
plans, development programmes,etc. Training programmes depend upon the extent of
improvement in technology and advancement to take place. It is also done to improve upon
the skills, capabilities, knowledge of the workers.
Manpower Training
The main goals of manpower training were to increase the average skill level of the labor force and, at
the same time, provide sufficient numbers of workers with the specialized skills necessary to meet
future industrial needs. Beginning in the late 1970s, the government placed increased stress on
education in order to achieve the objective of industrial restructuring. As of 1987, however,
Singapore's work force was less educated than that of some of the countries with which it competed.
Five percent of the work force had university educations compared with 19 percent for the United
States and Japan and 6 percent for Taiwan. Some 11 percent had received post-secondary schooling
other than in universities, compared with 46 percent for Japan, 23 percent for Taiwan, and 16 percent
for the United States.
In the early 1980s, government studies showed that about half of the work force had primary-level
education or less, and many older workers had low levels of English language skills. To remedy this
situation, the Basic Education for Skills Training (BEST) program was introduced in 1984 to provide
opportunities for workers who had not completed primary education to improve their English and
math. By 1989 some 116,300 workers (half the target group) had had some BEST training. Time was
also solving the problem as younger people received more education and the older, less-educated
workers passed out of the work force; between 1979 and 1984, entrants to the work force with only
primary-level education or less declined from 43 percent to 26 percent. The government needed,
however, to ensure that this better-educated work force was trained in the necessary skills to complete
the transformation of Singapore from a labor-intensive economy to a high-technology city-state--a
"technopolis."
A further problem in achieving this transition resulted from "government brain drain." Each year 50 to
60 percent of new university graduates were absorbed by the government, including governmentowned companies and the statutory boards. A system of awarding undergraduate scholarships, which
often tied the awardees to eight years of government service, assured that the public sector absorbed
many of the top-ranking students. Some critics thought that this concentration of the country's
valuable human resources in the public sector might be to the long-run detriment of entrepreneurial
and private-sector development.

61

Question 29. Promotion strategy & programme in Bangladesh tourism

plan.

types
of
Explanation
Promotion
Advertising

Any non personal paid form of communication using any form of mass media.

Public
Relations

Involves developing positive relationships with the organisation media public. The art of
good public relations is not only to obtain favorable publicity within the media, but it is
also involves being able to handle successfully negative attention.

Sales
Promotion

Commonly used to obtain an increase in sales short term. Could involve using money off
coupons or special offers.

Personal
Selling

Selling a product service one to one

Is the sending of publicity material to a named person within an organisation

Direct Mail

Internet
Marketing

Direct mail allows an organisation to use their resources more effectively by allowing them
to send publicity material to a named person within their target segment. By personalising
advertising, response rates increase thus increasing the chance of improving sales. Listed
below are links to organisation who's business involves direct mail.
Promoting and selling your services online using various forms of online marketing
techniques such as banner advertisments, videos or social media.

Where you pay an organisation to use your brand or logo. This organisation usually has a
high profile so that you know that your brand will be seen by a large audience. Most
Sponsorship common use of sponsorship is with sporting events. The 2012 Olympics being held in
London is being sponsored by a number of organisations such as Mcdonalds and CocaCola as the event will attract a world wide audience that will run into hundreds of millions.

1) Use every outgoing piece of paper, and every electronic document as business promotion.
You have business cards, but you also put out a lot of other documents in the course of doing
business. Check these to make sure you're using their promotional possibilities to full advantage.
For instance, business stationery is an ideal business promotion tool. Is your business name, logo,
contact information , and slogan on your envelopes as well as on your letterhead? Or are your
envelopes only printed with your business name and return address? What a waste! Your phone and
fax numbers, your URL, and even a memorable slogan should be there, too.
2) Writing articles on topics related to your business expertise is an excellent business
promotion technique.
Well-written articles can provide free advertising and build positive word-of-mouth. If you're a
realtor, for instance, you could write a piece on preparing your home to be shown. If you're a website
designer, you might write a piece about assessing website usability. The more specific your topic, the
better. Write a short biographical note, or "blurb" about you and your business to go with the article.
Then send it out!

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Where? As the goal is to promote your business, ideally you'd like it to appear in a publication that
your target market will be reading.
So:
1) Blogs/websites - There are an astronomical number of these that are hungry for content! Many
accept, even seek out, "guest posts", blogs or articles from people not employed by the person or
business running the site.
These can be great promotional placements for you as long as you choose the blog or website you
allow to publish your work carefully. Having one or more of your articles on a site that gets little
traffic isn't going to help you and may even hurt your business if it's a spammy looking site. Ideally,
you want to get your piece published on a blog or website that has high traffic and has a good chance
of being visited by your prospective customers.
You also have to choose carefully in terms of your target market. If you're selling baby clothes,
getting one of your articles published on a blog about SEO isn't going to be seen by many (if any) of
the customers you hope to impress. Getting your work on a popular blog directly related to bringing
up baby would be a much better fit.
2) Magazines - The magazine industry isn't dead yet and many of them are always looking for
content too. Once again, the trick is to get your article published in a magazine that your target market
is likely to read. Search for these online by specific topic (i.e. baby magazines).
Freelance writing sites also provide a great deal of information on all kinds of publications that might
publish your efforts. Make your research easier by starting with a great site that provides all kinds of
lists and information on markets such as About Freelance Writers, or FreelanceWriting.com.
3) Newspapers are also excellent places to place your business promotion article. Try contacting the
Business editor of your local paper and pitching your article. If this approach fails, you might be able
to get your piece into the paper by sending it in as a letter to the Editorial section.
3) Sending out press releases is another great way to get some free business promotion.
The caveat to using press releases as a business promotion tool is that your press release has to
actually contain information that is newsworthy, and be engaging enough to get people's interest. Has
your business recently expanded? Do you have a new product? Have you been involved in some
promotional activity such as sponsoring a charity event? Have you or your company recently won an
award? All of these are examples of "news" that you can capitalize on to get some free promotion for
your business.
4) Spend some of your online time on business promotion through social media.
Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube are great ways to promote your business through social media. A
good example of how this can be effective was illustrated to me recently when we had a power outage
that affected some areas of our small community. One of the local restaurants posted on Facebook
that they had power and were open for business and within an hour they were packed with
customers.
To get started with social media see How to Create a Social Media Plan. See also How to Create a
Fan Page on Facebook and How to Promote your Business on Twitter. If you are skilled with taking
video (or know someone who is) you can record video promotions of your products or services and
post them on YouTube.
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5) Use buddy marketing to promote your business.

For example, if you send out brochures, you could include a leaflet and/or business card of another
business, which had agreed to do the same for you. This gives you the chance to reach a whole new
pool of potential customers.
You might also plan and carry out business promotions with complementary businesses. A pet store
and a pet grooming business, for example, might use shared advertising, or run a contest together.
This can considerably cut down the cost of business promotion, and allow each business to use
promotion techniques that would be too expensive to implement alone.
6) Give out freebies as business promotion.
We're all familiar with hearing or reading advertisements that promise that the first 50 people to visit
a particular store will receive a free (____). You fill in the blank. It could be anything from a red rose
through an ice-cream cone! We're all familiar with this kind of spot promotion because it works.
People love to receive things that are free.
Besides using freebies as business promotions, you can also use them regularly as customer
"rewards". For example, I recently had a picture framed; the framer had attached a free picture hanger
to the painting's wire, with a small card thanking me for my patronage. It's only a small thing, which
certainly didn't cost him much, but as the customer, I appreciate not having to rummage through my
home looking for a suitable hanger, and can't help thinking positively about the service he provides.
What small, inexpensive things could you give out with your product or service that will get your
customer thinking good thoughts about you? Combining business promotion with customer rewards is
definitely a win-win situation.

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Question 30. Marketing strategy &promotion programme in Bangladesh

tourism plan.

Networking
Networking is perhaps the most commonly used approach by small business owners. However, it is
often poorly executed. Many people attend a networking function and take the wrong approach by
trying to meet as many people as they can.
They bounce from person to person, handing out business cards like it is an Olympic event and they
are vying for the gold medal. They fail to realize that the most effective way to network is to cultivate
relationships and give referrals to other members first.
Referrals
This strategy places a close second in preferred methods of generating new business leads. The key
here is to ensure that you take a proactive approach rather than a passive one. Instead of assuming that
a satisfied client will refer someone to you, ask for that referral. Tell people who your ideal client is
and ask for their help in finding these types of clients.
The real estate agent who represented the seller when we bought our house sends us a card every year
and reminds us that she loves referrals. It is not pushy, does not sound like shes begging, and Im
confident it helps generate new leads.
Writing
This often under-utilized marketing strategy is an excellent way to become recognized as an industry
expert. Every industry has trade magazines and most are hungry for good content.The Internet is also
filled with websites and e-zines looking for material to send to their subscribers and customers.
I now write at least one article every month and send it to more than two hundred publications. This
alone has helped drive more traffic to my website more than anything else. It is sometimes
challenging to come up with ideas and to write an 800 word article but the investment of time and
effort is definitely worth it.
Newsletters
This is another powerful marketing strategy to keep your name in front of your customers and
prospects. Provide key insight into business challenges and offer solutions to them. In other words,
help your prospects and customers solve problems. Some newsletters are nothing more than
advertising so be sure to provide valuable information to your customer.
Although it is less expensive to send a newsletter electronically, you can issue it in paper format. A
local real estate agent regularly sends out a one-page update of the housing market in our
neighborhood.
Cold calling

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Without a doubt, this is usually the most challenging way to market a business - I know very few
people who actually enjoy cold calling. However, it can be a good way to uncover qualified prospects
in a relatively short period of time. Be sure to start your conversation with a good opening to capture
the other person's attention.
Give free information
At the marketing workshop I attended, the facilitator suggested giving information to interested
prospects. Using this marketing strategy on my website, I have quadrupled the number of subscribers
to my newsletter in the last year. You do not need to give away all the information relevant to your
product or service. Instead, offer information that will help your target market with their problems.
For example, when people sign up to my e-zine, they receive a report that outlines 100 tips they can
use to increase their sales.
Offer a guarantee
A concern many people have when changing suppliers is the risk associated with the change. They
may not be completely satisfied with their existing supplier but the risk of choosing a supplier who
may be worse can prevent them from changing. Eliminate this concern and offer a guarantee.
Advertising
This can be a great marketing strategy if you know how to create a good ad. The best marketers know
that great sales copy is what makes the difference; I have experienced this first-hand. When I began
selling my book on my website, I generated mediocre results for the first two years. I eventually
changed the copy on my site and sales have soared every since.
Glance through the ads in your trade magazine and you will quickly notice that most ads focus on the
company's product features instead of on the customer's problem. Create a great ad by concentrating
on the problem you can solve.
Marketing doesn't Have to be expensive
There are many other ways to market your business and generate new business leads. However, the
marketing strategies I mention in this article are effective low- or no-cost options. Use them
consistently and watch your sales grow.

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Question 31. Development standard in Bangladesh tourism plan.

Development standards are necessary to ensure that tourism developments are carried out in such a
manner that it is socially and environmentally acceptable and that the development meets the needs
of tourists and contributes to the overall policy and objectives for Bangladesh tourism sector.
Infrastructure
The water supply to all tourist establishments should be adequate in terms of quality and quantity,
and sources of supply should be sustainable. For hotels the minimum requirement is 450 liters per
guest
per
day.
The
use
of
glass
bottled
water
is
encouraged.
Surface
Water
Drainage should be adequate to remove water without causing dampness and damage. Collection
and
re-use
should
be
incorporated
into
the
design
and
operation.
Electricity
All tourist establishments should have adequate and reliable power supply or generation capacity.
Environmentally friendly alternative sources, particularly solar energy, should be encouraged.
Telecommunication
For hotels a minimum of 1 line per 10 to 20 rooms, depending on the nature of demand and the
level of service, would be appropriate. Sewage For small tourist facilities a properly designed and
constructed septic tank and soakage pit system meeting minimum requirements would be
acceptable, subject to ground water pollution constraints. All new hotels and other sizeable tourist
facilities should be linked to effective neighbourhood sewerage systems or have their own package
treatment facilities designed and installed to produce effluents to CEA approved standards.
.
Hygienic collection and storage facilities, preferably with separation for re-cycling, should be
provided. For hotels an allowance of 0.5 kg per guest per day would enable suitable sizing of plant
and equipments. On-site incineration of waste may be viable for large-scale project. Compacting of
waste should be encouraged. Underground Cabling For new tourist development, cabling services
should run underground to enhance the visual appearance. Existing tourist areas and attractions
should give "undergrounding" existing supply lines.

Environmental Impact Assessment

All tourism related projects would be referred to the Central Environmental Authority for clearance.
Based on the scale of project and the sensitive of the area, the Central Environmental Authority will
request to carryout an Environmental Study (an Initial Environmental
Examination or a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment study).
Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
A SIA should be carried out for major tourist development and for all projects in socially vulnerable
locations.
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Setbacks
Adequate setbacks to be maintained as per the regulations of the Coast Conservation Department,
Urban Development Authority, Railway Department, Wild Life Department, Archaeological
Department, Irrigation Department, Regional Authority. etc.
The Coast Conservation Department in their Coastal Zone Management Plan has identified the
setback limits. In the tourism zones those setbacks are to be maintained. Within the setback no
permanent construction of any kind will be permitted. However, soft developments, which are
removable easily without permanent foundation, will be permitted.
Buildings relating to water sports (where there is need to construct structures close to the beach for
their operational purpose) are to be considered case by case by the Bangladesh Tourism Ministry.
Consumption of Natural Resources
Utilizing cleaner production techniques, low water consumption utensils, effective use of rainwater,
and alternative power sources in all tourist service establishments, are encouraged.

Sewage Disposal System

For small tourist facilities and accommodation units, not exceeding 20 rooms, a properly designed
and constructed septic tank and soakage pit system meeting minimum requirements would be
acceptable, subject to ground water pollution constraints.
All new hotels and other sizeable tourist facilities should be linked to effective neighborhood
sewerage systems or have a site package treatment facilities designed and installed to produce
effluents to CEA approved standards that will allow for recycling.
Recycled water should be utilized for washing and gardening, and any excess water should be
discharged in an acceptable manner to CEA and local authority guidelines.
Surface Water Disposal
Drainage should be adequate to remove water without causing dampness and damage. Collection
and re-use should be incorporated into the design and operation.
Safety and Security
Adequate provision should be made for guest safety and security. There should be adequate fire
warning and fire escape provisions.
Site Coverage Density
Maximum site coverage (i.e. the area of the "footprint" of a building as a percentage of the area of
the whole site) of 30% should be applied for development purposes. Potential development sites
should be graded by low, medium or high density. Consideration should be given to factors such as
local site conditions, the general location, and site landscape, bearing capacity and sociological and
environmental aspects.
General maximum densities by grade are as follows;
Low Density
: 25 double guest rooms per hectare;
Medium Density : 62 double guest rooms per hectare;
High Density
: 125 double guest rooms per hectare;
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Higher densities should only be considered on sites where the carrying capacity and the EIA and
SIA studies recommend that such increase can be sustained. Subsequent extensions should be
permitted up to, but not exceeding the density originally designated.
Landscaping
The existing and proposed landscaping of a site requires comprehensive analysis. A full landscape
design should be a component of the development proposal submission. It should be a fully
integrated proposal giving consideration to factors such as privacy, noise pollution, visual
enhancement and wind screening. The proposal should include depiction of boundary fences, paths,
roadways, street furniture and area lighting. It should also incorporate existing trees into the plan.
However, if trees of importance have to be uprooted, it is to be carefully root balled and replanted
elsewhere on the site. Scenic vantage points should be sensitively considered and other such
features included where appropriate. On site plant nurseries is encouraged.
Visual Security
Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Encouragement should be given to designing the public areas of tourist facilities with effective
natural ventilation, supplemented by the use of fans, both to enhance the interior design and reduce
electricity demands and operating costs. Special attention should be given to the design of
bedrooms, in particular the placement of windows and screens should be designed to facilitate free
flow of air. This should be supplemented by fans and by the inclusion of an appropriately located
wall or spilt air conditioning unit. This would offer the guest the choice for either a naturally
ventilated or an air-conditioned bedroom.
Vehicle Parking
Vehicle parking should be fully integrated into the landscaping plan to minimize the visual impact
of large paved surfaces. Encouragement should be given to breaking down parking areas into a
number of smaller units by inclusion of changes of level and vegetation for shade and visual
amelioration. Car parking spaces should be 2.4 meters x 4.8 meters with a minimum area of 30
square meters per space for open car parking. Adequate coach parking spaces should be provided.
Surfaces should be consistent with the overall design of the whole facility, such as concrete or
washed gravel with tuff employed in areas of low traffic. Traffic flow within sites should be
planned in detail with parking limited to designated areas.
Roads
Within development sites, circulation roads for two-way traffic should be a minimum of 6 meters
wide and should be designed for the safety and enjoyment of guests taking a major role, including a
full pedestrian walkway system and adequate consideration for lighting and planting. Planting trees
and walkways should be at least 1.2 meters wide. At the principal entrances to development sites
particular attention should be paid to sight lines and the ease with which site traffic can enter or
leave the general traffic flow. Turning circles should have a minimum radius of 6 meters, but a
greater radius is desirable for easier traffic flow.

32. Community tourism programme in Bangladesh tourism plan.

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Community Based Tourism (CBT) means the tourism activities are developed and operated, for the
most part, by local community members with local culture, heritage and traditions. Similarly,
community-based tourism implies respect and concern for the natural heritage, particularly where the
environment is one of the attractions.

CBT in Bangladesh
The concept of CBT is very new in Bangladesh.
Very few organizations have been working on CBT for past few years.
Among them, Nishorgo Program of Forest Department is the major role player in the field of
Community Based Tourism

Nishorgo Program
Nishorgo Program is a life long initiative of Bangladesh Forest Department for Biodiversity
conservation at the protected areas
Under this initiative, Community based Tourism is a major tool for alternative income generation for
the forest user groups.
CBT Sites of Bangladesh
Initially CBT has been implementing at five protected areas of Bangladesh.

1. Lawachara National Park

2. Satchari National Park
3. Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary
4. Chunoti Wildlife Sanctuary and
5. Teknaf Game Reserve
Eventually the CBT will be implemented at all 20 Protected A

Question 33. Master plan for Bangladesh.

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In todays world of globalization, tourism is considered as one of the worlds major and rapidly
developing industry of the modern world. For any country, tourism is capable of having a significant
influence on economic development. Tourism can add extra value for the Bangladeshi economy,
however such influx of tourists can only be achieved amidst proper usage of effective marketing plans
and to have a long term oriented growth strategy. Investments from both public and private level are
required into the tourism sector along regional cooperation amongst relevant stakeholders can bring
extraordinary benefits for the Bangladeshi Tourism Industry. The government is implementing a mega
plan for the development of tourism sector with a target of earning Taka 3,000 core to 5,000 core a
year from the sector. Now the master plan is given below for the development of tourism.

For smooth implementation of the project, the government has already finalized tourism act
and tourism policy. The tourism act has been approved by the cabinet and is awaiting passage
by parliament.

A list of tourist sports would be published in a gazette notification to preserve those. Besides,
development activities would be carried out in those areas as per the government plan.

The government is implementing a 10-year masster plan in three phases. Under the plan,
2,200 modern and attractive tourist spots would be developed in the country.

Local government division, city corporations, department of environment, district

administrations and other departments and agencies would work in coordination for the
development of tourism.

To create interest in tourism among the people through out the country

To preserve, protect, develop and maintain tourism resources

To take steps for poverty-alleviation through creating employment

To build a positive image of the country abroad

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To open up a recognized sector for private capital investment

To arrange entertainment and recreation

To strengthen national solidarity and integrity

In line with the policy, the Government provides incentives to attract private sector partners. The
incentives include tax-holiday, loans, concession rates for taxes and duties and in specific cases,
allotment of land etc

Development Program
Strategic Master Plan for Tourism

A strategic Master Plan for Tourism Development was prepared by UNDP/ WTO in 1990. It is being
updated by WTO. Besides, the Government has taken steps to establish, Special Tourist Zones (STZ)
at Cox's Bazar, Sundarbans and Kuakata. In the meantime a primary field survey has been conducted
for Kuakata . The Government has taken initiative to exploit the eco-tourism potential of the country
for sustainable tourism development.

34. Travel facilitation recommendation in Bangladesh tourism plan.

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Travel facilitation of tourist travel is closely interlinked with tourism development and can be a tool to
foster increased demand and generate economic development, job creation and international
understanding. This objective is of particular relevance in a moment where most economies look to
stimulate their exports and economic growth.
In spite of the great strides made in recent decades in facilitating tourist travel in many regions of the
world, there is still room for considerable progress, namely considering the possibilities to maximize
the use of information and communication technologies in improving visa procedures.
Some travel recommendations are given below:

Assurance of safety and security

Simplifying Visa and immigration facilities

Need efficient publicity

Taking initiative to develop infrastructural facilities by the government

Participation of communities

Taking necessary policies to attract foreign tourists

Providing the tourists accurate information

Taking participation of private and public sectors

Providing appropriate services to the tourists

These are the travel recommendations of Bangladesh tourism plan.

Question 35. Implementation manual in Bangladesh tourism plan.

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Implementation Manual contains explanations of how to apply the Reporting Principles, how to
prepare the information to be disclosed, and how to interpret the various concepts in the Guidelines.
References to other sources, a glossary and general reporting notes are also included. Organizations
should consult the Implementation Manual when preparing a sustainability report.

How to use the implementation manual:

The Implementation Manual provides valuable informationabout:
How to understand, interpret and implement the concepts mentioned in the Reporting Principles and
Standard Disclosures.
How to select and prepare the information to be disclosed in the final report; which references can be
useful when preparing a report
How to apply the Reporting Principles
How to identify material Aspects and their Boundaries
How GRI content helps to report on the organizations implementation of the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guidelines forMultinational Enterprises,
2011 and United Nations Global Compact, Ten Principles, 2000.
In this document, the Implementation Manual, page numbers which refer toeither the Reporting
Principle and Standard
Disclosures or the Implementation Manual are clearly identified as such.
The following sections will be found in this Implementation
Manual:
1. Reporting Principles
2. Standard Disclosures, divided as follows:
3. General Standard Disclosures
Strategy and Analysis
Organizational Profile
Identified Material Aspects and Boundaries

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 Stakeholder Engagement
Report Profile
Governance
Ethics and Integrity
4. Specific Standard Disclosures
Guidance for Disclosures on Management Approach
Guidance for Indicators and Aspect-specific
Disclosures on Management Approach
5. References
6. Glossary
7. General Reporting Notes

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