They have "buffalo hair and feet as lionfante" are not white and slender, her skin is black

and thick, thorny language and his head seems boar:

"This means to very repulsive sight beast. It is not, as we say, that let capture by the maid,
but otherwise "(Milione, 143).
However, categorization is not only a stabilized and culturally embedded system but also a
linguistic and discursively anchored system. As we know, nothing can be understood that
has not been reduced to language. Knowing what is necessarily involves communicable
know what's being. And I know it and name it, figure it implies, in turn, the use of the
generic, which is already an effect of the word, because language leads us to speak and
think for generalia, that is, to gather individuals into classes characterized distintivamente1
. They are the tongue, ordering pure form of all experience and mediator between
sensitive data and conceptualization, and the speech generator matrices that guide us in
the development and understanding of statements, those involved in the training process
knowledge, process who do not escape the mechanisms involved in the production and
communication of knowledge of science. As Marco Polo knew he was before unicorns,
astronomer knows he is facing a supernova, the anthropologist to a lineage, paleontologist
before a Tyrannosaurus rex or the grammarian before a dectico. All have a knowledge of
the specifics that allows them to define a collection of attributes as a copy or specimen
given. From this knowledge of the species and the particular evidence infer a class that
gives meaning to this singular: unicorn, supernova, descent, or dectico Tyrannosaurus
rex.
1 nominum medieval philosophers called hardship to the impossibility of language to name
the whole, to the absence of names for each individual object and for each event
presented to them. It is impossible figurative language and designed by Borges Funes:
"Locke, in the seventeenth century, postulated (and rejected) an impossible language in
which each individual thing, each stone, each bird and each branch has its own name;
Funes once projected an analogous language, but discarded it because it seemed too
general, too ambiguous. In effect, Funes not only remembered every leaf on every tree of
every hill, but each of the voices he had perceived or imagined ... This, lest we forget, was
almost incapable of general, platonic ideas. Not only cost him understand that the generic
symbol dog covering many disparate individuals of different sizes and different shape; it
bothered him that the dog at three-fourteen (seen in profile) had the same name as the
dog at three-fifteen (seen from the front) "(Borges: [1944] 1997.133). 2 In fact, this has
been reading the Scholastic has made the Aristotelian logic. For Aristotle, knowledge
begins in simple apprehension of the concepts expressed in linguistic terms and require an
analysis of their meaning and logical operation, the second stage is the proposition or
judgment, which also has its logical structure and amenable analysis and the third time is
the chain of propositions which form an argument or argument. 3 treatment involves,
somehow, put the logic serving rhetoric.
Properties or attributes, classes, genera, species, inference and definition. This chapter
explores the ways in which these concepts and operations involved in the formation of
scientific knowledge. Follows the route that traditionally logical drives are addressed: from
concepts to propositions, propositions to argumentos2.
However, away from these treatments to the extent it is understood these formal structures
and modes ie as rhetorical configurations as signs and, consequently, the logic triad
concept-judgment-reasoning is treated here as a term-proposition -argumento3 and is
addressed in the order of writing from the analysis of the bond that meets the definition.

Proposition term Argument

AA is C If A is B, and B is C, then A is C Socrates / mortal Socrates is mortal If Socrates is
a man, men are mortal, then Socrates is mortal. Analysis of verbal concepts configurations
is passed the examination of the formal structure of the propositions and inferential verbal
forms as schemes that allow conceptualize and define a notion. Terms and classification
For formal logic, the concept is basic and elemental unit of knowledge. It is an entity that
integrates significance greater unity and in that sense is a "term" 4. As we saw, the
concepts fulfill two essential functions, the organization of experience and the hypothesis.
Thus, compared to a certain sensitive data, astronomer says it's a supernova and brings
together the unitary body with a plurality of other entities (other possible phenomena that
are not there, in sight) joins the visible stellar explosion to the core Hydrogen, with flashes
of light that gave or will in the celestial sphere, with the history of the star, its collapse, etc
.; with other phenomena of the same or different species, and all the other unitary
authorities, in space and time that they make up the cosmos current, past or future. That
supernova said to have lines of silicon or iron; which evolved from that phenomenon, of
that destabilization; the ejected material includes heavy elements that later form new stars
and planets, increasing the metallicity of the universe, etc. Organization and assumptions
are operations that allow you to link individuals with properties and relationships. This is
analogous to the logical implication relationships, ie relationships are unique and
preaching among certain properties.
4 The use of "term" also involves thinking in terms of the syllogism, as elementary
linguistic expression that combines statements. 5 It is worth noting here that other
approaches suggest that the concepts do not have a comparable structure to the logic of
classes. This applies, for example, prototypes theory proposes a mechanism based
categorization more prototypes that logically defined classes. Wittgenstein ([1953] 1999)
rejects the classical conception and proposed that what unites certain individuals within a
category is a certain family resemblance, a non transitive similarity between members of a
class.
According to the classical conception, concepts have a componential structure. They are
set depending on traits or attributes that compose them. They thus form logical classes: C
= R {x, y} where C is the concept, and R xy attributes the relationship between these
atributos5. For example, the concept of man can be analyzed as follows: male =
{substance, animate, mortal, sensible, rational}.
The concept, therefore, has a structure established from defining properties. In the
concept of man, each of these attributes considered separately to other entities (the oxen,
for example, are encouraged, and sensitive substances mortals and gods, in the neoPlatonic sense, can be applied are substances
animated sound), but properties taken as a whole, as a defining group apply only to man
and make him consider a Class6. A number of attributes are closely linked to the concept,
it could not exist without them, and elsewhere, are the relationships, the attributes listed in
the hierarchy of the classes to which the concept belongs. Whoever suppresses the one
hand, it considered deprive the concept of its structure and on the other, destroy the
hierarchy from which it is part. These are the essential attributes. The others are
accidental. Man ceases to be man if not sensible or rational, but it is accidental or blond or
have morocho love of books. For this logic, attributes or properties under which certain
individuals are recognized as members of a class must be individually necessary and
sufficient set. To the extent necessary that each and every one of the copies must

possess; any entity can not be considered a member of the class. However, by
themselves, the required properties does not ensure inclusion. Which places a unique
within a class is the set of properties enough, in the sense that the combination of features
ensures consideration as a member of the class. For example, a copy chlorophyll function
ascribed to the category of "vegetable". Vegetables have other features, but all these
vegetables and only perform the chlorophyll function, therefore, it is necessary and
sufficient condition. In physics, you get the concept of stability from two necessary and
sufficient properties: resilience or speed with which the system returns to its original
condition and strength or ability to withstand disturbances. The disparity is necessary
attribute of the concept of number 3, so that, although it has wider application (applied, for
example, 7) does not extend beyond the concept number. They are based on common
traits and defining properties that allow them to study the porpoises biologist, sociologist
address social classes, physical analysis of solids groupings. But how secure the
specialists and defining the distinctive notes of a class ?, what criteria they use ?, how
justified? It is not universal features lists without accumulated.
6 Cf. Aristotle (Analytica Posteriora, II 90b 30 et seq.). 7 issue of what criteria to find
common differential attributes to all members of a category appears beautifully expressed
in the cast of animals of the Chinese Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge
encyclopedia. As Eco (2011b: 30) points, with the listing of Borges, classification gets its
point of maximum heresy and blasphemy against each preformed logical order. There is
only a taste of the cast itself, this list is not just a recreational device, a literary game, "but
rather a form of knowledge, or of ignorance, a crisis of established knowledge. Therefore,
it is a rhetorical way to get close with the utmost respect. " 8 CFR. Aristotle and categories
below.
The first question, perhaps obvious, but it will be important later and needs to be clearly
established is that it is not possible to separate the attributes of their attributional sense:
you can not separate your criteria clasificatorio7 class.
In a conception in which the language is the mirror of nature (as in classical philosophy
which, as will be seen later, the concept is a universal calling) 8, the categorization can be
understood as a process of discovery is ascribed as a member of a unique class that has
the right to external reality remains hidden natural properties.
Under the program, however, by categorizing the specific sense of an entity it is built, that
is, the concept is the result of categories imposed on the wealth of experience for the
double tongue-speaking mediation. The selection of properties is a linguistic-discursive
construction. In the ways of knowing the intersection of conceptual work with the different
ways of naming and legitimate knowledge is recognized in every culture.
The relationship of ostriches with the kinds of birds or platypus with mammals and efforts
of natural scientists of the nineteenth century to understand them and to find a place within
a conceptual and linguistic Scheme 9, or the conceptualization of space before and after
relatividad10 theory are examples senses that the establishment of defining groups does
not give hallmarks of an external reality whose existence is independent of thought and
language. Some other cases. The Marxist concept of social class is formulated from a
property, position in production relations. However, other approaches determinations
impose new level of social formation and the political situation. In Bourdieu, to give but one
example, the concept of class can not be defined only by a property; although this is a
necessary property, it is not enough. It must also be defined in terms of possession or
dispossession of goods, the handling of certain assets related to the domination and

dependence, from symbolic relations structured in terms of inclusion / exclusion,

disclosure, distinction, among other properties.
Discovered in Australia in September 1798, the platypus was a real challenge for scientists
of the moment. This curious animal-headed quadruped and duckbill that, contrary to all
existing classifications, presented mammalian characters (even an animal with duckbill
could not suck) and ovparo, with a DVD apparatus as birds and reptiles. Yet in 1811 the
need to find a place in the standings stimulates creativity of scientists who invented the
category of Ornythorynchus paradoxus and then the Reptantia. 10 Homogeneous,
isotropic, continuous, unlimited, three-dimensional and homoloidal are the essential
attributes of Euclidean space. From the theory of relativity of Einstein and non-Euclidean
geometries, space has lost the sense of certainty attractive providing positive science
concerned with offering models of objective and abstract space reduced to mathematical
formulas and geometry and has reached conceptualizations space as a priori form of
intuition (Kant). 11 outreach speech often reflects these vacillations: "Scientists redefine
criteria for the detection of Alzheimer's" or