IT Infrastrcture MIS

Management Information Systems
Information Technology
(Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies)

CRIS (IRCTC) Speeds Up with a New IT Infrastructure
Problem: Aging systems no longer able to provide
information rapidly enough for timely decisions; too
unreliable for 24/7 operations
Solutions: Replaced and upgraded hardware and
software and used leading-edge technology
Grid computing
Virtualization
Blade servers
Demonstrates IT s role in using resources more
efficiently; reducing computing energy usage,
modernizing services
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IT infrastructure:
Set of physical devices and software required to
operate enterprise
Set of firmwide services including:
Computing platforms providing computing services

Telecommunications services
Data management services
Application software services
Physical facilities management services
IT management, standards, education, research and development
services
Service platform
perspective more accurate view
of value of investments
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IT Infrastructure
Connection between the firm, IT infrastructure and Business Capabilities
The services a firm is capable of providing to its customers, suppliers, and employees are a
direct function of its IT infrastructure. Ideally, this infrastructure should support the firms
business and information systems strategy. New information technologies have a powerful
impact on business and IT strategies, as well as the services that can be provided to
customers.
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Evolution of IT infrastructure
General-purpose mainframe & minicomputer era:
1959 to present
1958 IBM first mainframes introduced
1965 Less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced
Personal computer era: 1981 to present

1981 Introduction of IBM PC
Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal
software
Client/server era: 1983 to present
Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing

work split between clients and servers
Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered)
Various types of servers (network, application,
Web)
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Stages in IT infrastructure evolution
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Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.)
Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present
Move toward integrating disparate networks, applications
using Internet standards and enterprise applications
Cloud Computing: 2000 to present

Refers to a model of computing where firms and
individuals obtain computing power and software
applications over the Internet or other network
Fastest growing form of computing
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Stages in IT infrastructure evolution
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Multitiered Client/Server Network (N-Tier)
In a multitiered client/server network, client requests for service are handled by different levels of servers.
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Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution

Moore
s law and microprocessing power
Computing power doubles every 18 months
Nanotechnology:
Shrinks size of transistors to size comparable to size
of a virus
Law of Mass Digital Storage

The amount of data being stored each year
doubles
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MOORE
S LAW AND
MICROPROCESSOR
PERFORMANCE
Packing over 2 billion
transistors into a tiny
microprocessor has
exponentially increased
processing power. Processing
power has increased to over
500,000 MIPS (millions of
instructions per second).
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FALLING COST
OF CHIPS
Packing more transistors
into less space has
driven down transistor
cost dramatically as well
as the cost of the
products in which they
are used.
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Infrastructure Components
IT Infrastructure has 7 main components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Computer hardware platforms

Operating system platforms
Enterprise software applications
Data management and storage
Networking/telecommunications platforms
Internet platforms
Consulting system integration services
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THE IT
INFRASTRUCTURE
ECOSYSTEM
There are seven major
components that must be
coordinated to provide the firm
with a coherent IT
infrastructure. Listed here are
major technologies and
suppliers for each component.
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Computer hardware platforms
Client machines
Desktop PCs, mobile devices PDAs, laptops
Servers
Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks
Mainframes:
IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade
servers
Top chip producers: AMD, Intel, IBM

Top firms: IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems
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Operating system platforms
Operating systems
Server level: 75% run Windows; 25% run Unix or Linux
Client level:
90% run Microsoft Windows (XP, 2000, CE, etc.)
Handheld device OSs (Android, iPhone OS)
Cloud computing OSs (Googles Chrome OS)
Enterprise software applications

Enterprise application providers: SAP and Oracle
Middleware providers: BEA
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Data management and storage

Database software:
IBM (DB2), Oracle, Microsoft (SQL Server),
Sybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise), MySQL
Physical data storage:
EMC Corp (large-scale systems), Seagate,
Maxtor, Western Digital
Storage area networks (SANs):
Connect multiple storage devices on dedicated
network
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Networking/telecommunications platforms
Telecommunication services
Telecommunications, cable, telephone
company charges for voice lines and Internet
access
AT&T, Verizon
Network operating systems:
Windows Server, Novell, Linux, Unix
Network hardware providers:
Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent, Nortel, Juniper Networks
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The Evolution of Networking
Telecommunications, combined use of computer hardware and

communications software for sending and receiving information over
communications media, enables computer users throughout the world to
communicate.

Data Transmission Characteristics
What are the characteristics of transmitted data?
Bandwidth
number
of
bits
that
can
be
transferred
per second over a given medium

Analog signals continuous waves transmitted over a medium at a
certain frequency range
Digital signals send data in the form of bits

Bandwidth
number of bits that can be transmitted per second
terms for measuring bandwidth
Analog and Digital Transmission

Modulate sending modem changes digital signal into
analog signal
Demodulate receiving modem changes analog signal
back into digital
Translating digital signals to analog signals
Internal modem electronic board

plugged into a slot on a computers
motherboard
External modem standalone device connected by

cable to a computer
Serial transmission data transmitted

one bit after another
Parallel transmission 8
bits
(1 byte) plus a parity bit
transmitted at the same
time over 9 separate paths

Parallel and Serial Transmission

Serial transmission sends 1 byte plus the parity bit one bit after another
in a continuous line.
Parallel transmission sends 8 bits plus a parity bit at the same time over
9 separate paths.

Communications Media
Twisted-pair cable is two parallel copper wires, individually wrapped in

Twistedplastic and bound by another plastic casing.

Communications Media
Coaxial cable is an insulated center wire grounded by a shield of braided wire.
Fiber--optic cable transmits beams of light through a glass or plastic core.

Fiber

Wired Communications Media
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Lines are used to dial into
the Internet and receive information at high speeds.
Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) use existing phone lines and new
switched connections to get faster speeds than traditional phone access.
T Lines are digital, high-speed, long-distance lines capable of carrying

signals across the line.
Microwave systems transmit data through the atmosphere from one

microwave station to another.

How does wireless communication work?
Satellite system is a solar-powered device containing radios called

transponders.
Transponders receive signals from transmission stations on ground.
Satellites receives signals, amplifies them, and retransmits them to other

locations on earth.
Geosynchronous orbit rotates satellite at same speed as earths rotation.
Communications satellite is a solar-powered, electronic device with

specialized radios (transponders) for receiving signals from ground
transmission stations. A satellite receives transmitted signals, amplifies
them, and retransmits them to other ground locations.
Infrared technology allows data as infrared light waves to be

transmitted from a special port in a computer to an infrared sensor in a
printer.
Signals sent by cell phones are transmitted and received from cell to cell until
they reach their destination.

home
Wi-FiWiFi-enabled devices use a

broadband Internet connection
through a wireless access point.

Wireless Communications Media
Bluetooth technology offers short-range connectivity with other
Bluetooth devices.
Devices form a small, temporary network that can transmit voice and
data.

Network Classifications
Networking paths allow networked client computers to send information to a

server, which relays information back to the computer or to another on the
network. Fax machines and printers are shared resources. The file server
accesses a shared hard disk.
In peer-to-peer architecture, computers act as both client and server.
Local area network (LAN) is a private network using a file server that
houses all network resources.
Wide area network (WAN) spans a large geographical area connecting two or
more LANs.
An intranet is a network within an organization to serve internal users.
An extranet is an extension of an intranet that allows specified external users

access via the Internet

Network Topologies
Bus Topology
all computers linked to a single line of cable (bus)
all communications travel length of bus
Star Topology links multiple computers and devices to a central hub in a

configuration resembling a star.
Ring Topology has no hub, and each computer is connected to two other
computers in a circular path.

Network Hardware
Hub It is a device that links computers in a network and coordinates messages
computers send and receive

Switch device that joins multiple computers within one local area
(LAN)
network

Repeater device that receives signals, amplifies the signals, and sends the
signals along the communication path

Router device that joins two or more networks
A gateway is a combination of hardware and software that allows dissimilar

networks to communicate. This gateway connects a star network to a ring
network.
A bridge is a combination of hardware and software that enables devices on

similar networks to communicate. This bridge connects two star networks.

Network Interface Card (NIE) connects each client computer to a network
A
network
interface
card
(NIC) is used for
wired
connections in a
desktop PC.
A wireless NIC
allows notebook
computers to use
Wi-Fi hotspots.
Network Operating Systems (NOS)
controls flow of messages from client computers and provides services such
as file access and printing
systems such as UNIX and Mac OS have networking functions built in
Windows systems include Novells Netware or Windows Server software to

enhance the basic operating system

Communications Software and Protocols
Communication software programs can be used to
access and use services of an Internet service provider for e-mail and Web
browsers
send and receive information to and from computers through LAN and
WAN networks
send and receive faxes

What are protocols
protocols?
Protocols are rules and procedures for exchanging information among
computers on a network.
Computers involved must have the same settings and follow the same
standards.

Examples of communications protocols
With simplex data

transmission, data
flows only one way.
With
halfduplex
data
transmission,
data flows in
both directions
but only in one
direction at a
time.
With
fullduplex
data
transmission,
data flows in
both directions
at the same
time.
Directional Protocols
Simplex transmission communications flow in only one direction
Half
Half--duplex transmission communications flow in both directions,
but not at the same time
Full
Full--duplex transmission communications flow in both directions
simultaneously
Internet platforms
Hardware, software, management services to
support company Web sites, (including Web
hosting services) intranets, extranets
Internet hardware server market: Dell,
HP/Compaq, IBM
Web development tools/suites: Microsoft
(FrontPage, .NET) IBM (WebSphere) Sun (Java),
independent software developers: Adobe,
RealMedia
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What is Web 2.0?
Web as a platform
Software as services
Architecture of participation
Social media
Harnessing collective intelligence
Originated from O'Reilly and MediaLive
International in 2004
Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the

computer industry caused by the move to
the Internet as a platform, and an attempt
to understand the rules for success on that
new platform.
- Tim OReilly
Traditional Media
Social Media

Web 2.0 Provides the Infrastructure for Innovation
And a personal change
Web 2.0 Concepts
Blogging
Forums
Wikis
Social Networks
Bookmarking
Folksonomy = Tagging
E-commerce
Syndication
Instant Messaging
Mashup
RIA
Collaborative Software
Blogging
Individuals broadcast ideas to like-minded
people
Business to broadcast latest information to
stakeholders
Citizen journalism
Receive comments from readers
Photos, videos, podcasts
Micro-blogging (twitter)
Forums
Online message board around one topic

Discussions with posts and replies
Threads are collections of posts and replies
Moderators to clean up spam
Software communities use forums as part
of support platform
Wiki
Collectively share and edit a body of knowledge

Ongoing process of creation and collaboration
Knowledge Management
Wikipedia
Enterprise wikis
Social Networking
Online communities
Share information
Connect people with same interest
Personal, Business, Political
Facebook, Hyves, Friendster, Orkut,
MySpace, LinkedIn, Plaxo
Flickr, You-Tube, Slideshare, Iens
E-Commerce
Connect seller and buyer

Adds value by providing service
Ebay, Amazon, Marktplaats
Kayak, hotels.com, Funda, Monsterboard
Business model to leverage Web 2.0
technology
Bookmarking
Users save and share links

Add meta-data
Access bookmarks on any computer
Delicio.us, Digg, Reddit, StumbledUpon
Rating
Also social networking sites
Folksonomy = Tagging
Cooperative Classification
Classification by users not experts
Easier to find
Blog posts, photos, videos, bookmarks
Common problems
Spelling
Plurals
Specificity
Instant Messaging
MSN, Yahoo Messenger, ICQ, Aim, Jabber, Google
Talk, Skype
Instant updates and feedback
Real-time communication
Mobile-enabled
Extra features: file transfer, contact lists,
conferences
Business use to for more efficient communication
Syndication
Make updates come to you
RSS (Rich Site Summary, Really Simple Syndication)
Standard format used to publish frequently updated
works
Blog posts, comments, news, forum feeds, audio, video,
stock market
Aggregated for you by a RSS feed reader

Bloglines, GoogleReader
Mashup
Aggregates data from more than one source
Often using Open API to build services from
data sources
e.g. Real estate data on Google map
RIA
Rich Internet Application

Enhance user experience
Thin client to fat client
Technologies: Adobe Flex, JavaFX
Collaborative Software
Google Docs
Vyew
Real-time collaboration on documents
Change the way we work
Social Media Game

Pick a character
Discuss which Web 2.0 technology and how
they can be used
Work as a group for this assignment. Split in
to groups of 5.
Discuss how Web 2.0 concepts can help the
following characters
Character #1:
Project Manager
Ramesh is a project manager for a
project whose team is split between the
Australia and India. The client for the
project, which in the US, would like to
be informed about how the project is
going.
Character #2:
Freelance Consultant
Soundarya is a freelance consultant
with expertise in environmental law. She
would like to show potential clients the
extent of her knowledge. She would
also like to expand her network so as to
reach more potential clients.
Character #3:
Campaign Manager
Soumitra is the campaign manager for a
national politician. She would like to let
more people know about her candidate
and would like to get more people
involved in the cause.
Character #4
University Dean
Prof. Sangvikar HOD PUMBA. He is setting
up a program that will introduce students to
cultural differences and prepare them for
working in a global economy. To do this,
there will be assignments to be done by
student
from
3
other
participating
universities around the world.
Character #5: PRO

Shital is Public Relations Officer at the
KattaPWN
(Professional
Women's
Network). She wants to get more
visibility for the KattaPWN and she
wants to use the internet for that. She
also wants to get more people involved
in activities.
Character #6: Marketing

Praful is VP of marketing at a company
that sells electronics online. He wants
his company website to be the one that
people come to for information about
the products.

Consulting and system integration services
Even large firms do not have resources for a full
range of support for new, complex infrastructure
Software integration: ensuring new
infrastructure works with legacy systems
Legacy systems: older TPS created for
mainframes that would be too costly to replace
or redesign
Accenture, IBM Global Services, EDS, Infosys,
Wipro
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Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends
The emerging mobile digital platform
Cell phones, smartphones (BlackBerry, iPhone)
Have assumed data transmission, Web surfing,
e-mail and IM duties
Netbooks:
Small, low-cost lightweight notebooks
optimized for wireless communication and core
computing tasks
Tablets (iPad)
Networked e-readers (Kindle)
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Grid computing
Connects geographically remote computers into a
single network to combine processing power and
create virtual supercomputer
Provides cost savings, speed, agility
Virtualization
Allows single physical resource to act as multiple
resources (i.e., run multiple instances of OS)
Reduces hardware and power expenditures
Facilitates hardware centralization
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Cloud computing
On-demand (utility) computing services obtained
over network
Infrastructure as a service
Platform as a service
Software as a service
Cloud can be public or private

Allows companies to minimize IT investments
Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability
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Green computing
Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using,
disposing of computing and networking hardware
Autonomic computing
Industry-wide effort to develop systems that can configure,
heal themselves when broken, and protect themselves
from outside intruders
Similar to self-updating antivirus software; Apple and
Microsoft both use automatic updates
High performance, power-saving processors

Multi-core processors
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Contemporary Software Platform Trends
Linux and open-source software
Open-source software: Produced by community of
programmers, free and modifiable by user
Linux: Open-source software OS
Software for the Web

Java:
Object-oriented programming language
Operating system, processor-independent
Ajax
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
Allows client and server to exchange small pieces of
data without requiring the page to be reloaded
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Web Services
Software components that exchange information using
Web standards and languages
XML: Extensible Markup Language
More powerful and flexible than HTML
Tagging allows computers to process data automatically
SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol

Rules for structuring messages enabling applications to pass data
and instructions
WSDL: Web Services Description Language

Framework for describing Web service and capabilities
UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration

Directory for locating Web services
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SOA: Service-oriented architecture
Set of self-contained services that communicate with
each other to create a working software application
Software developers reuse these services in other
combinations to assemble other applications as
needed
Example: an invoice service to serve whole firm for
calculating and sending printed invoices
Dollar Rent A Car

Uses Web services to link online booking system with
Southwest Airlines Web site
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Example Case Studies
www.makemytrip.com , www.cleartrip.com
http://in.bookmyshow.com/
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Software outsourcing and cloud services
Three external sources for software:
1. Software packages and enterprise software
2. Software outsourcing (domestic or offshore)
Domestic:
Primarily for middleware, integration services, software
support
Offshore:
Primarily for lower level maintenance, data entry, call
centers, although outsourcing for new-program
development is increasing
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Three external sources for software (cont.)
3. Cloud-based software services
Software as a service (SaaS)
Accessed with Web browser over Internet
Ranges from free or low-cost services for individuals to
business and enterprise software
Users pay on subscription or per-transaction
E.g. Salesforce.com
Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement
with service providers
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Software outsourcing and cloud services (cont.)
Mashups
Combinations of two or more online applications, such
as combining mapping software (Google Maps) with
local content
Apps
Small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on
your computer, or on your cell phone
iPhone, BlackBerry, Android
Generally delivered over the Internet
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Management Issues
Dealing with platform and infrastructure change
As firms shrink or grow, IT needs to be flexible and
scalable
Scalability:
Ability to expand to serve larger numbers of users
For mobile computing and cloud computing
New policies and procedures for managing these new
platforms
Contractual agreements with firms running clouds and
distributing software required
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Management Issues
Management and governance
Who controls IT infrastructure?
How should IT department be organized?
Centralized
Central IT department makes decisions
Decentralized
Business unit IT departments make own decisions
How are costs allocated between

divisions, departments?
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Management Issues
Making wise infrastructure investments
Amount to spend on IT is complex question
Rent vs. buy, outsourcing
Total cost of ownership (TCO) model

Analyzes direct and indirect costs
Hardware, software account for only about 20% of TCO
Other costs: Installation, training, support,
maintenance, infrastructure, downtime, space and
energy
TCO can be reduced through use of cloud services,
greater centralization and standardization of hardware
and software resources
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Management Issues
Competitive forces model for IT
infrastructure investment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
101
Market demand for firm

s services
Firm
s business strategy
Firm
s IT strategy, infrastructure, and cost
Information technology assessment
Competitor firm services
Competitor firm IT infrastructure investments
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Management Issues
COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL FOR IT INFRASTRUCTURE
There are six factors you can use to answer the question, How much
should our firm spend on IT infrastructure?
infrastructure?
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Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Computing platforms providing computing services

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Personal computer era: 1981 to present

Client/server era: 1983 to present

Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing

Management Information Systems

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Cloud Computing: 2000 to present

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution

Law of Mass Digital Storage

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Computer hardware platforms

Management Information Systems

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Top chip producers: AMD, Intel, IBM

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Enterprise software applications

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Data management and storage

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Telecommunications, combined use of computer hardware and

Management Information Systems

per second over a given medium

Management Information Systems

Analog and Digital Transmission

Management Information Systems

Translating digital signals to analog signals

Management Information Systems

Internal modem electronic board

External modem standalone device connected by

Management Information Systems

Serial transmission data transmitted

Management Information Systems

Parallel and Serial Transmission

Management Information Systems

Twisted-pair cable is two parallel copper wires, individually wrapped in

Management Information Systems

Coaxial cable is an insulated center wire grounded by a shield of braided wire.

Management Information Systems