Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2015-2016
Contents
*Ch.1-The part of a sentence
1
1 -Sentence or Fragment
2-Subject and Predicate
3-The Verb Phrase
4- Kinds of Sentences
*Ch.2 Parts of Speech
1-Pronouns
11- 15
2-Nouns
16- 24
3-Verbs
25- 136
4-Adjectives
137- 152
5-Adverbs
153- 162
Examples :
1-Many different people lived in the American colonies.
MAIN VERB (action)
2-The colonists were hardworking.
MAIN VERB (linking)
*Helping verbs help the main verb express action or show
time.
Example:
5
Kinds of Sentences
*Declarative - A declarative sentence makes a
statement. A declarative sentence ends with a period.
Example: The house will be built on a hill.
*Interrogative - An interrogative sentence asks a
question. An interrogative sentence ends with a
question mark.
Example: How did you find the card?
Example : 1.
Example : 2.
4.
5.
My shoe is on fire!
6.
fire?
7.
8.
9.
Pronouns
Pronouns are words we use in the place of a full noun.
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Pronou Subject
ns
Object
Possessive Posses
Adj.
sive
Reflexive
Singula
r
Me
My
Mine
Myself
Singula
r
You
You
Your
Yours
Yourself
Singula
r
He
Him
His
His
Himself
Singula
r
She
Her
Her
Hers
Herself
Singula
r
It
It
Its
Its
Itself
Plural
We
Us
Our
Ours
Ourselv
es
Plural
You
You
Your
Yours
Yourselv
es
plural
They
Them
Their
Theirs
themsel
ves
-He is my friend.
-It is raining.
-She is on holiday.
-We live in England.
-They come from London.
Possessive Pronouns
>
>
Is it yours?
coat]?
Her coat is grey, [my Her coat is
coat]is brown.
grey,
>
Mine is brown.
We can say:
1. Susan is one of my friends.
2. Susan is a friend of mine.
3. I am one of Susan's friends.
4. I am a friend of Susan's.
chocolate cake.
4. Is the party at our place or --------?
Reflexive Pronouns
14
Nouns
What is a noun?
A noun is a part of speech that is used to name a person, place,
thing, quality, or action. A noun can function as a subject, object,
complement, appositive, or object of a preposition.
But there are many nouns which don't follow this rule. For example
the plural of fish is fish. The plural of tooth is teeth. These are
irregular plurals
Knife Knives
Self Selves
Monkey --------Car
--------Church --------Child ---------Dictionary ---------Bus
---------Himself ----------
Proper Nouns
Oreo
Amman
Dog
Park
2. Abstract Nouns.
One class of nouns is abstract. Your five senses cannot detect
this group of nouns. You cannot see them, hear them, smell them,
taste them, or feel them.
Check out the following example:
When Joseph dived into the violent waves to rescue a
drowning puppy, his bravery amazed the crowd of fishermen
standing on the dock.
*Bravery, one of the nouns in this sentence, is an example of an
abstract noun. You can see Joseph, the water, and the crowd. But
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you cannot see bravery itself. Bravery has no color, size, shape,
sound, odor, flavor, or texture; it has no quality that you can see,
hear, smell, taste, or touch. Any noun that escapes your five
senses is an abstract noun.
Question 1 -In each sentence, underline the noun or
nouns. Above it, write a C if it is concrete or an A if it is
abstract.
1. On the path we spotted a large, slimy snake.
2. We felt tremendous relief after the snake passed us.
3. When I stepped outside, I could feel the wind blowing.
4. Mary could feel nothing but joy when she took first place
in the science fair.
5. Tom felt pride when he got an A on his math test.
6. My most comfortable shirt is made out of cotton.
7. Bills anger began to build as the bullies made fun of
him.
8. Judy had the gift of forgiveness and was able to forgive
people easily. Question 2 -Complete each sentence with
an appropriate noun. Write what kind of noun it is on the
line. (Concrete or abstract)
9. Max gave the permission slip to his ___________________.
10. My family went to _________________for our vacation.
11. Lynn was full of ______________as she watched the
movie.
12. My favorite food is ____________________.
13. _________________is my next-door neighbor.
14. It takes ____________________to compete in a decathlon.
15. Last night we played __________________at the party.
Collective Nouns.
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A
A
A
A
A
flock of sheep.
bunch of keys.
pack of playing cards.
pack of wolves.
series of events.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Verbs
Verb is : A word used to describe an action, state, or
occurrence, and forming the main part of the
predicate of a sentence.
Verbs in English have four basic parts :
Base form
-ing form
Past tense
Work
Play
Listen
working
playing
listening
worked
played
listened
Past
participle
Worked
Played
Listened
Past tense
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Past participle
Be
Begin
Break
Bring
Buy
Build
Choose
Come
Cost
Cut
Do
Draw
Drive
Eat
Feel
Find
Get
Give
Go
Have
Hear
Hold
Keep
Know
Leave
Lead
Let
Lie
Lose
Make
Mean
Meet
Pay
Was\were
Began
Broke
Brought
Bought
Built
Chose
Came
Cost
Cut
Did
Drew
Drove
Ate
Felt
Found
Got
Gave
Went
Had
Heard
Held
Kept
Knew
Left
Led
Let
Lay
Lost
Made
Meant
Met
Paid
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Been
Begun
Broken
Brought
Bought
Built
Chosen
Come
Cost
Cut
Done
Drawn
Driven
Eaten
Felt
Found
Got
Given
Gone
Had
Heard
Held
Kept
Known
Left
Led
Let
Lain
Lost
Made
Meant
Met
Paid
Put
Run
Say
See
Sell
Send
Set
Sit
Speak
Spend
Stand
Take
Teach
Tell
Think
Understand
Wear
Win
Write
Put
Ran
Said
Saw
Sold
Sent
Set
Sat
Spoke
Spent
Stood
Took
Taught
Told
Thought
Understood
Wore
Won
Wrote
Put
Run
Said
Seen
Sold
Sent
Set
Sat
Spoken
Spent
Stood
Taken
Taught
Told
Thought
Understood
Worn
Won
Written
Past form
-----------------Find
------------------------------------Lay
Past participle
Cut
------------------Bought
-------------------------------------
Action Verbs
Regular Verbs
The following list of tenses shows the different verb forms for
regular verbs:
Base - To discover
Present I discover something new every day.
Present progressive I am discovering myself.
Present perfect I have discovered a new way.
Present perfect progressive I have been discovering
new music.
Past I discovered that already.
Past progressive I was discovering something this
morning.
Past perfect I had discovered that I was lost.
Past perfect progressive I had been discovering an
interesting place.
Future I will discover that when I get there.
Future progressive I am discovering that tomorrow.
Future perfect I will have discovered that by the time I
get home.
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Irregular Verbs
Base - To drink
Present I drink when I am thirsty.
Present progressive I am drinking orange juice.
Present perfect She has drunk the new cocktail.
Present perfect progressive I have been drinking
plenty of water.
Past I drank my share of water.
Past progressive I was drinking coffee when you called.
Past perfect I had drunk all the tea in the pitcher.
Past perfect progressive The team had been drinking
coffee before we got here.
Future I will drink hot cider tonight.
Future progressive I am going to drink homemade
milk.
Future perfect He will have drunk everything in sight by
morning.
Future perfect progressive I will be drinking sweet tea
when we get to Carolina.
Question 1-Directions: Circle the action verb or verbs in each
sentence given below.
Answer: Draw
1. My sister turned in her homework late.
2. I had to fix my bike before I rode it.
3. I held my mothers hand when I walked into the amusement
park.
4. My younger brother slept early the night before his test.
5. I always raise my hand during class to let the teacher know
I have something to say. Directions:
Question 2-Write a sentence with each action verb given
below and label it Mental Action or Physical Action.
Example : run
Answer :Physical Action
John had to run to the store immediately.
6. thought- ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. escaped- ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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1. Will
*Making personal predictions
- I don't think the Queen will ever surrender.
- I doubt if I will stay here much longer.
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*Offering to do something
- You stay there! I will bring the basket.
*Insistence; habitual behavior
- I'm not surprised you don't know what to do! You will keep
talking in class.
- My car won't start. I will have to call the garage.
*Making a promise or a threat
- You can count on me! I will be there at 8 o'clock sharp.
- If you don't finish your dinner off, you will go straight to bed!
2. Shall
Shall is a form of will, used mostly in the first person.
The only time you do need to use it is in questions,
when:
*Making offers
- Shall I bring you another glass of juice?
*Making suggestions
- Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
4. May
*Talking about things that can happen in certain
situations.
- If the monitors are used in poorly lit places, some users may
experience headaches.
- Each nurse may be responsible for up to twenty patients.
*With a similar meaning to although.
- The experiment may have been a success, but there is still a
lot of work to be done. (= Although it was a success, there is
still ...)
5. Might
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6. Would
*As the past of will, for example in indirect speech
-"The next meeting will be in a month's time" becomes
He said the next meeting would be in a month's time.
*Polite requests and offers (a 'softer' form of will).
- Would you like another cup of tea?
- Would you give me a ring after lunch?
- I would like the roast duck, please.
*In conditionals, to indicate 'distance from reality':
imagined, unreal, impossible situations.
- If I ruled the world, every day would be the first day of
Spring.
- It would have been better if you'd word processed your
assignment.
*After 'wish', to show regret or irritation over someone
(or something's) refusal or insistence on doing
something (present or future).
- I wish you wouldn't keep interrupting me.
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*Reported speech
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8. Must
*Necessity and obligation
Must is often used to indicate 'personal' obligation;
what you think you yourself or other people/things
must do. If the obligation comes from outside (e.g. a rule or
law), then have to is often (but not always) preferred:
- I really must get some exercise.
- People must try to be more tolerant of each other.
- You must not look - promise?
*Strong advice and invitations
- I think you really must make more of an effort.
- You must go and see the film - it's brilliant.
- You must come and see me next time you're in town.
*Saying you think something is certain
- This must be the place - there's a white car parked outside.
- You must be mad.
9. Should
*Giving advice
- I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi.
- You shouldn't have ordered that chocolate dessert - you're
not going to finish it.
*Obligation: weak form of must.
- The university should provide more sports facilities.
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Lie
Abound
Ache
Arrive
Linger
Occur
Bloom
Come
Pause
Cough
Pray
Cry
Dance
Remain
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Die
Rise
Exist
Sit
Faint
Sleep
Fall
Sneeze
Gallop
Talk
Go
Thrive
Hesitate
Yawn
Fail
Obey
Answer
Fill
Open
Ask
Fly
Pull
Begin
Grow
Read
Borrow
Hang
Ring
Break
Help
Run
Burn
Hold
See
Choose
Hurry
Sell
Climb
Hurt
Sing
Continue
Jump
Touch
Dance
Know
Turn
Drop
Leave
Wash
Eat
Marry
Watch
End
Meet
Win
Entre
Move
Write
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Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes, identifies, modifies, or
quantifies something (a noun or a pronoun). In the phrase, "the
black cat" the word black is an adjective because it describes
the cat.
Kinds of Adjectives
-A glass tray.
-Opinions as adjectives: Pretty, hot, expensive, etc.
-She has a pretty face.
-They threw an expensive party.
2. Adjectives of quantity or Numeric adjectives
Adjective of quantity talks about the quantity of the noun
being talked about and provides answer to the
question of (how much). It shows the quantity or the
numbers present in the sentence. For example: (there
were three boys playing in the ground). Here the word
(three) signifies the quantity or the number of boys playing.
-She ate the whole apple.
- I ate some rice.
-He has little knowledge.
-He spent all his money.
-There was no milk in the jug.
3. Predicative Adjectives
Predicative adjectives are those which follow a linking
verb and not placed before a noun. Predicative adjective
does not act as a part of the noun it modifies but
serves as a complement of a linking verb which
connects it to the noun of the sentence. Take for
instance (The bag is heavy). Here the predicative adjective
(heavy) is associated with the linking verb (is) and links to
the noun (bag).
-The weather will be cool and dry.
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5. Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are used where the sentence shows
possession or belongingness. They are similar to
possessive pronouns and, in this case, are used as
adjectives which modify a noun or a noun phrase.
Words such as, our, my, your, his, her, it's and their/s, are
used.
-Have you seen their house?
-This is his room.
6. Demonstrative Adjectives
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7. Indefinite Adjectives
Indefinite adjectives are used when the sentence has
nothing to point out or specify. These adjectives are
formed from indefinite pronouns and do not indicate
anything in particular. It uses words such as, any, many,
few and several, etc. Here is an example explained in
detail:
(The chief has heard many people make the same
promise). The word (Many) is an indefinite adjective
which does not specify the quantity of people and
modifies the noun (people) without pointing out
exactly who all have made the said same promise.
-Many children like dinosaurs.
-Is there any water in the bottle?
8. Interrogative adjectives
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9. Comparative Adjectives
Comparative Adjectives are used to compare the
differences between 2 nouns. Examples:
-The black dog is older, than the white dog.
-My house is bigger than my sister's house.
-The yellow hat is more expensive, than the green hat.
Comparative
Superlative
Example
Better
The best Ola is the best athlete in the school.
Better
The best Hes better than he was last week.
Worse
The worst Shes the worst driver I have ever
Far
Further
The
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seen.
My house is the furthest one.
furthest
Far
Farthest
Old(people in a family)
Elder
Old(general use)
Older
Adjective Order
Examples:
-I love that really big old green car that always parked at
the end of the street.
(Quality - age - size - color)
-My uncle adopted a beautiful big white bulldog.
(Quality size color)
-A big square blue box.
(Size shape color)
-A wonderful old Italian clock.
(Opinion age origin)
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When there are two or more adjectives that are from the
same group, the word and is placed between the two
adjectives:
-The house is green and yellow.
-The library has old and new books.
-We live in the big green, white and red house at the end of
the street.
-My friend lost a red, black and white watch.
Compound Adjectives
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Adverbs
An adverb is a word that modifies verbs, adjectives and other
adverbs.
Types of Adverbs
1. Adverbs of time
An adverb of time tells us when something is done or
happens. We use it at the beginning or at the end of a
sentence. We use it as a form of emphasis when we place
it at the beginning. Adverbs of time include : afterwards,
already, always, immediately, last month, now, soon, then,
and yesterday.
-He collapsed and died yesterday.
-His factory was burned down a few months ago.
-Last week, we were stuck in the lift for an hour.
2. Adverbs of Place
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3. Adverbs of Manner
An adverb of manner tells us how something is done or
happens. Most adverbs of manner end in (ly) such as
badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, and others that
include well, hard, fast, etc.
-The brothers were badly injured in the fight.
-They had to act fast to save the others floating in the water.
-At the advanced age of 88, she still sang very well.
4. Adverbs of Degree
An adverb of degree tells us the level or extent that
something is done or happens. Words of adverb of degree are
almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so, too, very, etc.
-It was too dark for us to find our way out of the cave.
-The referee had to stop the match when it began to rain very
heavily.
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5. Adverbs of Frequency
An adverb of frequency tells us how often something is done
or happens. Words used as adverbs of frequency include :
again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly
ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often,
rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, and weekly.
-They were almost fifty when they got married.
-He hardly ever says something nice to his wife.
-While overseas, he frequently phoned home.
-She is not nearly always right although she thinks she is
always right.
-He complained that she never smiled back.
-We only write to each other very occasionally.
-Peter seldom reads the Bible.
-Sometimes he stays late in the office to complete his work.
-Our cat was bitten twice by the same dog.
-The man usually proposes marriage.
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