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Solar Energy
M.Tech. 1st Semester
By:
S. S. Joshi
Lecturer
Electrical Engg Dept.
SOT PDPU
Solar Constant
The solar constant is defined as the total energy received
from the sun per unit time on a surface of unit area kept
perpendicular to the radiation, in space just outside the
earth's atmosphere when the earth is at its mean distance
from the sun.
Solar constant have approximately value is 1370 W/m2.
Diffuse Radiation:
The diffuse radiation is that solar radiation received from the
sun after its direction has been changed by reflection and
scattering by the atmosphere.
Autumn
Summer
Winter
Spring
Irradiation, J/m2 :
The incident energy per unit area on a surface,
found by integration of irradiance over a
specified by time, usually an hour a day.
IRRADIANCE= POWER
(Wm2)
IRRADIATION= ENERGY
( Wh/m2)
Extraterrestrial radiation
Solar radiation incident on the outer atmosphere of the earth is
called extraterrestrial radiation.
Terrestrial radiation
Terrestrial radiation is heat that is radiated
from the earth, solar radiation is heat radiated
from the sun.
Beam radiation
Solar radiation along the line joining the
receiving point and the sun is called beam
radiation.
Important terms
Air mass:
A term called air mass (AM) is often used as a measure of
the distance traveled by beam radiation through the
atmosphere before it reaches a location on the earth's
surface. The air mass is the ratio of the path of the sun's
rays through the atmosphere to the length of path when the
sun is at zenith.
The zenith is an imaginary point directly "above" a
particular location, on the imaginary celestial sphere
Longitude:
It is the angular distance of location, measured east or west
from the prime meridian. For example longitude of Bhopal
is 77o30' E.
Latitude:
It represents the angular location north or south of the
equator, north positive. The latitude of a point on the
surface of the earth is its angular distance north or south of
the equator measured from the center of the earth. Denoted
by
Hour angle:
The hour angle is the angular distance between the meridian
of the observer and the meridian whose plane contains the
sun. The hour angle is zero at solar noon (when the sun
reaches its highest point in the sky) and increases by 15oevery
hour, morning negative, afternoon positive. The hour angle is
the angle through which the earth must turn to bring the
meridian of a point directly in Line with the sun's rays.
180o 180o
Solar collector
Anticipated Savingscontd
Furthermore, one million sq.m of collector
area is capable of providing a theoretical
maximum peak saving of 500 MW. 1 sq.m
collector solar area can save around 60 litres
of diesel per year or 900 litres over a 15 year
life cycle or Rs.27,000 worth of diesel
@Rs.30/litre. The payback period for such
systems is estimated at about 45 years.
North
East
South
West
No of
Days
ElcY
saving
(Units)
200
200
250
250
950
850
1200
1300
Solar Chimney
Concentrating cookers
PV Cell
The physics of the PV cell is very similar to that
of the classical diode with a pn junction.
When the junction absorbs light, the energy of
absorbed photons is transferred to the electron
proton system of the material, creating charge
carriers that are separated at the junction.
The charge carriers may be electronion pairs in a
liquid electrolyte or electronhole pairs in a solid
semiconducting material.
SPV Technology
Merits of PV system
Use of clean, cheap., noiseless, safe, renewable energy to
produce electricity at the location of utilization.
Suitable for remote loads away from main electrical
network and at places where other fuels are scare and
costly. Cost of distribution lines can be eliminated.
Suitable for portable mobile loads eg radios, cars, buses,
space crafts etc.
Reliable service, long 15 years life.
Modest maintenance.
Limitations of PV system
Irregular, intermittent supply of solar energy.
Need for storage battries.
High capital cost (Rs/kW) due to larger number of PV
cell, low output power, low efficiency and high
technology involved.
Not economical for central power plants of MW rating
due to very large area of PV panels and very large energy
storage system.
Require storage batteries in large amount and diesel
generator sets in cloudy wheather.
Installed at roof tops only
Low efficiency.
Mathematical
Proof
Initially Ignore Rsh;
I L = I ph I d
I ph I 0 (e
I ph I 0 (e
ln(
qVd
kt
q (VL + RS I L )
kt
I ph I L
I0
VL =
1) = I L
VL + RS I L =
ln(
I ph I L
I0
ln(
I ph I L
I0
+ 1) RS I L
1) = I L
q (VL + RS I L )
+ 1) =
kt
kt
kt
+ 1)
VOC =
kt
q
ln(
I ph
I0
+ 1)
As Voc ln(Iph),
if Iph halfed Voc is not
reduced that much....
Mathematical
Proof
Including Rsh;
I L = I ph I d I sh
VD
1)
= IL
Rsh
I ph I 0 (e
AVD
I ph I 0 (e
A (VL + I L RS )
VL + I L RS
1)
= IL
Rsh
Physics of Shading
Effect of Shading
Consider the case when the bottom n 1 cells
still have full sun and still some how carry
their original current I so they will still produce
their original voltage Vn1. This means that
the output voltage of the entire module VSH
with one cell shaded will drop to,
Example
Blocking Diodes
Bypass diodes help current go around a shaded or
malfunctioning module within a string. This not only improves
the string performance, but also prevents hot spots from
developing in individual shaded cells.
When strings of modules are wired in parallel, a similar
problem may arise when one of the strings is not performing
well.
Instead of supplying current to the array, a malfunctioning or
shaded string can withdraw current from the rest of the array.
By placing blocking diodes (also called isolation diodes) at the
top of each string as shown in Fig., the reverse current drawn
by a shaded string can be prevented.