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LABORATORY MANUAL
MEC275
Unified Mechanical Engineering II
Table of Contents
Expt.
No.
Title
Page No.
To conduct torsion test on Mild steel/Cast iron specimen to find out modulus of
rigidity.
To determine the Stiffness of the spring and modulus of rigidity of the spring wire.
To study tensile strength using strain gauge based cantilever beam apparatus
10
12
14
9
10
To determine the loss of head in the fitting at the various flow rates (Loss
16
18
11
To determine the coefficient of Pitot tube and to plot Velocity profile across
the cross-section of pipe
12
21
23
13
14
24
28
15
Study and assembly of gear trains for the desired speed ration and direction
of motion. Compare
29
16
To plot the n-Q (follower displacement vs angle of cam rotation) curves for
30
17
32
18
34
4
Experiment: 1
Experiment: To conduct tensile test on Mild steel and cast iron specimens
Equipment to be used: Universal Testing Machine, Specimen of MS & CI, Scale,
Vernier caliper
Learning Objective: To provides information related to the strength and ductility of
metals under direct tension stress.
Procedure:Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length
may either be length of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a
preset punch or the local length of the specimen. Insert the specimen into test
machine. Begin the load application and record load Vs elongation data. Measure
elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler. Continue the test till
fracture occurs. Measure the final length and diameter of specimen.
Scope of results to be reported:
Parameters:
A) Original dimensions:
Length=
----------------------
Diameter=
----------------------
Area=
----------------------
Length=
-----------------------
Diameter=
-----------------------
Area=
------------------------
B) Final Dimensions:
Plots:
Draw a graph: Stress Vs Strain and identify yeild point, ultimate tensile strength and E
and % elongation and % reduction in area. .
Result:
Average breaking Stress =
1. Ultimate Stress =
2. Average Percentage Elongation =
Cautions:
If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before
necking begins.
Measuring deflection on scale carefully and accurately.
6
Experiment: 2
Experiment: To conduct impact test on mild steel and cast iron specimens.
Equipment to be used: impact testing machine, Specimen of MS & CI, Steel.
Learning Objective:
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy
during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of un-notched specimens do not always
reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined
by impact test. Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the
material. Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied
loads while in service.
Procedure:
A) Izod Test:
When the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position. Put the steel
specimen on impact testing machines anvil in such a way that the notch face the
hammer and is 75% inside and 25% above the top surface of the slot .Bring the
striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there and lock
it at that position. Bring indicator of the machine to zero. Release the hammer, It
will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its momentum, the total
energy is not absorbed by the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the
pendulum falls back. Again bring the hammer to its idle position and back.
B) Charpy Test:
With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test positions, put the Steel
specimen on impact testing machine anvil in such a way that the notch faces
opposite the hammer. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position.
Bring indicator of the machine to zero.Release the hammer. It will fall due to
gravity and break the specimen through its momentum, the total energy is not
absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At its topmost height after
7
breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, While the pendulum falls
back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
Scope of results and discussion:
Caution:
Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.
Hold the specimen firmly.
Take the readings carefully.
8
Experiment: 3
Experiment: To conduct Torsion test on mild steel and cast iron specimen.
Equipment to be Used: A Torsion testing Machine, Twist meter for measuring angle of twist, A steel
rule and Vernier caliper or micrometer
Learning Objective:
A torsion test is quite instrumental in determining the value of rigidity (ratio of shear stress to shear strain)
of a metallic specimen. The value of modulus of rigidity can be found out through observations made
during the experiment by using the torsion equation:
Where,
T = Torque applied
Ip = Polar moment of Inertia
C = Modulus of rigidity
I = Gauge length
l = gauge length
In the torque equipment one end of the specimen is held by a fixed support and the other end to a pulley.
The pulley provides the necessary torque to twist the rod by addition of weights (w). The twist meter
attached to the rod gives the angle of twist.
Procedure:
1.
Prepare the testing machine by fixing the two twist meters at some constant lengths from fixed
support.
2.
Measure the diameter of the pulley and the diameter of the rod and take the average.
3.
4.
Set the protector to zero for convenience and clamp it by means of knurled screw.
5.
6.
Add weights in the hanger stepwise to get a notable angle of twist for T1 and T2.
7.
8.
9.
Read off co-ordinates of a convenient point from the straight line portion of the torque twist (T- )
graph and calculate the value of C by using above relation.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The graph between angle of twist and torque for the given specimen is plotted.
d =
Ip = .
Cautions:
Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.
Measure the Angle of twist accurately for the corresponding value of Torque.
10
Experiment no 4
Experiment: To determine the stiffness of the spring.
Equipment to be Used: Spring testing machine, Spring specimen, Vernier Caliper, Micrometer.
Learning Objective: To determine the stiffness of the spring.
Procedure:
1.
Measure the diameter of the wire of the spring by using the micrometer.
2.
3.
4.
Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable weight and note
the corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression.
5.
6.
Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the stiffness of the spring.
___________________
2.
___________________
3.
___________________
4.
___________________
5.
6.
Number of turns, n =
7.
The value of spring constant of Closed coiled helical spring is ___________ N/mm.
8.
d=
___________________
Cautions:
1.
2.
11
Experiment no 5
Experiment: To study tensile strength using strain gauge based cantilever beam
apparatus.
Equipment Required: Digital Voltmeter, Strain gage measurement kit, Standard
Cantilever Beam apparatus.
Material Requirement: Standard Weight Specimen.
Learning Objectives:
1) To learn the working principle of Wheatstone bridge.
2) Determination of strain and stress using strain gages.
Procedure
1) Connect the Voltmeter in Wheatstone bridge to calibrate the voltage change.
2) Adjust the resistor to obtain a zero output voltage when the cantilever beam is
unloaded
3) Connect the strain gage wire to the strain gage measurement kit to complete the circuit.
4) Now apply the given standard load to the free end of beam.
5) Switch on gage measurement kit and set the current.
6) Note down the voltage for a given load.
7) Increase the load stepwise and note down the voltage respectively.
12
5) Plot a graph of output voltage (in Volts) on the vertical axis versus
beam loading (in kg) on the horizontal axis.
Cautions:
1) Put the load on span very carefully and slowly.
2) Check out the connection of voltmeter to Wheatstone bridge.
3) To maintain the constant power supply.
4) All the connection should be proper channel.
13
Experiment No 6
Experiment: To study torque pickup and torque Measurement using Strain gauges.
Equipment required: Standard weights, multimeter, Torque measurement kit, and
display or data gathering unit
Material required: NIL
Learning objectives: To study the variation of torque with increase in weight, and
measurement techniques for torque.
Outline of procedure:
Place the torque measurement kit on the table free from any vibration
Connect the kit to the display unit
Now turn on the display unit
Connect the multimeter to the Wheatstone bridge shown on the unit to the display
unit
Now gently put the weight on the on side in the vertical circular rod and measure
the voltage
Repeat the above step for different load and measure the voltage
Convert the voltage data to torque using appropriate formulae
Now compare that torque with the torque displayed on the display unit
Scope of the results expected: Student will learn the working of strain gauge and how
torque varies with load
Parameter and plots: Plot the voltage vs. load.
Cautions:
Make sure that multimeter is set in the proper range
Do not put drop the weight, put is gently
Do not exceed the limit of weight on the torque measurement unit
High-quality transducers utilizing strain gages as the primary sensing element
incorporate sophisticated techniques to minimize thermal effects, nonlinearities,
hysteresis, and other sources of error.
very accurate gage orientation and placement of all four gages is crucial
for success.
14
Torque Measurement:
Wheatstone bridge
The output from the Wheatstone bridge can be expressed as:
T = Torque applied
= Poisson ratio, E = Youngs Modulus
= Strain, = Shear strain
F= Gage factor, R= radius of shaft
15
Experiment NO 7
VENTURIMETER SET UP
Experiment :To measure discharge through Venturi meter
Apparatus :The apparatus consists of a Venturi meter, and Orifice meter fitted in pipeline.
The pipeline is taken out from a common inlet. At the down stream end of the pipeline.
Separate control valves are provided to regulate the flow through the Venturi meter and
orifice meter to conduct experiment separately. Pressure tapings are taken out from inlet
and throat of Venturi meter, inlet and outlet of Orifice meter and are connected to a
differential manometer. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop
watch.
Learning objective :To determine the co-efficient of discharge through Venturi meter & Orifice meter.
To compare the discharge of the venturi meter and orifice meter
Out line of the procedure :Switch on the Pump and Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of
water in the desired Test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test
section very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air
release Valve provided on the Manometer Slowly to release the air in Manometer. When
there is no air in the manometer, close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in
desired with the help of control valve. Record the Manometer reading. Measure the flow
of water, discharge through desired test section using stop watch and Measuring Tank.
Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of water operating Control valve and
By-Pass valve. When experiment is over for one desired test section, open the By-pass
Valve fully then close the flow control valve of running test section and open the Control
valve of second desired test section and Repeat the same procedure for other test section .
Scope of Result and discussion :Parameters :To calculate the theoretical and actual discharge through a venturi meter and
orifice meter and hence find out the coefficient of discharge .
Plots :- Nil
Formula:For both Venturimeter & Orificemeter:
Theoretical discharge (Qt):
Qth = a1a2 2gH
H = 12.6 x h
16
a12 a22
Actual discharge (Qa):
Qa = A x R
t
DATA:
Cd
A
=
0.1 m2
s
=
Specific gravity of Hg
g
=
Acceleration due to gravity
For Venturimeter:
=
=
=
=
d1
d2
a1
a2
=
=
= Qa/Qt
13.6
9.81 m/sec2
= 25 mm
= 15 mm
=
=
For Orificemeter:
d1
d2
a1
a2
Where
H
h
A
R
t
Qa
Qt
s
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
12.6 x h
Pressure difference in m of Hg.
Area of Measuring Tank (m2)
Rise of Water level in Measuring Tank (m)
Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank (sec.)
Actual discharge
Theoretical discharge
Specific gravity of Hg
25 mm
15 mm
PRECAUTION
Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
Always keep apparatus free from dust.
To prevent closing of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
Always use clean water.
It apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely.
17
Experiment NO 8
ORIFICEMETER SET UP
Experiment :To measure discharge through Orifice meter.
Apparatus :The apparatus consists of a Venturi meter, and Orifice meter fitted in pipeline.
The pipeline is taken out from a common inlet. At the down stream end of the pipeline.
Separate control valves are provided to regulate the flow through the Venturi meter and
orifice meter to conduct experiment separately. Pressure tapings are taken out from inlet
and throat of Venturi meter, inlet and outlet of Orifice meter and are connected to a
differential manometer. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop
watch.
Learning objective :To determine the co-efficient of discharge through Venturi meter & Orifice meter.
To compare the discharge of the venturi meter and orifice meter
Out line of the procedure :Switch on the Pump and Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of
water in the desired Test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test
section very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air
release Valve provided on the Manometer Slowly to release the air in Manometer. When
there is no air in the manometer, close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in
desired with the help of control valve. Record the Manometer reading. Measure the flow
of water, discharge through desired test section using stop watch and Measuring Tank.
Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of water operating Control valve and
By-Pass valve. When experiment is over for one desired test section, open the By-pass
Valve fully then close the flow control valve of running test section and open the Control
valve of second desired test section and Repeat the same procedure for other test section .
Scope of Result and discussion :Parameters :To calculate the theoretical and actual discharge through a venturi meter and
orifice meter and hence find out the coefficient of discharge .
Plots :- Nil
Formula:For Orifice meter:
Theoretical discharge (Qt):
18
Qth = a1a2 2gH
a12 a22
Actual discharge (Qa):
H = 12.6 x h
Co- efficient of discharge (Cd):
Qa = A x R
t
DATA:
A
s
g
=
=
=
Cd
0.1 m2
Specific gravity of Hg
Acceleration due to gravity
=
=
= Qa/Qt
13.6
9.81 m/sec2
For Orificemeter:
d1
d2
a1
a2
Where
H
h
A
R
t
Qa
Qt
s
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
12.6 x h
Pressure difference in m of Hg.
Area of Measuring Tank (m2)
Rise of Water level in Measuring Tank (m)
Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank (sec.)
Actual discharge
Theoretical discharge
Specific gravity of Hg
25 mm
15 mm
PRECAUTION
Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
Always keep apparatus free from dust.
To prevent closing of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
Always use clean water.
It apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely.
19
Experiment no 9
LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FRICTION
Experiment:To determine the loss of head in the fitting at the various water flow rates.
To determine the losses due to friction in pipe.
Apparatus:Pipe fitting setup ,Stop watch
Learning objective:To determine the loss co-efficient for the pipe fittings.
To determine the friction factor for Darcy Weisbach equation.
Outline of the procedure:After Closing all pressure Taps of Manometer connected to different pipefittings. Switch on the Pump. Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the
flow of water in the desired test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of
Manometer of related Test Section very slowly to avoid the blow of water on
manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on the
Manometer. Slowly to release the all in manometer. When there is no air in
the manometer. Close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired
section with the help on Control Valve. Record the Manometer reading.
Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test section using Stop
Watch and Measuring Tank. Repeat same procedure for different flow rates of
water. Operating Control Valve and By-Pass valve. When experiment is over
for one desired test section, open the By-pass Valve fully then close the flow
control valve of running test section and open the Control valve of second
desired test section. When experiment is over, close all Manometers Pressure
Taps first Switch off Pump and Power Supply to Panel.
Formulas:Darcy-Weisbach equation is given by:
hf
4f LV2
2gd
hf
f
L
V
d
g
=
=
=
=
=
=
where
20
Discharge:
Volume:
Q= V
v =
(Velocity in Pipe)
a1
Velocity:
A x R (m3)
V1 = Q
a1
V2 = Q
(Velocity in 1 Pipe)
a2
DATA:
A
s
g
d1
d2
a1
a2
H
L
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.1 m2
13.6
9.81 m/sec2
12.5 mm
25 mm
1m
PRECAUTION :Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less-than 180 volts.
Never fully closed, the Delivery line and By-Pas line Valves simultaneously.
Always keep apparatus free from dust.
To prevent clogging of moving parts. Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
Always use clean water.
It apparatus will not in use for more than one month drain the apparatus completely.
21
Experiment no 10
LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FITTINGS
Experiment:
Apparatus: -
Learning Objective:
To determine the loss of head in the pipe fittings at the various water flow rates.
To study various types of pipe fittings
OUT LINE OF PROCEDURE:
Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the desired
test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test Section
Very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the
Air release Valve provided on the Manometer. Slowly to release the all in
manometer. When there is no air in the manometer. Close the Air release
valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help on Control
Valve and record the Manometer reading. Measure the flow of water,
discharge through desired test section using Stop Watch and Measuring Tank.
Repeat same procedure for different flow rates of water. Operating Control
Valve and By-Pass valve. Repeat the above for each test section separately
.When experiment is over, close all Manometers Pressure Taps first, Switch
off Pump and Power Supply to Panel.
Formulas
Loss of head due to change in cross-section, bends, elbows, valves and fittings of all type
fall into the category of minor losses in pipe lines. In long pipe lines the friction losses
are much larger than these minor losses and hence the latter are often neglected. But in
shorter pipelines thief consideration is necessary for the correct estimate of losses. When
there is any type of bend in pipe, the velocity of flow changes, due to which the
22
separation of the flow from the boundary and also formation of eddies. Takes place. Thus
the energy is lost.
The losses of head due to bend in pipe.
hL = KL x V2
2g
The minor losses in contraction can be expressed as :
hL = KL x V12
2g
The minor losses in enlargement can be expressed as:
hL = KL x (V1-V2)2
2g
Where
=
Minor loss or head loss
hL
KL
=
Loss coefficient
V
=
Velocity of fluid.
=
Velocity of fluid in pipe of small Diameter.
V1
V2
=
Velocity of fluid in pipe of large Diameter.
2g
V12
A x R (m3)
23
Velocity:
V1 = Q
a1
(Velocity in Pipe)
V2 = Q
a2
(Velocity in 1 Pipe)
DATA:
A
s
g
=
=
=
Where
d1
d2
a1
a2
H
V1
V2
V
R
t
=
=
=
0.1 m2
13.6
9.81 m/sec2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Find out the loss coefficient of Bend, Elbow, Ball valve ,gate valve
Differentiate between losses due to sudden enlargement and
contraction
Plots :-
Nil
Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less-than 180 volts.
Never fully closed, the Delivery line and By-Pas line Valves simultaneously.
Always keep apparatus free from dust.
To prevent clogging of moving parts. Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
Always use clean water.
It apparatus will not in use for more than one month drain the apparatus
completely.
24
Experiment no 11
PITOT TUBE APPARATUS
Experiment :
To measure the velocity of flow at different points in a pipe.
Apparatus :Complete set up of Pitot tube apparatus
Stop Watch
The pitot tube consists of a capillary tube, bent at right angle. The lower end, which
is bent through 90 is directed in the up stream direction. The liquid rises up in the tube
due to conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy. The velocity is determined by
measuring the rise of liquid in the tube.
Learning objective :To find the co-efficient of pitot tube
To find the point velocity at the centre of a tube for different flow rates
To plot velocity profile across the cross section of pipe
Out line of procedure :Switch on the Main Power Supply (220 Volts AC, 50 Hz).Switch on the Pump.
Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the Test Section. Open
the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test section very slowly to avoid the blow of
water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on the Manometer
Slowly to release the air in Manometer. When there is no air in the manometer, close the
Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired with the help of control valve.Set the
Pitot tube at the centre of the Test section. Record the Manometer reading. Measure the
flow of water, discharge through desired test section using stop watch and Measuring
Tank. Now move the Pitot tube up & down on the same flow and note down the
manometer readings to find out the velocity at different points in pipe. Repeat the same
procedure for different flow rates of water operating Control valve and By-Pass valve.
Scope of result and discussion :Parameters
Calculate velocity at various points by moving the pitot tube UP & down
calculate coefficient of pitot tube
Plots :-
FORMULAE:
Discharge (Q):
Velocity ,
25
Q = AxR
t
V = Q/a (m/s)
Actual Velocity
Cv 2 g H m/s
12.6 x h
Q
a* 2gH
A
a
g
=
=
=
m
w
h
A
R
t
Cv
a
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
DATA:
=
=
=
0.1 m2
13.6
9.81
m/sec2
PRECAUTION
Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
Always keep apparatus free from dust.
To prevent closing of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
Always use clean water.
It apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely.
26
Experiment no 12
27
Experiment No 13
Experiment: To study various type of links and mechanism.
Equipment required: Various type of link (binary, ternary, quaternary) of different
length, nut, bolt, board, and spanner, screw tightner.
Objective:
1. To get the knowledge of various type of link, joint and nature of motion of
links.
2. To assemble the link in such a way that it form a mechanism.
Procedure:
1. Select the proper length of the link among the given lot of links.
2. Assemble the link in such a way that it forms a 4 Bar of the following Grashoff
type 1 and Grashoff type 2 mechanisms by fixing different link.
10. Double crank mechanism
11. Crank rocker mechanism
12. Double rocker mechanism
3. Assemble the link like as shown in fig.
4. Draw the velocity and acceleration diagram of the above type of mechanism at 30
and 450 of crank rotation.
Scope of the result: The student will be able to know how to make a proper
mechanism by selecting a proper length of the different link and how to convert a motion
of one type into the desired type of motion.
Caution:
Measure accurately the length of various links.
Measure accurately the angle of rotation of the crank.
Joint between the links should not be so tight and should not too be so loose.
28
Check for any backlash present in the revolute joint
30
Closed pair: when the element of a pair is held together mechanically, it is known
as a closed pair. The two elements are geometrically identical; one is solid and
other is open.
Unclosed pair: when two links of a pair are in contact either due to force of
gravity or some spring action, they constitute an unclosed pair. E.g., cam and
follower pair
Kinematic pairs according to nature of relative motion
5. Sliding pair: If two links have a sliding motion relative to each other, they form
a sliding pair. E.g., a rectangular rod in a rectangular hole.
6. Turning pair: when one link has a turning motion relative to other they
constitute a turning pair.
7. Rolling pair: when the links of a pair have a rolling motion relative to each
other, they form a rolling pair. E.g., ball and roller bearing
8. Screw pair: if the two mating links have a turning as well as sliding motion
between them, they form a screw pair.
9. Spherical pair: when one link in the form a sphere turns inside a fixed link, it
is a spherical pair. E.g., the ball and socket joint is a spherical pair.
31
Experiment No 14
Experiment :-To determine coriollis Component of acceleration.
Equipment required: rotating block, variable speed motor.
Learning objectives: Study of this experiment involves understanding of
acceleration components including coriollis component in quick return mechanism.
32
Experiment No 15
Experiment:-Study and assembly of gear trains for the desired speed
ration and direction of motion. Compare theoretical gear ration with
the actual gear ratio
Equipment required: simple gear train, compound gear train, epicycle gear train,
and tachometer, motor.
33
Experiment No 16
AIM:
To plot the n- (follower displacement vs angle of cam rotation) curves for
different cam follower pairs.
To study the jump phenomenon of the follower and to find out the jump
speed.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: CAM ANALYSIS MACHINE
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
Bench area
Power supply
:
:
0.6 x 0.33m
180 volts DC single phase 5 amp. socket
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
1.Learn the relationship between the follower displacement and the angle through
which the cam rotates
2.Understanding the jump speed and the jump phenomenon thoroughly.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
34
STANDARD DATA:
The cam & follower assemblies are:
1. Circular arc cam with mushroom follower.
2. Tangent cam with roller follower.
3. An eccentric cam with knife edge follower.
=
1.53Kg / cm
=
350 grams (3 Nos.)
9.81 m/s2
= 0.775 kg
=
0.111 kg
=
17.75mm
=
.01775m
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
angle
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
Angle
35
Experiment No 17
Experiment:- Determination of characteristics curves of sleeve position against speed
of governors.
Equipment required: Space required:- 0.7 m x 0.35m
Power supply:- 220v AC single phase ,5 Amp socket
Tachometer
Learning objective: - The apparatus is designed to make characteristics curves of
sleeve position against speed and radius of rotation against controlling force for all
governors. The experiment shall be performed on following type of centrifugal
governors;
1) Watt governor
2) Porter governor
3) Proell governor
4) Hartnell governor
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine , when there are
variation in the loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease, obviously its
speed will , respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load. This
variation of speed has to be controlled by the governor, within the small limits of mean
speed by increasing or decreasing the fuel supply.
OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE:
Assemble the governor to be tested.
Make the kinematic diagram of the system.
Measure all the data you need (for e.g., length of link, height, radius of rotation
etc.)
Note down the initial position of sleeve from scale.
Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve lift from its initial position.
Note down the position of sleeve when it becomes stable.
Note down the RPM of the governor with the help of tachometer.
Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of sleeve lift.
Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing the variac to zero position
and then switch off the motor.
Repeat the experiment for different types of governor.
Calculate the various parameters like height, radius of rotation, actual force, and
theoretical force.
Draw the characteristics curves for speed v/s sleeve position.
Draw the characteristics curves for radius of rotation and controlling force.
36
Caution:
37
Experiment No 18
Experiment:- Determination of characteristics curves of radius of rotation against
controlling force for various governors.
Equipment required: Space required:- 0.7 m x 0.35m
Power supply:- 220v AC single phase ,5 Amp socket
Tachometer
Learning objective: - The apparatus is designed to make characteristics curves of
sleeve position against speed and radius of rotation against controlling force for all
governors. The experiment shall be performed on following type of centrifugal
governors;
1) Watt governor
2) Porter governor
3) Proell governor
4) Hartnell governor
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine , when there are
variation in the loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease, obviously its
speed will , respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load. This
variation of speed has to be controlled by the governor, within the small limits of mean
speed by increasing or decreasing the fuel supply.
OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE:
Assemble the governor to be tested.
Make the kinematic diagram of the system.
Measure all the data you need (for e.g., length of link, height, radius of rotation
etc.)
Note down the initial position of sleeve from scale.
Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve lift from its initial position.
Note down the position of sleeve when it becomes stable.
Note down the RPM of the governor with the help of tachometer.
Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of sleeve lift.
Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing the variac to zero position
and then switch off the motor.
Repeat the experiment for different types of governor.
Calculate the various parameters like height, radius of rotation, actual force, and
theoretical force.
Draw the characteristics curves for speed v/s sleeve position.
Draw the characteristics curves for radius of rotation and controlling force.
38
Caution: