Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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"- 3-: 3 2006, TWt Ltd
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TWI
voc,
woRLDCENTREFoR
MATERTALsrorNrNG
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18.1 INTRODUGTION
to
on
shown
be
should
steelmaker/supplier
referred to as the'supply condition''
as rolled
hot rolled
hot finished
plateishotrolledtofinishedsizeandallowedtoaircool;
from ..
ln.-i.rp.tature at which rolling finishes may varyproperties
pirt. t" plate and so strength and toughness
varv and are not oPtimised,
relatively thin, lower strength C-steel
"pirGJto
TM.P*
control-rolled
(HSLAsteels)andforSomesteelswithgoodtoughness
at low temperatures, e'g', cryogenic ?t"9lt, - *TMCP=Thermo-MechanicalControlledProcesang
normalised
is
after working the steel (rolling or forging) to .size' .it to
air
in
cool
to
1900'C
allowed
then
and
to
n.rt"O
and
amO,ent temperature; this optimises strength
item
torghn"tt and gives uniform properties from item to
for
r
t
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Welding lnsPection
Rev 0 Jun 06
Heat Treatment
Copyright o 2006' TWI Ltd
18.1
TWI
vol,
quenched
&
tempred
solution annealed
solution heat treated
; ,gures 1,2, 3 & 4 are schematics of thermal cycles for the main supply
conditions.
The temperature at which PWHT is carried out is usually well below the
r:r-:.ature where phase changes can occur (note 1), but high enough to allow
-:{
:-:
st'esses to be relieved quickly and to soften (temper) any hard regions in the
TFere are major benefits of reducing residual stress and ensuring that the HAZ
-a:-ss is not too high for particular steels for particular service applications.
1n;-:
'
I
to reduce
residual
f,mm f : rhere are circumsfances when a welded joint may need to be normalised to
r?,,:r:,'E UAZ toughness. However, these are relatively rare circums{ances and it is
'rp;Es"ser'/ to ensure that welding consumables are carefully selected because
rtire. s,ng will significantly reduce weld metal strength
1C
luhfi{f,rE ^scection
18.2
TWI
v[c,
Ltd
must be
TheApplicationStandard/Code,willspecifywhenPWHTisrequiredtogive
giu.'grii'u;;;;;t'i the thermal cvcte that
benefits #1 or
used.
*z ,[1". ,ni
atso
the
lnordertoensurethataPWHTcycleiscalrleditinaccordancewitha
procedure-is prepared and that
;'pwfii
that
oarticurar code, it rs essentiar
fiiliil
o
o
.
.
18.4.1
HEATING RATE
gradients) will
Thismustbecontrolledtoavoidlargetemperaturedifferenceswithinthe
fabricated item. Large differenc-es ].'i.;G;'t"u'tr"o"-thermal
,6 cause distortion (or even
i!"rl'gh
these
and
streiEs
produce rarge
cracking)'
;;rrin
,;;
ApplicationStandardsY:y.,lllrequirecontrolofthemaximumheatingrate
init ii because steels start toto
l[H."-;6ij;i'
is
item.
the
of
when the temperature
and are more susceptible
t"*ptrature
auovJlni"
.ti.ngtn
r.r,
show significant
"t thermal gradients'
distortion if there aie large
int thickness
positions
Bymonitoringfurnace'and'.1"'''temperaturestherateofheatingcanbe
*ir,-cii"',Equi,uments 4 all
to
controtred
"nru,.!
item.
;il;ffi.;
MaximumheatingratesspecifiedforC-Mnsteeldependonthicknessofthe
range -60 to -200"C/h'
item but tend to n"ltihE
Welding lnsPection
Rev 0 Jun 06
Heat Treatment
Ltd
CoPYright o 2006, TWI
18.3
Thetemperatureofthefabricateditemmustbe.monitoredduringthethermal
tn" surface at a number
r"qr;i,n.i:^i",i.iipres attacneJto
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I8.4.2
SOAK TEMPERATURE
The soak temperature specified by the Code depends on the type of steel and
T-us l^ temperature range required to reduce residual stresses to a low level.
C & C-Mn steels require a soak temperature of -600"C whereas some low alloy
such as Cr-Mo steels used for elevated temperature service) require higher
Er-s'atures - typically in the range -700"C to -760'C.
3i3e
ipri*
18.4.3
SOAK TIME
: 's necessary to allow time for all the welded joints to experience the specified
lts-c'a:ure throughout the full joint thickness.
'^e
1rc.es: ,oint of the fabrication that governs the minimum time for temperature
*:-E Sa: Cn.
ilt,:E scecified soak times are th per 25mm thickness.
18.'t.4
:
COOLING RATE
s necessary to control the rate of cooling from the PWHT temperature for the
- to avoid distortion (or cracking)
gradients.
ch stresses from thermal
i: -
rlE-
l:Ces usually specify controlled cooling to -300"C. Below this temperature the
:a' oe wrthdrawn from a furnace and allowed to cool in air because steel is
'rE*iil"r
tl*1a,-
-a.,
;'lqrlune
cycle.
xrllar
s rmportant that oil and gas fired furnaces used for PWHT do not allow flame
u, ir the fabrication as this may induce large thermal gradients.
: s also important to ensure that the fuel (particularly for oil fired furnaces)
me* -':: :ontain high levels of potentially harmful impurities - such as sulphur.
filfiSilffir6 -:steCion
I -rr ,:
.ililf -r".a:^t
Lilr,nrEr-r r :::6.
18.4
{Gu
TWI
vccl
TWI Ltd
y?:::,:::Tt?t
Y,T,'ff"*:',;^^"
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i'"r['I6y
treatment to indivioul
parameters
specify the previously described
procedure.must
For this, a PWHT
to specify the followtng:
ttt"tt'ry
.r.J
it
for controlting the rn'Ji*ri.r;iJ;riit
.thewidthoftheheatedband(thatmustbewithinthesoaktemperature
range)
.thewidthofthetemperature.decay,band(soaktemp.to-300.C)
other
T:ilil:::1il:',."rmocoupres
decaY band
way to allow
s-upported in a particular
be
to
needs
item
if the
movemenVavoid distortion
is by means insulated
of. heating for local,P_wHT
method
The commonest
attached to the weld
etectrical ut"r"#
used'
elements can also be
Gas fired, radiant' heating
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i:i;;-'ili;;t''ii;;i"are
Figure6showstypicat,controlzones,forlocalisedPWHTofapipebuttweld.
Welding lnsPection
Rev 0 Jun 06
Heat Treatment
Ltd
Copyrignt o 2006, TWI
18.5
Wi
iffij'"'"!r.it
NORMALISING
.
o
.
-
.-
900oC
.
o
.
.
-
900oC
quenching
cvcle
Time
: -
,^ a
a -a^l
4 n& ;i'
^^
'::.+a^r
18.6
TWI
voo,
MATERIALS JOININC
TECHNOLOGY
>
slab heating temperature
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105OoC
austenite
(il
austenite + ferrite
O
o
(Y+ct)
0)
(o
o)
F
ferrite + pearlite
(rl+ iron carbide)
Figure 3
.
.
o
?.
:.19.q9.:9...,...rm'
0)
quenching
0)
o
E
0)
Figure 4
-iSchematicofatypicatsolutionheattreatment(solutionannealing)
less s teels
a u sten' itic s tain
ii i i ii"
t
Welding lnsPection
Rev 0 Jun 06
Heat Treatment
Ltd
CoPYright O 2006, TWI
18.7
o
=
(t
Tili ffiJ##:
.
o
o
300'C
o
o
o
L
f
(U
L
o_
q)
controlled
heating & cooling
rates
F
^,300oC
air cool
Time
Figure 5
Figure 6
Welding lnspection
Rev 0 Jun 06
Heat Treatment
Copyright o 2006, TWI Ltd
18.8
TWI
vcc,
MATERIALS JOINING
TECHNOLOGY
TWI
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'{@@l TiJ,T$#jJ'',"INING
Questions
Heat treatment
OUl.
QU2.Givethenamesoffourheattreatments,whichmaybeappliedto
steel
QU3.
treatments' and
the following heat
of
description
Give a brief
each'
state the PurPose of
a)
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Normalising'
b) Annealins
c)
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Quench harden'
d) TemPerins'
Qu4.Statethefactors,whichrequiremonitoringforheattreatments.l
OUs.
toughness
used to give maximum
is
treatment(s)
heat
Which
values?
Welding insPection
Rev 0 Jun 06
TWI Ltd
CopYright @ 2006,
QU 18