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30
PF*
45
South
Figure 1:
Physical orientation of the residential solar PV systems.
Figure 2 shows that by distributing the solar PV systems in
orientation and inclination the hosting capacity can be further
increased with more than 10% compared with solar PV systems
only pointing south and with 45 inclination.
900.00
Distributed orientation
800.00
East
Methods
West
Q*[pu]
Common orientation
700.00
600.00
Power[W]
Uinv [pu]
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
-
5 6
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time [h]
Figure 2:
Clear sky average hourly PV power generation for Common/
distributed oriented systems.
All users are equipped with solar PV systems, of equal size and
orientation. Furthermore, a simple MV network is implemented
in order to observe the voltage variations in the 10 kV network as
well. The energy consumption for each of the 71 users is based
on time-series containing 8760 hourly values for a year of generic
consumption, courtesy of Dansk Energi, see Figure 5.
Slack bus
Line1
Line2
Line3
10 kV
P,Q
Aggregated
distribution
networks
0.4 kV
2x
PV
1x
PV
2x
PV
1x
PV
3x
PV 3x
PV
2x
PV
2x
PV
3x
PV
4x
PV
1x
PV
1x
PV
2x
PV
1x
PV
1x
PV
1x
PV
2x
PV
2x
PV
2x
PV
Table I:
Frequency of loading of the 100 kVA distribution transformer when
no voltage control is applied and increasing penetration of solar PV
capacity.
Solar PV
penetration
[kW]
2x
PV
4x
PV
The following results are for the worst case scenario where
all solar PV systems are facing south with 45 inclination, as
previously mentioned. The hosting capacity of the LV networks
can be increased by additional 10-15% if the solar PV systems
are evenly distributed in orientation as in Figure 1. All results are
summarized in table II. The results presented here are for one LV
network only, but we still believe in the general result.
1x
PV
3x
PV
5x
PV
4x
PV
1x
PV
6x
PV
4x
PV
2x
PV
3x
PV
Figure 4:
Generic distribution network with solar PV generation at each user. The ring connection is open. The indicated number of PV inverters in the
boxes means a lumped PV inverter model.
A generic LV grid model developed at DTU, with 71 users and a 100 kVA distribution transformer is used in the simulations, being
considered as representative for most LV networks in the area of STKRAFT Net A/S, see Figure 4.
110%
120%
130%
36
71
107
142
14
178
142
76
27
Bus 1
Outermost
distribution box
10 / 0.4 kV
transformer
MV_T
LV_T
Bus 2
PV
Load
Voltage (pu)
1.1
2.5% Voltage Increase on the LV
lines in the 0.4 kV net
Tap position
+2.5%
Hosting capacity
[kW]
Overvoltage
Transformer
loading
(d)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
0.9
(c)
(d)
Installed PV: 71 kW
Installed PV: 36 kW
Installed PV: 0 kW
Figure 6:
Comparison of voltage control methods. Base case is (a) without voltage control. In case (b) the standard PF(P) is applied and in case (C) the
Q(U) is applied, with m = 4. The Q(U) control is also applied in the night, thus increasing the minimum voltage on the feeder. In case (d) the
distribution transformer is upgraded to 160 kVA but without applying voltage control.
Total yearly
Maximum
energy loss
hourly
at full
reactive power
penetration
exchange
through
transformer
[MWh]
[kVArh]
107
142-178
5.8
-30 (ind)
107
n.a.
7.0
-30 (ind)
124
~142
6.7
-53 (ind)
142
107-142
7.8
-66 (ind)
10
8
7
6
5
4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Figure 7:
Energy losses for the four cases, when increasing the solar PV capacity. Minimum losses of 5.3 MWh per year are reached for a total solar PV
capacity of 71 kW, but up to 107 kW can be installed and still keep the losses below the case with no solar PV.
EN50438-DK
DLX
n.a.
TLX + /
TLX PRO+
No voltage
control
LV1 /
Danmark
16A
LV2 /
Danmark
> 16A
LV3
PF(P) with
minimum
PF = 0.95
PF(P) with
minimum
PF = 0.90
n.a.
No voltage
control
(constant
PF = 1.0)
Recap
A typical distribution transformer can host up to 140% - 150%
solar PV capacity, without suffering from overloading. The
hosting capacity of LV networks can be increased with additional
10% - 15% if the solar PV systems are evenly distributed in
orientation.
The total hosting capacity for the 70 000 distribution
transformers in Denmark is in the range 7500 MW 8700 MW
solar PV, without reinforcing the LV networks. Thus, a large-scale
grid integration of solar PV systems into the energy system
should not be a major problem for the DNOs. However, the
transmission system operator, in this case Energinet.dk, will have
to include the multi MW solar PV into their planning and make
use of the available primary frequency support and fault ride
through capabilities, etc., in modern inverters.
The losses in the LV network can be reduced with 10-15% by
installing 40-70% solar PV capacity compared with the nominal
size of the distribution transformer. Applying this particular
finding to the 70 000 distribution transformers in Denmark, the
yearly savings would correspond to the energy consumption of
around 14 500 households.
Overall, it has been found that applying voltage control in the
LV networks has a beneficial influence in respect to an increase
of the solar PV penetration. Both PF(P) and Q(U) control types
improve the voltage profile at the outermost distribution box
(PCC).
References
[1] R. D. Lazar and A. Constantin, Voltage Balancing in LV
Residential Networks by Means of Three Phase PV Inverters,
in proc. European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference
EUPVSEC, September 2012.
[2] Dansk Energi, DEFU rapport RA 579 - Solceller og
spndingsvariationer i 0,4 kV net, [online] www.
danskenergi.dk, July 2012.
[3] Dansk Energi, Energinet.dk and DONG Energy, Scenarier for
solcelle udrulning i Danmark, [online] da.scribd.dk, 2012.
[4] B. Mller, S.Nielsen, K. Sperling, A Solar Atlas for BuildingIntegrated Photovoltaic Electricity Resource Assesment,
in proc. International Conference on Sustainable Energy and
Environmental Protection SEEP, June 2012.
[5] G. B. Andresen, Solenergi kan blive en vigtig brik i Danmarks
grnne omstilling, in Mandag Morgen newsletter, [online]
www.mm.dk, 17-9-2012.
The first part of the PVNET.dk project will establish the theoretical
framework for integrating large amounts of solar PV into the grid.
The project will suggest, analyze and assess different solutions.
In the second part, the proposed solutions are implemented
into solar PV installations already deployed during the PVIB
projects. Finally, the operation of the network without and with
the developed solutions will be verified in a third part, which runs
parallel to the first two.
DKSI.PM.208.D1.02
Ulsnaes 1
DK-6300 Graasten
Denmark
Tel.: +45 7488 1300
Fax: +45 7488 1301
E-mail: solar-inverters@danfoss.com
www.danfoss.com/solar