Earthworks and Site Preparation

ES-14-202-01

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Please check that this is the latest available version before use.
Title:

EARTHWORKS AND SITE PREPARATION

Number:

ES-14-202-01

Version Number:

5.0

Date Revised:

22 November 2013

Owner:

Manoj Thakur

Authoriser:

Manoj Thakur

Reasons for Creating

or Amending
Document

New Owner
New Authoriser
Full Review of Document

Actual Change Details:

New Owner (from R Woodall) and Authoriser assigned. The word

Superintendent replaced with Responsible Officer.
Reference to Drawing Standard Civil Details Plant Fence and Gate
Details has been added to the procedure.
DEP has been changed to Department of Environment and
Conservation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.

SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................... 4

2.

DEFINITION OF TERMS ....................................................................................................... 4

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10

3.

CONTRACTOR / VENDOR ................................................................................................ 4

SUB-CONTRACTOR ........................................................................................................... 4
CSBP ..................................................................................................................................... 4
WORKS................................................................................................................................. 4
UNSUITABLE GROUND OR MATERIAL ........................................................................ 4
LINE OF INFLUENCE ......................................................................................................... 4
ROCK .................................................................................................................................... 4
SUBGRADE ......................................................................................................................... 5
TOPSOIL............................................................................................................................... 5
HEAVY EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................... 5

STANDARDS ............................................................................................................................ 5

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3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

CSBP ENGINEERING STANDARDS ................................................................................ 5

CSBP GUIDE MANUALS ................................................................................................... 5
CSBP STANDARD DRAWINGS ........................................................................................ 5
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS ............................................................................................. 6
OTHER PUBLICATIONS .................................................................................................... 6

4.

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION .................................................................................. 6

5.

SETTING OUT ......................................................................................................................... 6

5.1
5.2

LICENSED SURVEYOR ..................................................................................................... 6

CONTRACTOR .................................................................................................................... 7

6.

SPOIL STABILISATION AND DUST CONTROL .............................................................. 7

7.

SITE CLEARING ..................................................................................................................... 7

7.1
7.2
7.3

TOP SOIL.............................................................................................................................. 7
ORGANIC MATTER ........................................................................................................... 8
NON-ORGANIC MATTER.................................................................................................. 8

8.

EXISTING UNDERGROUND SERVICES............................................................................ 8

9.

EXISTING STRUCTURES ..................................................................................................... 8

10.

BLASTING ................................................................................................................................ 9

11.

DE-WATERING ....................................................................................................................... 9

12.

BENCHING ............................................................................................................................... 9

13.

EXCAVATION ......................................................................................................................... 9

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
14.

FILLING .................................................................................................................................. 11

14.1
14.2
15.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................... 12

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................ 12

FINISHING AND TOLERANCES ....................................................................................... 13

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
17.

MATERIAL ........................................................................................................................ 11
PLACEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 11

COMPACTION....................................................................................................................... 12

15.1
15.2
16.

GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 9
TEMPORARY SUPPORT .................................................................................................... 9
UNSTABLE GROUND ...................................................................................................... 10
EXCAVATION IN ROCK .................................................................................................. 10
TRENCHES FOR SERVICES ............................................................................................ 10
OVER-EXCAVATION ....................................................................................................... 10
SURPLUS EXCAVATED MATERIAL ............................................................................. 10

GENERAL .......................................................................................................................... 13
FORMATION LEVEL ........................................................................................................ 13
SUBGRADE LEVEL .......................................................................................................... 13
BATTER SLOPES AND LINES ........................................................................................ 13

INSPECTION .......................................................................................................................... 14

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18.

TESTING ................................................................................................................................. 14

18.1
18.2
18.3

GENERAL .......................................................................................................................... 14
FREQUENCY OF TESTING ............................................................................................. 14
REJECT WORK .................................................................................................................. 15

19.

REINSTATEMENT ................................................................................................................ 15

20.

ACCEPTANCE OF THE WORKS ....................................................................................... 15

20.1
20.2
20.3

DENSITY AND COMPACTION TEST RESULTS .......................................................... 15

AS-BUILT DRAWINGS .................................................................................................... 15
FINAL INSPECTION ......................................................................................................... 16

Tables
TABLE 1 FILL MATERIAL MINIMUM COMPACTION REQUIREMENT.................................................................. 12
TABLE 2 COMPACTION TESTING FREQUENCY ................................................................................................. 15

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1.

SCOPE

This Standard covers the general requirements for site clearance, excavation, filling, compaction,
inspection, testing and finishing of earthworks.

2.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

2.1

CONTRACTOR / VENDOR

The company that provides the equipment and services needed.

2.2

SUB-CONTRACTOR

A third party to be employed by the Contractor / Vendor, who has been approved by the
Responsible Officer.

2.3

CSBP

CSBP Limited

2.4

WORKS

The scope of works that a Contractor is or may be required to execute under an agreement
including variations and remedial work.

2.5

UNSUITABLE GROUND OR MATERIAL

Ground or material, which is unsuitable for the purpose of the Works, includes:

2.6

fill which is liable to subside

ground which contains cavities, faults or fissures
ground which is contaminated by harmful substances
ground which is or becomes soft, wet or unstable
material which is unsuitable for a future works foundation or as a fill material eg sensitive
clays, humus or silt, and
ground that is unsuitable at the Responsible Officers direction.

LINE OF INFLUENCE

A line which extends downwards and outwards at 45 from the bottom edge of a footing, slab or
pavement, defining the extent of foundation material having an influence on the stability or support
of the footings, slab or pavement.

2.7

ROCK

Rock is defined as any monolithic material with a volume greater than 0.5 m, or rock in solid beds
or compact stratified layers, which will require drilling and blasting or wedging for its removal.

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Note:

Soft or disintegrated rock, which can be removed with hand tools or by power operated
excavation equipment, shall not be classified as rock.
Classification of rock shall be subject to the approval of the Responsible Officer.

2.8

SUBGRADE

The trimmed or prepared portion of the formation, on which the pavement, slab or footing is
constructed.

2.9

TOPSOIL

The upper layers of soil containing more than 1% by weight of organic matter.

2.10

HEAVY EQUIPMENT

Any equipment larger than a 100 kg vertical rammer or a 500mm plate compactor.

3.

STANDARDS

The Contractor shall perform the Works in accordance with this Standard, the latest issue of
reference standards and Contractor regulations for on-site work. Should there be a conflict between
the Works, Statutory Requirements and the Standards, the Contractor shall notify the Responsible
Officer in writing for resolution. In general, the most stringent requirements will prevail.

3.1

CSBP ENGINEERING STANDARDS

ES-14-101-02

Drawing Management

ES-14-101-03

Drawing Preparation

ES-14-101-04

Drawing Numbering

ES-14-202-19

Roads and Paving

ES-14-602-05

Underground Piping

ES-14-602-08

Irrigation Piping

ES-14-902-01

Materials and Workmanship for Electrical Installations

3.2

CSBP GUIDE MANUALS

GM-10-020-04

Contractors Site Instructions

GM-11-031-51

Work Permit System

GM-11-036-04

Excavations

3.3

CSBP STANDARD DRAWINGS

9900-2-0600/002

Medium Security Fencing Details

9900-2-0600/003

High Security Fencing Details

9900-2-0600/004

Standard Civil Details Plant Fence and Gate Details

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3.4

AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS

AS 1289

Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes

AS 2187

Explosives Storage, Transport and Use

3.5

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

DEC

Land Development Sites and Impacts on Air Quality

A guideline for Managing the Impacts of Dust.
Land development sites and Impacts on Air Quality

4.

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

Where required, the Contractor shall carry out a geotechnical investigation, using a suitably
qualified and experienced geotechnical engineer engaged by the Contractor, to verify that the
subgrade has sufficient capacity and stiffness to support the proposed structures. The Contractor
shall conform to the requirements of the geotechnical engineer.

5.

SETTING OUT

5.1

LICENSED SURVEYOR

A licensed surveyor, engaged by the Contractor, shall carry out the following activities prior to
commencement of any earthworks
5.1.1

Control Marks

The licensed surveyor shall establish survey control marks, which shall remain undisturbed for the
duration of the Works. The Contractor shall reinstate any which are damaged or disturbed during
construction.
5.1.2

Verify Levels

The licensed surveyor shall verify the levels shown on the earthworks and site preparation
drawings.
5.1.3

Establish Cut and Fill Boundaries

The licensed surveyor shall establish and peg out cut and fill boundaries, based on the earthworks
and site preparation drawings.
5.1.4

Identify and Record Services

The existence of services, structures and any other obstruction within the site clearing area shall be
checked, identified and recorded.

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5.1.5

Hand Digging

Where excavation work crosses existing services, the surveyor shall clearly mark on the ground the
areas that shall be hand dug. The extent of hand excavation shall be:

Two (2) metres either side of existing services where the precise location is known.

Five (5) metres either side of an estimated service location. Once the precise location of
existing services within the ten-metre band has been established, hand excavation can be
reduced to two (2) metres either side of the existing service.

5.2

CONTRACTOR

In addition to the survey work carried out by the licensed surveyor, the Contractor shall carry out
the following activities.
5.2.1

Mark Protected Trees

The Contractor shall clearly mark all trees and flora, nominated by the Responsible Officer, which
are to be protected against damage and remain undisturbed throughout the Works construction
activities.
5.2.2

Temporary Marks

The Contractor shall complete all other setting out and levelling as required. Temporary set out
marks shall be left in place until all activities, which require their presence, are completed.

6.

SPOIL STABILISATION AND DUST CONTROL

The Contractor shall carry out the Works in accordance with the Department of Environment and
Conservation dust control guidelines Land Development Sites and Impacts on Air Quality, and to
the satisfaction of the Responsible Officer.
Contractor procedures for spoil stabilisation and dust control shall be submitted to the Responsible
Officer for approval, at least seven (7) days prior to commencement of any earthworks. The
Contractor shall not proceed with any related work until the Responsible Officer had approved the
procedures.

7.

SITE CLEARING

Site clearing shall be carried out in advance of any construction activities and shall include the
removal of foreign material and nominated vegetation from within the clearing limits.

7.1

TOP SOIL

Where specified, the Contractor shall carefully remove topsoil from areas nominated and relocate it
to approved locations, sufficiently clear of the works being constructed so as to ensure that the
stockpile is not contaminated by construction activities.

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7.2

ORGANIC MATTER

All organic matter including trees, logs, shrubs and roots shall be cleared from within the limits of
the clearing, unless directed otherwise by the Responsible Officer. Refer to Section 5.2.
All stumps and roots over 75 mm diameter, shall be grubbed out to a minimum depth of 600mm
below the expected subgrade surface level, unless specified otherwise in the Works or as directed
by the Responsible Officer. Grubbed holes shall be backfilled and compacted to the density of the
surrounding undisturbed soil.
No material shall be burnt on site.
Note:

7.3

Trees to be retained shall be adequately protected at all times and particular care taken to
avoid any damage to roots, trunks or branches. If directed by the Responsible Officer,
earth-moving equipment shall be kept clear of trees and hand excavation and compaction
methods adopted.

NON-ORGANIC MATTER

All non-organic material including concrete, masonry, boulders and rubbish shall be cleared from
within the limits of the clearing, unless directed otherwise by the Responsible Officer.
Unless specified otherwise in the Works or by the Responsible Officer, the Contractor shall dispose
of cleared materials at an approved landfill facility.

8.

EXISTING UNDERGROUND SERVICES

In areas where there are existing underground services, the Contractor shall use extreme care and
take all necessary precautions to ensure the services are not damaged during excavation and
compaction activities. Existing services shall be located by hand excavation before mechanical
excavation is used. Refer to Section 5.1.5 for details.
The Contractor shall provide temporary construction supports for existing services where
necessary. Details to be approved by the Responsible Officer and the owner of the existing
services, before work commences.

9.

EXISTING STRUCTURES

In areas where there are existing structures, the Contractor shall use extreme care and take all
necessary precautions to ensure the structure and footings are adequately supported and protected
from damaged during excavation and compaction activities.
If excavation is adjacent to or is required below the line of influence of an existing footing, the
Contractor shall use methods including underpinning if required, to maintain the support of the
footing to the satisfaction of the Responsible Officer. Details of proposed support methods shall be
submitted to the Responsible Officer for approval at least seven (7) days prior to excavation.

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10.

BLASTING

No blasting shall be carried out, unless the Responsible Officer has given written approval. All
blasting will be in accordance with statutory requirements, local authority by-laws and Australian
Standard AS 2187.2 Use of Explosives. The most stringent requirements will prevail.

11.

DE-WATERING

The Contractor shall take all necessary action and supply all equipment to remove or divert, as
specified by the Responsible Officer, any surface and sub-soil water from the works. This will
include the provision of trenches, sumps, pumps and well points as required, to maintain the work
area to the approval of the Responsible Officer. Water shall be disposed of or diverted in a manner,
which will not damage adjacent property or interrupt work in progress.

12.

BENCHING

If fill is to be placed on a surface that slopes more than 1:4, the surface shall be benched to form a
key for the fill.

13.

EXCAVATION

13.1

GENERAL

Excavation work shall be carried out safely and in accordance with the requirements of the
following CSBP Guide Manuals:
GM-10-020-04

Contractors Site Instructions

GM-11-031-51

Work Permit System

GM-11-036-04

Excavations

Excavations shall be carried out to the depths, gradients, widths, batters and dimensions as shown
on the drawings or as necessary to permit placing and removal of formwork, drainage and dewatering facilities, and to carry out cleaning, inspection and testing activities.
The bottoms of excavations shall be flat, at the required grade for full load bearing and shall be
kept free and clean of loose materials, water and rubbish.

13.2

TEMPORARY SUPPORT

The Contractor shall be responsible for the design, installation and removal of all temporary works,
required to maintain the excavated surface in its original position.
Note:

Any remedial work required resulting from insufficient temporary support shall be the
Contractors responsibility.

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13.3

UNSTABLE GROUND

If excavation to the nominated depth reveals unstable ground, the Responsible Officer may order
further excavation to more stable strata or initiate other remedial methods to satisfy design loading
conditions.

13.4

EXCAVATION IN ROCK

Foundations that are designed to bear on solid rock shall be provided with a level or stepped level
surface. All loose or weathered rock shall be cut back to solid rock.
Refer to Section 2.7 for definition of rock.

13.5

TRENCHES FOR SERVICES

Trenches shall be excavated to the depth specified on the drawings and in accordance with the
following CSBP Engineering Standards:

UNDERGROUND SERVICE

CSBP ENGINEERING STANDARD

Underground Process and Services Piping

Underground Piping (ES-14-602-05)

Irrigation / Reticulation Piping for Lawn and

Garden Watering

Irrigation Piping (ES-14-602-08)

Underground Cabling

Materials and Workmanship for Electrical

Installations (ES-14-902-01)

13.6

OVER-EXCAVATION

Any over-excavation of subgrade under future concrete footings or bearing walls shall be reported
to the Responsible Officer and the subgrade restored with Grade S15 concrete at the Contractors
expense. No other material shall be used without the written approval of the Responsible Officer.
Any other areas of over-excavation shall be restored by the Contractor, as directed and to the
satisfaction of the Responsible Officer.

13.7

SURPLUS EXCAVATED MATERIAL

Excavated material that is in excess of requirements or is unsuitable for filling or backfilling shall
be removed from the works area and disposed of by the Contractor as directed by the Responsible
Officer.
Refer to Section 2.5 for definition of unsuitable material.

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14.

FILLING

14.1

MATERIAL

Fill material shall be Responsible Officer-approved, clean and uniform granular material free from
rubbish, building rubble, organic matter, excessive clay or silt, stones and lumps remaining on a
25mm sieve and any other contaminants as determined by the Responsible Officer.
Borrow fill material shall be obtained only from Responsible Officer-approved or designated
borrow areas.
Fill material shall have a moisture content that is suitable for compaction. Refer to Section 15 for
details.

14.2

PLACEMENT

14.2.1 General
Embankments and filling material shall be placed systematically in 300mm thick horizontal layers
across the full width of the works. Layers up to a maximum thickness of 600mm may be placed if
the Contractor can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Responsible Officer that proposed
compacting equipment and methods are capable of achieving the required standard of compaction
for the whole depth of fill to be placed.
Each layer shall be uniformly compacted to the required density in accordance with Section 15,
before the next layer is placed.
14.2.2 Restricted Areas
In restricted areas where use of powered equipment is not feasible, the fill shall be placed in layers
up to a maximum thickness of 150mm.
14.2.3 Structures
Fill shall be uniformly and simultaneously placed around embedded structures, culverts etc to avoid
differential lateral side loading.
14.2.4 Retaining Walls
Fill material shall not be placed behind a retaining wall, until the retaining wall is fourteen (14)
days old, unless otherwise directed by the Responsible Officer, and until the material in front of the
retaining wall has been compacted.

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15.

COMPACTION

15.1

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Each layer of fill material shall be uniformly compacted to the required density as specified in
Table 1, before the next fill layer is placed.
LOCATION OF FILL MATERIAL

COMPACTION REQUIREMENT

Replace unsuitable material

Density of surrounding undisturbed soil

Natural ground onto which fill material is to

be placed

90% modified maximum dry density, obtained in

compaction tests defined in AS 1289.5.2.1

Embankments

95% modified maximum dry density, obtained in

compaction tests defined in AS 1289.5.2.1

Filling adjacent to structures

95% modified maximum dry density, obtained in

compaction tests defined in AS 1289.5.2.1

Filling under foundations

95% modified maximum dry density to a depth of

900mm, obtained in compaction tests defined in
AS 1289.5.2.1

Replace unsuitable subgrade material with

selected fill

95% modified maximum dry density, obtained in

compaction tests defined in AS 1289.5.2.1

Table 1 Fill Material Minimum Compaction Requirement

15.1.1 Moisture Content
Subject to the approval of the Responsible Officer, the Contractor may modify the moisture content
of all fill material to facilitate the compaction of the material, by either uniformly adding water if
too dry, or by allowing the fill material to dry out before use. Responsible Officer - approved
methods shall only be used to modify the moisture content.
15.1.2 Undisturbed Ground
Undisturbed ground surfaces, in areas to be covered by fill material shall be scarified and
compacted to the same density as the fill for a minimum depth of 200mm.

15.2

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

a.

Compaction of backfill material over underground process and services piping shall be in
accordance with CSBP Engineering Standard Underground Piping (ES-14-602-05).

b.

Fill layers, placed around embedded structures, culverts etc to be simultaneously compacted
on both sides, to avoid differential loading.

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c.

In areas where there are existing structures and underground services, the Contractor shall
use extreme care and take all necessary precautions to ensure they are not damaged by
compaction operations.

d.

In restricted areas where power rolling is not feasible, mechanical tampers or other
Responsible Officer - approved compaction methods shall be used.

e.

Fill placed within one (1) metre of finished concrete work shall be compacted with
Responsible Officer - approved hand-held mechanised compaction equipment.

f.

Heavy equipment shall not be used to compact fill, bounded by the back of any retaining
wall and a plane behind the wall sloping at 45 upwards from the base of the wall.

16.

FINISHING AND TOLERANCES

16.1

GENERAL

All earthworks shall be finished to a reasonably smooth and uniform surface, and shall comply with
the tolerances specified in Sections 16.2, 16.3 and 16.4 unless specified otherwise in the Works or
by the Responsible Officer.
Stockpiled topsoil shall be evenly graded over Responsible Officer-specified areas to a thickness
between 25mm and 100mm and shall blend in with adjoining undisturbed ground. All sticks,
stones, rubbish and surplus topsoil shall be gathered and removed from site by the Contractor.

16.2

FORMATION LEVEL

All cleared, excavated and filled areas shall be finished to the lines, grades and levels specified on
the drawings. Finished earthworks surface levels, which are not under concrete ground slabs and
footings shall not vary from the specified levels by more than 30mm.

16.3

SUBGRADE LEVEL

Subgrades to concrete ground slabs and footings shall be trimmed to the levels shown on the
drawings within the tolerances 15mm, +0mm.

16.4

BATTER SLOPES AND LINES

At all levels the average batter slope shall not be steeper than the slope specified on the drawings.
Cut batter shall be constructed so that the toe of the batter is not more than 150mm outside the
batter line shown on the drawings.
Fill batters shall be constructed so that the toe of the batter is not more than 300mm outside the
batter line shown on the drawings.

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17.

INSPECTION

In areas where topsoil has been stripped and the area cleared of organic and foreign material, the
Contractor shall not commence cut and fill operations until the Responsible Officer has approved
the cleared area.
Unsuitable materials used as fill shall be rejected. Material shall be excavated and replaced with
satisfactory material and compacted as specified. Refer to Section 2.5 for definition of unsuitable
material.
Topsoil redistribution shall not commence until final contouring and grading or benching has been
inspected and approved by the Responsible Officer.
Acceptance of the Works is subject to satisfactory final inspection. Refer to Section 20.

18.

TESTING

18.1

GENERAL

All sampling, in-situ density testing of fill material, subgrade and graded areas, and other soil tests
as specified shall be carried out by a suitably qualified and approved NATA certified laboratory.
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with AS 1289 not later than 24 hours after compaction
has been completed for each layer. Where specified, results shall be verbally submitted to the
Responsible Officer prior to the placement of sub-base material. The NATA certified laboratory shall
within seven (7) days of testing, confirm test results in writing to the Responsible Officer and the
Contractor.

18.2

FREQUENCY OF TESTING

Frequency of testing for every fill layer shall be as shown in Table 2.

LOCATION OF TEST
Trench Backfill

General

FREQUENCY OF TEST
The lesser of:
1 test every 5.0 m of fill or
every 10 linear metres of trench

Under roads and buildings

Footings and Slabs Fill under footings
Fill around footings

1 test every 3.0 linear metres of trench per

metre depth of fill
1 test every 5.0 m of fill
The greater of:
1 test every 5.0 m of fill or
every 4th footing

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Slab and raft footings

1 test every 20.0 m of fill

Subgrade

1 test every 100 m

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Table 2 Compaction Testing Frequency

Note:

18.3

When specified by the Responsible Officer, random tests shall be carried out at locations
where compaction limits have been defined.

REJECT WORK

Where the field density of the compacted layer, as determined by test, is less than the specified
percentage compaction in Table 1, the layer shall be reworked and retested until the required
compaction is achieved.

19.

REINSTATEMENT

Existing ground surfaces outside the site clearing area, including paving, roadworks, lawn and
natural vegetation areas, that was removed, disturbed or damaged by earthwork activities, shall be
reinstated by the Contractor to match existing and adjacent ground, to the satisfaction of the
Responsible Officer. For reinstatement of roads and paving refer to CSBP Engineering Standard
Roads and Paving (ES-14-202-19).
Fences that were removed or damaged during the Works shall be reinstated in accordance with
CSBP Standard Drawings 9900-2-0600/002, 9900-2-0600/003 and 9900-2-0600/004.
Existing structures, footings and underground services damaged during the Works shall be repaired
to the satisfaction of the Responsible Officer and the owners of the facilities.

20.

ACCEPTANCE OF THE WORKS

The Works shall be accepted on completion of the following.

20.1

DENSITY AND COMPACTION TEST RESULTS

Density and compaction test results issued by the approved NATA certified laboratory.

20.2

AS-BUILT DRAWINGS

Contractor prepared as-built earthworks survey for approval by the Responsible Officer. The
survey shall record any areas where unsuitable subgrade was removed and replaced.
Drawings shall be upgraded in accordance with approved survey results. Responsibility for revising
the drawings shall be specified in the Works.
Drawings recording the as-built details, shall be prepared / revised, numbered, approved and
handed over in accordance with CSBP Engineering Standards:
ES-14-101-02

Drawing Management

ES-14-101-03

Drawing Preparation

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ES-14-101-04

20.3

Drawing Numbering

FINAL INSPECTION

Satisfactory inspection by the Contractor and the Responsible Officer.

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