English Syntaxfor Spanish Speakers:

A Comparative Introduction
Concha Castillo

A 388254

PETER LANG
Bern Berln Bruxelles Frankfurt am Main New York Oxford Wien

Contents

Page
Preface
Introduction

15

1. The Domain of Syntax

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Categories andfunctions
1.2.1 Subcategorisation
1.2.2 Functions of constituents
1.3 The mechanism of X '-Syntax: constituency and hierarchy
1.3.1. Functional projections
1.3.1.1 ThestructureoflP
1.3.1.2 ThestructureofDP
Exercise Section

21
21
26
34
37
43
60
61
66
72

2. Declarative Affirmative Sentences (I)

2.1 Introduction
2.2 The merger of I and V: I-movement vs. V-movement
2.2.1 Lexical verbs and auxiliary verbs
2.2.1.1 The verbs be and have
2.2.2 Chainsofauxiliaries
2.2.3 Dummy do: emphatic declarative affirmatives
2.3 A comparison with Spanish
2.3.1 Spanish auxiliaries
2.3.2 Modal verbs in Spanish
Appendix Section
Appendix I. English verbal paradigms and the contents of
English I(nflection)

81
81
84
94
98
102
106
109
115
119
123
123

Appendix II. English modal auxiliaries

Appendix III. References of non-modal auxiliaries
Exercise Section

137
149
156

3. Declarative Affirmative Sentences (II)

3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Thematic properties
3.1.1.1 Ataxonomyof verbs
3.1.2 Case properties
3.1.2.1 Defective case-assigners
3.2 The order SVO and the VP-Internal Subject Hypothesis
3.2.1 Subject-raising
3.3 Expletive constructions
3.3.1 Dummy it: a typology
3.3.2 Existential sentences
3.3.3 Presentational sentences
3.4 The activation of the CP node
3.4.1 Topicalisation and focalisation
3.4.2 Locative inversin and predicative inversin
3.4.3 ThearticulationofCP
3.5 A comparison with Spanish
3.5.1 Non-ergative structures
3.5.2 Ergative structures
3.5.2.1 Existential structures
3.5.2.2 Non-existential structures
3.5.3 Topicalisation and focalisation in Spanish
Exercise Section

161
161
163
170
172
178
181
188
192
193
202
204
206
206
213
222
223
224
230
230
232
238
244

4. Declarative negative sentences

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Negation as a functional projection
4.2.1 The structural position of NegP
4.2.2 The mechanism of do-support
4.2.3 Emphatic declarative negatives

255
255
258
259
263
267

4.2.4 The verbs be and have

4.2.5 Negation and modals
4.2.5.1 Mixed modals
4.3 Not outside the verbal component: constituent negation
4.3.1 Negated constituent preposing
4.3.1.1 Theanalysis
4.4 Assertive, negative, and non-assertive quantifiers: the
systemof English indefinites
4.4.1 Non-assertive quantifiers and the relation of
c-comand
4.4.2 The tripartite system of indefinites: taxonomy and
characterisation
4.4.3 Generic or universal any
4.5 Co-occurrence of negative elements
4.5.1 Two Neg heads in a simple sentence
4.5.1.1 Adverbs and negation
4.5.2 Double negation
4.5.2.1 Two negative elements in a simple sentence
4.5.2.2 Two negative elements in a complex
sentence
4.6 A comparison with Spanish
4.6.1 The structural position of NegP
4.6.2 The structural position of negative quantifiers
4.6.3 Non-assertive quantifiers
4.6.4 The system of Spanish indefinite quantifiers: a
taxonomy
4.6.5 Other locations for the Neg head in Spanish
Appendix Section
Appendix I. English verbal paradigms
Appendix II. The semantics of English modals
Exercise Section

267
269
273
276
279
282

5. Interrogative and Exclamative Sentences

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Abasic typology of questions

343
343
348

'

286
289
292
300
303
303
304
307
308
309
310
310
315
316
319
321
323
323
328
332

5.3 The phenomenon of T/-movement and the phenomenon

of inversin
5.3.1 Subject questions
5.3.2 Preposition stranding vs. pied-piping
5.3.3 Mltiple questions
5.3.4 Themechanism of fo-support
5.3.5 The verbs be and have
5.3.6 Interrogative negative sentences
5.4 TheCP-domain
5.5 yes/wo-questions
5.5.1 Tag-questions
5.6 f^A-questions
5.6.1 Echo-questions
5.6.2 A characterisation of w/?-items
5.7 Exclamative sentences
5.8 A comparison with Spanish
5.8.1 PFft-movement and inversin in Spanish
5.8.2 The CP-domain in subordnate clauses
5.8.3 The position of the subject
5.8.4 Spanish indefinite quantifiers
5.8.5 Spanish gw-items
5.8.6 Spanish exclamatives
Appendix Section
Appendix I. English verbal paradigms
Appendix II. The semantics of English modals
Exercise Section
6. Imperative Sentences
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The paradigm of the imperative
6.3 The structure of imperatives
6.3.1 Dummy do vs. the rest of verbs
6.3.2 Imperatives with a subject
6.4 Grammatical let
6.5 The subjunctive
10

6.5.1 The syntax and contexts of use of the present

subjunctive
6.5.2 The syntax and contexts of use of the past
subjunctive
6.6 A comparison with Spanish
6.6.1 The structure of imperatives
6.6.2 The Spanish subjunctive
Exercise Section
Bibliography

460
463
465
465
469
473
477

11