Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GeoSS
GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETY
OF SINGAPORE (GeoSS)
SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction
2. Geotechnical parameters and characteristic
values in EC7
3. CP4 vs EC7 in Design of Bored Pile
Site Investigation
Structural Design
Geotechnical Design
Load Test
4. Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
DETERMINATION OF
GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS AND
CHARACTERISTIC VALUES
GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS
Design
values
Characteristic
values
Derived values
From ground
investigations
and lab tests
GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS
Design
values
Characteristic
values
Derived values
SPT N values
cu=5N
From ground
investigations
and lab tests
GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS
Design
values
Characteristic
values
Derived values
SPT N values
From ground
investigations
and lab tests
cu=5N
How to obtain
characteristic
values?
CHARACTERISTIC VALUE
EN 1997-1 C2.4.5.2(2)P defines the characteristic value as being
selected as cautious estimate of the value affecting the occurrence
of the limit state
Each word and phrase in this clause is important:
Selected emphasizes the importance of engineering
judgement
Cautious estimate some conservatism is required
Limit state the selected value must relate to the limit state
(failure mechanism)
Applicable geotechnical parameters from GeoSS EC7 Guide:
Applicable Geotechnical Parameters
tan j
Effective angle of shearing resistance
c
Effective cohesion value
cu
Undrained shear strength
N
SPT N values
qc
CPT qc values
CHARACTERISTIC VALUE
SS EN1997-1 Clause 2.4.5.2(4)P states, the selection of
characteristic values for geotechnical parameters shall take
account of the following:
geological and other background information, such as data
from previous projects;
the variability of the measured property values and other
relevant information, e.g. from existing knowledge;
the extent of the field and laboratory investigation;
the type and number of samples;
the extent of the zone of ground governing the behaviour of
the geotechnical structure at the limit state being considered;
the ability of the geotechnical structure to transfer loads
from weak to strong zones in the ground.
CHARACTERISTIC VALUE
SS EN1997-1 Clause 2.4.5.2(10) suggested statistical methods to
determine characteristic ground values. When applying
statistical methods, the designer should consider the following:
adequacy and quality of geotechnical investigations
distribution of sampling/testing
highly variable non-conforming nature of geomaterials
allowing the use of a priori knowledge of comparable ground
properties,
applying engineering judgement.
CHARACTERISTIC VALUE
For most limit state cases where the soil volume involved is large,
the characteristic value should be derived such that a cautious
estimate of the mean value is a selection of the mean value of the
limited set of geotechnical parameter values, with a confidence
level of 95% (moderately conservative parameters); where local
failure is concerned, a cautious estimate of the low value is a 5%
fractile (inferior parameters).
Examples of aplication using statistical methods are available in
Annex E and Annex F of the GeoSS EC7 Guide
Ck = characteristic value
mC = mean value
sX = standard deviation
n = number of samples
Site Investigation
Design
Structural
Geotechnical
Load Test
EC7
SS EN 1997-2 Annex B
EC7
SS EN 1992-1:
NRd,p = Acfcd,p > NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
fcd,p = cc,p fck/ gc,f
acc,p= 0.85 (reinforced); acc,p= 0.60 (un-reinforced)
gc,f = gc x kf = 1.5 x 1.1 = 1.65
fck = 0.8 fcu
Reinforced
NRd,p = Ac x 0.412 x fcu
Un-Reinforced
NRd,p = Ac x 0.291 x fcu
cast in place piles without permanent casing.
Ac should be taken as:
- if dnom < 400 mm d = dnom - 20 mm
- if 400 dnom 1000 mm d = 0.95.dnom
- if dnom > 1000 mm d = dnom - 50 mm
EC7
(Factored capacity, NRd,p)
WL by CP4
dnom
Anom
Ac
Reinfored
Un-Reinf
Reinfored
Un-Reinf
sc = 7.5MPa
(mm)
(m2)
(mm)
(m2)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
800
0.503
760
0.454
6543
4619
4674
3299
3770
900
0.636
855
0.574
8282
5846
5915
4176
4771
1000
0.785
950
0.709
10224
7217
7303
5155
5890
1100
0.950
1050
0.866
12490
8816
8921
6297
7127
1200
1.131
1150
1.039
14982
10576
10702
7554
8482
1300
1.327
1250
1.227
17701
12495
12644
8925
9955
EC7
(Factored capacity, NRd,p)
WL by CP4
dnom
Anom
Ac
Reinfored
Un-Reinf
Reinfored
Un-Reinf
sc = 7.5MPa
(mm)
(m2)
(mm)
(m2)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
800
0.503
760
0.454
7478
5279
5342
3771
3770
900
0.636
855
0.574
9465
6681
6761
4772
4771
1000
0.785
950
0.709
11685
8248
8346
5892
5890
1100
0.950
1050
0.866
14274
10076
10196
7197
7127
1200
1.131
1150
1.039
17123
12087
12230
8633
8482
1300
1.327
1250
1.227
20230
14280
14450
10200
9955
EC7
(Factored capacity, NRd,p)
WL by CP4
dnom
Anom
Ac
Reinfored
Un-Reinf
Reinfored
Un-Reinf
sc = 7.5MPa
(mm)
(m2)
(mm)
(m2)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
800
0.503
760
0.454
6543
4619
4674
3299
3770
900
0.636
855
0.574
8282
5846
5915
4176
4771
1000
0.785
950
0.709
10224
7217
7303
5155
5890
1100
0.950
1050
0.866
12490
8816
8921
6297
7127
1200
1.131
1150
1.039
14982
10576
10702
7554
8482
1300
1.327
1250
1.227
17701
12495
12644
8925
9955
EC7
(Factored capacity, NRd,p)
WL by CP4
dnom
Anom
Ac
Reinfored
Un-Reinf
Reinfored
Un-Reinf
sc = 7.5MPa
(mm)
(m2)
(mm)
(m2)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
800
0.503
760
0.454
7478
5279
5342
3771
3770
900
0.636
855
0.574
9465
6681
6761
4772
4771
1000
0.785
950
0.709
11685
8248
8346
5892
5890
1100
0.950
1050
0.866
14274
10076
10196
7197
7127
1200
1.131
1150
1.039
17123
12087
12230
8633
8482
1300
1.327
1250
1.227
20230
14280
14450
10200
9955
EC7
SS EN 1992-1: 9.8.5(3)
Anom
Ac
Dia
no of
As
As/Ac
As/Anom
Clear spacing at
(mm)
(m2)
(mm)
(m2)
(mm)
rebar
(cm2)
(%)
(%)
1000
0.785
950
0.709
16
13
26.1
0.37%
0.33%
222
1000
0.785
950
0.709
16
14
28.1
0.40%
0.36%
205
1000
0.785
950
0.709
16
15
30.2
0.43%
0.38%
190
Anom
Ac
Dia
no of
As
As/Ac
As/Anom
Clear spacing at
(mm)
(m2)
(mm)
(m2)
(mm)
rebar
(cm2)
(%)
(%)
1000
0.785
950
0.709
16
13
26.1
0.37%
0.33%
222
1000
0.785
950
0.709
16
14
28.1
0.40%
0.36%
205
1000
0.785
950
0.709
16
15
30.2
0.43%
0.38%
190
dnom
Anom
Ac
Dia
no of
As
As/Ac
As/Anom
Clear spacing at
(mm)
(m2)
(mm)
(m2)
(mm)
rebar
(cm2)
(%)
(%)
800
0.503
760
0.454
16
13
26.1
0.58%
0.52%
172
900
0.636
855
0.574
16
13
26.1
0.46%
0.41%
197
1000
0.785
950
0.709
16
15
30.2
0.43%
0.38%
190
1100
0.950
1050
0.866
16
16
32.2
0.37%
0.34%
197
1200
1.131
1150
1.039
16
18
36.2
0.35%
0.32%
191
1300
1.327
1250
1.227
16
19
38.2
0.31%
0.29%
196
Qa1
Qa2
Qa3
Qa
Qa
Where,
Qs
Qb
Qa
WL
DL
LL
=
=
=
=
>
Qs/2.5
+
Qb/2.5
Qs/2
+
Qb/3
Qs/1.5
Min (Qa1, Qa2, Qa3)
WL
=
= (DL + LL)
Qt
Qs
Qb
Qt
Qs
Qb
=
=
=
=
=
=
Qs + Qb
0.6 Qt
0.4 Qt
Qs + Qb
0.4 Qt
0.6 Qt
Qa1
Qa2
Qa3
Qa
Qa
=
=
=
=
>
Qs/2.5
+
Qb/2.5
Qs/2
+
Qb/3
Qs/1.5
Min (Qa1, Qa2, Qa3)
WL
=
= (DL + LL)
Qa (1)
Qa (1)
Qt
=
=
=
0.24 Qt
0.4 Qt
2.5 Qa
0.16 Qt
Qa (2)
Qa (2)
Qt
=
=
=
0.3 Qt
0.43 Qt
2.31 Qa
0.133 Qt
Qa (1)
Qa (1)
Qt
=
=
=
0.16 Qt
0.4 Qt
2.5 Qa
0.24 Qt
Qa (2)
Qa (2)
Qt
=
=
=
0.2 Qt
0.40 Qt
2.50 Qa
0.200 Qt
=
=
=
=
>
Qs/2.5
+
Qb/2.5
Qs/2
+
Qb/3
Qs/1.5
Min (Qa1, Qa2, Qa3)
WL
=
= (DL + LL)
Qt
Qs
Qb
Qt(1)
Qt(2)
=
=
=
=
=
Qs + Qb
0.4 Qt
0.6 Qt
2.5 Qa
2.5 Qa
Qs
Qb
Qt(1)
Qt(2)
=
=
=
=
0.6
0.4
2.5
2.31
Qt
Qt
Qa
Qa
; =
;
;
+
1.2 1.2
Without ULT
; =
;
;
+
1.4 1.4
;
;
=
+
1.2 1.2
; =
;
;
+
1.4 1.4
Hence,
Fcd Rcd
; + ; ; =
=
(1)
; + ; ; 2
+
; + ; ;
+
Allowable settlement
Representative load
Suggestion 1
SLS load = 1.0 Gk + 1.0 Qk
Allowable settlement follows CP4
Suggestion 2
Follow DA1-2,
Fd = 1.0 Gk + 1.3 Qk
Allowable settlement adjust accordingly
Maximum test load and allowable
settlement shall be specified clearly
on the drawing.
Load test affect geotechnical design
How ULT & WLT affect the MF & R4 for each design zone?
ZONE B
NO WLT
1.5xWLT
MF = 1.2
MF = 1.2
ULT
1.5xWLT
NO WLT
MF = 1.2
MF = 1.2
ZONE D
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
The 1st Principle - Designers are responsible to ensure
structural safety, serviceability and durability of the designs for
the structures.
To fulfil the 1st Principle, Designers are responsible for the
planning of the geotechnical investigation which include
Preliminary, Design and Control Investigations
Guidelines and recommendations in Informative Annexes are
available in EC7-1 and EC7-2 for reference by Designers to
decide on specifications of field and laboratory tests, no of BH,
field and lab tests etc
Characteristic values shall be determined from derived values
for design purposes.
Guidelines on GI and Methods to determine Characteristic
values are provided in GeoSS EC7 Guide
CONCLUSION
Structural Design
o Allowable concrete compressive stress of 7.5MPa and
As>0.5%Ac in CP4 has been removed.
o More comprehensive design considerations in terms of partial
load factors on geometry, material, reinforcement spacing,
permanent casing etc shall be taken.
o Structural capacity varies for reinforced and un-reinforced
concrete section.
Geotechnical Design
o Alternative method is closer to current design practice
o The geotechnical design is governed by DA1-2
o The quantity and allowable settlement for ULT and WLT remain
the same as current practice
o With comprehensive ULT and WLT, proper GI and determination
of characteristic values, EC7 generally resulting in more
economical design as compared with CP4
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
THANK YOU
NG Tiong Guan
Executive Director/Principal
Golder Associates (Singapore) Pte Ltd
18 Ah Hood Road, #10-51,
Hiap Hoe Building @ Zhongshan Park,
Singapore 329983
T: +65 6546 6318 | D: +65 6885 9388 | M: +65 9797 6846 | E:
ngtg@golder.com.sg | www.golder.com