Network Calculations

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 1
2-NETWORK CALCULATIONS
Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

NETWORK CALCULATIONS
The steady state analysis of an interconnected power system during normal

conditions is considered when calculating networks. The power system is assumed to be
operating under balanced condition and can be represented by a single-line diagram.
The power system network contains hundreds of buses and branches with impedances
specified in per-unit on a common MVA base. Power flow studies, commonly referred to
as load flow, are essentials of power system design and analysis. Load flow studies are
necessary for planning, economic operation, scheduling and exchange of power
between utilities. Load flow study is also required for many other analysis such as
transient stability, dynamic stability, contingency and state estimation.
Network equations can be formulated in a variety of forms. However, node
voltage method is commonly used for power system analysis. The network equations
which are in the nodal admittance form results in complex linear simultaneous algebraic
equations in terms of node currents. The load flow results give the bus voltage
magnitude and phase angles and hence the power flow through the transmission lines,
line losses and power injection at all buses.
NODE EQUATIONS
The junctions formed when two or more pure elements (R, L and C or an ideal
source of voltage or current) are connected to each other at their terminal are called
nodes. Systematic formulation of equations determined at nodes of a circuit by applying
Kirchhoffs current law is the basis of some excellent computer solutions of power
system problems. Usually it is convenient to consider only those nodes to which more
than two elements are connected and to call these junction points major nodes.
In order to examine some features of node equations, always begin with the
one-line diagram of a simple power system. In order to further understand node
equations, consider the power system diagram given below.

a
3
In the figure above, generators are connected through transformers to

high tension buses 1 and 3 and supply a synchronous motor load at bus 2. For the
purpose of analysis, all machines at any one bus are treated as single machine and
represented by a single emf and series reactance.
Next is to draw the reactance diagram of the one-line diagram, thus
Ea
Xa
XT1
Ec
Xc
XT3
Eb
Xb
XT2
X14
3
X13
X34
X23
X24

Za
Ea
X14
Zc
Ec
X13
X34
X23
Zb
Eb
X24
Where:
Za=Xa+XT1
Zc=Xc+XT3
Zb=Xb+XT2
Nodes are indicated by dots, but numbers are assigned only to major nodes.If
the circuit is redrawn with the emfs and the impedances in series connecting them to
the major nodes replaced by the equivalent current sources and shunt admittances, the
result is the circuit below.
1
I1
Ya
Yd
3
I3
Yf
Yc
Ye
2
I2
Yg
Yh
Yb

Single-subscript notation will be used to designate the voltage of each bus with
respect to the neutral taken as the reference node 0. Applying Kirchhoffs current Law,
we have
At node 1
1 = 1 + 1 3 + 1 4
At node 2
2 = 2 + 2 3 + 2 4
At node 3
3 = 3 + 3 1 + 3 2 + 3 4
At node 4
0 = 4 1 + 4 2 + 4 3
Rearranging these equations will yield to;

At node 1
1 = 1 + 1 3 + 1 4
= + +
At node 2
2 = 2 + 2 3 + 2 4
= + + +
At node 3
3 = 3 + 3 1 + 3 2 + 3 4
= + + + +
At node 4
0 = 4 1 + 4 2 + 4 3
= + + +
In the above equations, it is apparent that the current flowing into the network
from the current sources connected to anode is equated to the sum of several products.

At any node, one product is the voltage of the node times the sum of all the
admittances which terminate or connected on that node. This product accounts for the
current that flows away from the node if the voltage is zero at each other node. Each
other product equals negative of the voltage at another node times the admittance
connected directly between the othe node and the node at which the equation is
formulated.
The standard form for the four independent equations in matrix form is,
The symmetry of the equations in this form makes them easy to remember, and
their extension to any number of nodes is apparent. The order of the Y subscripts is
effect-cause; that is, the first subscript is that of the node at which the current is being
expressed and the second subscript is that of the voltage causing this component of
current.
The Y matrix is designated Ybus and called the BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX.
Y11, Y22, Y33 and Y44 - is called the self-admittances or driving point admittancesat
the nodes
- is equal to the sum of all admittances terminating on the
node identified by the repeated subscripts.
Other admittances
- is called the mutual admittances or transfer admittances of

the nodes, and each equals the negative of the sum of all
admittances connected directly between the nodes
identified by the double subscripts.

BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
To clearly illustrate the bus admittance matrix, let us consider the below
Starting with the three node equation expressed in the form of matrix as
And expanding this to equations, we have
= + +
= + +
= + +
If V1 and V2 are reduced to zero by shorting nodes 1 and 3 to the reference node
and current I2 is injected at node 2, the self- admittance at node 2 is
= =
Remember that self-admittance of a particular node could be measured by

shorting all other nodes to the reference and then finding the ratio of the current
injected at the node to the voltage resulting at that node. The result is obviously
equivalent to adding all the admittances directly connected to the node, as has been our
procedure up to now.

To find the mutual admittance, at node 1 and node 3 the equation obtained are
= =
= =
And
Thus, the mutual admittances are measuredby shorting all nodes except node 2
to the reference node and injecting a current I2 at node 2. Then Y12 is the ratio of the
negative of the current leaving the network in the short circuit at node 1 to the voltage
V2. The negative of the current leaving node 1 is used since I1 is defined as the current
entering the network. The resultant admittance is the negative of the admittance
directly connected between node 1 and 2, as we would expect.
BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

The Inverse of the bus admittance matrix is known as the bus impedance matrix
Zbus. It is conceptually simple to invert Ybus to find the bus impedance matrix Zbus, but
such direct inversion is rarely employed when the systems to be analyzed are large
scale. In practice, Zbus is rarely explicitly required and so the triangular factors of Y bus are
used to generate elements of Zbus only as they are needed since this is often the most
computationally efficient method. By setting computational considerations aside,
however, and regarding Zbus as being already constructed and explicitly available, the
power system analyst can derive a great deal of insight.
The bus impedance matrix can be directly constructed element by element using
simple algorithms to incorporate one element at a time into the system representation.
The work entailed in constructing Zbus is much greater than that required constructing
Ybus, but the information content of bus impedance is far greater than that of Y bus. We
shall see, for example, that each diagonal element of Zbus reflects important
characteristics of the entire system in the form of the Thevenin impedance at the
corresponding bus. Unlike Ybus, the bus impedance matrix of an interconnected system
is never sparse and contains zeros only when the system is regarded as being subdivided
into independent parts by open circuits.

If we invert Ybus to Zbus, by definition, we will have
1
=
And for a network of three independent nodes the standard form is
Since Ybus is symmetrical around the principal diagonal, Zbus must also be symmetrical.
The bus admittance matrix need not be determined in order to obtain Zbus, and in this
topic we see how Zbus may be formulated directly.
The impedance elements of Zbus on the principal diagonal are called driving-point
impedances of the buses, and the off-diagonal elements are called the transfer
impedances of the buses. The bus impedance matrix is important and very useful in
making fault calculations. In order to understand the physical significance of the various
impedances in the matrix, we compare them with the bus admittances. We can easily
do so by looking at the equations at a particular bus. For instance, starting with the node
equations expressed as
=
We must remember when dealing with Zbus that V and I are column matrices of
the node voltages and the currents entering the nodes from current sources,
respectively. Expanding the matrix for the three networks of three independent nodes
yields to

Converting the matrix form to equation form, we obtain
= + +
= + +
= + +

To solve for the driving-point impedances Z11, Z22, and Z33, open circuit the current
sources in the remaining nodes indicated by the first subscript of impedance. The figure
below shows the circuit described.
Thus, for example, to determine Z22, open circuit the current sources at nodes 1 and 3
and inject the current source I2 at node 2. So,
= =
To enable us to measure some transfer impedances, current sources I 1 and I3 should be

open circuited, so we can have
= =
= =
And
Thus we can measure the transfer impedances Z12 and Z32 by injecting current at node 2
and finding the ratios of V1 and V2 to I2 with the sources open at all nodes except node 2.

THEVENINS THEOREM AND THE ZBUS

The bus impedance matrix provides important information reagarding the power
system network which we can use to advantage in network calculations. In this topic, we
examine the relationship between the elements of Zbus and the Thevenin impedance
presented by the network at each bus. To establish notation, let us denote the bus
voltages corresponding to the initial values I0 of the bus currents of I bu V0=ZbusI0. The
voltages V10 to VN0 are the effective open-circuit voltages, which can be measured by
voltmeter between the buses of network and the reference node. When the bus
currents are changed from the initial to the new values I0=I, the new bus voltages are
given by the superposition equation,
where V represents the changes in the bus voltages from their original values

Figure (a) shows network with bus k and reference node extracted voltages V n, at bus n
is caused by current Ik entering the network. (b) Thevenin equivalent circuit at node k.
A large-scale system in schematic form with a representative bus k extracted along with
the reference node of the system. Initially, we consider the circuit not to be energized
so that the bus currents I and voltages V0 are zero. Then, into bus k a current of k amp
(or k per unit for Zbus in per unit) is injected in to the system from a current source
connected to the reference node. The resulting voltage changes at the buses of the
network, indicated by the incremental quantities Vk to Vn, are give n by
with the only nonzero entry in the current vector equal to Ik in row k. Row-by-column
multiplication in Eq. above yields the incremental bus voltages
which are numerically equal to the entries of k of Z bus multiplied by the current Ik.
Adding these voltage changes to the original voltages at the buses according to equation
above yields to bus k.
= +

The circuit corresponding to this equation is shown in figure (b) from which it is
evident that the Thevenin impedance Zth at a representative bus k of the system is given
by
=
where Zkk is the diagonal entry in row k and column k of Zbus. With k set equal to 2, ths is
essentially the same result obtained in Z22 equation for the driving point impedance at
bus 2.
In similar manner, we can determine the Thevenin impedance between any two
buses j and k of the network.
As shown in the figure below (a), the otherwise dead network is energized by the
current injections Ij at bus j and Ik at bus k.
Denoting the changes in the bus voltages resulting from the combination of these two
current injections by V1 to Vn, we obtain

in which the right-hand vector is numerically equal to the product of Ij at bus j and Ik
at bus k of Zbus. Adding these voltages changes to original bus voltages, we obtain at
buses j and k
= + +
= + +
Adding and subtracting and likewise in the equation above will give,
= + + +
= + + +
Since Zbus is symmetrical Zjk equals to Zkj and the circuit corresponding to these two
equations shown in figure (b) below which represents the Thevenin equivalent circuit of
the system between buses j and k.
Inspection of the figure (b) hows that the open-circuit voltage from bus k to bus j is
, and the impedance encountered by the short-circuit Isc from bus k to bus j is
evidently the Thevenins impedance
, = +
This result is readily confirmed by substituting Isc = Ij = -Ik in above equations and by
setting the difference between the resultant equations equal to zero. As for
external connections to the buses j and k are concerned figure (b) represents the effect
of the original system. From bus j to the reference node, we can trace the Thevenin
impedance = + and the open-circuit voltage .

From bus k to the reference node we have the Thevenin impedance =

+ , and the open- circuit ; and between buses j and k , the Thevenin
equation of , = + and open voltage of is evident. Finally
when the branch impedance Zb is connected between buses j and k, the resulting
current Ib is given by
=

=
, +
Sample Problem:
1. Write in matrix form the node equations necessary to solve for the voltages of
the numbered buses and Find the bus voltages by inverting the bus admittance
matrix of the figure below. The emfs are Ea=1.5 cis 0, Eb = 1.5 cis -36.87, and Ec =
1.5 cis 0, all in per unit.
1
Ea
j1.15
j0.1
j0.2
Ec
j1.15
j0.25
j0.1
j0.125
Eb
j1.15
j0.1
j0.4
j0.2
Reqd: a.) node equations in matrix

b.) Find the bus voltages, V1, V2, V3 and V4

Soln:
a.) node equations in matrix
1. Draw the equivalent reactance diagram converted to current sources and

1
admittances,
!1
Ya
-j 5.0
!3
Yf
-j 4.0
-j 8.0
Yc
Yd
-j0.8
Ye
-j0.8
2
!2
Yg
-j 2.5
Yh
Yb
-j 5.0
-j0.8
2. Solve for the current sources,

1.50
= . = .
j 1.25
1.5 36.87
=
= . . = . .
j 1.25
= =
3. Solve for the self admittances, Y11, Y22, Y33 and Y44. Thus,
= + +
= 5 4 0.8
= .
= + + +
= 0.8 8 4 2.5
= .
= + +
= 0.8 2.5 5
= .
= + +
= 5 5 0.8
=

4. Solve for the mutual admittances,
= =
= = +
= = +
= = +.
= = +
= = +
Hence, the node equations in matrix form is,

.
.
.
. .
=
.
.
b.) Find the bus voltages, V1, V2, V3 and V4

1. Get the inverse of the bus admittance matrix, that is
From,
=
We will divide I matrix by Y matrix which will be,
or

To get [Y]-1, remember the inverse matrix formula,

=

To start with,
a. Form the cofactor matrix of matrix Y,
.
.
. .
+ . .
.
. .
.
+ .
.
+
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
+
. .
892.1 919.3
1059.62
822.5
870.5 915.7
822.5
1081.22
=
1011.62
939.22
892.1 870.5
939.22 1050.452
919.3 915.7
b. Form the transpose matrix of the cofactor matrix of matrix Y that is
892.1 919.3
1059.62
822.5
870.5 915.7
822.5
1081.22
=
1011.62
939.22
892.1 870.5
939.22 1050.452
919.3 915.7
c. Evaluate the determinant of matrix Y

.
.
=
.
.
.
= .
* It can be solved by different methods discussed in advanced math like
modification, chios and pivotal method.

d. Divide each element of the transpose cofactor of Y by the value of

determinant of Y.
1
=
2219.376
1059.62
822.5
892.1
919.3
822.5
1081.22
870.5
915.7
892.1 919.3
870.5 915.7
1011.62
939.22
939.22 1050.452
.
.
= .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2. After finding the inverse of the admittance matrix or what we may call now
bus impedance matrix Zbus, multiply it by current matrix, thus
0.4774
0.3706
0.4020
0.4142
0.3706
0.4872
0.3922
0.4126
0.4020
0.3922
0.4558
0.4232
0.4142
1
0 1.2
0.4126 0.72 0.96
2
=
3
0.4232
0 1.2
4
0.4733
0
3. Performing the indicated matrix multiplication will yield to,

. .
. .
. .
. .
And so, the node voltages are

= . . = . .
= . . = . .
= . . = . .
= . . = . .

2. If a capacitor having a reactance of 5.0 per unit is connected to node 4 of the

circuit in problem 1. Find the current drawn by the capacitor and the resulting
voltages at nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 if Ic is of negative value providing Ea, Eb and Ec
remains the same.
Reqd:
1.)
Ic
2.) Find the bus voltages, V1, V2, V3 and V4 if IC is negative of the value
obtained in the solution
Illustration:
1
Ea
Ec
j1.15
j0.1
j0.2
j1.15
3
j0.1
j0.25
j0.125
Eb
j1.15
j0.1
j0.4
j0.2
Soln:
1. To solve for IC,
a.) Create the Thevenins equivalent circuit for node 4. Making sources short
circuited except node 4. Thus,

From,
1
Ea
j0.2
Ec
j0.25
j0.125
0
2
Eb
j0.4
j0.2
It becomes
Z44 = Zth
XC = ZC
V4 = Vth
b.) To solve for Thevenins equivalent of the circuit behind node 4, the thevenins
voltage at node 4 before the capacitor is connected has an emf of
4 = = 1.4009 0.2971 = 1.432 11.97
c.) To find the Thevenins impedance, the emfs are short-circuited or current
sources are open circuited, and the impedance between node 4 and the
reference node must be determined. Hence,
4 = 41 1 + 42 2 + 43 3 + 44 4
With emfs short-circuited (or with emfs and their series impedances replaced by
the equivalent current sources and shunt admittances with the current source
open) no current is entering the circuit from the sources at nodes 1, 2, and 3. The
ratio of a voltage applied at node 4 to current in the network is Z 44, and this
impedance is known since Zbus was calculated. Then,
= 44 = 0.4733

d.)
Thus the current drawn by the capacitor is,

= +
=
+
1.432 11.97
0.4733 5
= = . .
2.)
Find the bus voltages, V1, V2, V3 and V4

With original emfs short-circuited, the voltages at the nodes due
only to the injected current will be calculated by making use of the bus
impedance network. The required impedances are in column 4 of Z bus. The
voltages with all emfs shorted are
1
2
3
4
= 4 14
= 4 24
= 4 34
= 4 44
=
=
=
=
0.31678.03
0.31678.03
0.31678.03
0.31678.03
0.4142
0.4126
0.4232
0.4733
= 0.1309 11.97
= 0.1304 11.97
= 0.1337 11.97
= 0.1496 11.97
By superposition, the resulting voltages determined by adding the

voltages caused by the injected current with emfs shorted to the node
voltages are;
= 1 + 1 = 0.1309 11.97 + 1.436 10.71 = . .
= 2 + 2 = 0.1304 11.97 + 1.427 14.24 = . .
= 3 + 3 = 0.1337 11.97 + 1.434 11.36 = . .
= 4 + 4 = 0.1496 11.97 + 1.432 11.97 = . .
Since the changes in voltages due to the injected current are all the same angle and this
angle differs little from the angles of the originalvoltages, an approximation will give
satisfactory answers. The change in voltage magnitude at a bus is about equal to the
product of the magnitude of the per unit current and the magnitude of the appropriate
impedances.These values are added to the original voltage magnitude will give the
magnitudes of the new voltages very closely.This approximation is valid because the
network is purely reactive, but it provides a good estimate where the reactance is
considerably larger than the resistance, as usually the case.

MATRIX PARTTITIONING:
A use method of matrix manipulation is called parttitioning. Consider the 3x3
matrix multiplied by 3x1,
=
11
= 21
31
. . .eq.1
12
22
32
13
23
33
11
21
31
The matrix A will be partitioned into four submatrices by the horizontal and
vertical dashed lines. The matrix may be written,
11
= 21
31
12
22
32
13
23 =
33
where:
11 12
=
22
21
= 31 32
13
=
23
= 33
Also the matrix B will be parttitioned,

11
= 21 =
31
where:
=
11
21
= 31
Replacing the eq.1 by letter symbols, we have

= =
=
=

The product is finally determined where C is composed of submatrices M and N. If we
wish to find only the submatrix N, we have
= +
= 31
32 11 + 33 31
21
Hence,
= + +
NODE ELIMINATION
There are many ways to remove the need for matrix inversion when solving
nodal equations of large scale power system. At the same time, it is also apparent that
elimination of variables is identical to network reduction since it leads to a sequence of
reduced-order network equivalents by node elimination at each step. This may be
important in analyzing a large interconnected power system if there is special interest in
the voltages at only some of the buses of the overall system. For instance, electric utility
company with interconnection to other companies may wish to continue its study of
voltage levels to those substations within its own service territory. By selective
numbering of the buses, different methods are used to reduce the Ybus equation of the
overall systems to a set which contains only those bus voltages of special interest. The
coefficient matrix in the reduced order set of equations then represents the Y bus for an
equivalent network containing only those buses which are to be retained. All other
buses are eliminated in the mathemarical sense that their bus voltages and current
injections do not appear explicitly. Such reduction in size of the equation set leads to
efficiency of computation and helps to focus more directly on that portion of the overall
network which is the primary interest.
Below are following methods used to reduce node or eliminate nodes:
A.)
By MATRIX PARTITIONING (MATRIX-ALGEBRA)

The standard node equations in matrix notation are expressed as
=
where V and I are column matrices and Ybus is a symmetrical square matrix. The
column matrices must be so arranged that elements associated with nodes to be

eliminated are in the lower rows of the matrices. Elements of the square
admittance matrix are located correspondingly. If the standard node equations
in matrix notation will be expanded to its general form, we will have
where:
= submatrix composed of the currents entering the nodes to be
eliminated. Every element in it is zero, for the nodes could
not be eliminated otherwise.
= submatrix composed of the voltages at the node at which Ix
enters
= is composed self- and mutual- admittances which are those
identified only with nodes to be retained.
= is composed self- and mutual- admittances which are those
identified only with nodes to be eliminated. It is a square
matrix whose order is equal to the number of nodes to be
eliminated.

= are composed of only those mutual admittances common to
a node to be retained and to be eliminated.
If we will observe the above formula, we can see that column matrices
are partitioned so that the elements associated with nodes to be eliminated are
separated from the other elements. The admittance matrix is partitioned so that
elements identified only with nodes to be eliminated are separated from the
other elements by horizontal and vertical lines.
If we will perform the multiplication indicated in the general formula, it
will give
= +
eq.1
and
= +
eq.2
Since all elements of Ix = 0, then

= +
0 = +
=

making,
1 =
- substitute to eq.1
will give,
= +
= + 1
Factor out VA, then
= + 1
= + 1
Therefore,
=
B.) GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (KRON REDUCTION)

In simple circuits, node elimination can be accomplished by Y-
transformations and by working with series and parallel combinations of
impedances. The matrix partitioning method is a general method which is
thereby more suitable for computer solutions. However, for the elimination of
large number of nodes, matrix M whose inverse must be found will be large.
Inverting matrix is avoided by eliminating one node at a time. This
process is what we call gaussian method. Gaussian method is very simple. One
voltage bus (also called node) at a time is sequentially removed from the
original system of N equations in N unknown. The node to be eliminated must b
the highest numbered node and renumbering may be required. The matrix M
becomes a single element and M-1 is the reciprocal of the element. The steps of
this method are as follows:

1.
If we have the below matrix,
the variable V1 does not explicitly appear in the resultant (N-1)x(N-1)

system, which fully represents the original network if the actual value
of the voltage V1 at bus 1 is not of direct interest. Making
become,
According to equation,
and when indicated manipulation of matrices is accomplished, the

element in row k and column j of the resultiing (N-1)x(N-1) matrix will
be,

=

The procedure is to multiply the element to be modified in the last
element of the same column and row and then its product must be
divided by the cornermost element Y44 (in other books is Ynn) in the
matrix to be modified. Finally, subtract the answer to the original
element being modified.
2.
If knowledge of V2 is also not of prime interest, we can interpret the

resultant as (N-2) x (N-2) system as replacing the actual network by an
(N-2) bus equivalent with buses 1 and 2 removed and so on. Thus,
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1.)
If the generator and transformer at bus 3 are removed from the circuit of
the figure below, eliminate nodes 3 and 4 by the matrix-algebra and
gaussian method just described and find the equivalent circuit with these
nodes eliminated. Find also the complex power transferred into or out of
the network at nodes 1 and 2. Also find the voltage at node 1. The emfs
are Ea=1.5 cis 0, Eb = 1.5 cis -36.87, and Ec = 1.5 cis 0, all in per unit.
1
!1
Ya
Yd
3
!3
Yf
Yc
Ye
2
!2
Yg
Yh
Yb
Reqd:
a) Ybus by matrix partition
b) Ybus by gaussian method
c) equivalent circuit with 3 and 4

eliminated
d) complex power and e) V1

Soln:
The bus admittance matrix of the circuit partitioned for elimination of
nodes 3 and 4 is
1
!1
Ya
-j 5.0
Yd
-j0.8
3
Yf
-j 4.0
-j 8.0
Ye
2
!2
Yg
-j 2.5
Yh
Yb
-j 5.0
-j0.8
.
=
.
.
.
a) Ybus by matrix partition

=
= =

.
.
.
.
The inverse of the submatrix in the lower right position is,

1

1 18 8
=
197 8 14.5
1 18 8
=
197 8 14.5
1 =

Then,
=
=
=
9.8
8.3
9.8
8.3
.
.
2.5
0.0914
0.0406
4.9264
4.0736
4.0736
3.4264
0.0406
0.0736
.
.
b) Ybus by gaussian method

First, we remove node 4 then node 3. Thus,
9.8
0
0
8.3
4 2.5
5 5
4
2.5
14.5
8
5
5
8
18
To get the (N-1)x(N-1) resultant, use
and so,
= 9.8
5 5
= .
18
5 5
= = 0
= .
18
5 8
= = 2.5
= .
18
5 5
= 8.3
= .
18
5 8
= = 2.5
= .
18
5 5
= 14.5
= .
18
2.5

After determining the new value of elements, Reducing the above matrix
to node 3,
8.411
= 1.3889
6.2222
1.3889
6.9111
4.7222
6.2222
4.7222
10.9444
Having,
= 8.411
= 1.3889
6.2222 6.2222
10.9444
4.7222 6.2222
10.9444
= .
= .
Therefore,
=
.
.
.
.
c) equivalent circuit with 3 and 4 eliminated

To get the equivalent circuit, we can examine from the Ybus matrix that the
admittance between the bus 1 and 2 is j4.0736. Making,
1
!1
Ya
Y12=-j4.0376
0
2
!2
Yb
But we still dont know the value of admittance between bus 1 and
reference, Ya. To get it, we consider the value of the self admittance Y 11
formula, which is
= + +

But since bus 4 has been eliminated then Y14=0, yet we have
= +
4.8736 = + j4.0736
= .
= +
4.8736 = + j4.0736
= .
The resulting circuit now is,
1
I1
Ya=-j0.8
Y12=-j4.0376
0
Yb=-j0.8
I2
To get the value the Power from reference to bus 1 and reference to bus 2, S1
and S2, we redraw the circuit and solve for the V and the current.
For current, transform the above ckt to voltage-impedance ckt. Making
this,
Y12=-j4.0376
Ya=-j0.8 Yb=-j0.8
I2= -0.72- j0.96
I1= 0-j1.2

to
Za=j1.25
Zb=j1.25
Z12=-j0.2455
E1 =1.5
E2=1.5
-36.87
But,
=
1 2
+ 12 +
1.50 1.5 36.87
1.25 + 0.2455 + 1.25
= . .
Hence;
1 = 1
= 0.345518.44 1.50
= . + .
2 = 2
= 0.345518.44 1.5 36.87
= . .
The reactive power in the circuit equals to,

= 2
= 0.3455 2 1.25 + 0.2455 + 1.25
= .
The voltage at node 1 will be,
1 = 1
= 1.50 0.3455 18.44
= . .
1.25

MODIFICATION OF EXISTING BUS IMPEDANCE
Since Zbus is such an important tool in power-system analysis, we shall examine
how an existing Zbus may be modified to add new buses or connected new lines to
established buses. Of course we create new Ybus and invert it, but direct methods are
very much simpler than a matrix inversion even for small number of buses. Also when
we know how to modify Zbus we can see how to build it directly.
We recognize several types of modifications involving the addition of a branch
having impedance Zb to a network whose original bus Zbus is known and is identified as
Zorig, an nxn matrix.
In our analysis, existing buses will be identified by numbers or letters and letter k
will designate a new bus to be added to the network to convert Z orig to an (n+1) x (n+1)
matrix.
Case I: Adding Zb from a new bus k to the reference bus.

Zb is added from a new bus to the reference bus r (i.e. a new branch is added and
the dimension of Zbus goes up by one). The addition of the new bus k connected
to the reference bus through Zb without a connection to any buses of the original
network cannot alter the original bus voltages when a current Ik is injected at the
new bus. Thus,
The new Zbus will be,

Making,
Note;
Vk = ZbIk ; Zb = Zkk ; Zki = Zik = 0
Case II: Adding Zb from a new bus k to an existing bus j.
Zb is added from a new bus k to old bus j. The addition of the new bus k through
Zb to an existing bus j with Ik injected at bus k will cause the current entering the
original network at bus j to become the sum of Ij which is injected at bus j plus
the current Ik coming through Zb. Thus,
The new bus becomes,

Making,
where:
= 1 1 + 2 2 + + + +
= + +
= + +
= +
= +
Case III:
Adding Zb from an existing bus j to the reference bus r.
To see how to alter Z orig by connecting an imedance Z b from an existing

bus j to the reference bus, we shall add a new bus k through the Zb to the
bus j. Thus,
Then we short circuit bus k to the reference by letting V k equal to zero to

yield the same matrix equation as in case II except that Vk is zero. So for
modification, we proceed to create new row and column exactly the
same as in case 2 but we then eliminate the (n+1) x (n+1) column, which
is possible because of the zero in column matrix of voltages.

Thus,
Eliminate Ik in the set of equations contained in the matrix operation

0 = 1 1 + 2 2 + + + +
+ = 1 1 + 2 2 + +
=
+ + +
eq.1
Now,
= + + + +
. eq.2
Substituting eq.2 to eq.1, we have
=
+ + +
+ + + + +
Equation can be written in the matrix form,
()

= ()
+
Or simply,
() = ()
(+) (+)
+

Case IV:
Adding Zb between two existing bus j and i
To add a branch impedance Zb between already established buses i and j,

we examine the figure below which shows these buses extracted from the
original network. Thus,
The current Ik is shown flowing through Zb from bus j to bus i. We now

write some equations for node voltages.
= + + + + + + +
Similar equations follow for other buses. The voltages of the buses i and j
are, however, constrained by the equation
= +
+ + + + + + +
= + + + + + +
+ +
Rearranging, we have
0 = + + + + +
+ + +

Collecting equations similar to case 2 and case 3, we can write
Where:
= + +
Eliminate Ik in the set of equations contained in the matrix operation
()
= ()
+ +
Or simply,
() = ()
(+) (+)
+ +
With the use of four relationships, bus impedance matrix can be built by a stepby-step procedure (bringing in one branch at a time). This procedure being a mechanical
one can be easily computerized.
When network is undergoes changes, the modification procedures can be
employed to revise the bus impedance matrix of the network.

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1.
Modify the bus matrix of the example 2 (page 52) to account for the
connection of the capacitor having a reactance of 5.0 per unit between bus 4
and the reference bus. Then find V4 using the impedance of the new matrix
and the current source. Compare this value of V4 with that found on example
2.
Reqd: V4
Soln:
We use and recognize that Zorig is the 4x4 matrix. That k = 4 and that Zb = j5.0 pu to find.
Before we use the case 2 modification, we first recognize the original Zbus of
the example before the capacitor is being installed from bus 4 to the reference.
0.4774
0.3706
=
0.4020
0.4142
0.3706
0.4872
0.3922
0.4126
0.4020
0.3922
0.4558
0.4232
0.4020
0.3922
0.4558
0.4232
0.4142
0.4126
0.4232
0.4733
0.4142
0.4126
0.4232
0.4733
Then apply case 2, we have

0.4774 0.3706
0.3706 0.4872
= 0.4020 0.3922
0.4142 0.4126
Then,
0.4774
0.3706
4020
=
0.4142
0.3706
0.4872
0.3922
0.4126
.
0.4020 0.4142
0.3922 4126
0.4558 0.4232
0.4232 0.4733
. .
.
.
.
.
. + ()

So;
0.4774
0.3706
0.4020
=
0.4142
0.3706 0.4020
0.4872 0.3922
0.3922 0.4558
0.4126 0.4232
. .
0.4142
0.4126
0.4232
0.4733
.
.
.
.
.
.
The terms in the fifth row and column were obtained by repeating the forh row
and column of Zorig and noting that
= + = + = . + = .
Then eliminating the fifth row and column, using the formula,
() = ()
(+) (+)
+
we obtain for Zbus new,

0.4142 0.4142
4.5267
0.4142 0.4126
= 0.3706
4.5267
0.4142 0.4232
= 0.4020
4.5267
0.4142 0.4733
= 0.4142
4.5267
() = 0.4774
= .
()
= .
()
= .
()
= .
()
() = 0.3706
= .
()
= .
()
()
()
()
0.4142 0.4142
4.5267
0.4142 0.4126
= 0.4872
4.5267
0.4142 0.4232
= 0.3922
4.5267
0.4142 0.4733
= 0.4126
4.5267
0.4142 0.4142
4.5267
0.4142 0.4126
= 0.3922
4.5267
0.4142 0.4232
= 0.4558
4.5267
0.4142 0.4733
= 0.4232
4.5267
= 0.4020
= .
= .
= .
0.4142 0.4142
= .
4.5267
0.4142 0.4126
() = 0.4126
= .
4.5267
0.4142 0.4232
() = 0.4232
= .
4.5267
0.4142 0.4733
() = 0.4733
= .
4.5267
= .
= .
= 0.4142
Then well have,

.
.
=
.
.
= .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

The column matrix of currents by which the new Zbus is multiplied to obtain the
new bus voltages is the same as that of the previous example.
() = 41 1 + 42 2 + 43 3
= 0.4575 1.2 + 0.4575 0.72 0.96 + 0.4674 1.2
Hence;
() = . .
DIRECT DETERMINATION OF A BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX
We have seen how to determine Zbus by first finding Ybus and inverting it.
However, formulation of Zbus directly is straightforward process on the computer and
simpler than inverting Ybus for a large network.
To begin, we have a list of impedances showing the buses to which they are
connected. We start by writing the equation for one bus connected through impedance
Za to the reference bus as
=
And this can be considered as a matrix equation where each of the three matrices has
one row and one column. Now, we might add new bus connected to the first bus or to the
reference bus. For instance, if the second bus is connected to the reference but through Zb, we
have the matrix equation
And we proceed to modify our matrix by odding other buses following the
procedures described. Usually, the buses of the network must be renumbered to agree
with the order in which they are to be added to Zbus as it is build up.

EXAMPLE:
1.
Determine the Zbus for the network shown below where impedances are shown
in per unit. Preserve all three nodes.
j 0.3
j 0.2
j 0.15
j 1.2
j 1.5
Soln:
1.
We start by establishing bus 1 with the impedance to the reference bus

and write
= = .
Then we have 1x1 bus impedance matrix,
= .
2.
To establish bus 2 with its impedance to bus 1, we follow
.
.
+ =
.
. + .
.
.
Note: Elements Z01 in the new row and column is repitition of the elements of
row 1 and column 1 being modified.

3.
To establish bus 3 with its impedance to bus 1, we follow
=
+
. .
.
.
= . .
. . . + .
. . .
= . . .
. . .
Note: The other elements in new row and column are repitition of the
elements of row 1 and column 1 of the matrix being modified since the new
node is being connected to bus 1.
4.
If we now decide to add Z30 = Zb =j1.5 from node 3 to the reference bus, we
follow case2 to connect new bus 4 through Z30, thus
+
+
+
+ +
.
.
=
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
=
.
.
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .
.
.
.
. + .

Note: The other elements in new row and column are repitition of the
elements of row 3 and column 3 of the matrix being modified since bus 3 is the
one which is connecting tothe reference bus through Z30.
5.
We now eliminate row 4 and column 4. Some of the elements of the new matrix
from equation
() = ()
(+) (+)
+
are,
1.2 1.2
= .
3
1.2 1.2
= 1.2
= .
3
1.2 1.5
= 1.2
= .
3
1.2 1.2
= .
3
1.2 1.2
= 1.4
= .
3
1.2 1.5
= 1.2
= .
3
() = 1.2
() = 1.2
()
()
()
()
()
()
1.2 1.5
= .
3
1.2 1.5
= 1.2
= .
3
1.5 1.5
= 1.5
= .
3
= 1.2
When all the elements are determined, we have
6.
.
= .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Finally, we add impedance Z32 = Zb = j0.15 between buses 2 and 3. If we

let i and j in case 4 equal to 2 and 3, respectively, we obtain the elements
for row 4 and column 4.

where:
= + +
which is
= + +
= 0.15 + 0.92 + 0.75 2 0.60
= .
And,
= = . . = .
= = . . = .
= = . . = .
So we write,
7.
.
.
=
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Repeating procedure 5. Eliminating row 4 and column 4 of 4x4 to get 3x3

matrix. We find,
. .
= . .
. .
.
.
.
which is the bus impedance matrix to be determined.

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ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 1

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 2

The steady state analysis of an interconnected power system during normal

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 3

In the figure above, generators are connected through transformers to

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 4

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 5

Rearranging these equations will yield to;

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 6

- is called the mutual admittances or transfer admittances of

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 7

And expanding this to equations, we have

Remember that self-admittance of a particular node could be measured by

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 8

BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 9

And for a network of three independent nodes the standard form is

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 10

To enable us to measure some transfer impedances, current sources I 1 and I3 should be

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 11

THEVENINS THEOREM AND THE ZBUS

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 12

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 13

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 14

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 15

From bus k to the reference node we have the Thevenin impedance =

Reqd: a.) node equations in matrix

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 16

1. Draw the equivalent reactance diagram converted to current sources and

2. Solve for the current sources,

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 17

Hence, the node equations in matrix form is,

b.) Find the bus voltages, V1, V2, V3 and V4

To get [Y]-1, remember the inverse matrix formula,

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 18

b. Form the transpose matrix of the cofactor matrix of matrix Y that is

c. Evaluate the determinant of matrix Y

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 19

d. Divide each element of the transpose cofactor of Y by the value of

3. Performing the indicated matrix multiplication will yield to,

And so, the node voltages are

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 20

2. If a capacitor having a reactance of 5.0 per unit is connected to node 4 of the

Prepared by: Joana Joy N. Abonalla and Pal Maleter Domingo

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM 21