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AnalogamplitudemodulationanddemodulationPart1

Radiotechnology
AnalogamplitudemodulationanddemodulationPart1
AnalogamplitudemodulationanddemodulationPart2
Analogfrequencymodulationanddemodulation
Digitalmodulation:Amplitudeshiftkeying(ASK)
Digitalmodulation:Frequencyshiftkeying(FSK,MSK)
Digitalmodulation:Phaseshiftkeying(PSK)
Spreadspectrummethod:DSSS,FHSS
OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing(OFDM)

AnalogamplitudemodulationanddemodulationPart1
Introduction
AnoutlineofAMmodulationanddemodulation
ThetheoryofAMmodulationanddemodulation
ActualAMmodulationanddemodulation
AMmodulationanddemodulationapplet

Introduction
ThisJavaappletallowsyoutoexperiencethebasicsofanalogamplitudemodulationanddemodulationvisually.
Itsinterestingtolookatthespectrogramandtrychangingthevariousparameters.Youcanunderstandthebackgroundto
thecharacteristicsofthesignal.
Toruntheapplet,clickthepicture.
*JavaRuntimeEnvironmentversion5.0orhigherisrequiredtoruntheapplet.
Download:http://www.java.com/en/download/index.jsp

AnoutlineofAMmodulationanddemodulation
AMradioisoneofthemostobviousexamplesofAMmodulation.AMstandsforanalogamplitudemodulation.AMmodulation
hasareputationforpoorsoundquality.However,thisisntreallyanappropriatewaytoexpressit.Humanscanhearsound
infrequenciesfromabout20Hzto16kHz,andthemusicsourceisgenerallywithinthisfrequencyrange.Forexample,if
youplaymusicthroughamediumthatonlycarriesafrequencyofabout3kHzsuchasatelephone,naturallyitwillsound
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dull.WhileFMradiocantransmitmusicuptoabout15kHz,AMradiocanonlytransmituptoabout7.5kHz.Thisisto
complywiththeradiowavebandwidthsstipulatedintheRadioAct,anditdoesntmeanthatthesoundqualityofAM
modulationitselfispoor.However,theamplitudeoftheAMcarrierwavecancarryinformation.Buttheamplitude
componentisreadilyaffectedbynoise,andsincethemodulationanddemodulationisanalog,thevariationisalsoconverted
intosound,makingitunpleasanttolistento.
However,AMmodulationisalsousedforaircraftradio,anapplicationonwhichhumanlivesdepend.Thisisbecausehumans
canunderstandthetransmissionseveniftheyreaffectedbynoisetosomeextent.ThesimplicityofAMmodulationisits
sellingpoint.TechnologyrelatedtoAMmodulationisalsousedinthelatestradios,anditincludessomeveryimportant
areasrelatingtoresearchintoradiomodulationanddemodulation.Withamplitudemodulation,theamplitudeofcarrier
waveCisshiftedproportionallytotheinformationdatainthemodulatingsignalm(t).Amplitudemodulationhaslongbeen
usedforradioandtelevisionbroadcasting.TherearemanytypesofamplitudemodulationincludingAM(DSBWC),DSBSC,
SSBSC,VSBandsoon.Theyeachhavetheirbenefitsanddrawbacks,andareusedasappropriateforthefrequencyband,
transmittedpower,requiredtransmissionqualityandsoon.AMradiousestheDSB(DSBWC)modulationmethodwherethe
directcurrent(positivecomponent)ismultipliedbythecarrierwaveandthemodulatedwavehasacarrierwavecomponent.
Thereceivingwaveincludesacarrierwavecomponent,sosynchronizationinthedemodulationcircuitissimplified.In
doublesidebandsuppressedcarriertransmission(DSBSC),theamplitudeofthecarrierwaveischangedinaccordancewith
theinformation.InDSBSCmodulation,thewavecarrierisnottransmittedinthemodulatedwave.DSBSCiscloselyrelated
tofrequencyconversionandsinglesidebandsuppressedcarrier(SSBSC)modulation,andisusedinmanyapplications.
Thereissomeconfusionsurroundingthevarioussystemsofamplitudemodulation.Forexample,somepeoplerefertoAMas
DSW,whileothersrefertoDSBSCasDSB.AMmodulationisusedasagenerictermforamplitudemodulation,butit
includesanumberoftypes,soitsnecessarytopaycarefulattentionwhendiscussingthem.Thetypescanbesummarized
asfollows.Doublesidebandwithcarrier:DSBWC(AM),referredtosimplyasDSW
Singlesidebandwithcarrier:SSBWC
Doublesidebandsuppressedcarrier:DSBSC
Singlesidebandsuppressedcarrier:SSBSC
WC(WithCarrier)meansthatthemodulatedwaveincludesacarrierwavecomponent,andSC(SuppressedCarrier)means
thatthereisnocarrierwavecomponent.

ThetheoryofAMmodulationanddemodulation
Amplitudemodulation:AMradio
AmplitudemodulationisoftenassociatedwiththemodulationmethodofAMradio.WhenthecarrierwaveisC(t)andthe
modulatingsignalism(t),themodulatedwaveSamisasfollows.

Kam:Constant
WithAMradiomodulation,theamplitudeofcarrierwaveAcisshiftedproportionallytothemodulatingsignalm(t).
ThemodulatedwaveSamwhenthemodulatingsignalm(t)isasinglesinewaveisasfollows.

IftheinitialphaseCofthecarrierwaveis0,andKam*Amismodulationfactorm,theresultisasfollows.

Thefirstequationshowsthecarrierwavecomponentwhilethesecondequationshowsthataspectrumwhereonlythe
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modulationsignalfrequencyFmisseparateoneithersideofthecarrierfrequency.Amplitudemodulationshiftsthespectrum
ofthemodulatingsignaldirectlytothecarrierwave.Theupperpartofthecarrierfrequencyistheuppersideband(USB)
whilethelowerpartisthelowersideband(LSB).Thebandwidthrequiredforthismodulationmethodincludesthedouble
sideband,soitistwicethatofthemodulatingsignalbandwidth.Withthismodulation,acarrierwaveistransmittedandthe
receiverisbuiltsoastobeabletouseitwithdemodulation,butthecarrierwavehasnothingtodowithinformation
transmissionsoitisnotefficientfromanelectricalpointofview.However,thereceiverperformsenvelopedetectionandso
themodulationfactormustbe1orhigher,thereforethecarrierwavecomponentisunavoidable.Amodulationfactorof1or
moreresultsinovermodulation,sothatsynchronousdetectionisnecessary.

ActualAMmodulationanddemodulation
Modulation
Usingamodulator,theamplitudeofthecarrierwaveisshiftedproportionallytotheamplitudeofthemodulatingsignal.A
transistorordiodecanbeusedasamodulator.Forexample,ifthecarrierwaveandmodulatingsignalareinputwiththe
transistoroperatingatgradeC,asignalcombiningtheDSBwaveandharmonicsisoutput.IftheDSBwaveisextractedwith
aresonancecircuit,itresultsinanamplitudemodulatedwaveincludingthecarrierwave.Inaddition,ifthecarrierwaveand
modulatingsignalareinputtoaDBM(doublebalancedmodulator)andthenonlinearityoftheDBMisusedformodulation,a
DSBSC(doublesidebandsuppressedcarrier)amplitudemodulationwavewithoutacarrierwavecanbeobtained.AMradio
usesaDSBwavewithacarrierwaveandasynchronousdetectionatthereceiver.Ifthemodulationindexmislessthan1,
theenvelopeofthemodulatedwaveindicatestheformofthemodulatingsignal(information).Ifitisbiggerthan1,the
envelopenolongerindicatestheformofthemodulatingsignalduetoovermodulation.Therefore,itisimportanttonotethat
themodulatedwavedoesnotincludeamodulationsignalfrequencycomponent,asyoucanseebylookingatthespectrum.
Thisisstronglyrelevanttothedemodulationmethodofthereceiver.

Demodulation
DemodulationmethodsforAMmodulatingsignalsincludesynchronousdetectionandasynchronousdetection,andtheapplet
shownbelowallowsyoutoswitchbetweenthetwotoseethedifference.ThereceiversforAMradiobroadcastsuseenvelope
detection,atypeofasynchronousdetection,tosimplifytheirstructureandreducetheircost.Envelopedetectionisa
detectionmethodthatcanonlyperformdemodulationwhentheenvelopeofthemodulatedsignalindicatesamodulating
signal.Theappletbelowcanbesettoovermodulationwithamodulationfactorhigherthan1,butinthiscase,sincethe
envelopeofthemodulatedsignaldoesnotindicateamodulatingsignal,envelopedetectionisnotpossibleanditsnecessary
tousesynchronousdetection.Theappletbelowallowsyoutoswitchbetweensynchronousdetectionandasynchronous
detection.Youcanconfirmthatdemodulationcanbecarriedoutproperlyevenwithovermodulationifyouusesynchronous
detection.However,pleaseconfirmthisusingasinglesinewave.AMmodulationanddemodulationapplet

AnAMmodulationanddemodulationapplet
AnAMmodulationanddemodulationappletClicktheExplainbuttonatthebottomrightoftheappletforhowtouseit.
Thedetectionmethodusedbytheappletisasfollows.
Synchronousdetection:Thecarrierwaveismultipliedwithexactlythesametransmissioncarrierwave,frequencyandphase
asthemodulatedwave.
Asynchronousdetection:Themodulatedwaveisrectifiedandsignalswithalevelhigherthan0areextracted.
*Note:Themodulationindexofthisappletisappliedwithafrequency4singlesinewave.

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Clicktheimage:AMmodulationanddemodulationapplet

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