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MATRIC NUMBER
: M011110003
COURSE
SUPERVISOR
INTRODUCTION
Electricity is one of the most important basic
needs for humans.
However, the use of fossil fuel such as natural
gas and coal in electricity generation has its own
drawbacks such as:the emission of carbon dioxide that can cause
climate change and global warming
the uncertainty of fossil fuel prices
INTRODUCTION (CONT'D)
Hence, in 2001 under the Eighth Malaysian Plan, the
government introduced the Five Fuel Policy where
renewable energy was recognized as the fifth fuel.
The previous policy which was Four Fuel Policy. It was a
diverse generation mix of hydro, natural gas, coal and for
electricity generation.
Renewable energy can be defined as the energy produced
from natural processes that can replenish continuously
and quickly.
There are five sources of renewable energy which are
from wind, palm oil industry, biomass, solar radiation,
and hydro power.
In Malaysia, the renewable energy from solar radiation is
very promising because Malaysia receives high solar
radiation and has mild ambient temperatures.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Ahmed and Sulaiman (2003) state that every component of the
solar system must be designed and sized by using proper
procedures and calculations before implementing the system.
Sunderan et al. (2011) emphasizes that the stand-alone
photovoltaic electricity generation system must be properly sized
and designed before the system is being installed.
Solar Power Mart (2007) states that the costs of solar systems are
not cheap and usually the final cost of the system will exceed the
expected cost. The costs of solar systems with basic features start
at around RM45 000 but the costs for most of the systems are in
between RM60 000 to RM100 00 depending on the types and
components of the system.
MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH
The demand for energy especially electricity in Malaysia is increasing
consumes fossil fuel such as natural gas and coal as the main energy
sources.
This fossil fuel will eventually run out completely.
This fossil fuel also releases carbon dioxide that can cause climate change
and global warming.
Besides that, there are some areas especially in the rural and remote areas
in Malaysia that have no access to the utility grid.
MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH(CONT'D)
Hence, an alternative energy source that is renewable, cleaner,
more portable, more flexible and more environmentally friendly
is needed to replace or at least to reduce the use of fossil fuel to
generate electricity.
Solar energy meets all of these requirements due to some reasons
as follows:
Fossil fuel is very limited and has the possibility to run out completely, but
sunlight is available abundantly in Malaysia all year long.
No carbon dioxide or other harmful gases that can contribute to the
greenhouse effect are released during generating electricity.
A solar system can be installed in every house even houses in the rural and
remote areas as long as there is sunlight.
A solar system can be designed and sized according to the requirements of
the consumers.
OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH
1.
2.
3.
4.
SCOPE OF RESEARCH
The type of solar system used in this research is a stand-alone hybrid
solar system which is a combination of solar array and diesel generator
as the power sources.
The diesel generator will act as a backup gen-set when the capacity of
the battery bank is low and the solar array cannot produce energy.
The simulation results will give the recommended value of the components of the
stand-alone hybrid solar system only. Other details such as size and type of wires
use, the installation areas size will not be covered.
The methods and equations used for sizing the stand-alone hybrid solar system
will be based on the methods and equations used by Roberts (1991), Dunlop
(2010), Hankins (2010), Stauffer and Rosenberg (2009) and Abdulqader (2006).
The listed prices for the components are based on various website such as
Load Analysis
Inverter Sizing
PV Array Sizing
PV Tilt Angle
Solar Charge Controller Sizing
Hybrid PV Configuration
Hybrid PV System Cost Estimation
Comparative Studies with TNB Grid Connection
Finish.
TEST 1 RESULTS
Comparison between softwares load analysis results and Dunlop (2010)
Data
Software
Dunlop (2010)
7568 Wh/day
7568 Wh/day
8408.89 Wh/day
8409 Wh/day
Total AC power
5388 W
5388 W
11.19 hr/day
11.2 hr/day
Comparison between softwares solar array sizing results and Dunlop (2010)
Data
Software
Dunlop (2010)
33.94 A
33.9 A
64.20 V
64.1 V
14
14
Software
Dunlop (2010)
571.01 Ah
571 Ah
TEST 2 RESULTS
Comparison between softwares load analysis results with Solar Energy International (2007)
Data
Software
Solar
Energy
International (2007)
Total AC energy consumption
3527.26 Wh/day
3527 Wh/day
3919.18 Wh/day
3918.9 Wh/day
3712 W
3712 W
4.97 hr/day
4.97 hr/day
Comparison between softwares inverter sizing results with Solar Energy International (2007)
Data
Software
Solar
Energy
International (2007)
Recommended inverter power rating
5000 W
4000 W
45 A
Not available
48 VDC
48 VDC
120 VAC
120 VAC
Software
Solar
Energy
International (2007)
Required solar array current
24.89 A
24.9 A
53.22 V
Not available
20
20
Comparison between softwares PV tilt angle results with Solar Energy International (2007)
Data
Software
Tilt angle
29.4239
29.4239
Direction of tilt
Facing south-east
Not available
Software
Solar
Energy
International (2007)
Recommended charge controller nominal voltage
48 VDC
48 VDC
40 A
40 A
1600 W
Not available
Comparison between softwares battery bank sizing results with Solar Energy International
Data
Solar
Energy
(2007) Software
International (2007)
Rated battery bank capacity
653.20 Ah
652.8 Ah
16
16
SIMULATION 1 RESULTS
Simulation 1 load analysis results
Data
Result value
Total AC power
5130 W
11705 Wh/day
13005.56 Wh/day
6.66 hr/day
Result value
6156 W
28.5 A
24 VDC
240 VAC
Result value
Type A
Type B
134.22 A
134.22 A
33.51 VDC
33.51 VDC
3631.99 W
3631.99 W
27
26
27
52
137.43 A
139.1 A
36.3 VDC
37.5 VDC
4988.71 W
5216.25 W
RM 24 975.00
RM 31 200.00
Result value
Tilt angle
15
Direction of tilt
Facing south-east
Result value
24 VDC
171.79 A
4122.96 W
Result value
Type A
Type B
2139.07 Ah
2139.07 Ah
12 VDC
12 VDC
200 Ah
65 Ah
11
33
22
66
2 200 Ah
2145 Ah
24 VDC
24 VDC
RM 17 600.00
RM 36 762.00
Result value
201.67 A
5130 W
Result value
RM 56 825.00
RM 17 047.50
RM 14 774.50
RM 88 647.00
Result value
25 310 Wh/day
759.30 kWh
RM 267.31
RM 3 207.72
Return on investment
27.64 years
SIMULATION 2 RESULTS
Simulation 2 load analysis results
Data
Result value
Total AC power
590 W
4430 Wh/day
4922.22 Wh/day
9.13 hr/day
Result value
767 W
3.55 A
24 VDC
240 VAC
Result value
Type A
Type B
50.8 A
50.8 A
33.51 VDC
33.51 VDC
1374.65 W
1374.65 W
10
10
10
20
51.1 A
53.5 A
36.3 VDC
37.5 VDC
1854.93 W
2006.25 W
RM 9 250.00
RM 12 000.00
Result value
Tilt angle
15
Direction of tilt
Facing south-east
Result value
24 VDC
63.88 A
1533.12 W
Result value
Type A
Type B
809.58 Ah
809.58 Ah
12 VDC
12 VDC
200 Ah
65 Ah
13
10
26
1000 Ah
845Ah
24 VDC
24 VDC
RM 8 000.00
RM 14 482.00
Result value
80 A
1000 W
Result value
RM 23 050.00
RM 6 915.00
RM 5 993.00
RM 35 958.00
Result value
8250 Wh/day
247.50 kWh
RM 59.46
RM 713.52
Return on investment
50.40 years
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Test 1 and Test 2 results indicates that the software can be used to
calculate specific values in system sizing.
The simulations results designates several findings as listed as follows:
The electrical load requirements play an important role in influencing
the total cost of the solar system.
The overall cost of the stand-alone hybrid solar system in Simulation 1 is
RM 88 647.00 and the overall cost in Simulation 2 is RM 35 958.00.
Since the load requirements in rural areas are lower than non-rural
areas, the stand-alone hybrid solar system is more suitable to be built in
the rural areas.
The long-term of payback period in both Simulation 1 and Simulation 2
tells that it is more saving to pay electricity bills every month than to
allocate a huge amount of money to build a stand-alone hybrid solar
system.
It is only worth it to build the stand-alone hybrid solar system at areas
without grid connection such as in rural and archipelagos areas.
CONCLUSION
The output of the research shows that system sizing is a very important
matter. The solar system need to be sized very carefully so that the
energy produces is enough to meet the load requirements. The research
output also shows that the cost of the solar system could increase due
to any mistakes during the system sizing.
Besides that, the GUI that is used to present all of the procedures of
system sizing makes the software package user friendly. The software
package can be applied for teaching and learning purposes especially for
engineering students in undergraduate programs and practicing
engineers.
This research also shows that green technologies such as the standalone hybrid solar system are very suitable for rural areas without grid
utility connection such as in archipelagos areas.
THANK YOU