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Abstract
This work presents a computational material model for plain-woven fabric composite for use in nite element analysis. The
material model utilizes the micro-mechanical approach and the homogenization technique. The micro-mechanical model consists of
four sub-cells, however, because of the existing anti-symmetry only two sub-cells have to be homogenized for prediction of the
elastic material properties. This makes the model computationally very ecient and suitable for large-scale nite element analysis.
The model allows the warp and ll yarns not to be orthogonal in the plane of the composite ply. This gives the opportunity to model
complex-shaped composite structures with dierent braid angles. General homogenization procedure is employed with two levels of
property homogenization. The model is programmed in MATLAB software and the predicted material properties of dierent
composite materials are compared and presented. The material model shows good capability to predict elastic material properties of
composites and very good computational eciency. 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Keywords: Computational composite material model; Woven fabric composites; Textile composites; Finite element analysis
1. Introduction
Composite materials are being more and more utilized in many structures because of their high strength
and low weight. Nowadays they are used vastly in all
kinds of aerospace, automotive, marine vehicle structures, civil structures, etc. The woven fabric composites
have been recognized as more competitive than the
unidirectional composites because they have good reinforcement in all directions within a single layer. They
also have better impact resistance, better toughness and
low fabrication cost. Those properties make the woven
fabric composites attractive for many structural applications. Along with that however, the complex architecture of the woven fabric composites makes the
analysis of their behavior challenging.
In most of the detailed work concentrated on modeling the behavior of woven composite materials, the
unit cell approach is employed. The composite material
is divided into repeated cells, representing the properties
and the behavior of whole lamina. Ishikawa and Chou
[14] developed three analytical one-dimensional mod*
490
frn gk
frs gk
T
k
where the n-subscript denotes iso-strain components, ssubscript denotes iso-stress components and k
1; 2; . . . ; N denotes the constituent. The stiness matrix
of each constituent is split into four 3 3 matrices as
follows:
Cnn k Cns k
Ck
;
3
Csn k Css k
where Cnn k and Css k are symmetrical matrices and
T
Csn k Cns k . The constitutive equations for each
constituent now can be written as follows:
frn gk Cnn k fen gk Cns k fes gk ;
frs gk Csn k fen gk Css k fes gk :
4
5
feg
k1
frg
fk fegk ;
N
X
k1
fk frgk ;
Partitioning the eective stiness matrix into four matrices, the constitutive equations for the homogenized
material can be written as follows:
frn g C nn fen g C ns fes g;
10
where
"
C nn C ns
C sn
C ss
#
:
11
fen g fen gk ;
12
frs g frs gk :
13
The rule of the mixture ((6) and (7)), applied to the rest
parts of the strain and stress components leads to the
following:
N
X
k1
frn g
fk fes gk ;
N
X
k1
14
fk frn gk :
15
16
17
bC1 cfen g
es
bC3 cfrs g
where
C1
C2
C3
C4
N
X
fk Cnn k
k1
N
X
k1
N
X
k1
N
X
k1
Cns k Css k 1 Csn k ;
bC2 frs g;
18
bC4 cfen g;
19
20:1
fk Cns k Css k 1 ;
20:2
fk Css k 1 ;
20:3
fk Css k 1 Csn k :
20:4
21
frn g C1 C2 C3 1 C4 fen g C2 C3 1 fes g:
22
The eective stiness matrix of the homogenized volume
can now be expressed as follows:
1
Applying the mixed boundary conditions on the constituents, one obtains the following:
fes g
491
23:1
1
C ns C2 C3 ;
1
C sn C3 C4
C ss C3 1 :
23:2
T
C ns ;
23:3
23:4
492
Cy Sy
2 1
E1
m12
E1
m12
E1
6
6
6
6
6
6 0
6
6 0
4
0
m12
E1
1
E2
m23
E2
0
0
0
m12
E1
m23
E2
1
E2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
G12
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
G23
0
0
0
0
0
1
G12
7
7
7
7
7 ;
7
7
7
5
24
26
The contracted notation for strain and stress components adopted here is: 1 11, 2 22, 3 33, 4 12,
5 23, 6 31. At the rst level of homogenization, the
assumed volume fractions of the constituents are fy Vy
and fm 1 Vy , respectively, where Vy is the volume
fraction of the yarns. In the case of dierent volume
fractions of the ll and warp yarns, the proper volume fraction has to be calculated and used.
When the eective stiness matrix of each sub-cell is
determined in the material coordinate system, it is
transformed to RVC coordinate system. The transformation of the sub-cell stiness matrices from the material coordinate system of the yarn to the RVC
coordinate system is performed by the following formula:
T
C T C 0 T ;
27
l21
6 l2
6 2
6
6 l2
6 3
6
6 2l1 l2
6
6
4 2l2 l3
"
2l3 l1
T1
T3
m21
n21
m22
n22
m23
n23
2m1 m2
2n1 n2
2m2 m3
2n2 n3
7
7
7
7
l3 m 3
m3 n3
n3 l3
7
7
l1 m2 l2 m1 m1 n2 m2 n1 n1 l2 n2 l1 7
7
7
l2 m3 l3 m2 m2 n3 m3 n2 n2 l3 n3 l2 5
2m3 m1
#
T2
;
T4
2n3 n1
l3 m1 l1 m3 m3 n1 m1 n3 n3 l1 n1 l3
l1 m 1
m1 n1
n1 l1
l2 m 2
m2 n2
n2 l2
28
where
l1 cos b cos h; m1 cos b sin h; n1 sin b;
l2 sin h; m2 cos h; n2 0;
l3
sin b cos h;
m3
sin b sin h;
29
n3 cos b
2
6
6
6
C F 6
6
6
4
f
C11
f
C12
f
C22
sym
f
C13
f
C23
f
C33
f
C14
f
C24
f
C34
f
C44
f
C15
f
C25
f
C35
f
C45
f
C55
3
f
C16
f 7
C26
7
f 7
C36
7
f 7:
C46
7
f
5
C56
f
C66
30
31
493
Table 1
Epoxy
65% E-glass/35% Epoxy
Timetalb 21-S
65% SCS-6/35% Timetal
E1 (GPa)
E2 (GPa)
G12 (GPa)
G23 (GPa)
m12
m23
3.5
47.77
112.0
293.88
3.5
18.02
112.0
253.84
1.3
5.494
41.8
93.46
1.3
3.877
41.8
83.08
0.35
0.314
0.34
0.278
0.35
0.249
0.34
0.2846
494
Table 2
C11
C12
C13
C22
C23
C33
C44
C55
C66
(GPa)
(GPa)
(GPa)
(GPa)
(GPa)
(GPa)
(GPa)
(GPa)
(GPa)
Upper bound
Lower bound
Four-cell model
Single-cell model
Present model
21.2
5.40
4.42
21.2
4.42
9.82
3.20
2.42
2.42
17.7
5.40
4.37
17.7
4.37
9.23
3.14
2.23
2.23
20.3
5.02
4.60
20.3
4.60
11.5
3.53
2.50
2.50
20.8
5.29
4.38
20.8
4.38
9.23
3.41
2.29
2.29
18.1
4.49
4.52
18.1
4.52
9.20
3.49
2.71
2.71
Table 3
E-glass/
epoxy
Ref. [14]
Four-cell
model
Single-cell
model
Present
model
Ex (Gpa)
Ey (Gpa)
Ez (Gpa)
Gxy (GPa)
Gyz (Gpa)
Gzx (Gpa)
mxy
myz
mzx
18.634
18.634
8.346
3.190
2.422
2.422
0.1745
0.3720
0.3720
17.853
17.853
9.788
3.529
2.497
2.497
0.1724
0.3321
0.3321
18.209
18.209
7.798
3.407
2.294
2.294
0.1739
0.3923
0.3923
15.569
15.569
7.398
3.485
2.712
2.712
0.1429
0.4206
0.4206
SCS-6/Timetal
Ref. [14]
Four-cell
model
Single-cell
model
Present
model
Ex (Gpa)
Ey (Gpa)
Ez (Gpa)
Gxy (GPa)
Gyz (Gpa)
Gzx (Gpa)
mxy
myz
mzx
196.05
196.05
174.15
67.23
60.00
60.00
0.2790
0.3180
0.3180
194.47
194.47
180.30
69.44
61.00
61.00
0.2810
0.3086
0.3086
196.32
196.32
170.60
68.83
59.15
59.15
0.2779
0.3237
0.3237
186.40
186.40
166.14
69.20
63.10
63.10
0.2719
0.3328
0.3328
Table 4
Table 5
Approach
Ex ; Ey (GPa)
Ez (GPa)
Gxy (GPa)
mxz ; myz
mxy
Ref. [16]
Ref. [17]
Four-cell model
Single-cell model
Present model
11.81
14.38
11.86
11.93
11.17
6.14
6.25
6.21
5.67
5.42
1.84
1.94
1.70
1.59
1.90
2.15
3.94
2.33
2.31
2.32
0.408
0.463
0.404
0.436
0.465
0.181
0.167
0.166
0.159
0.146
495
Table 6
Waviness
Approach
E11
E33
G12
G13
m12
m13
0.167
Ref. [18]
Ref. [19]
Ref. [20]
Four-cell model
Single-cell model
Present model
0.9340
0.92
0.94
0.9419
0.9418
0.9316
0.9367
0.95
0.9456
0.9164
0.9152
0.9745
0.96
0.97
0.9573
0.9572
0.9571
0.9546
1.10
0.8961
0.8692
0.9133
1.0198
0.87
1.05
1.036
1.0295
0.9985
1.0029
1.10
0.9913
0.9998
1.5373
0.25
Ref. [18]
Ref. [19]
Ref. [20]
Four-cell model
Single-cell model
Present model
0.8978
0.88
0.92
0.9036
0.9040
0.8922
0.9061
0.93
0.9121
0.8695
0.8677
0.9617
0.94
0.95
0.9265
0.9263
0.9262
0.9318
1.14
0.844
0.8040
0.8690
1.0249
0.81
1.10
1.052
1.0408
0.9914
1.0033
1.14
0.9926
1.0044
1.5489
0.5
Ref. [18]
Ref. [19]
Ref. [20]
Four-cell model
Single-cell model
Present model
0.7746
0.75
0.79
0.8174
0.8188
0.8050
0.8157
0.84
0.8398
0.7787
0.7764
0.9242
0.87
0.87
0.7522
0.8569
0.8568
0.8636
1.22
0.7421
0.6878
0.7814
1.0242
0.60
1.25
1.098
1.0959
0.9916
1.0007
1.28
0.9954
1.0142
1.5718
Table 7
a
b
Approach
Ex ; Ey (GPa)
Ez (GPa)
Gxy (GPa)
mxz ; myz
mxy
Ref. [21]
Ref. [22]
Four-cell model
Single-cell model
Present model
46.35
48.3a /49.8b
45.08
45.17
44.31
10.12
9.782
9.643
2.763
2.585
2.971
3.83
5.41a /3.83b
3.815
3.813
3.814
0.4643
0.4784
0.4921
0.0538
0.062a /0.068b
0.0562
0.0542
0.0525
Number of plies 1.
Number of plies 4.
Acknowledgements
Table 8
Calculation eciency of the models using MATLAB
Number of oating
point operations
Present
model
Single-cell
model
Four-cell
model
6100
31 835
13 734
Computing support was provided by the Ohio Supercomputer Center. Their support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
average but for the undulated part only, which does not
t to the geometry of the presented micro-mechanical
model.
4. Conclusions
The developed micro-mechanical material model of
plain-woven fabric composites is very simple and it is
computationally ecient. The present material model
shows very good capability to predict the elastic properties of composite structures. The material model has
non-orthogonal warp and ll yarns which gives the
model some generality. In addition, it provides the opportunity to analyze composite structures with ber reorientation using the nite element method.
496