SUMMARY OF WORK TILL 27 JUL 15

REYNOLDS NUMBER ESTIMATE

1.

Reynolds number: Re = V L/
= 0.514m/s per knot V knots L m / 0.8e-6m2/s

V varies from 03 to 40 knots

L = Chord length of appendage (and not length of hull) since flow past appendage is different
from flow past hull. L varies from 01to 03 m
Thus, Re varies from 106 to 108 for most underwater hull appendages
GETTING MOST OF RUDDER - BEN MORRIS
2.
A rudder is like an airfoil, but more effective due to greater viscosity of water, thereby
generating greater forces
3.
Thin, long rudder - lesser turbulence. Round leading edge and sharp trailing edge also
provide lesser drag.
4.
When rudder rotates, lift is generated at right angle to the rudder, which can be split in
two directions - at right angles and opposite to the ship direction. Greater angle of attack, greater
lift force in opposite direction than at right angles, thereby producing less turn and slowing ship
and increasing turbulence, especially for narrow rudders. Thus, angle between rudder and water
flow direction should be kept minimum.
5.

Rudder pivoting to be slightly ahead of centre of lift to enable rudder to straighten back.

MEASUREMENTS OF THE RUDDER INFLOW AFFECTING THE RUDDER

CAVITATION - PAIK ET. AL,
6.
The paper focuses on propeller rudder interaction and uses PIV techniques to visualise
the flow in x, y and z directions. The measurements were conducted at Re of over 106 with
rudder angles from -6 to 6.
7.
A cavitation tunnel of dimensions 0.6 0.6 2.6 m 3 was used. Max flow speed was 12m/s,
with pressure variance from 10.1kPa to 202kPa. Flow uniformity and turbulence intensity were
below 1% and 2% respectively. The NACA profile rudder had a chord length of 262.5mm and
height of 403.3mm (Scale 1:28.5 - possibly that of a merchant vessel). A propeller model was
also prepared with the same scale.

8.
A two frame PIV system was used, consisting of a dual head Nd:YAG laser (200mJ per
pulse), CCD camera (1024 1024 pixels), synchronizer and a frame grabber. The camera
captured pairs of particle images using frame - straddling method.
Definition
of
frame
straddling
"http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/_Site_Root/Products/Literature/Technical_Notes/How
%20Frame-Straddling%20Works.pdf":

from

The essential principle of PIV is to illuminate a seeded flow-field with two pulses of laser light
and record the particle images with a CCD or photographic camera. Traditionally, both
exposures have been recorded on a single frame, creating a "double exposure." The double
exposed frame is then processed using auto-correlation techniques. However, this leads to a
directional ambiguity arising because the double exposed frame contains no information about
which set of particle images were recorded from the first laser pulse, and which from the second.
Image shifting using a rotating or spinning mirror can be used to overcome this ambiguity, but
does increase experimental complexity.
A better alternative when using CCD cameras is to record each of the two exposures on separate
frames, followed by analysis based on cross-correlation of the two frames. Recording on
separate frames preserves the time sequence of the pulses so no directional ambiguity occurs.
Also, cross-correlation processing provides improved dynamic range for velocity compared with
auto-correlation of double exposures. It is this technique of positioning the two laser pulses on
sequential CCD frames that is known as "Frame-Straddling."
9.
Uncertainty was measured by following a procedure from "Raffel,
M.,Willert,C.,Kompenhans,J.,1998.Particle Image Velocimetry.Springer". Harish has given me a
soft copy of the book.
10.

Shown below is the experimental setup used:

11.
The
results
were
mainly
related to observations of propeller slipstream flow and the changes induced to the flow on
introduction of the rudder. A different definition of Angle of Attack was introduced - " AoA was
derived from the arctan of (Z-directional velocity/ X directional velocity). It was further stated
that cavitations were formed at an angle of attack of around 27 .